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LP TRNH c TRN

Chng 1
TNG QUAN LP TRNH c TRN WINDOWS
1.1. M U
lp trnh trn Microsoft Windows, chng ta cn nm c cc c im c bn
nht ca h iu hnh ny. Chng ny s gii thiu khi qut cc c im h iu hnh
Microsoft Windows, cc vn lin quan n lp nh bng ngn ng c, ng thi a ra
mt chng trnh mu lm sn cho cc chng trnh c vit sau ny.
Trong phn u, chng ta tm hiu s lc lch s pht trin ca h iu hnh
Microsoft Windows v nhng c im nn tng ca Windows.
Phn tip theo s trnh by nhng khi nim v yu cu cn bn ca vic lp trnh c
trn Windows. Ngoi ra, phn ny cng gii thiu cc c ch v cc cng c m h iu hnh
cung cp cho ngi lp trnh hay ngi pht in cc ng dng trn Windows.
Cui chng l phn xy dng mt chng trnh n gin nht trn Windows.
Chng trnh ny c xem nh l khun mu ca mt chng nh ng dng in hnh, v
hu ht cc on chng trnh c vit minh ha trong sch u ly chng nh ny lm
khung sn pht trin cho ph hp vi tng yu cu. Thm vo , mt s kiu d liu
mi c nh ngha trn Windows v nhng qui c v cch t tn bin cng c gii
thiu trong phn ny.
Phn chi tit v chuyn su hn ca vic lp trnh bng ngn ng c trn mi trng
Windows s c trnh by trong cc chng tip theo.

1.2. H IU HNH MICROSOFT WINDOWS

1.2.1. Gii th i u
Gia thp nin 80, cng ty phn mm my tnh Microsoft cng b phin bn u tin
ca dng h iu hnh Windows l Microsoft Windows 1.0. y l h iu hnh dng giao
din ha khc vi giao din k t (text hay console) ca MS-DOS. Tuy nhin phi n
phin bn th hai (Windows 2.0 - thng 11 nm 1987) th mi c bc ci tin ng k, l
s m rng giao tip gia bn phm v thit b chut v giao din ha (GVl-Graphc User
Interface) nh trnh n (menu) v hp thoi (dialog). Trong phin bn ny Windows ch yu
cu b vi x l Intel 8086 hay 8088 chy real-mode truy xut 1 megabyte b nh.
Thng 5 nm 1990, Microsoft cng b phin bn tip theo l Windows 3.0. s thay i
ln trong phin bn ny l Windows 3.0 h tr protected-mode 16 bit ca cc b vi x l 286,
386, v 486 ca Intel, s thay i ny cho php cc hg dng trn Windows truy xut 16
megabyte b nh. Tip bc vi s pht trin l phin bn Windows 3.1 ra i nm 1992,
Microsoft a cng ngh Font TrueType, m nhc (multimedia), lin kt v nhng i tng
(OLE- Object Linking and Embedding), v a ra cc hp thoi chung c chun ha.
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Trong s pht in mnh m ca nhng thp nin 90, Microsoft cng b tip dng h
iu hnh Windows vi ng dng cng ngh mi (1993). H iu hnh ny ly tn l
Windows NT (Windows New Technology), y l phin bn h iu hnh u tin ca
Windows h tr 32 bit cho b x l 386, 486 v Pentium. Trong h iu hnh ny th cc ng
dng phi truy xut b nh vi a ch l 32-bit v cc tp lnh hay ch th 32-bit. Ngoi ra
Windows NT cng c thit k chy cc b vi x l (CPU) khc ngoi Intel v c th
chy trn cc my trm (workstation).
H iu hnh Windows 95 c cng b nm 1995 cng l mt h iu hnh 32-bit
cho Intel 386 tr v sau. Tuy thiu tnh bo m t nh Windows NT v vic thch nghi vi my
trm cng ngh RISC, nhng b li h iu hnh ny yu cu phn ctig khng cao.
Song song vi s pht trin phn mm th cng ngh phn cng cng pht trin khng
km. tn dng sc mnh ca phn cng th cc th h Windows tip theo ngy cng hon
thin hn. Nh Windows 98 pht trin t Window 95 v c nhiu ci thin nh hiu nng
lm vic, h tr cc thit b phn eifrig tt hn, v cui cng l vic tch hp cht ch vi
Internet v Word Wide Web.
Windows 2000 l h iu hnh c xem l n nh v tt ca dng Windows, phin
bn ny tng cng cc tnh nng bo m t thch hp trong mi trng mng v giao din
p.

1.2.2. c im chung ca h i u hnh Microsoft Windows

Windows l mt h iu hnh s dng giao tip ngi dng ha (GUI), hay cn
gi l h iu hnh trc quan (Visual interface). GUI s dng ha da trn mn hnh nh
nh phn (Bitmapped video display). Do tn dng c ti nguyn thc ca mn hnh, v
cung cp mt mi trng giu tnh trc quan v sinh ng.
Windows khng n iu nh MS-DOS (hay mt s h iu hnh giao din console)
m mn hnh c s dng ch th hin chui k t, do ngi dng g t bn phm
(keyboard) hay xut thng tin dng vn bn. Trong giao din ngi dng ha, mn hnh
giao tip vi ngi s dng a dng hn, ngi dng c th nhp d liu thng qua chut
bng cch nhn vo cc nt nhn (button) cc hp chn (combo box)...thit b by gi c
nhp, c th l bn phm v thit b chut (mouse device). Thit b chut l mt thit b nh
v trn mn hnh, s dng thit b chut ngi dng c th nhp d liu mt cch trc quan
bng cch kch hot mt nt lnh, hay lm vic vi cc i tng ha lin quan n ta
txn mn hnh.
giao tip trong mi trng ha, Windows a ra mt s cc thnh phn gi l
cc iu khin chung (common control), cc iu khin chung l cc i tng c a vo
trong hp thoi giao tip vi ngi dng. Bao gm : hp vn bn (text box), nt nhn
(button), nt chn (check box), hp danh sch (list box), hp chn (combo box)...
Tht ra mt ng dng trn Windows khng phi l qu phc tp v chng c hnh thc
chung. Chng trnh ng dng thung chim mt phm vi hnh ch nht trn mn hnh gi l
mt ca s. Trn cng ca mi ca s l thanh tiu (title bar). Cc chc nng ca chng

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trnh th c lit k trong thc n la chn ca chng trnh (menu), hay xut hin di
dng trc quan hn l cc thanh cng c (toolbar). Cc thanh cng c ny cha cc chc nng
c s dng thng xuyn ong thc n gim thi gian cho ngi dng phi m thc
n v chn. Thng thng khi cn ly thng tin hay cung cp thng tn cho ngi dng thi
mt ng dng s a ra mt hp thoi, trong hp thoi ny s cha cc iu khin chung
giao tip vi ngi dng. Windows cng ra to mt s cc hp thoi chun nh Open Files,
v mt s hp thoi tng t nh nhau.
Windows l mt h iu hnh a nhim, ty thuc vo b nh m ta c th chy
nhiu ng dng cng mt lc, v cng c th ng thi chuyn qua li gia cc ng dng v
thc thi chng. Trong cc phin bn ca Windows 98 v NT tr v sau, cc chng trnh
ng dng t bn thn chng chia thnh nhiu tiu trnh (thread) x l v vi tc x l
nhanh to cm gic nhng chng trnh Lftig dng ny chy ng thi vi nhau.
Trong Windows, chng trnh ng dng khi thc thi c chia s nhhg th tc m
Windows cung cp sn, cc tp tn cung cp nhTag th tc n c gi l th vin lin kt
ng (Dynamic Link Libraries - DLL). Windows c c ch lin kt nhng chng trnh ng
dng vi cc th tc c cung cp trong th vin lin kt ng.
Kh nng tng thch ca Windows cng rt cao. Cc chng trnh ng dng c
vit cho Windows khng truy xut trc tip phn cng ca nhhg thit b ho nh mn
hnh v my in. M thay vo , h iu hnh cung cp mt ngn ng lp trnh ha (gi l
Giao tip thit b ho - Graphic Device Interface - GDI) cho php hin th nhng i
tng ha mt cch d dng. Nh vy mt ng dng vit cho Windows s chy vi bt
c thit b mn hnh no hay bt k my in, min l ci t trnh iu khin thit b h tr
cho Windows. Chng trnh ng dng khng quan tm n kiu thit b kt ni vi h thng.
Nh gii thiu phn trn khi nim lin kt ng l thnh phn qnan trng ra
Windows, n c xem nh l ht nhn ca h iu hnh, v bn thn ca Windows l cc
tp th vin lin kt ng. Windows cung cp rt nhiu hm cho nhng chng trnh ng
dng ci t giao din ngi dng v hin th vn bn hay ha trn mn hnh. Nhhg
hm ny c ci t trong th vin lin kt ng hay cn gi l DLL. l cc tp tin c
dng phn m rng l *.DLL hay *.EXE, hu ht c cha trong th mc
\Windows\System, \Windows\system32 ca Windows 98 v cc th mc \WinNT\System,
\WinNT\System32 ca Windows NT.
Trong cc phin bn sau ny, h thng lin kt ng c to ra rt nhiu, tuy nhin,
hu ht cc hm c gi trong th vin ny phn thnh 3 n v sau: Kernel, User, v GDI.
Kernel cung cp cc hm v th tc m mt ht nhn h iu hnh truyn thng qun
l, nh qun l b nh, xut nhp tp tin v tc v. Th vin ny c ci t trong tp tin
KRNL386.EXE 16 bit v KERNEL32.DLL 32 bit!
User qun l giao din ngi dng, ci t tt c khung ca s mc lun l. Th
vin User c ci t trong tp n USER.EXE 16 bit v USER32.DLL 32 bit.

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GDI cung cp ton b giao din thit b ho (Graphics Device Interface), cho php
chng trnh ng dng hin th vn bn v ho trn cc thit b xut phn cng nh mn
hnh v my in.
Trong Windows 98, th vin lin kt ng cha khong vi ngn hm, mi hm c tn
c t, v d CreateWindow, hm ny dng to mt ca s cho ng dng. Khi s dng
cc hm m Windows cung cp cho th cc ng dng phi khai bo trong cc tp tn tiu .h
hay .hpp (header file).
Trong mt chng trnh Windows, c s khc bit khi ta gi mt hm ca th vin c
v mt hm ca Windows hay th vin lin kt ng cung cp. l khi bin dch m my,
cc hm th vin c s c lin kt thnh m chng trnh. Trong khi cc hm Windows s
c gi khi chng trnh cn dng n ch khng lin kt vo chng nh. thc hin
c cc li gi ny th mt chng nh Windows *.EXE lun cha mt tham chiu n th
vin lin kt ng khc m n cn dng. Khi , mt chng trnh Windows c np vo b
nh s to con tr tham chiu n nhng hm th vin DLL m chng nh dng, nu th
vin ny cha c np vo b nh trc th by gi s c np.

1.3. LP TRNH TRN MICROSOFT WINDOWS

1.3.1. c im chung
Windows l h iu hnh ha trc quan, do d cc ti nguyn ca h thng cung
cp rt a dng i hi ngi lp nh phi nghin ca rt nhiu pht hay ht sc mnh
ca h iu hnh.
Theo nh nhng mc ch tip cn ca cc nh lp trnh th cc ng dng trn
Windows phi ht sc thn thin vi ngi dng thng qua giao din ha sn c ca
Windows, v l thuyt th mt ngi dng lm vic c vi mt hg dng ca Windows
th c th lm vic c vi nhng ng dng khc. Nhuhg trong thc t s dng mt hg
dng cho t hiu qu cao trong Windows th cn phi c mt s hun luyn tr gip hay ti
thiu th phi cho bit chng trnh ng dng lm vic nh th no.
a s cc ng dng trong Windows u c chung mt giao din tng tc vi ngi
dng ging nhau. V d nh cc ng dng trong Windows a s u c thanh thc n cha
cc mc n h : File, Edit, Tool, Help... V trong hp thoi th thng cha cc phn t iu
khin chung nh: Edit Control, Button Control, Checkbox....

1.3.2. S khc b i t vi lp trnh trn MS-DOS

Khi mi bc vo lp trnh trn Windows a s ngi hc rt l lm, nht l nhng
ngi tng lm vic vi MS-DOS. Do MS-DOS l h iu hnh n nhim v giao tip
qua giao din console. Nn khi vit chng trnh khng phc tp.
Cn i vi Windows ngi lp trnh s lm vic vi b cng c lp trnh ha a
dng cng vi cch x l a nhim, a lung ca Windows. V vy vic lp trnh trn
Windows s gip cho ngi lp trnh nhm chn vi giao din console ca MS-DOS. Vic
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c gng pht huy cc sc mnh ti nguyn ca Windows s lm cho nhng ng dng cng
mnh m, a dng, thn thin, v d s dng.

1.3.3. M t s yu c u i vi n g i l p trnh
iu trc tin ca ngi hc lp trnh c trn Windows l phi bit lp trnh c , sch
ny khng c tham vng hng dn ngi hc c th thng tho lp trnh c trn Windows m
cha qua mt lp hun luyn c no. Tuy nhin, khng nht thit phi hon ton thng tho c
mi hc c lp trnh Windows.
c th lp trnh n nn Windows ngoi yu cu v vic s dng cng c lp
trnh, ngi hc cn cn phi c cn bn v Windows, ti thiu th cng dng qua mt s
ng dng trong Windows. Tht s yu cu ny khng qu kh khn i vi ngi hc v hin
ti hu nh Windows qu quen thuc vi mi ngi, nhng ngi m s dng my tnh.
Ngoi nhng yu cu n, i khi ngi lp trnh n Windows cng cn c khiu
thm m, v cch trnh by cc hnh nh, cc iu khin trn cc hp thoi tt th s lm cho
ng dng cng tin li, r rng, v thn thin vi ngi dng.

1.3.4. B cng c giao d in l p trnh ng dng API

H iu hnh Windows cung cp hng m hm cho nhng ng dng c th s
dng truy cp cc ti nguyn trong h thng. Nhng hm ny c gi l giao din lp trnh
ng dng API (Application Programming Interface). Nhng hm trn c cha trong cc th
vin lin kt ng DLL ca h thng. Nh c cu trc ng ny mi ng dng u c th
truy cp n cc hm . Khi bin dch chng trnh, n on m gi hm API th chng
trnh dch khng thm m hm ny vo m thc thi m ch thm tn DLL cha hm v tn ca
chnh hm . Do m cc hm API thc t khng c s dng khi xy dng chng trnh,
v n ch c thm vo khi chng trnh c np vo b nh thc thi.
Trong API c mt s hm c chc nng duy s c lp thit b ha, v cc hm
ny gi l giao din thit b ha GDI (Graphics Device Interface). Do s c lp thit b
nn cc hm GDI cho php cc ng dng c th lm vic tt vi nhiu kiu thit b ha
khc nhau.

1.3.5. C c h thng ip
Khng ging nh cc ng dng chy trn MS-DOS, cc ng dng Win32 th x l
theo cc s kin (event - driven), theo c ch ny cc ng dng khi c vit s lin tc ch
cho h iu hnh truyn cc d liu nhp vo. H thng s m nhim vic truyn tt c
cc d liu nhp ca ng dng vo cc ca s khc nhau ca ng dng . Mi mt ca s
s c ring mt hm gi l hm x l ca s thng c t tn l WndProc, h thng s
gi hm ny khi c bt c d liu nhp no c truyn n ca s, hm ny s x l cc d
liu nhp v tr quyn iu khin v cho h thng.
H thng truyn cc d liu nhp vo th tc x l ca ca s thng qua mt hinh
thc gi l thng ip (message). Thng ip ny c pht sinh t ng dng v h thng.
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H thng s pht sinh mt thng ip khi c mt s kin nhp vo (input even), v d nh khi
ngi dng nhn mt phm, di chuyn thit b chut, hay kch vo cc iu khin (control)
nh thanh cun,... Ngoi ra h thng cng pht sinh ra thng ip phn 1ng li mt s
thay i ca h thng do mt ng dng mang n, iu ny xy ra khi ng dng lm cn
kit ti nguyn hay ng dng t thay i kch thc ca ca s.
Mt ng dng c th pht sinh ra thng ip khi cn yu cu cc ca s ca n thc
hin mt nhim v no hay dng thng tin gia cc ca s.
H thng gi thng ip vo th tc x l ca s vi bn tham s: nh danh ca ca
s, nh danh ca thng ip, v hai tham s cn li c gi l tham s ca thng ip
(message parameters). nh danh ca ca s xc nh ca s m thng ip c ch nh. H
thng s dng nh danh ny xc nh cn phi gi thng ip n th tc x l ca ca

s.
nh danh thng ip l mt hng s th hin mc ch ca thng ip. Khi th tc
x l ca s nhn thng ip th n s dng nh danh ny bit hnh thc cn thc hin.
V d, khi mt thng ip c truyn n th tc ca s c nh danh l WM_PAINT th
c ngha rng ca s vng lm vic thay i v cn phi v li vng ny.
Tham s thng ip lu gi hay v ca d liu, c dng bi th tc ca s khi
x l thng ip. Tham s ny ph thuc vo loi thng ip c truyn n, n c th l
s nguyn, mt tp cc bit dng lm c hiu, hay mt con n mt cu trc d liu no
,...
Khi mt thng ip khng cn dng n tham s th h thng s thit lp cc tham s
ny c gi tr NULL. Mt th tc ca s phi kim tra xem vi loi thng ip no cn dng
tham s quyt nh rch s dng rc tham s ny.
C hai loi thng ip :
Thng ip c nh ngha bi h thng (system-defined messages):
Dng thng ip ny c h thng nh ngha cho cc ca s, cc iu khin, v cc
ti nguyn khc ong h thng. Thng c bt u vi cc tin t sau : WM_XXX,
LB xxx, CB xxx,...
Thng ip c nh ngha bi ng dng (application-defined message) :
Mt ng dng c th to ring cc thng ip s dng bi nhhg ca s ca n
hay truyn thng tin gia cc ca s trong ng dng.
Nu mt ng dng nh ngha cc thng ip ring th th tc ca s nhn c
thng ip ny phi cung cp cc hm x l tng ng.
i vi thng ip h thng, th c cung cp gi tr nh danh t 0x0000 n
0x03FF, nhng ng dng khng c nh ngha thng ip c gi trong khong ny.

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Thng ip c ng dng nh ngha c gi tr nh danh t 0x0400 n 0x7FFF.
L trnh ca thng ip t lc gi i n lc x l c hai dng sau:
Thng ip c gi vo hng i thng ip ch x l (queue message): bao gm
cc kiu thng ip c pht sinh t bn phm, chut nh thng ip :
WM_MOUSEMOVE, WM_LBUTTONDOWN, WMJKEYDOWN, v WM CHAR.
Thng ip c gi trc tip n th tc x l khng qua hng i (nonqueue
message), bao gm cc thng ip thi gian, thng ip v, v thng ip thot nh
WM_TIMER, WMJPAINT, va WMLQUIT.
x l thng ip : Mt ng dng phi xa v x l nhng thng ip c gi ti
hng i ca ng dng . i vi mt ng dng n tiu tn h th s dng mt vng lp
thng ip (message Innp) trong hm WinMain nhn thng ip t hng i v gi ti th
tc x l ca s tng ng. v i nhng ng dng nhiu tiu trnh th mi mt tiu trnh c
to ca s th s c mt vng lp thng ip x l thng ip ca nhng ca s trong
tiu trnh .

1.4. CCH VIT M T NG DNG TRN MICROSOFT WINDOWS

1.4.1. Cc thnh p h n c b n t o nn m t ng dng
1.4.1.1. c a s
Trong mt Lftig dng ha 32-bit, ca s (window) l mt vng hnh ch nht n
mn hnh, ni m Lftig dng c th hin th thng tin ra v nhn thng tin vo t ngi s
dng. Do vy, nhim v u tin ca mt ng dng ha 32-bit l to mt ca s.
Mt ca s s chia s mn hnh vi cc ca s khc trong cng mt Lftig dng hay cc
ng dng khc. Ch mt ca s trong mt thi im nhn c thng tin nhp t ngi
dng. Ngi s dng c th dng bn phm, thit b chut hay cc thit b nhp liu khc
tng tc vi ca s v ng dng.
Tt c cc ca s u c to t mt cu trc c cung cp sn gi l lp ca s
(window class), c u trc ny l mt tp m t cc thuc tnh m h thng dng nh khun
mu to nn cc ca s. Mi mt ca s phi l thnh vin ca mt lp ca s. Tt c
cc lp ca s ny u c x l ring bit.
1.4.1.2. Hp thoi v cc iu khin
Hp thoi (Dialog) dng tng tc vi ngi dng trong mt chng trnh ng
dng. Mt hp thoi thng cha nhiu cc u khin nh nhp vn bn (edit text), nt
bm (button), ghi ch (static control), hp danh sch ist box)...

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> Nt bm (button): gm c Push Button dng kch hot mt thao tc, Check
Box dng chn mt ong hai trng thi (TRUE hay FALSE), Radio Button cng ging
nh Check Box nhng mt nhm cc Radio Button phi c chn loi tr nhau.
> Ch thch (static): dmg cha cc ghi ch trong hp thoi, ngoi ra ni dung
c th thay i trong qu trinh s dng hp thoi.
> H p li t k (list box): Chn mt hay nhiu d liu c lit k trong danh
sch, nu hp cha nhiu dng v hp khng hin th ht cc mu thng tin th phi km
theo mt thanh cun (scroll bar).
> nhp vn b n (edit text): Dng nhp vn bn, nu c nhiu dng th
thng km theo thanh cun.
> Thanh cun (scroll bar): ngoi vic dng km vi list box hay edit box th
thanh cun cn c th s dng c lp nhm to cc thc o...
> Thc n (menu): l mt danh sch cha cc thao tc vi mt nh danh m
ngi dng c th chn. Hu ht cc ng dng c ca s th khng th thiu thc n.
> Thanh cng c (toolbar): y l mt dng menu nhng ch cha cc thao tc
cn thit di dng cc biu tng c trng.
Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu cc iu khin m cc cng c lp nh cung cp cho ngi
lp trnh hay t h to ra da n nhng thnh phn c cung cp sn.
1.4.1.3. ng dng in hnh trn Windows
1.4.1.4. Cc kiu tp tn xy dng m t ng dng trn Windows
Chng trnh ngun
Tng t nh cc chng trnh c chun, bao gm cc tp tin tiu (header) cha
trong tp tn *.h, *.hpp. Cn m ngun (source code) cha trong tp tin *.c hay *.cpp.
Tp tin nh ngha
Tp tn ny c phn m rng l *.def, dng nh ngha cc iu khin do chng trnh
to ra khi vit ng dng to DLL, ngoi ra cn dng khai bo vng nh heap khi chy
chng trnh. Lc trc do vn tng thch vi Windows 3.1 nn tp tin ny thng c
dng, cn ngy nay chng t c dng n.
Cc file cha ti nguyn ca ng dng
Cc file *.ico l cc biu tng (icon) c dng trong chng trnh. Thng
thng cc cng c lp nh n Windows u c cc tool to cc nh ny.
Con tr chut ca ng dng c th c v li di dng cc biu tng v
lu n a vi dng file *.cur.

Cc file dng nh bitmap dng minh ha c lu dng file *.bmp.

Tp tn ti nguyn *.rc l phn khai bo cc ti nguyn nh thc n, hp

thoi, v cc nh danh ch n cc tp tn dng *.ico, *.cur, *.bmp,...
1.4.1.5. Cc kiu d liu mi
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Cc kiu d liu trn Windows thng c nh ngha nh ton t typedef trong tp
tin windows.h hay cc tp tin khc. Thng thng cc tp tin nh ngha ny do Microsoft vit
ra hoc cc cng ty vit trnh bin dch c to ra, nht thit n phi tng thch vi h iu
hnh Windows 98, hay NT da n kin trc 32-bit.
Mt vi kiu d liu mi c tn vit tt rt d hiu nh UINT l mt d liu thng
c dng m n gin l kiu unsigned int, trong Windows 9x kiu ny c kch thc l 32bit. i vi kiu chui th c kiu PSTR kiu ny l mt con tr n mt chui tng t
nh char*.
Tuy nhin, cng c mt s kiu c khi bo tn thiu r rng nh WPARAM v
LPARAM. Tn ny c t v c ngun ngc lch s su xa. Khi cn h iu hnh Windows
16-bit th tham s th 3 ca hm WndProc c khai bo l kiu WORD, vi kch thc 16b it, cn tham s th 4 c kiu LONG l 32-bit. y l l do ngi ta thm tin t "W", "L"
vo t "PARAM". Tuy nhin, ong phin bn Windows 32-bit, th WPARAM c nh
ngha nh l UINT v LPARAM th c nh ngha nh mt kiu LONG, do c hai tham
s ny u c gi l 32-bit. iu ny l mt s nhm ln v WORD vn l gi tr 16-bit
trong Window 98.
Trong th tc x l ca s WndProc gi tr tr v l kiu LRESULT. Kiu ny n
gin c nh ngha nh l kiu LONG.
Ngoi ra, c mt kiu thng xuyn dng l kiu HANDLE l mt s nguyn 32-bit
c s dng nh mt kiu nh danh. C nhiu kiu nh danh nhuhg nht thit tt c phi
c cng kch thc vi HANDLE.
Bng sau m t mt s kiu d liu mi:
Kiu

ngha

HANDLE

S nguyn 32-bit, nh danh.

HWND

S nguyn 32-bit, nh danh.

BYTE

Gi tr 8-bit khng du.

WORD

S nguyn 16-bit khng du.

DWORD

S nguyn 32-bit khng du.

UINT

S nguyn khng du 32-bit.

LONG

long 32-bit.

BOOL

Bool.

LPSTR

Con tr chui.

Trang 10

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
LPCSTR

Hng con tr chui.

WPARAM

32-bit.

LPARAM

32-bit.

BSTR

Gi tr 32-bit tr n k t.

LPVOID

Con 32-bit n mt kiu khng xc nh.

LPTSTR

Ging nh LPSTR nhng c th chuyn sang dng

Unicode v DBCS.

LPCTSTR

Ging nh LPCTSTR nhng c th chuyn sang dng

Unicodc v DBCS.
Bng 1.1 M t cc kiu d liu mi

1.4.2. Khun m u chung t o m t ng d ng

Mt ng dng n gin nht ca Windows bao gm c hai hm l WinMain v x l
ca s WinProc. Do hai hm ny l quan trng v khng th thiu trong cc ng dng
Windows.
Hm WinMain thc hin cc chc nng sau :

nh ngha lp ca s ng dng.
ng k lp ca s va nh ngha.
To ra th hin ca s ca lp cho.
Hin th ca s.
Khi ng chu nh x l thng ip.

Hm x l WinProc c chc nng x l tt c cc thng ip c lin quan n ca s.

1.4.3. Hm W inMain
Hm chnh ca mt ng dng chy trn Windows l hm WinMain, c khai bo
nh sau:
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hlnstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR
szCmdLine, int iCmdShow);
Chng ta s tm hiu mt hm WinMain mu sau y.

Trang 11

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hlnstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR
szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
static TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT("HelloWin"); // tn ng dng
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASS wndclass; // bin nh ngha mt ca s
/* nh ngha kiu ca s */
wndclass.style = SC_HREDRAW I CS_VREDRAW;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; //Hm th tc ca s
wndclass.cbClsExtra = 0;
wndclass.cbWndExa = 0;
wndclass.hlnstance = hlnstance; //nh danh ng dng
wndclass.hlcon = Loadlcon (NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCusor (NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wndclass.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL; //Khng c menu
wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName; // tn ng dng
/* ng k lp ca s */
if (!RegisterClass(&wndclass)) return 0;
/* To lp ca s */
hwnd = Create Window (szAppName, // Tn ca s
"Hello Program", // Tiu
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, //K iu ca s

Trang 12

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
CW_USEDEFAULT, // Ta X

LP TRNH c TRN

CW_USEDEFAULT, // Ta y
CW_USEDEFAULT, //C hiu rng
CW_USEDEFAULT, //C hiu di
NULL, //C a S cha
NULL, //Khng c menu
hlnstacne, //nh danh ng dng
NULL); // Tham s b sung
/* Hin th ca s */
ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow (hwnd);
/* Chu trnh x l cc thng ip*/
while (GetMessage (&msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage (&msg);
DispatchMessage (&msg);
}
return msg.wParam;
}
nh ngha m t lp ca s :
u tin ca vic xy dng mt ng dng Windows l phi nh ngha mt lp ca s
cho ng dng. Windows cung cp mt cu trc WNDCLASS gi l lp ca s, lp ny cha
nhng thuc tnh to thnh mt ca s.
typedef struct _WNDCLASS
{
Trang 13

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
UINT style;

LP TRNH

c TRN

WNDPROC lpfnWndProc;
int cbClsExtra;
HINSTANCE hlnstance;
HICON hlcon;
HCURSOR hCursor;
HBRUSH hbrBackground;
LPCSTR IpszMenuName;
LPCSTR IpszClassName;
} WNDCLASS, *PWNDCLASS;
ngha thuc tnh ca cu trc WNDCLASS c m t trong bng sau :
Thuc tnh

ngha

ghi ch

style

Kiu lp

Kt hp nhiu kiu gi tr khc nhau

bng ton t OR.

ipfnWndProc

Con tr n th tc window

cbClsExa

S byte c cp pht thm sau

cu trc window-class

Mc nh

cbWndExtra

S byte c cp pht thm sau

mt instance ca window

Mc nh

hlnstance

nh danh cha th tc ca s
ca lp window

hlcon

nh danh ca biu tng

Dng hm Loadlcon

hCursor

nh danh ca con tr chut

Dng hm LoadCursor

hbrBackground

nh danh ca chi t nn

Dng hm GetStockObject

IpszMenuName

Tn thc n

Tn thc n gn vi ca s, thc
dn ny c khai bo trong tp tin
ti nguyn.

Trang 14

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
IpszClassName

Tn lp
Bng 1.2 M t thuc tnh ca lp ca s

ng k lp ca s :
Sau khi nh ngha mt lp ca s, phi ng k lp ca s bng hm
Register Class :
ATOM RegisterClass( CONST WNDCLASS * lpWndClass );
To ca s :
.p ca s nh ngha nhng r tnh rhnng ca ra s, rhn php to ra nhiu ra s
da trn mt lp. Khi to ra mt ca s ca hm CreateWindow, ta ch nh cc c tnh
ring ca ca s ny, v phn bit n vi cc ca s khc to ra cng mt lp.
Khai bo hm to ca s :
HWND CreateWindow(
LPCSTR lpClassName, // Tn lp ca s ng k
LPCSTR lpwindowName, //Tn ca ca s
DWORD dwStyle, //K iu ca ca s
int X, / / V tr ngang ban u

int y, // V tr dc ban u
int nWidth, // rng ban u
int nHeight, // cao ban u
HWND hVVndParent, //nh danh ca ca s cha
MENU hMenu, //nh dang ca thc n
INSTANCE hlnstance, // nh danh th hin ng dng
PVOID lpParam // Cc tham s ban u
);
Hin th ca s :
Trang 15

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
Sau khi gi hm CreateWindow, mt ca s c to ra bn trong Windows, iu ny
c ngha l Windows cp pht mt vng nh lu gi tt c cc thng tin v ca s
c ch nh trong hm CreateWindow. Nhng thng s ny s c Windows tm li khi
cn thit da vo nh danh m hm to ca s tr v. Tuy nhin, lc ny ca s cha xut
hin trn mn hnh Windows, xut hin cn phi gi hm ShowWindow.
Hm ShowWindow c khai bo nh sau:
BOOL ShowWindow(
HWND hWnd, //nh danh ca ca s cn th hin
int nCmdShow // Trng thi hin th
);
Mt s trng thi ca tham s nCmdShow:

SW_HIDE : n ca s.
SW_MAXIMIZE : Phng ca s ra ton b mn hnh.
SW_MINIMIZE : thu nh thnh biu tng trn mn hnh.
SW_RESTORE : Hin th di dng chun.

1.4.4. Hm x l ca s WndProc
Mt chng trnh Windows c th cha nhiu hn mt hm x l ca s. Mt hm
x l ca s lun kt hp vi mt lp ca s c th. Hm x l ca s thng c t tn
VVndProc.
Hm WndProc c chc nng giao tip vi bn ngoi, tc l vi Windows, ton b cc
thng ip gi n ca s iu c x l qua hm ny.
Hm ny thng c khai bo nh sau :
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc ( HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM );
Trong tham s u tin l nh danh ca ca s, tham s th 2 l nh danh thng
ip, v cui cng l 2 tham s WPARAM v LPARAM b sung thng tin km theo thng
ip.
Chng ta s tm hiu mt hm x l ca s WndProc sau:

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam,

LPARAM IParam)

Trang 16

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
{
HDC hdc;
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
RECT rect;

/*x l cc thng ip cn thit vi ng dng*/

switch (msg)
{
case WM_CREATE:
/*Vit on m khi to ca s*/
return 0;
case WM_PAINT:
/*Vit on m khi t v li ca s*/
hdc = BeginPaint ( hwnd, &ps);
GetClientRect (hwnd, &rect);
DrawText(hdc, "Hello", -1, &rect,
DT_SINGLELINE| DT_CENTER| DT_VCENTER);
EndPaint ( hwnd, &ps);
return 0;
case WM_SIZE:
/*Vit on m khi kch thc ca s thay i*/
return 0;
case WMJDESTROY:

/*ca s b ng*/
PostQuitMessage (0);
return 0;
Trang 17

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
}
return DefWindowProc ( hwnd, msg, wParam, IParam);
}

Thng thng chng ta ch chn x l cc thng ip cn thit c lin quan n

chc nng ca ng dng. Cc thng ip khc th giao cho hm x l mc nh lm vic (hm
DefWindowProc).

1.4.5. x l thng ip
Sau khi ca s c hin th trn mn hnh, th chng trnh phi c cc thng n
nhp ca ngi dng t bn phm hay thit b chut. Windows s duy tr mt hng i thng
ip cho mi chng trnh chy trn n. Khi mt s kin nhp thng tn xut hin, Windows
s dch s kin ny thnh dng thng ip v a n vo hng i thng ip ca ng dng
tng ng.
Mt ng dng nhn cc thng ip t hng i thng ip bng cch thc thi mt
on m sau:
while ( GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0 ,0))
{
TranslateMessage (&msg);
DispatchMessage (&msg);
}
Trong msg l mt bin cu trc kiu MSG c nh ngha trong tp tin tiu
WINUSER.H.
typedef struct tagMSG
{
HWND hwnd;
UINT message;
WPARAM wParam;
LPARAM IParam;
DWORD me;

Trang 18

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
POINT pt;
} MSG, *PMSG;

Kiu d liu POINT i mt kiu cu trc khc, c nh ngha trong tp tin tiu
WINDEF.H, v c m t :
typedef struct tagPOINT
{
LONG x;
LONG y;
} POINT, *PPOINT;
ngha ca cc trng trong cu trc MSG
S hwnd : nh danh ca ca s m thng ip pht sinh.
S message : nh danh ca thng ip, v d nh thng ip pht sinh khi bm
nt chut tri l WMJLBUTTONDOWN c gi tr 0x0201.
'S wParam : Tham s 32-bit cha cc thng tin ph thuc vo tng thng ip c
th.
s lParam : Tham s 32-bit ph thuc vo thng ip.
s time : Thi gian t thng ip trong hng i.
s pt : Ta ca chut khi t thng ip vo hng i
Hm GetMessage s tr v 0 nu msg cha thng ip c nh danh WM_QUIT
(0x0012), khi vng lp thng ip nghg v ng dng kt thc. Ngc li th hm s tr
v mt gi tr khc 0 vi cc thng ip khc.

1.4.6. Xy dng m t ng dng u tin

Mt ng dng thng c giao din nn tng l mt khung ca s, to c ca
s ny chng ta thc hin bng cch khai bo mt lp ca s v ng k lp ca s .
ca s tng tc c th chng ta phi vit hm x l ca s WndProc khi tt c cc
thng ip lin quan n ca s s c truyn vo cho hm ny. on chng trnh sau l
khung sn cho cc chng trnh vit trn Windows, bao gm 2 hm chnh l :
WinMain : hm chnh ca chng trnh thc hin cc chc nng :

Khai bo lp ca s.
ng k lp ca s va khai bo.
To v hin th lp ca s trn.
Vng lp nhn thng ip.

Trang 19

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
WndProc : Hm x l thng ip gi n ca s.
/* HELLO WORLD.c */

#include <windows.h>
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc ( IIWND. UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM );
int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hlnstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR
szCmdLine, int iCmdShow)
{
static TCHAR szAppName [] = TEXT ("HelloWorld");
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASS wndclass;
wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW|CS_VREDRAW;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wndclass.cbClsExtta = 0;
wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0;
wndclass.hlnstance = hlnstance;
wndclass.hlcon = Loadicon ( NULL, IDI_APPLICATION );
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor ( NULL, IDC_ARROW );
wndclass.hbrBackground =
( HBRUSH ) GetStockObject ( WHITE_BRUSH );
wndclass.lpszMenuName = NULL;
wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName;
if ( RegisterClass ( &wndclass))
{
MessageBox(NULL, TEXT (" The program requires Windows"), szAppName,
MBJCONERROR);

Trang 20

NGN NG LP TRNH

LP TRNH c TRN

WINDOWS
return 0;
}
hwnd = CreateWindow ( szAppName, // Tn lp ca s
TEXT (" The Hello World Program"), // Tiu ca s
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, //Kiu ca s
CW JJSEDEFAULT, // Ta X

CWJJSEDEFAULT, // Ta y
CWJJSEDEFAULT, // Chiu ngang
CWJJSEDEFAULT, // Chiu dc
NULL, // ca s cha
NULL, //Thc n
hlnstance, //nh danh
NULL ); // Tham s
ShowWindow ( hwnd, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow ( hwnd);
while ( GetMessage ( &msg, NULL, 0, 0))
{
TranslateMessage (&msg);
DispatchMessage (& m sg) ;
}
return msg.wParam;
} //End WinMain
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM IParam)
{
HDC hdc;
Trang 21

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
RECT rect;
switch ( msg)
{
case WM_CREATE:
return 0;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint ( hwnd, &ps);
GetClientRect ( hwnd, &rect);
DrawText( hdc, TEXTfHello World"), -1, &rect,
DT_SINGLELINE I DT_CENTER I DT_VCENTER );
EndPaint ( hwnd, &ps);
return 0;
case WMJDESTROY:
PostQuitMessage (0);
return 0;
} //End switch
return DefWindowProc ( hwnd, msg, wParam, IParam);
}

Bng di y lit k ngha ca cc hm c s dng trong 2 hm WinMain v

WndProc ca chng trnh HELLOWORLD.C.
Tn hm

ngha

Loadlcon

Np mt biu tng s dng trong chng

trnh.

LoadCursor

Nap mt con tr chut cho chng trnh.

Trang 22

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
GetStockObject

Nhn mt i tng ha, trong trng hp

ca chng trnh th ly mt chi t d t li nn ca
ca s.

RegisterClass

ng k mt lp ca s cho ca s ng dng
trong chng trnh.

MessageBox

Hin th mt thng ip.

CreateWindow

To mt ca s da trn mt lp ca s.

ShowWindow

Hin th ca s ln mn hnh.

UpdateWindow

Yu cu ca s v li chnh bn thn n.

GetM esssage

Nhn mt thng ip t hng i thng ip.

T ranslateMessage

Dch thng ip bn phm.

DispatchMessage

Gi thng ip n hm x l ca s.

BegnPaint

Khi to chc nng v ca ca s.

GetCIientRect

Ly hnh ch nht lu vng lm vic.

DrawText

Hin th mt chui vn bn.

EndPaint

Kt thc vic v ca s.

PostQuitMessage

a thng ip thot vo hng i thng ip.

DefWindowProc

Thc hin vic x l mc nh cc thng ip.

Bng 1.3 M t cc hm c s dng ong chng trnh minh ha

1.4.7. M t s qui c t tn b i n
Khi vit mt chng trnh tig dng ln vi nhiu kiu khai bo bin khc nhau, nu
vic khai bo cc tn bin khng thch hp s lm cho chng trnh phc tp thm, i khi
lm kh ngay c ngi vit ra cc m ngun . V vy cc lp trnh vin thng qui c sao
cho mt tn bin va gi c chc nng ca n va xc nh c kiu loi. C rl nhiu
phong cch t tn, trong s th c phong cch t tn theo c php Hungary
(Hungarian Notation) l c dng nhiu nht. Qui c rt n gin l bt u tn bin th
vit ch thng v cc ch u th hin kiu d liu ca bin, v c gi l cc tin t.
V d nh bin szCmdLine l mt bin lu chui nhp t dng lnh, sz l th hin cho bin
kiu chui kt thc k t 0, ngoi ra ta hay thy hlnstance v hPrevInstance, trong h vit
tt cho kiu handle, kiu d liu nguyn thng c khai bo dng tin t l ch i.
Trang 23

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
C php Hungary ny gip cho ngi lp trnh rt nhiu trong khu kim a li ca
chng trnh, v khi nhn vo hai bin ta c th d dng nhn bit c s khng tng thch
gia hai kiu d liu th hin trong tn ca hai bin.
Bng m t mt s tin t khi t tn bin ca cc kiu d liu :
Tin t

Kiu d liu

char, WCHAR, TCHAR

by

BYTE

short

illt
bin lu ta

X,

BOOL

WORD

long

dw

DWORD

string

sz

chui kt thc bi k t 0

handle

pointer

Lpsz

con tr di chui k t kt thc k t 0

Bng 1.4 M t kiu t tn bin

Trang 24

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

Chng 2
HP THOI V THANH TRNH N

2.1. M U
Hp thoi (dialog) v thanh nh n (menu) l cc thnh phn khng th thiu trong
vic t chc giao tip gia ngi s dng v chng trnh. Hp thoi c xem nh l mt
loi ca s c bit, l cng c mm do, linh hot a thng tn vo chng trnh mt
cch d dng. Trong khi menu l cng c gip ngi dng thc hin cc thao tc n gin
hn, thng qua cc nhm chc nng thng s dng.

2.2. H P THOI
Hp thoi phi hp gia ngi s dng vi chng trnh bng mt s phn t iu
khin m cc phn t ny nhn nhim v thu nhn thng tin t ngi dng v cung cp thng
tn n ngi dng khi ngi dng tc ng n cc phn t iu khin. Cc phn t iu
khin ny nhn ca s cha l mt hp thoi. Cc phn t iu khin thng l cc Button,
List Box, Combo Box, Check Box, Radio Button, Edit Box, Scroll Bar, Static.
Tng t nh cc thng ip gi n th tc WndProc ca ca s chnh.Windows s
gi cc thng ip x l hp thoi n th tc x l hp thoi DlgProc. Hai th tc
VVndProc v th tc DlgProc tuy cch lm vic ging nhau nhng gia chng c nhng im
khc bit cn lu . Bn trong th tc x l hp thoi bn cn khi to cc phn t iu
khin bn trong hp thoi bng thng ip WM_INITDIALOG, cui cng l ng hp thoi,
Trang 25

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
cn th tc x l WndProc th khng c. C ba loi hp thoi c bn. Hp thoi trng thi
(modal), hp thoi khng trng thi (modeless) v hp thoi thng dng (common dialog) m
chng ta s cp c th trong cc phn di.

2.2.1. H p th o i tr n g thi
Hp thoi trng thi (modal) l loi hp thoi thng dng trong cc ng dng ca
chng ta. Khi hp thoi trng thi c hin th th bn khng th chuyn iu khin n cc
ca s khc, iu ny c ngha bn phi ng hp thoi hin hnh trc khi mun chuyn
iu khin n cc ca s khc.
2.2.1.1. Cch to hp thoi n gin
Sau y l chng trnh to ra mt hp thoi n gin. Hp thoi c to ra c ni
dung nh sau.
Khi hp thoi hin ln c xut hin dng ch "HELLO WORLD", bn trn hp thoi
c mt biu tng ca hp thoi l mt icon, v pha di hp thoi l mt nt bm
(Button) c tn l OK, khi nhp chut vo nt OK th hp thoi "HELLO WORLD" c
ng li.
-J D J x j

. D idloj3_l
Dialog

HELLO WORLD

OK

Hnh 2.1 Hp thoi n gin

on code chng trnh nh sau (V d 2.1):

DIALOG.CPP (trch dn)
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
BOOL CALLBACK DialogProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
lParam)

{
static HINSTANCE hlnstance;

Trang 26

NGN NG LP TRNH

LP TRNH c TRN

WINDOWS
switch (message)

{
case WM_CREATE:
hlnstance = ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance ;
return 0 ;
case WM_COMMAND :
switch (LOWORD (wParam))

{
case IDC_SHOW:
DialogBox (Mnstance, TEXT ("DIALOG1"),
hwnd, DialogProc);
break;

>
return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage (0);
return 0 ;

}
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, IParam);

}
/*------------------- hm

x l thng ip hp thoi---------------------------*/

BOOL CALLBACK DialogProc (HWND hDlg, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM IParam)

{
switch (message)

{
case WM_INli DIALOG:

Trang 27

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
return TRUE;
case WM_COMMAND :
switch (LOWORD (wParam))

{
case IDOK:
EndDialog (hDlg, 0 );
return TRUE;

}
b reak;

}
return FALSE;

>
DIALOG1.RC (trch dn)
/* ----------------------------------------------------------- dialog------------------------------------

DIALOG1 DIALOG DISCARDABLE 40, 20, 164, 89

STYLE DS_MODALFRAME I WS_POPUP
FONT 9, "MS Sans Serif"
BEGIN
DEFPUSHBUTTON "OK",IDOK,54,65,50,14
CTEXT "HELLO WORLD ",IDC_STATTC,53,38,72,10
ICON IDI_ICON1,IDC_STATIC,68,9,20,20
END

MENU1 MENU DISCARDABLE

BEGIN
POPUP "Dialogl"

Trang 28

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
BEGIN
MENUITEM "&Show", IDC_SHOW
END
END

2.2.I.2. Hp thoi v to mu template cho hp thoi

Trong v d 2.1 trn, ta to hp thoi bng cch dng cc cu lnh cha trong file
ti nguyn DIALOG1.RC. Cch lm ny gip ta hiu cu trc lnh ca Windows, tuy nhin
cng c Visual C++ Developer Studio, ta c th thit lp mt hp thoi trc quan hn nh
sau : Chn Insert t thc n Resource View thm mt hp thoi, mn hnh c th
hin nh trong hnh 2.2.
Miscrosoft s hin th hp thoi trc quan cng vi thanh cng c bn c th thm
cc thnh phn iu khin vo hp thoi. Chng ta c th iu chnh cc thuc tnh ca hp
thoi nh tn hp thoi, ID hp thoi, v tr hin th ca hp thoi trn ca s chnh, kch
thc ch v kiu ch th hin trn hp thoi..,w bng cch nhn chut phi trn hp thoi
th ca s Properties ca hp thoi c hin th (hnh 2.3).
B -r
g

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ofj* P ro p e rtie s

3 ClassV iew ) m

R e so u rc e ...

=1 FileView~[

Hnh 2.2 Thm mt Dialog trong Resource View

*J

Dialog Properties
-W

Geneial

I Styles I More Styles I Extended Styles I k I

ICaption:
Caption:

ID: fi M m i r i U i
Font name: MS Sans Serif
Font size:
Font...

Menu:

I
I------------------

9
I X Pos:

YPos: p ic P Class name: I

HQnh 2.3 Hp thoi Properties ca Dialog

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Trong ca s Properties ny chn tab Styles, b mc chn Title Bar v khng cn to
tiu cho ca s. Sau ng ca s Properties ca hp thoi li.
By gi bt u thit k din mo cho hp thoi. Xa nt Cancel v khng cn n
nt ny. thm mt biu tng vo hp thoi ta nhn nt Picture ln thanh cng c v kch
chut vo hp thoi ri ko khung ch nht theo kch thc mong mun. y l ni m biu
tng c hin th. Nhn chut phi vo khung ch nht va to, chn Properties t tn h
n xut hin v nguyn nh danh ca biu tng l IDC_STATIC. nh danh ny s
c Windowns t khai bo trong file Resource.h vi gi tr -1. Gi tr -1 l gi tr ca tt c
cc nh danh m chng trnh khng cn tham chiu n. Tip n l chn i tng Icon
trong trong mc Type, ri g nh danh ca Icon cn thm vo trong mc Image. Nu to
ra biu tng Icon c th ch vic chn Icon t danh sch cc Icon trong mc Image.
thm dng ch "HELLO WORLD" vo hp thoi, chn Static Text t bng cng
c v t i tng vo hp thoi. Nhn chut phi hin th Properties ca Static Text,
sau vo mc caption nh dng ch "HELLO WORD" vo y.
Dch v chy chng trnh sau xem file DIALOG1.RC di dng text, ni dung hp
thoi c Windows pht sinh nh sau :
DIALOG1 DIALOG DISCARDABLE 40, 20, 164, 90
STYLE DS_MODALFRAME I WS_POPUP
FONT 9, "MS Sans Serif"
BEGIN
DEFPUSHBUTTON "OK",IDOK,54,65,50,14
CTEXT "HELLO WORLD ",IDC_STATIC,53,38,72,10
ICON IDI_ICON1,IDC_STATIC,68,9,21,20
END
Dng u tin l tn ca hp thoi "DIALOG1" k tip l t kha DIALOG,
DISCARDABLE v tip sau l 4 s nguyn. Hai s nguyn u tin ch v tr dng, ct ca
hp thoi s c hin th trn ca s chnh. Hai s nguyn tip theo xc nh kch thc ca
hp thoi theo th t ct v dng.
Lu : Cc thng s nh ta v kch thc ca hp thoi khng tnh theo n v
Pixel m tnh theo kch c ca Font ch. s o ca ta X v chiu rng da trn 1/4 n v
rng trung bnh ca Font ch. s o ca ta y v chiu cao da trn 1/8 n v cao trung
bnh ca Font ch.
Theo sau lnh STYLE l cc thuc tnh ca hp thoi m bn cn thm vo. Thng
thng hp thoi modal s dng cc hng WSJPOPUP v DS_MODALFRAME ngoi ra
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cn c cc hng WS_CAPTION, WS_MAXIMIZEBOX, WS_MINIMIZEBOX,
w s POPUP, WSJVSCROLL, w s HSCROLL, WS_SYSMENU..... Lnh BEGIN v lnh
END c th c thay bng { v }. Trong vi d trn, hp thoi s dng 3 kiu iu khin l
DEFPUSHBUTTON (kiu nt bm mc nh), ICON (biu tng), v kiu CTEXT (vn
bn c canh gia). Mt kiu iu khin c khai bo tng qut nh sau.
Control-type "text", id , xPos, yPos, xWidth, yHeight, iStyle.
Control-type l cc t kha khai bo kiu iu khin nh DEFPUSHBUTTON,
ICON, CTEXT, .... id l nh danh ca cc iu khin, thng thng mt iu khin c mt
nh danh ring c gi cng vi thng ip WM_COMMAND n cc th tc x l thng
ip ca ca s cha. xPos, yPos l v tr ct, dng him th ca iu khin trn ca s cha.
xWidth, yHeight l chiu rng v chiu cao ca iu khin . i s cui cng l iStyle,
i s ny ty chn dng nh ngha thm cc kiu ca s m iu khin cn th hin
chng thng l cc hng w s _ c khai bo trong tp tin .h" ca Windows.
2.2.1.3. Th tc x l thng ip ca hp thoi
Th tc x l thng ip ca hp thoi dng x l tt c cc thng ip t b
qun l hp thoi ca Windows gi n hp thoi. Th tc ny c Windows gi khi c s
tc ng ln cc phn t iu khin nm trong hp thoi.
Xt th tc x l hp thoi DialogProc trong v d 2.1. Th tc ny c 4 tham s nh
th tc WndProc, v th tc ny c nh ngha kiu tr v l CALLBACK.Tuy hai th
tc ny tng t ging nhau nhng thc s gia chng c mt vi s khc bit ng ch .
Th tc DialogProc tr v gi tr kiu BOOL, trong khi th tc WindProc th
tr v gi tr LRESULT.
Th tc DialogProc tr v gi tr TRUE (gi tr khc 0) nu n x l thng
ip v ngc li nu khng x l cc thng ip th thu tc tr v gi th l FALSE (tr 0).
Cn th tc WindProc th gi hm DefWindowProc vi cc thng ip khng cn x l.
Th tc DialogProc khng cn x l thng ip WM_DESTROY, cng khng
cn x l thng ip WM_PAINT v cng khng nhn c thng ip WM_CREATE m
l thng ip W M JN ITD IALO G dng e khi to hp thoi.
Ngoi x l thng ip WM_INITDIALOG, th tc x l thng ip hp thoi ch
x l mt thng ip duy nht khc l WM_COMMAND. y cng l thng ip c gi
n ca s cha khi ta kch hot (nt nhn ang nhn c focus) ln cc thnh phn iu
khin. Ch danh ID ca nt OK" l IDOK s c cha trong word thp ca i s
wParam. Khi nt ny c nhn, th tc DialogProc gi hm EndDialog kt thc x l
v ng hp thoi.
Cc thng ip gi n hp thoi khng i qua hng i m n c Windows gi
c tip hm DialogProc truyn cc thng ip vo cho th tc x l hp thoi.V vy,
khng phi bn tm v hiu ng ca cc phn tt c quy nh trong chng trnh chnh.
2.2.1.4. Gi hin th hp thoi v cc vn lin quan
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Trong th tc W ndProc khi x l thng ip WM_CREATE Windows ly v nh
danh hlnstance ca chng trnh v lui n trong bin nh hlnstance nh sau.
hlnstance = ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance;
Diaogl kim tra thng ip WM_COMMAND xem word thp ca i s wParam c
bng gi tr IDC_SHOW (ch danh ca thnh phn Show trong thc n). Nu phi, tc
chn mc Show n trnh n ca ca s chnh v yu cu hin th hp thoi, lc ny
chng trnh gi hin th hp thoi bng cch gi hm.
DialogBox (hlnstance, TEXT ("DIALOG1"), hwnd, DialogProc)
i s u tin ca hm ny phi l hlnstance ca chng trnh gi, i s th hai l
tn ca hp thoi cn hin th, i s th 3 l ca s cha m hp thoi thuc v, cui cng l
a rh ra th rr x l cc thng ip ra hp thoi.
Chng trnh khng th tr iu khin v hm WndProc cho n khi hp thoi c
ng li. Gi tr tr v ca hm DialogBox l gi tr ca i s th hai trong hm EndDialog
nm bn trong th tc x l thng ip hp thoi. Tuy nhin chng ta cng c th gi thng
ip n hm WndProc yu cu x l ngay c khi hp thoi ang m nh hm SendMessage
nh sau :
SendMessage(GetParent(hDlg), message, wParam, lParam)
Tuy Visual c++ Developer cung cp cho chng ta b son tho hp thoi c quan
m ta khng cn phi quan tm n ni dung trong tp tin .RC. Tuy nhin vi cch thit k
mt hp thoi bng cc cu lnh gip chng ta hiu chi tit hn cu trc lnh ca Windows
hn th na tp lnh dng thit k hp thoi phong ph v a dng hn rt nhiu so vi
nhng g m ta trc quan c trn b son tho ca Developer. Bng cch s dng cc lnh
c bit trong tp tin Resource editor ca Visual c++ ta c th to ra nhiu i tng m
trong b son tho khng c.
Thm hng WS_THINKFRAME vo mc STYLE co gin hp thoi (tng
ng vi trong boder ta chn mc Resizing).
t ni dung tiu cho hp thoi ta ch vic thm hng WS_CAPTION trong
STYLE.
STYLE DS_MODALFRAME I WS_POPUP I WS_CAPTION
CAPTION "Hello Dialogl"
C th dng cch khc thm tiu cho hp thoi, bng cch trong khi x l thng
ip WM_INITDIALOG thm vo dng lnh:
SetWindowText(hDlg,TEXT("Hello Dialog"));

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Khi hp thoi c tiu ri, c th thm cc chc nng phng to v thu nh hp thoi
bng hng w s_ MINIMIZEBOX, w s MAXIMIZEBOX.
C th thm trnh n vo hp thoi nu mun bng on lnh.
DIALOGl DIALOG DISCARDABLE 40, 20,164, 90
STYLE DS_MODALFRAME I WS_POPUP I WS_CAPTION
CAPTION "Hello Dialogl"
MENU MENU1

Trong MENU1 l tn ca trnh n ta to. Trong Visual C++ Developer ta ch

cn chn tn thc n trong mc Menu nh hnh sau.
*1

Dialog Properties
1?

General

I Styles I More Styles I Extended Styles I h I

ID: |"D IA L 0 G 1"

I Caption:

Font name:

MS Sans Serif

Font size:

Font... I <Pos: [40

..

Menu:

YPos: [20

I hung dau
1=

B nam

----------------------------- 1

Class name: "

Hnh 2.4 Chn menu trong Dialog Propertier

T ca S Properties trn th chn mc "Font" nh Font ch cho hp thoi.

Gi hm DialogBoxIndirect to ra mt hp thoi m khng cn dng resource
script. Hp thoi to ra bng hm ny trong khi chng trnh ang thc hin c gi l hp
thoi to t ng.
Trong v d 3-1 ta ch dng 3 kiu iu khin l cc kiu ICON, CTEXT,
DEFPUSHBUTTON. Ngoi ra cn c cc kiu iu khin c lit k trong bng sau.
Kiu iu khin

Lp ca s

Kiu ca s

PUSHBUTTON

Button

BS_BUSHBUTTON

DEFPUSHBUTTON

Button

BS_DEFBU SHBUTTON 1WS_TABSTOP

CHECKBOX

Button

BS_CHECKBOX 1WS_TABSTOP

RADIOBUTTON

Button

BSJRADIOBUTTON 1WS_TABSTOP

GROUPBOX

Button

BS_GROUPBOX 1WS_TABSTOP

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LTEXT

Static

SS_LEFT 1WS_GROUP

CTEXT

Static

SS_CENTER 1WS_GROUP

RTEXT

Static

SS_RIGHT 1WS_GROUP

ICON

Static

SSJCON

EDITTEXT

Edit

ES_LEFT 1WSJBORDER 1WS_STABSTOP

SCROLLBAR

Scrollbar

SBS_HORZ

LISTBOX

Listbox

LBS_NOTIFY 1WS_BORDER 1WS_VSCROLL

COMBOBOX

Combobox

CBS_SIMPLE 1WS_TABSTOP
Bng 2.1 Cc kiu iu khin

Cc kiu iu khin c khai bo trong resource script c dng nh sau, ngoi

kiu iu khin LISTBOX, COMBOBOX, SCROLLBAR, EDITTEXT.
Control-type "text", id, xPos, yPos, xVVidth, yHeight, iStyle
Cc kiu iu khin LISTBX, COMBOBOX, SCROLLBAR, EDITTEXT c
khai bo trong resource script vi cu trc nh trn nhng khng c trng "text".
Thm thuc tnh cho cc kiu iu khin bng cch thay i tham s iStyle. V d ta
mun to radio button vi chui din t nm bn tri ca nt th ta gn trng iStyle
bng BS_LEFTTEXT c th nh sau.
RADIOBUTTON Radiol",IDC_RADIOl,106,10,53,15,BS_LEFTTEXT
Trong resource script ta cng c th to mt kiu iu khin bng lnh tng qut sau.
CONTROL "text", id, "class", iStyle, xPos, yPos, xWidth, yHeight
Trong class l tn lp mun to v d thay v to mt rado button bng cu lnh.
RADIOBUTTON "Radiol",IDC_RADI01,106,10,53,15,BS_LEFTTEXT

Thay bng on inh sau:

CONTROL"Radiol",IDC_RADI01,"button",106,10,53,15,BS_LEFTTEXT

2.2.1.5. V d chng trnh v hp thoi.

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minh ha cho vic trao i thng ip gia cc thnh phn iu khin bn trong
hp thoi (ng vai l mt ca s cha) vi cc thnh phn iu khin con nm bn trong
hp thoi, v c ch qun l hp thoi ca Windows. Chng ta tin hnh xem xt v d 2-2.
Kt qu thc hin ca chng trnh nh trong hnh 2.5.
c a s hp thoi gm c ba nhm nt chn radio.Nhm th nht dng chn i
tng v l hnh ch nht hay hnh ellipse, nhm th hai dng chn mu t cho hnh v,
nhm th 3 dng chn kiu t cho hnh v. Khi thay i vic chn mu t, kiu t th mu
t v kiu t ca hnh v cnh bn s thay i theo mu t, v kiu t va mi chn. Khi
nhn nt OK th hp thoi ng li v mu t, kiu t cng hnh v va mi v s c hin
th ln ca s chnh. Nu nhn nt Cancel hoc nhn phm Esc th hp thoi c ng li
nhng hnh v, mu t v kiu t khng c hin th ln ca s chnh. Trong v d ny nt
OK v nt Cancel c ch danh ID ln lt l IDOK v IDCANCEL.Thng thng t ch
danh cho cc phn t iu khin nm ong hp thoi c bt u bng ch ID. Biu
tng chic xe p trn hp thoi l mt icon. Trn thanh tiu ca ca s chnh c mt
biu tng, biu tng cng l mt icon ( l mt ly tr). Khi t cc nt radio vo hp
thoi bng cng c Developer studio nh phi t cc nt theo th t nh hnh 2-5. Th khi
Windows mi pht sinh m cho cc nt theo th t tng dn, iu ny gip chng ta d
dng kim sot cc thao tc trn tp cc nt radio. Bn nh b lun mc chn Auto trong
phn thit lp Properties ca cc nt chn radio. Bi v cc nt radio mang thuc tnh Auto
yu cu vit t m lnh hn ngng chng thng kh hiu so vi cc nt khng c thuc tnh
Auto. Chn thuc nh Group, Tab stop trong phn thit k Properties ca nt OK, nt
Cancel, v hai nt radio u tin trong ba nhm radio c th chuyn focus (chn) bng
phm Tab trn bn phm.
JOJ*]

Biush
H5 _b L>IA b U N A L

HS.CROSS

H S _ D IA G C R O S S

HS_FDlAGONAL

HS_HORIZONTAL

HS_VERTICAL
OK

Hnh 2.5 Minh ha trao i thng ip qua cc iu khin

Chng trnh minh ha (V d 2.2):
DIALOG2.CPP (trch dn)
#include <windows.h>
#include "resource.h"
LRESULT CALLBACK VVndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

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BOOL CALLBACK DialogProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
in t iCurrentColor = IDC_BLACK, iCurrentFigure = IDC_RECT;
in t iCurrenBrush = IDC_HS_BDIAGONAL;

void PaintWindow(HWND hwnd, int iColor, int iFigure, int iBrush)

{
static COLORREF crColor[8] = { RGB(0, 0, 0), RGB(0, 0, 255), RGB(0, 255, 0), RGB(0, 255,
255), RGB(255, 0, 0), RGB(255, 0, 255), RGB(255, 255, 0), RGB(255, 255, 255)} ;
HBRUSH hBrash,hbrush;
HDC hdc ;

RECT rect;
hdc = GetDC (hwnd);
GetClientRect (hwnd, &rect);
if(iBrush==IDC_HS_BDIAGONAL)
hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_BDIAGONAL,
crColor[iColor-IDC_BLACK]);
if(iBrush == IDC_HS_CROSS)
hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_CROSS,

crColor[iColor - IDCJBLACK]);
if(iBrush == IDC_HS_DIAGCROSS)
hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_DIAGCROSS,

crColor[iColor - IDCJBLACK]);
if(iBrash == IDC_HS_FDIAGONAL)
hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_FDIAGONAL,

crColor[iColor - IDCJ3LACK]);
if(iBrash == IDC_HS_HORIZONTAL)
hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_HORIZONTAL,

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crColor[iColor - IDCJBLACK]);
if(iBrush == IDC_HS_VERTICAL)
hbrush=CreateHatchBrush(HS_BDIAGONAL,

crColor[iColor - IDCJBLACK]);
hBrush = (HBRUSH) SelectObject (hdc, hbrush);
if (iFigure == IDC_RECT)
Rectangle (hdc, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom);
else

Ellipse(hdc, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom);

D eleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, hB rush));
ReleaseDC (hwnd, h d c );

}
void PaintTheBlock(HWND hCl, int iColor, int iFigure, int iBrush)
{
InvalidateRect (hCtrl, NULL, TRUE);
U pdateW indow (hC trl);

PaintWindow (hCtrl, iColor, iFigure,iBrush);

}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM IParam)

{
static HINSTANCE hlnstance;
PAINTSTRUCT p s ;
switch (message)

{
case WM_CREATE:

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hlnstance = ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam)->hInstance ;
return 0 ;
case WM_COMMAND:
switch (LOW ORD (wParam))

{
case IDC_SHOW:

if (DialogBox (hlnstance, TEXT ("DIALOG"), hwnd, DialogProc))

InvalidateRect (hwnd, NULL, TRUE);
return 0 ;
}
break;
case WMJPAINT:

BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps);

EndPaint (hwnd, &ps);
PaintW indow (hwnd, iCurrentColor, iCurrentFigure, iCurrenBrush);

return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQ uitM essage ( 0 ) ;
re tu rn 0 ;

}
re tu rn D efW indowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, IParam );

}
BOOL CALLBACK DialogProc (HWND hDlg, UINT message, WPARAM wParam,
LPARAM IParam)

{
static HW ND hCtrlBlock;

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LP TRNH c TRN

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static in t iColor, iFigure,iBrush;
switch (message)

{
case W M JN IT D IALOG :

iColor = iCurrentColor ;
iFigure = iCurrentFigure ;
iBrush = iCurrenBrush;
CheckRadioButton(hDlg,IDC_BLACK,IDC_WHITE, iColor);
CheckRadioButton(hDlg,IDC_RECT,IDC_ELLIPSE,iFigure);CheckRadioButton (hDlg,
IDC_HS_BDIAGONAL, IDC_HS_VERTICAL, iBrush);

hCtrlBlock = G etD lgltem (hDlg, IDC_PAINT) ;

SetFocus (GetDlgltem (hDlg, iColor)) ;
re tu rn FALSE ;
case WM_COMMAND:
switch (LOW ORD (wParam))

{
case IDOK:

iCurrentColor = iColor ;
iCurrentFigure = iFigure ;
iCurrenBrush = iBrush;
EndDialog (liDlg, TRUE) ;
return TRUE ;
case IDCANCEL:

EndDialog (hDlg, FALSE) ;

return TRUE ;
case IDCJBLACK:

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case IDC_RED:
case IDC_GREEN:
case IDC_YELLOW:
case IDC_BLUE:
case IDC_MAGENTA:
case IDC_CYAN:
case IDC_WHITE:

iColor = LOWORD (wParam);

CheckRadioButton (hDlg, ID C _ B L A C K , IDCJWHITE, LOWORD (wParam));
PaintTheB lock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, Figure,iB rush);

return TRUE;
case IDC_RECT:
case IDC_ELLIPSE:

Figure = LOWORD (wParam);

CheckR adioB utton (hDlg, IDCJRJECT, IDCJELLIPSE, LOW ORD (wParam));

PaintTheBlock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure,iBrash);

re tu rn T R U E ;
case IDCJHSJBDIAGONAL:
case IDC_HS_CROSS:
case IDC_HS_DIAGCROSS:
case IDC_HS_FDIAGONAL:
case IDC_HS_HORIZONTAL:
case IDC_HS_VERTICAL:

iBrush = LOWORD (wParam)

CheckRadioButton(hDlg,IDC_HS_BDIAGONAL,IDC_HS_VERTICAL, LOWORD
(wParam)) ;

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NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
PaintTheB lock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure,iBrush);
re tu rn T R U E ;

}
break;

case WM_PAINT:
PaintTheBlock (hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure,iBrash);
break;
}
re tu rn FALSE ;

}
2.2.1.6. Lm vic vi cc thnh phn iu khin trong hp thoi
Cc thnh phn iu khin con u gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha
ca n v ca s cha c th thay i trng thi ca cc thnh phn iu khin con nh kch
hot, nh du (check), b du check (uncheck) bng cch gi cc thng ip n cc thnh
phn iu khin con nm trong n. Tuy nhin trong Windows cung cp c ch trao i
thng ip gia cc thnh phn iu khin con vi ca s cha. Chng ta bt u tm hiu cc
c ch trao i thng ip .
Trong v d 2.2 mu template ca hp thoi Dialog2 c th hin trong tp tin ti
nguyn DIALOG2.RC gm c cc thnh phn. Thnh phn GROUPBOX c tiu do chng
ta g vo, thnh phn ny ch n gin l mt khung vin bao quanh hai nhm nt chn radio,
v hai nhm ny hon ton c lp vi nhau trong mi nhm.
Khi mt trong nhng nt radio c kch hot th ca s iu khin con gi thng
ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha ( y l hp thoi) vi word thp ca i s
wParam cha thnh phn ID ca iu khin con, word cao ca i s wParam cho bit m
thng bo. Sau cng l i s lParam mang handle ca ca s iu khin con. M thng bo
ca nt chn radio lun lun l BN_CLICKED (mang gi tr 0). Windows s chuyn thng
ip WM_COMMAND cng vi cc i s wParam v IParam n th tc x l thng ip
ca hp thoi (DialogProc). Khi hp thoi nhn c thng ip WM_COMMAND cng
vi cc i s lParam v wParam, hp thoi kim tra nng thi ca t t c cc thnh phn
iu khin con nm trong n v thit lp cc trng thi cho cc thnh phn iu khin con
ny.
C th nh du mt nt chn bng cch gi thng ip
S en d M essag e (hw ndC trl ,M B _SETC H EC K , 1, 0);

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LP TRNH
WINDOWS
V ngc li mun b chn mt nt no th dng hm.

c TRN

SendMessage (hwndCtrl, MB_SETCHECK, 0, 0);

Trong i s hwndCtrl l handle ca ca s iu khin con.
Chng ta c th gp rc ri khi mun s dng hai hm n bi v khng bit handle
ca cc thnh phn iu khin con. Chng ta ch bit handle ca cc thnh phn iu khin
con khi nhn c thng ip WM_COMMAND. gii quyt c vng mc trn,
trong Windows cung cp mt hm ly handle ca ca s con khi bit c nh danh ID
ca n bng hm.
hwndCtrl = GetDlgltem (hDlg, id); // hDlg l handle ca hp thoi
C th ly r rh danh ID ra thnh phn in khin rnn khi hit r handle ra
n bng hm sau.
id = GetWindowLong (hwndCtrl, GWL_ID);
Tuy nhin, chng ta c th qun l ID ca cc thnh phn iu khin con, cn handle
l do Windows cp ngu nhin, do vic dng handle nhn v ID ca cc thnh phn
iu khin con l t dng n.
Khi hp thoi nhn c thng ip WM_COMAND th chng ta phi kim tra nt
radio no c chn (xc nh mu cn chn), v n hnh b chn cc nt khc bng on
lnh sau.
case WM_COMMAND:
switch (LOWORD (wParam))

{
case IDCJBLACK:
case IDC_RED:
case IDC_GREEN:
case IDC_YELLOW:
case IDC BLUE:
case IDC_MAGENTA:
case IDC_CYAN:
case IDCJWHITE:

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iColor = LOWORD (wParam) ;
for( i = IDC_BLACK, i < IDC_WHITE,i++)

SendMessage(GetDlgItem(hDlg, i),MB_SETCHECK, i == LOWORD( wParam), 0).

return TRUE ;

}
Trong iColor dng lu gi mu hin hnh c chn. Vng lp for dng
kim tra trng thi ca tt c cc nt radio thng qua ID ca chng. Hm GetDlgltem dng
ly handle ca nt c chn v lu vo bin i. Hm SendMessage dng gi thng ip
MB_SETCHECK ti cc nit radio. Nu word thp ca i s wParam bng ch danh ID ca
nt c chn th nt c nh du v cc nt khc s khng c chn.
Ch .Trong cc v d trn thng dng hai nt OK v nt Cancel, hai nt ny c
Windows t nh danh mc nh theo th t l IDOK v IDCANCEL. Thng thng ng
hp thoi bng cch nhn chut vo mt trong hai nt OK hoc Cancel. Trong Windows, khi
nhn nt Enter th Windows lun pht sinh thng ip WM_COMMAND, bt k i tng
no ang nhn focus. LOWORD ca i s wParam mang gi tr ID ca nt nhn mc nh
(nt OK), ngoi tr c mt nt ang nhn focus (trong trng hp ny th LOWORD ca i
s wParam mang ch danh ca nt ang nhn focus). Nu nhn nt Esc hay nhn Ctrl+Break,
th Windows gi thng ip WM_COMMAND vi thnh phn LOWORD ca i s
wParam c gi IDCANCEL (nh danh mc nh ca nt Cancel). Do khng cn phi
x l thm cc phm g ng hp thoi.
Trong v d 2.2 x l hai trng hp khi nhn nt Cancel v nt OK ta dng on
chng trnh sau.
switch (LOWORD (wParam))

{
case IDOK:
iCurrentColor = iColor ;
iCurrentFigure = iFigure ;
EndODialog (hDlg, TRUE) ;
return TRUE ;
case IDCANCEL:
EndDialog (hDlg, FALSE) ;
return TRUE ;

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>

Hm EndDialog dng kt thc v ng hp thoi.Trong trng hp nhn nt OK

th hai gi tr iCurrentColor v gi tr iCurrentFigure c lu li cho ca s cha (c hai bin
trn u l bin ton cc). Ch rng, hai gi tr khc bit (TRUE, FALSE) ca i s th hai
trong li gi hm EndDalog. Gi tr ny s c ngc v t li gi hm DialogBox
trong th tc WndProc.
case WM_COMMAND:
switch (LOWORD(wParam))

{
case IDC_SHOW:
if(DialogBox(hInstance, TEXT("DIALOG"), hwnd, DialogProc))
InvalidateRect (hwnd, NULL, TRUE) ;
return 0 ;

}
break;

C ngha nu hm DialogBox tr v gi tr TRUE, tc nt OK c nhn. Lc th

tc WndProc s cp nht li ni dung ca ca s chnh, bng cch ghi li s thay i gi tr
ca hai bin ton cc iCirentColor v gi iCurrentFigure dng v li hnh ch nht hay
hnh ellipse vi mu c chn l iCurrentColor.
V ngc li nu nhn nt Cancel th gi tr iCuentColor v gi tr iCurrentFigure s
khng thay i, tc th tc WndProc s dng li gi c.
Gi tr TRUE hay FALSE thng bo cho ca s chnh bit rng ngi dng t chi hay
chp thun ty chn trong hp thoi. V TRUE v FALSE c kiu s nguyn (1,0) nn i s
th hai trong li gi hm EndDialog c kiu s nguyn (int). Do kt qu v ca hm
ny cng c kiu l s nguyn. V d nu bn bm nt OK th tr tr v ca hm bng 1. Nu
bn bm nt Cancel th tr tr v ca hm bng 0, v nu trong chng trnh c s dng nt
bm mc nh Inoge th khi bm nt ny tr tr ca hm s l 2.
2.2.I.7. V trong hp thoi
Trong v d 2.2 chng ta dng phng php v trn hp thoi y l cng vic khc
thng. By gi ta tm hiu cng vic tin hnh nh th no.
Trong file RESOURCE.RC c thnh phn iu khin l.
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LTEXT "",IDC_PAINT, 5, 22, 92, 93

LP TRNH c TRN

Khi chng ta chn nt radio thay i mu, hnh v hay nhn c thng ip
WM_PAINT th th tc DialogProc thc hin thao tc v vo thnh phn iu khin ca
hp thoi bng hm PaintTheBlock. Hm ny c khai bo nh sau.
PaintTheBlock(hCtrBlock, iColor, iFigure);
Trong hCtrBlock l handle ca thnh phn iu khin c nh danh l IDC_PAINT.
Handle ca thnh phn iu khin ny c ly v bi hm.
hCtrBlock=GetDlgItem(hDlg, IDC_PAINT);
Ni dung ca hm PaintTheBlock nh sau.
void PaintTheBlock(HWND hCtrl, int iColor, int iFigure)

{
InvalidateRect(hCtrl, NULL, TRUE);
UpdateWinDow(hCtrl);
PaintWinDow(hCl, iColor, iFigure);

}
Hm InvalidateRect(hCl, NULL, TRUE) v UpdateWindow(hCtrl) c nhim v lm
cho ca s con cn phi v li. Hm PaintWindow dng v ra mn hnh ellipse hay ch
nht. u tin hm ny ly DC (device context) ca thit b c handle l hCl, v v ln thit
b ny dng hnh nh cng vi mu t c chn. Kch thc ca ca s con cn v c
ly bng hm GetCIientRect.Hm ny tr v kch thc ca vng client cn v theo n v
tnh l pixel.
Chng ta v trn vng client ca cc iu khin con ch khng v trc tip ln vng
client ca hp thoi. Khi hp thoi nhn c thng ip WM_PAINT th thnh phn iu
khin c nh danh IDCJPAINT c v li. Cch x ly thng ip WM_PAINT ging nh
th tc x l WndProc ca ca s chnh, nhng th tc x l hp thoi khng gi hm
BeginPaint v hm EndPaint bi v n khng t v ln ca s ca chnh n.
Nu mun v hiu ha mt phn t iu kin, tc bin i nt sang trng thi v
hiu ha th dng hm.
EnableWindow(hwndCtrl, bEnable);
i s hwndCtrl l ch danh ca thnh phn iu khin mun v hiu ha, thnh phn
th hai l bEnable mang hai gi tr TRUE hay FALSE, nu thnh phn ny mang gi tr FALSE

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th iu khin ny c v hiu ha, cn ngc li nu thnh phn ny mang gi tr TRUE
th iu khin c hiu ha tr li.

2.2.2. H p th o i khng tr n g thi

Trong phn n tho lun loi hp thoi, th nht l hp thoi trng thi, v
by gi tip tc tho lun n loi hp thoi th hai, hp thoi khng trng thi (modeless).
hiu r cch s dng cng nh nhng thao tc trn hp thoi khng trng thi, chng ta
th t tm hiu qua cc mc sau.
2.2.2.I. S khc nhau gia hp thoi trng thi v hp thoi khng trng thi
Ip thoi khng trng thi khc vi hp thoi trng thi ch. Sau khi hin th hp
thoi khng trng thi chng ta c th chuyn thao tc n cc ca s khc m khng cn
ng hp thoi dng ny li. iu ny thun tin i vi ngi dng khi ngi dng mun
trc quan cc s thao tc cng mt lc. V d nh trnh son tho Studio Deverloper bn c
th thao tc qua li gia hai hp thoi, l hp thoi bn cn thit k v mt hp thoi
cha cc loi iu khin m bn dng thit k. v i cch lm ny gip ngi dng c
quan hn so vi cch ch cho php ngi dng ch thao tc trn mt ca s.
s dng hm DialogBox gi hp thoi trng thi v ch nhn c kt qu tr v
khi hp thoi ny b ng cng vi hm DialogBox kt thc. Gi tr tr v ca hm ny do i
s th hai ca hm kt thc hp thoi (EndDialog) quy nh. Cn i vi hp thoi khng
trng thi th c to ra bng hm.
h D lgM odeless= C reateD ialog(hInstance, szTem plate, hw ndParent, D ialogProc);

Nhng hm ny tr quyn iu khin v cho ni gi ngay lp tc v gi tr v l

handle ca ca hp thoi hin hnh. V c th c nhiu ca s thao tc cng mt lc nn bn
1C handle ny d dng truy cp khi bn cn.
Phi t ch WS_VISIBLE cho hp thoi khng ng thi, bng cch chn mc
More Styles trong ca s Properties ca hp thoi. Nu nh khng bt ch VISIBLE ln
th chng trnh phi c cu lnh ShowWindow sau li gi hm CreateDialog khi mun hin
th hp thoi dng ny ln mn hnh.
hDlgModeless=CreateDialog(hInstance, szTemplate, hwndParent, DialogProc);
Show W iiH low (liD lgM odeless,SW _SH O W );

Cc thng ip gi n hp thoi dng modal do trnh qun l Windows iu khin

cng khc vi cc thng ip gi n hp thoi dng modeless phi i qua hng i ca
chng trnh chnh. Bi v cc thng ip ca hp thoi dng modeless dng chung vi cc
thng ip ca ca s chng trnh chnh. Nh vy chng ta phi lc ra thng ip no l
thng ip gi n hp thoi khi thao tc trn hp thoi t trong vng lp nhn thng ip.
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lm c iu ny chng ta dng handle ca hp thoi (la ong bin ton cc) c tr
v t li gi hm CreateDialog v chuyn hng chng bng on lnh nh sau.
while(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))

{
if (hDlgModeless==0 II IIsDialogMessage (hDlgModeless, &msg);

{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);

}
}
Nu thng ip ly ra t hng i dnh cho hp thoi th hm IsDialogMessage kim
tra v gi n cc th tc x l hp thoi. V lc ny hm v gi tr TRUE, cn ngc li
th hm v gi tr FALSE. Nu dng thm chc nng phm tng tc th on chng nh
trn c vit li nh sau.
whUe(GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))

{
if (hDlgModeless==0 II !IsDialogMessage(hDlgModeless, &msg);

{
if(TranslateAccelerator (hwnd, hAccel, Stmsg)

{
TranslateMessage(&msg);
DispatchMessage(&msg);

>
}

>
Nn ch rng bin hDlgModeless lun mang gi tr 0 cho n lc c mt hp thoi
c khi to bng cu lnh CreateDialog th gi tr ca n mi c thay i. Khi ca s
hp thoi b hy nh t hDlgModeless v gi tr 0. iu ny gip Windows khng gi nhm
thng ip x l n cc ca s khc. kt thc v ng hp thoi dng Modeless bn
dng hm DestroyWindow ch khng phi dng hm EndDialog nh hp thoi dng Modal.
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2.22.2. V d v hp thoi khng khng trng thi

minh ha cch dng hp thoi khng trng thi (modeless) ta xt v d 2.3. Chng
trnh v d 2.3 sau khi chy c kt qu nh sau.

Hnh 2.6 Minh ha hp thoi khng trng thi

Khi dng chut chn loi hnh v trn radio button, loi hnh v c chn s v
cng lc ln control nh ca hp thoi v ca s chnh. Dng chut chn mu t cho hnh
v c chn, bng cch r chut ln 3 thanh cun Scrollbar.
Chng trnh minh ha (V d 2.3) :
*OMODELESS.CPP (trch dn)
void PaintWindow (HWND hwnd, int iColorQ, int iFigure)

{
HBRUSH hBrush ;
HDC hdc ;
RECT rect ;
hdc = GetDC(hwnd) ;
GetClientRect (hwnd, &rect) ;
hBrush = CreateSolidBrush(RGB(iColor[0], iColor[l], iColor[2]));
hBrush = (HBRUSH) SelectObject (hdc, hBrush) ;
if (iFigure == IDC_RECT)
Rectangle (hdc, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom) ;

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else
Ellipse(hdc, rect.left, rect.top, rect.right, rect.bottom);
DeleteObject (SelectObject (hdc, hBrush));
ReleaseDC (hwnd, hdc);

}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
IParam)

{
switch (message)

{
case WM_PAINT:
PaintTheBlock(hwnd, iColor, iFigure);
return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY:
DeleteObject((HGDIOBJ)SetClassLong(hwnd, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND,(LONG)GetStockObject
(WHITEJBRUSH)));
PostQuiiMessage (0);
return 0 ;

}
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, IParam);

}
void PaintTheBlock (HWND hCtt], int iColor[], int iFigure)

{
InvalidateRect (hCl, NULL, TRUE);
UpdateWindow (hCl);
PaintWindow (hCl, iColor, iFigure);

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BOOL CALLBACK ColorScrDlg (HWND hDlg, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
lParam)

{
HWND hwndParent, hC trl;

static HWND hClBlock;

int iClID, ilndex;
switch (message)

{
case WM_INli DIALOG:
hClBlock = GetDlgltem (hDlg, IDC_PAINT);
for (iClID = 10; iCtrllD < 13 ; iCtrlID++)

{
hCtrl = GetDlgltem (hDlg, iCtrllD);
PaintTheBlock (hClBlock, iColor, Figure);
PaintTheBlock (hwndParent, Color, iFigure);
SetScrolIRange (hCtrl, SB_CTL, 0,255, FALSE);
SetScrollPos(hQrl, SB_CTL, 0, FALSE);

}
return TRUE;
case WM_COMMAND:

{
switch( LOWORD(wParam))

{
case IDC_RECT:
case IDC_ELLIPSE:
iFigure = LOWORD(wParam);

hwndParent = GetParent (hDlg);

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CheckRadioButton(hDlg, IDCJRECT, IDC_ELLIPSE, LOWORD (wParam)) ;
PaintTheBlock(hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure);
PaintTheBlock (hwndParent, iColor, iFigure);
return TRUE;

}
break;

>
case WM_VSCROLL :
hCtrl = (HWND) IParam ;

iClID = GetWindowLong (hCtrl, GWL_ID);

ilndex = Ctrl ID - 1 0;

hwndParent = GetParent (hDlg);

PaintTheBlock (hCttlBlock, iColor, iFigure);
PaintTheBlock (hwndParent, iColor, Figure);
switch (LOWORD (wParam))

{
case SB_PAGEDOWN:
iColorfilndexJ += 1 5;

case SBJLINEDOWN:
iColor[iIndex] = min (255, iColor[iIndex] + 1 );
break;

case SBJPAGEUP:
iColor[iIndex] -= 1 5 ;

case SBJLINEUP :
iColor[iIndex] = max (0, iColor[iIndex] - 1);
break;

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case SB_TOP:
iColor[iIndex] = 0 ;
break;

case SB_BOTTOM :
iColorfilndex] = 255;
break;

case SBJTHUMBPOSITION:
case SB_THUMBTRACK:
iColor[iIndex] = HIWORD (wParam);
break;

default:
return FALSE;

>
SetScrollPos(hCtrl, SB_CTL, iColor[iIndex], TRUE);
SetDlgltemlnt (hDlg, CtrlID + 3, iColor[iIndex], FALSE);

InvalidateRect(hwndParent,NULL,TRUE);
DeleteObject ( (HGDIOBJ)SetClassLong( hwndParent, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND, (LONG)
CreateSoIidBrush( RGB(iColor[0], iColor[l], iColor[2])) ) ) ;
return TRUE;
case WM_PAINT:

PaintTheBlock(hCtrlBlock, iColor, iFigure);

break;

>
return FALSE;

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2.3. MENU
Trong giao din ng dng Windows, thnh phn quan trng thng khng th thiu l
menu ca chng trnh. Menu xut hin ngay di thanh tiu ca chng trnh ng dng.
Ngoi ra trong mt s ng dng thanh menu c th di chuyn c.
Tht ra menu cng kh n gin, v chng c t chc thnh cc nhm n thanh
chnh (File, Edit, View,...), mi mc lit k trong menu chnh c th cha mt hay nhiu mc
lit k gi l menu popup hay dropdown, v vi mi mc lit k trong menu popup ny c
th c cc mc con ca n,....
Cc mc lit k n menu c th dng kch hot mt lnh, hay chn trng thi
(check, uncheck). Cc mc lit k trn menu c 3 dng: c hiu lc (enabled), khng c hiu
lc (disabled), v mu xm (grayed), v i quan im lp trnh th ta ch cn hai trng thi l c
hiu lc v khng c hiu lc m thi, do trng thi mu xm s ch cho ngi dng bit l
trng thi ca mc lit k c hiu lc hay khng. V vy khi vit chng trnh nhng mc
no khng c hiu lc th ta thit lp ng thi mu xm, khi ngi dng s bit rng mc
lit k khng c hiu lc.

2.3.1. T h i t l p Menu
to mt menu v a vo chng trnh bao gm cc bc sau:
*To menu ong tp tin ti nguyn *.RC: to menu ong tp tin ti nguyn,
thng c 2 cch chnh l: dng mt trnh son tho m tp tin ti nguyn v son tho
theo cu trc tp tin RC cung cp cho ti nguyn menu. Thng thng, cch ny t s dng, v
cc mi trng pht trin c trn Windows (Borland c for Windows, Visual c ) u cung cp
cc cng c cho php to menu mt cch d dng.
*Ci t menu vo ca s ca chng trnh ng dng: phn ny n gin l khi nh
ngha lp ca s ta thit lp thuc tnh IpszMenuName ca eau trc lp WNDCLASS bng
tn menu c khai bo trong tp tin ti nguyn.
V d : wndclass.lpszMenuName = "MENU1";
Ngoi ra, c th ci t menu vo ca s bng cch dng lnh :
hMenu = LoadMenu ( hlnstance, TEXT("MENU1") );
Lnh ny s tr v mt nh danh ca menu c np, khi c c nh danh menu
ny th khi a vo ca s c 2 cch sau:
*Trong hm to ca s CreateWindow, tham s th 9 ca hm l nh danh cho menu,
thit lp tham s ny l nh danh ca menu va to.

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hwnd = CreateWindow ( TEXT("MyClass"), TEXT("Window Caption"),
w s _ 0 VERLAPPEDWINDOW, c w _ u SEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, hMenu, hlnstance, NULL );
*Khi gi hm to ca s CreateWindow, tham s th 9 c thit lp NULL, sau
trong chng trnh dng lnh: SetMenu(hWnd, hMenu); thit lp menu cho ca s.
*Thm cc on chng tnh x l menu: Windows pht sinh thng ip
WM_COMMAND v gi n chng trnh khi ngi dng chn mt mc lit k c hiu lc
trn thanh menu. Khi ch cn x l thng ip WM_COMMAND bng cch kim a 16
bit thp ca tham s wParam l xc nh c ID ca mc lit k no trn menu c chn.

2.3.2. V d minh h a Menu

*Tp tin ti nguyn cha khai bo menu : MENUDEMO.RC
MENUDEMO MENU DISCARDABLE
BEGIN
POPUP "&File"
BEGIN
MENUITEM "&New", IDM_FILE_NEW
MENUITEM "&Open", IDM_FILE_OPEN
MENUTTEM "&Save, IDM_FILE_SAVE
MENUITEM "Save &As..., IDM_FILE_SAVE_AS

MENUITEM SEPARATOR
MENUITEM "E&xit", IDM_APP_EXIT
END
POPUP "&Edit"
BEGIN
MENUITEM "&Undo", IDM_EDIT_UNDO
MENUITEM SEPARATOR
MENUITEM "C&ut", IDM_EDIT_CUT
MENUITEM "&Copy", IDM_EDIT_COPY

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MENUITEM "&Paste", IDM_EDIT_PASTE

LP TRNH c TRN

MENUITEM "De&lete", IDM_EDIT_CLEAR

END
POPUP "&Background"

BEGIN
MENUITEM "&White", IDM_BKGND_WHITE, CHECKED

MENUTTEM "&Light Gray", IDM_BKGND_LTGRAY

MENUITEM "&Gray", IDM_BKGND_GRAY
MENUITEM "&Dark Gray", IDM_BKGND_DKGRAY
MENUITEM "&Black", IDM_BKGNDJBLACK

END
POPUP "&Help"

BEGIN
MENUTTEM "&Help...", IDM_APP_HELP
MENUITEM "&AboutIDM_APP_ABOUT

END
END

*Tp tin tiu cha cc nh ngha : MENUDEMO.H

#define IDM_FILE_NEW 40001
#define EDM_FILE_OPEN 40002
#define IDM_FILE_SAVE 40003
#define IDM_FILE_SAVE_AS 40004
#define IDM_APP_EXIT 40005
#define IDM_EDIT_UNDO 40006
#define IDM_EDIT_CUT 40007
#define IDM_EDIT_COPY 40008

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#define IDMJEDITJPASTE 40009

#define IDM_EDIT_CLEAR 40010
#define IDM_BKGND_WHITE 40011
#define IDM_BKGND_LTGRAY 40012
#define IDM_BKGND_GRAY 40013
#define IDM_BKGND_DKGRAY 40014
#define IDM_BKGND_BLACK 40015
#define EDM_APP_HELP 40018
#define IDM_APP_ABOUT 40019

*Tp tn cha m ngun : MENUDEMO.C

#indude <windows.h>
#indude "menudemo.h"
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
/*

Khai bo tn dng chung cho ccti nguyn trong chng trnh.*/

TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT ("MenuDemo");

int WINAPI WinMain (HINSTANCE hlnstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, PSTR szCmdLine, int
iCmdShow)

{
HWND hwnd;
MSG msg;
WNDCLASS wndclass;
wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW I CS_VREDRAW;
wndclass.lpfnWndProc = WndProc;
wndclass.cbClsExtta = 0 ;
wndclass.cbWndExtra = 0 ;
wndclass.hlnstance = hlnstance;
wndclass.hlcon = LoadIcon(NULL, IDI_APPLICATION);

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wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);

wndclass.hbrBackground =
(HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wndclass.lpszMenuName = szAppName;
wndclass.lpszClassName = szAppName;
if (IRegisterClass (&wndclass))

{
MessageBox(NULL, TEXT("This program reqmres Windows "), szAppName, MB_ICONERROR);
return 0 ;

}
hwnd = CreateWindow (szAppName, TEXT("Menu Demonsttation"),
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,CW_USEDEFAULT,

CW_USEDEFAULT, NULL, NULL, hlnstance, NULL);

ShowWindow (hwnd, iCmdShow);
UpdateWindow (hwnd);
while (GetMessage(&msg, NULL, 0, 0))

{
TranslateMessage (&msg);
DispatchMessage (&msg);

}
return msg.wParam;

}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
IParam)

{
/*

Khao bo danh sch cc mu chi t, cc hng ny c nh ngha trong file WINGDI.H */

static int idColor[5] = { W H ITEJB R U SH , LTGRAY_BRUSH, GRAY_BRUSH, DKGRAY_BRUSH,

BLACKJBRUSH };

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static int iSelection = IDM_BKGND_WHITE ;

HMENU hMenu;
switch (message)

{
case WM_COMMAND:
hMenu = GetMenu (liwnd); //L y nh danh ca menu
switch (LOWORD (wParam)) //K im tra nh danh mc chn

{
case IDM_FILE_NEW:
case IDM_FILE_OPEN:
case IDM_FILE_SAVE:
case IDM_FILE_SAVE_AS:
MessageBeep(O); //Pht ra ting ku bp
return 0 ;
case IDM_APP_EXIT:
/*Gi thng ip ng ng dng li*/

SendMessage (hwnd, WM_CLOSE, 0, 0);

return 0 ;
case IDM_EDIT_UNDO:
case IDM_EDIT_CUT:
case IDM_EDIT_COPY:
case IDM_EDIT_PASTE:
case IDM_EDIT_CLEAR:
MessageBeep (0);
return 0 ;
case IDM_BKGND_WHITE:

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case IDM_BKGND_LTGRAY:
case IDM_BKGND_GRAY:
case IDM_BKGND_DKGRAY:
case IDM_BKGND_BLACK:
/* B check ca mc chn trc */
CheckMenuItem(hMenu,iSelection, MF_UNCHECKED);
iSelection = LOWORD (wParam); /*Ly ID mc mi*/
/* Check mc chn mi*/

CheckMenuItem (hMenu, iSelection, MF_CHECKED);

/* Thit lp mu tng ng vi mc chn mi*/
SetClassLong(hwnd,GCL_HBRBACKGROUND, (LONG) GetStockObject(idCoior[iSeiectionID M _BKGND_w h i t e ] ) ) ;

InvalidateRect (hwnd, NULL, TRUE);

return 0 ;
case IDM_APP_HELP:
MessageBox(hwnd, TEXT("Help not yet implemented!"), szAppName, MB_ICONEXCLAMATION I
MB_OK) ;
return 0 ;
case IDM_APP_ABOUT:
MessageBox (hwnd, TEXT ("Menu Demonsttation Program\n (c) Charles Petzold, 1998"), szAppName,
MBJCONINFORMATION I MB_OK);
return 0 ;

}
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(O) ;
return 0 ;

}
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WINDOWS

LP TRNH

c TRN

return DefWindowProc(hwnd, message, wParam, IParam);

>

Chng 3
CC I TNG IU KHIN

3.1. M U
Cc i tng iu khin (control) l cc thnh phn tng tc c quan, th hin r
c ch giao tip ha gia ng dng v ngi dng. Nh cc i tng ny, cc chng
trnh ng dng trong Windows tr nn thn thin v d dng. V th, chng l cc thnh phn
c bn khng th thiu trong hu ht cc hg dng.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu cc to lp v x l cho cc i tng iu
khin thng qua cc lp (class) sau :

Lp Button (nt bm).

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Lp Static (tnh).
Lp Edit Box (son tho).
Lp List Box danh sch.
Lp Combo Box.
Lp Scroll Bar (thanh cun).

LP TRNH c TRN

3.2. G I I THIU TNG QUAN

Mt kiu iu khin c xem nh l mt ca s con. C th to nhiu ca s con
trong cng mt ca s cha. Cc ca s con xc nh handle ca s ca cha bng cch gi
hm :
hwndParent = GetParent (hwnd);
hwnd l handle ca ca s con cn ly hadadle ca ca s cha. V khi ly c
handle ca ca s cha, ca s con c quyn gi cc thng ip n ca s cha thng qua hm.
SendMessage(hwndParent, message, wParam, lParam);
message l thng ip cn gi n th tc x l ca ca s cha. wParam l ch danh
1D ca ca s con, cn lParam ghi li trng thi ca ca s con.
v y chng ta c th to mt thnh phn iu khin dng ca s con hay cn gi l
"child window control", c a s con c nhim v x l cc thng ip nh bn phm, thng
ip chut v thng bo cho ca s cha khi trng thi ca ca s con thay i. Nh vy ca
s con tr thnh cng c giao tip (cho php nhp v xut) gia ngi dng vi chng trnh.
Tuy chng ta c th to ra mt ca s con cho chnh mnh, nhng chng ta nn tn
dng cc lp ca s con c Windows nh ngha sn hay cn gi l nhng kiu iu
khin chun. Nhng kiu iu khin chun ny thng l cc nt bm (button), hp kim
tra (check box), hp son tho (edit box), hp danh sch (list box), combo box, cc thanh
cun v chui ch. V d mun to ra mt nt bm trn mn hnh ch cn gi hm
CreateWindows, m chng cn phi quan tm n cch v, cch nhn chut hay l chp khi
b kch hot. Tt c iu ny u do Windows x l. iu quan trng lphi chn thng ip
WM_COMMAND ca cc iu khin x l thng ip ny theo nhng mc ch khc
nhau.
Cc kiu iu khin con thng c dng trong hp thoi. Nh minh ha trong
chng 2, cc iu khin nhn hp thoi im ca s cha. Tuy nhin, cng c th to cc
kiu iu khin con trc tip trn vng ca s chnh, bng cch gi hm CreateWindow v
iu chnh v tr cng vi kch thc ca n cho thch hp bng hm MoveWindow. Th tc
x l thng ip ca ca s cha gi cc thng ip n cc khiu iu khin con, v ngc
li cc child window control gi cc thng ip yu cu ca s cha x l cc thng ip
.
to mt ca s ng dng bnh thng. u tin phi ng k lp ca s bng
hm Register Class. Tip theo l khi to lp ng k thng qua hm CreateWindow. Cn
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NGN NG LP TRNH
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trng hp mun to mt lp c nh ngha sn th khng cn ng k cho lp ca s
con mun to.
s dng cc kiu iu khin trc tip trn ca s chnh i hi cc tc v cp thp
hn so vi dng cc kiu iu khin trn hp thoi. V cc kiu iu khin to ra trn ca s
chnh khng c h tr cc tin ch. V d nh chng ta khng th s dng phm bm tab
chuyn focus gia cc kiu iu khin vi nhau.

3.3. L P BUTTON
tm hiu cc kiu iu khin, xem xt v d 3.1 sau. Trong v d ny to ra 9
ca s con chun trn mt ca s cha nh hnh 3.1.
JaJxJ
n ie s > d u e

PUSHBUTTON
DEFPUSHBUTTON

CHECKBOX

AUTOCHECKBOX

RADIOBUTTON

3STATE

AUT03STATE

GROUPBOX

WH_COMMAND

0 0 00 -0 0 0 0

WM COMMAND
WM_COMMAND

0 0 00 -00 02

WM_COMMAND

0 000-0003
0000-0 004
0 000-0005
00 00-0006
00 00-0008

WM_COMMAND
WM_COMMAND
WM_COMMAND
UM COMMAND

0019-0288
0 0 3 ft-01A8
00200214
0 0 1 ft-0278
0019-0274
001A-028
0019-0272
0019-0276

Hnh 3.1 Minh ha cc lp Button

Nhp chut vo cc nt, lc cc nt s gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n th

tc x l thng ip WndProc ca ca s cha. Th tc WndProc x l v in ra mn hnh cc
thng s lParam v wParam ca thng ip gi ti ny.Trong lParam l handle ca ca s
con gi thng ip n ca s cha. wParam c hai phn LOWORD v HIWORD, LOWORD
cho bit ID ca ca s con, HIWORD l m thng bo. M thng bo nt bm l mt trong
nhng gi tr sau.
nh danh m thng bo Button

Gi tr

BN_CLICKED

BN_PAINT

BN_HILETE hay BN_PUSHED

BNJJNHILITE hay BNJJNPHUSHED

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NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
BN_DISABLE

BNJDOUBLECLICKED hay BN_DBCLICK

BN_SETFOCUS

BN_KILLFOCUS

7
Bng 3.1 nh danh m thng bo Button

Khng bao gi thy c cc gi tr ca nt bm, ch bit rng gi t 1 n 4 dnh

cho kiu button BS_USERBUTTON, gi tr 5 dnh cho kiu BS_RADIOBTTON,
BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON, BS_OWNEDRAW, hay cc nt bm khc nu nt bm bao
gm kiu BS_NOTYFY. Gi tr 5,6 dnh cho cc kiu nt bm bao gm c c NOTYFY.
Sau y l chng trnh chnh.
*CONTROLl.CPP (trch dn)
struct

{
int iStyle;
TCHAR *szText;

}
button[ ] =

{
BSJPUSHBUTTON, TEXT ("PUSHBUTTON"),
BS_DEFPUSHBUTTON, TEXT ("DEFPUSHBUTTON"),

BS_CHECKBOX, TEXT ("CHECKBOX"),

BS_AUTOCHECKBOX, TEXT ("AUTOCHECKBOX"),
BS_RADIOBUTTON, TEXT ("RADIOBUTTON"),
BS_3STATE, TEXT ("3STATE"),
BS_AUT03STATE, TEXT ("AUT03STATE"),
BS_GROUPBOX, TEXT ("GROUPBOX"),
BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON, TEXT ("AUTORADIO")

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};

LP TRNH c TRN

#define NUM (sizeof(button) / sizeof(button[0]))

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
lParam)

{
static HWND hwndButton[NUM];
static RECT rect;
static TCHAR szTopO = TEXT("message wParam IParam"),
szUnd[] = TEXT("___________________ "),
szFormat[] = TEXT("%-16s%04X-%04X %04X-%04X"),
szBuffer[50];
static int cxChar, cyChar;
HDC hdc;
PAINTSTRUCT p s;

int i ;
switch (message)

{
case WM_CREATE:
cxChar = LOWORD(GetDialogBaseUnitsQ);
cyChar = HrWORD(GetDialogBaseUnitsO);
for (i = 0 ; i < NUM ; i++)
hwndButton[i] = CreateWindow(TEXT("button"), button[i].szText, WS_CHILD|WS_VISIBLE|
bunon[i].iStyle, cxChar, cyChar*(l+2'i'i)>20*cxChar, 7*cyChar/4, hwnd, (HMENU)i,
((LPCREATESTRUCT)lParam)->Mnstance, NULL);
return 0 ;
case WM_SIZE :
rect.left = 24*cxChar;

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LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
rect.top = 2*cyChar ;
rect.right = LOWORD(lParam);
rect.bottom = HIWORD(lParam);
return 0 ;
case WM_PAINT:
InvalidateRect (hwnd, &rect, TRUE);
hdc = BeginPaint (hwnd, &ps);
SelectObject(hdc,GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FiXED_FONT));

SetBkMode (hdc, TRANSPARENT);

TextOut (hdc, 24 * cxChar, cyChar, szTop, lstrlen (szTop)); TextOut (hdc, 24 * cxChar, cyChar, szUnd,
lstrlen (szUnd));
EndPaint (hwnd, &ps);
return 0 ;
case WM_DRAWITEM:
case WM_COMMAND:

ScrollWindow (hwnd, 0, -cyChar, &rect, &rect);

hdc = GetDC (hwnd);
SelectObject(hdc, GetStockObject(SYSTEM_FiXED_FONT));

TextOut (hdc, 24*cxChar, cyChar*(rect.bottom/cyChar-l), szBuffer, wsprintf (szBuffer, szFormat,

message==WM_DRAWITEM ? TEXT ("WMJDRAWITEM"): TEXT ("WM_COMMAND"), HIWORD
(wParam), LOWORD (wParam), HIWORD (IParam), LOWORD (IParam)));
ReleaseDC (hwnd, hdc);
ValidateRect (hwnd, &rect);
break;

case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage(O);
return 0 ;

}
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NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

LP TRNH c TRN

return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;

}
to ra mt child window control bn dng cu trc CreateWindow vi cc thng
s nh sau.

Tn lp : TEXT ("button")
Text ca s : Button[i].szText
Kiu ca s : WS_CHILD I WS_VISIBLE I button[i].iStyle
DV tr X : cxChar
V tr y : cyChar*( l+2*i )
Chiu rng : 20*xChar
Chiu cao : 7*yChar*4
DHandle ca s cha : hwnd
Ch danh ca ca s con : (HMENU) i
Th qun Handle : ((LPCREATESTRUCT) lParam-> hlnstance, NULL) ;
Cc thng s thm : NULL

Trong tn lp l c nh. Tn ca s do chng ta t. Kiu ca s s dng l

WS_CHILD, WS_VISIBLE v mt ong 9 kiu button (BSJPUSHBUTTON,
BS_CHECKBOX, .).
Tip theo l 4 thng s xc nh v tr X, v y, kch thc theo chiu rng, kch thc
chiu cao ca ca s con trn vng client ca ca s cha. hwnd l handle ca ca s cha. ID l
ch danh ca mi ca s con (mi ca s con c duy nht mi s ID). ID ny phi p kiu
HMENU ch nh trnh n. lParam thc cht l mt con tr n cu trc
LPCREATESTRCT c thnh phn hlnstance. D mun ly th qun hlnstance th phi
p kiu lParam.

3.3.1. L p Push Button

Trong v d 3.1 c hai Push Button c to ra bng hm CreateWindow vi kch
thc v v tr c xc nh bi ngi lp trnh. Cc Push Button c s dng bt tt
mt hnh ng tc thi ch khng gi c trng thi bt hay tt lu di nh checkbox c.
Trn y l hai kiu ca s BSJPUSHBUTTON v BSJDEFBUTTON (kiu nt bm mc
nh). Hai kiu ny khi thit k th khc nhau nhng khi s dng th n c chc nng hon
ton ging nhau. Khi nhn chut vo nt ny th nt ny gi thng ip WM_COMMAND
n ca s cha vi m thng bo BN_CLICK. C th tc ng n nt bm ny bng cch
gi hm.
SendMessage( hwndButton, BM_SETSTASE, 1, 0 );
N u m u n nt n h n ny tr l i tr n g thi bnh th n g th g i hm :

SendMessage(hwndButton, BM_SETSTASE, 0, 0 );

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NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
hwndButton l nh danh ca ca s con c v bi hm CreateWindow.

3.3.2. L p Check Box

Mt check box l l mt hp vung km theo ch. Thng thng ch nm bn tri
ca hp. Tuy nhin, cng c th t ch nm bn phi bng cch thm vo kiu
BS_LEFTTEXT khi to mt button. Cc check box cho php ngi dng chn cc ty chn,
n hot ng nh mt cng tc. C hai loi check box thng dng l BS_CHECKBOX v
BS_AUTCHECKBOX. Khi s dng loi BS_CHECKBOX, chng ta t t du check box
bng cch gi n kiu iu khin ny thng ip BS_SETCHECK. Thng s wParam trong
hm SendMessage c t gi 1 to nh du, v bng 0 khi mun hy nh du.
Ly trng thi ca mt check box bng cch gi n kiu iu khin ny thng ip
BM_GETCHECK. Dng on chng trnh sau bt tt du check khi x l thng ip
WM_COMMAND c gi n t cac kiu iu khin.
SendMessage((HWND)lParam, BM_SETCHECK, (WPARAM)!SendMessage( (HWND)lParam,
BM_GETCHECK, 0, 0), 0);

Ch ton t ! (NOT) ng c hm SendMessage. Gi tr lParam l handle ca ca

s con gi n ca s cha trong thng ip WM_COMMAND. Mun bit trng thi ca
check box no th gi ti n thng ip BM_GETCHECK. khi ng mt check box
loi BS_CHECKBOX vi trng thai c nh du, bng cch gi n n mt thng ip
BM_SETCHECK theo cu trc.
SendMessage (hwndButton,BM_SETCHECK, 1, 0);
Cn check box BS_ATOCHECK l loi nt bm m t n nh du bt hay tt cho
chnh n. Mun ly trng thi ca check box hin hnh, ch cn gi thng ip
BM_GETCHECK n kiu iu khin ny theo cu trc.
iCheck = SendMessage (hwndButton, BM_SETCHECK, 1, 0);
iCheck mang gi tr TRUE nu check box trng thi chn, cn ngc li iCheck
mang gi tr FALSE.
Ngoi ra cn c hai loi check box khc l BS_3STATE v BS_AUT03STATE. Hai
loi ny cn c thm trng thi th 3, l ng thi nt check box c mu xm xut hin khi
bn gi thng ip WM_SETCHECK vi tham s wParam bng 2 n check box ny. Mu
xm cho bit ngi dng chn la khng thch hp hay khng xc nh.

3.3.3. T,p Radio Button

Mt radio button l mt vng trn c km theo ch. Ti mt thi im ch c mt
radio button c nhn. Cc radio thng c nhm li s dng cho vic la chn duy
nht trong nhm. Trng thi cc radio button khng bt tt nh check box. C ngha, khi nhn
chut vo radio button th button ny c nh du, v khi ta nhn chut vo mt ln na th
radio cng vn trng thi nh du. C hai kiu radio button l BS_RADIOBUTTON v
BS_AUTORADIOBUTTON, nhng kiu th hai ch s dng ong hp thoi.
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NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
Kh nhn thng ip WM_COMMAND t radio button, th chng ta )hi nh du
radio bng cch gi thng ip BM _SETCHECK vi thng s wParam bng 1 nh sau.
SendMessage(hwndButton, BM_SETCHECK, 1, 0);
Tt c cc radio button trong cng mt nhm, nu bn mun tt du check th bn gi
n chng thng ip BM_SETCHECK vi thng s wParam bng 0 nh sau.
SendMessage(hwndButton, BM_SETCHECK, 0, 0);
3.3.4. L p Group Box
Group box c kiu BS_GROUPBOX, y l loi button c bit. Mt group box ch
n gin l mt ng vin c dng tiu trn nh. Group box khng x l cc thng
ip bn phm, khng x l cc thng ip chut v cng khng gi thng ip
WM_COMMAND n ca s cha ca no. Cc group box thng c s dng bao quanh
cc kiu iu khin khc.

3.4. L P STATIC
To ra mt lp tnh bng cch s dng "static" khi to lp ca s trong hm
CreateWindow. Lp tnh khng nhn nhp d liu t bn phm cng nh t chut, v khng
gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha.
Khi di chuyn hay nhn chut vo cc ca s con nh, ca s con ny by thng ip
WM_NCHITTEST v tr v gi HTTRANSPARENT n Windows. iu ny lm cho
Windows gi cng thng ip WM_NCHITTEST cho ca s cha. c a s cha thng gi
thng ip ny n th tc DefWlndowProc. Cc kiu ca s tnh sau y dng v mt
hnh ch nht hay mt khung ln vng client ca ca s con. Cc kiu FRAME l nhng
ng bao hnh ch nht, cc kiu RECT l nhng hnh ch nht :
SSJBLACKRECT, SS_GRAYRECT, s s _ WHITERECT.
SS_BLACKFRAME, SS_GRAYFAME, SS_WHITEFRAME.

3.5. L P EDIT TEXT

Trong mt phng din no th lp son tho (edit text) c xem l mt ca s
c nh ngha sn n gin nht. Nhng xt mt kha cnh khc th n li phc tp nht.
Dng tn lp "edit" cng vi cc thng s v tr X, v tr y, chiu rng, chiu cao trong hm
CreateWindow d to ra ca s son tho. Khi ca s son tho nhn focus th chng ta c
th g ch vo, xo cc ch, nh du cc ch.. .w . Cc thao tc trn c Windows h tr
hon ton.
Mt ong nhng ng dng thng xuyn nht, v n gin nht ca lp son tho l
to ra mt ca s cho php ngi dng nhp cc ch vo. minh ha cho ca s nhp ta
xt vi d 3.2 sau.
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LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
*EDITTEXT.CPP
#indude <windows.h>
#define ID_EDIT 1

LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);

TCHAR szAppName[] = TEXT ("PopPadl");
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
IParam)

{
static HWND hwndEdit;
switch (message)

{
case WM_CREATE:
hwndEdit = CreateWindow (TEXT("edit"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | WS_HSCROLL |
WS_VSCROLL | WS_BORDER | ES_LEFT | ES_MULTILINE | ES_AUTOHSCROLL | ES_AUTOVSCROLL, 0, 0,
0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU)IDJEDIT, ((LPCREATESTRUCT) IParam) -> hlnstance, NULL);
return 0 ;
case WM_SETFOCUS :
SetFocus (hwndEdit);
return 0 ;
case WM_SIZE :
MoveWindow (hwndEdit, 0, 0, LOWORD(lParam), HTWORD(lParam), TRUE);
return 0 ;
case WM_COMMAND :
if (LOWORD (wParam) == IDJEDIT)
if ( HIWORD(wParam)==EN_ERRSPACE || HIWORD(wParam)==EN_MAXTEXT)
MessageBox(hwnd, TEXT("Edit control out of space."), szAppName, MB_OK | MB_ICONSTOP);
return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY:

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LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
PostQuitMessage(O) ;
return 0 ;

}
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, IParam) ;

}
Hn ch ca edit box c nh ngha sn l s k t ngi dng nhp vo phi
khng qu 30.000 k t ch.

3.5.1. Cc k iu lp Edit Text

Trong v d trn to mt edit box bng cch gi hm CreateWindow. C kiu ca
s l WS_CHILD, cng mt s ty chn. Chng ta c th canh tri, phi, gia cc ch trong
vng ca s edit box bng cch thay i thng s kiu ca s ESJLEFT, ES_RIGHT,
ES_CENTER trong hm CreateWindow.
C th to mt edit control cho php hin th nhiu hng bng cch chn kiu ca s
ES_MULTILINE. Mt edit control mc nh ch cho php nhp mt hng k t cho n cui
edit box. S dng ES_AUTOHSCROLL, ES_AUTOVSCROLL to mt edit control c
thanh cun ngang, v cun ng t ng. C th thm thanh cun ngang v ng vo edit
control bng cch s dng kiu ca s WS_HSCROLL, WS_VSCROLL. Dng kiu ca s
WS_BORDER to ng vin cho edit control.
Kch thc ca edit control c xc nh bng cch gi hm MoveWindow khi hm
WndPruc x l Lhng ip WM_SIZE. Trong v d trn kch thc t a eilil conul c
t bng kch thc ca ca s chnh.
MoveWindow(hwndEdit, 0, 0, LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(lParam), TRUE);
Cc edit control gi thng ip WM_COMMAND cng cc thng s wParam, lParam
n window ca s cha. v i ngha : LOWORD(wParam) l ID ca s con,
HIWORD(wParam) l m thng bo. lParam l handle ca edit control.
M thng bo

ngha

EN_SETFORCUS

Endit control nhn focus nhp.

EN_KILLFORCUS

Endit control mt focus nhp.

EN_CHANGE

Ni dung ca edit control s thay i.

ENJJPDATE

Ni dung ca edit control thay i.

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NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
ENJERRSPACE

Edit control chy qu thi gian.

EN_MAXTEXT

Edit control chy qu khng gian khi chn.

EN_HSCROLL

Thanh cun ng ca edit conol b tc ng.

EN_VSCROLL

Thanh cun nm ca edit control b tc ng.

Bng 3.2 Danh sch m thng bo ca edit Control.

3.5.2. Cc thng i p n m t l p Edit Text

Cc th t thng ip sau cho php ct, sao chp, xo cc phn ch c chn
(selected).
SendMessage (hwndEdit, WM_CUT, 0, 0);
SendMessage (hwndEdit, WM_COPY, 0, 0);
SendMessage (hwndEdit, WM_CLEAR, 0, 0);
v i WM_CUT ct phn ch c nh du a vo vng Clipboard. WM_COPY
sao chp phn ch c nh du a vo Clipboard nhng phn nh du vn cn trn
edit control. WM_CLEAR xa phn ch c nh du m khng a vo clipboard.
Chn phn ch nm trong clipboard vo vng son tho edit comrol bng cch gi
hm.
SendMessage (hwndEdit, WM_PASTE , 0, 0);
Nhn bt u v kt thc ca phn ch chn bng cch gi hm :
SendMessage (hwndEdit, EM_GETSEL, (WPARAM)SdStart, (LPARAM)&iEnd );
iStart lu v tr bt u v iEnd la v tr kt thc.
thay th phn ch chn bng ch khc, ta dng hm ;
SendMessage(hwndEdit,EM_REPLACESEL,0,(LPARAM)szString);
Trong szString l chui mun thay th.
i vi edit control nhiu dng, ta m s dng ch bng hm.

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iCount = SendMessage (hwndEdit, EM_GETLINECOUNT, 0, 0);
Cc dng trong edit control c nh s bt th t t 0. Ly chiu di ca mt dng
bng lnh.
iLength = SendMessage (hwndEdit, EM_LINELENGTH, iLine, 0).
Chp hng ny vo b m bng cch gi hm.
iLength = SendMessage ( hwdEdit, EM_GETLINE, iLine, (LPARAM)Buffer).

3.6. L P LIST BOX

List box l tp hp cc chui k t c gi gn trong mt hnh ch nht. Mt
chng trnh c th thm hoc xa cc chui trong list box bng cch gi cc thng ip n
th tc window ca list box. List box control gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s
cha khi c mt mc trong list box b nh du. c a s cha xc nhn cc mc trong list box
b nh du.
Mt list box c th chn c mt mc hay nhiu mc cng mt lc (ty theo loi list
box n hay kp).

3.6.1 Cc k iu List Box

Chng ta to mt ca s con list box bng hm CreateWindow vi lp ca s l
"listbox" cng vi loi ca s WS_CHILD. Tuy nhin kiu ca s con mt nh ny khng
gi thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha, c ngha chng trnh t kim tra vic
nh du cc danh mc trong list box. V th, cc kiu iu khin list box thng nh ngha
kiu list box LBS_NOTYFY, iu ny cho php ca s cha nhn thng ip
WM_COMMAND t list box. Nu mun sp xp cc mc trong list box th s dng kiu
LBS_SORT.
Theo mc nh, nhng list box to ra l nhng list box n. V th, nu mun to ra
mt list box kp (tc list box cho php ngi dng chn nhiu dng cng lc) th phi s dng
loi list box LBS_MULTIPLESEL.Thng thng, List box s t cp nht khi mt mc
c thm vo. Tuy nhin c th ngn cn vic cp nht ny bng kiu LBS_NOREDRAW.
Vic lm ny i khi khng thch lm, thay vo chng ta c th s dng thng ip
WM_SETREDRAW ngn chn tm thi vic v li ca list box.
Theo mc nh, cc mc trong list box khng c ng vin bao quanh khi hin th trn
mn hnh. Tuy nhin, c i thm ng vin chu cc m t bng nh (lanh ca s
WS_BORDER. Thm thanh cun ng vo list box bng cch thm nh danh ca s
WS_VSCROLL.
Thng thng windows nh ngha mt list box gm cc thng s sau : LBS_NOTIFY I
LBS_SORT I WS_VSCROLL I WS_BORDER.

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NGN NG LP TRNH
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WINDOWS
Ngoi ra cn c cc thng s WS_SIZEBOX v WS_CAPTION dng thay i kch
thc v thm tiu cho list box. Nn to ra mt list box c chiu rng bng chiu di ca
chui di nht trong list box cng vi chiu di ca thanh cun dc. Chiu di ca thanh cun
dc c xc nh bng hm.
GetSystemMetrics(SM_CXVCROLL);

3.6.2. t cc chui vo List Box

thm mt chui vo list box ta gi cc thng ip n th tc Windows list box
bng hm SendMessage. Khi truyn chui cho hm SendMessage th thng s wParam l mt
con , tr n chui c kt thc bi k t NULL. Hm SendMessage tr v m
LB_ERRSPACE (gi -2) khi Windows chy qu khng gian b nh dnh cho list box. Hm
SendMessage tr v m LB_ERR ( -1) khi xy ra li khc v tr v m LB_OKAY ( 0 ) nu
thao tc thm thnh cng.
Nu s dng kiu LBS_SORT th khi thm mt chui vo list box ch cn dng ch th
LB_ADDSTRING theo cu trc.
SendMessage(hwndList, LB_ADDSTRING, 0, (LPARAM) szString);
v i szString l chui cn thm vo list box.
Nu trong list box khng dng kiu LBS_SORT th c th chn mt chui vi ch th
LB_INSERTSTRING cng v tr mun chn bng hm.
SendMessage(hwndList, LB_INSERTSTRING, ilndex, (LPARAM) szString);
ilndex l v tr mun chn chui vo. Nu gi tr ny bng -1 th chui c chn vo
y ca list box.
Xa mt chui trong list box bng ch th LB_DELETESTRING.
SendMessage(hwndList, LB_DELETESTRING, ilndex, 0);
Xa ht cc phn t nm trong list box th dng ch th LB_RESETCONTENT vi
cu trc.
SendMessage(hwndList, LB_LB_RESETCONTENT, 0, 0 );
Khi thm vo hay xa th Windows t cp nht li list box. Tuy nhin ta cng c th
tm thi cn s cp nht ny bng cch tt c v li list box.
SendMessage(hwndList, WMSETREDRAW, FALSE, 0);
Sau khi thc hin xong ta bt c v li list box bng hm.

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SendMessage(hwndList, WMSETREDRAW, TRUE, 0);

c TRN

3.6.3. C hn v ly cc m c trn List Box

Tng t nh t chui vo List box , chn v ly mc trong List box cng phi gi
cc thng ip n th tc Window List box bng hm SendMessage.
Dng ch th LB_GETCOUNT m s mc trong List box.
iCount = SendMessage (hwndList, LB_GETCOUNT, 0, 0 );
Lm sng mc chn mc nh th dng LB_SETCURSEL.
SendMessage (hwndList, LB_SETCURSEL, ilndex, 0 );
Nu t gi tr ilndex bng -1 th window s b tt c cc mc chn. chn cc
mc da n ch bt u ca mc, ta dng hm.
ilndex = SendMessage (hwndlist, LB_SELECTSTRING, ilndex, (LPARAM)
szSearchString);
ilndex l v tr bt u ca vic tm vi k t u ging szSearchString. Nu gi tr
ilndex bng -1 th vic tm bt u t v tr u tin. Hm s v gi tm ci. Nu
chui khng tn ti th hm v m li LB_ERR.
Xc nh mc chn khi nhn c thng ip WM_COMMAND t list box bng
hm.
ilndex = SendMessage(hwndList, LB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0);
Hm v v tr ca mc c chn, cn ngc li nu khng c mc no c
chn th hm tr v m li LBJERR.
Mun xc nh chiu di ca mt chui bt k c ong list box dng hm.
iLength = SendMessage(hwndList, LB_GETTEXTLEN, ilndex, 0);
v i ilndex l v tr ca chui cn xc nh chiu di. chp chui trn vo vng p
Buffer, ta dng hm.
iLength = SendMessage(hwndList, LB_GETTEXT, ilnde, (LPARAM) Buffer);
Gi tr tr v ca hai hm trn l chiu di ca chui k t. Nn nh kch thc vng
buffer sao cho cha chiu di ca chui cng thm k t kt thc chui cn ghi vo.

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Tuy nhin, i vi list box chn kp th chng ta khng th dng cc ch th
LB SETCURSEL, LB_GETCURSEL, hoc LB SELECTSTRING. Thay vo phi dng
ch th LB_SETSEL chn mt mc m khng lm nh hng n cc mc chn khc.
SendMessage(hwndList, LB_SETSEL, wParam, ilndex);
Tham s wParam khc 0 chn v lm sng mc, bng 0 hy vic chn.
Xc nh trng thi ca mt mc no trong list box (loi list box chn kp) dng
hm.
iSelect = SendMessage(hwndList, LB_GETSEL, ilndex, 0);
Hm v gi tr khc 0 nu mc c v tr ilndex c chn, v bng 0 nu mc v
tr khng r chn.

3.6.4. N hn cc thng ip t List Box

Khi dng chut nhn vo list box, khi list box nhn focus nhp, c a s cha c th
t focus nhp n list box bng hm.
SetFocus (hwndList);
Khi list box nhn focus nhp, chng ta dng con chut, cc phm ch, phm Spacebar
chn cc mc trong list box. List box gi thng ip WM_COMMAND vi cc thng s
wParam, lParam n ca s cha vi ngha :
LOWORD (wParam) ID ca s con.
HIWORD (wParam) M thng bo.
lParam Handle ca s con.
M thng bo

Gi tr

ngla

LBNJERRSPACE

-2

Con troi list box chy qu khng gian

LBNLSELCHANGE

Cho bit mc chn hin hnh thay i

LBN_DBLCLK

Cho bit mt mc b double click vi chut

LBN_SELCANCEL

Cho bit ngi dng thay i mc chn trong list box

LBN_SETFOCU s

Cho bit list box ang nhn c focus nhp

LBNJKILLFOCUS

Cho bit list box m t focus nhp

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Bng 3.3 Cc gi tr ca m thng bo

M thng bo LBNJERRSPACE, LBN_SELCHANGE c gi n ca s cha khi

kiu ca s list box bao gm LBS_NOTIFY.

3.6.5. M t ng dng List Box

Sau y l mt v d v list box, kt qu chng trnh sau khi chy th hin trong
hnh 3.2.
Trong v d ny, ta to ra mt list box gm cc phn t cam, chanh, nho... . Khi dng
chut hay dng phm Spacebar cng vi phm mi tn chn cc mc trong list box, mc
c chn s c mu t th hin c chn la (mc nh trong Windows l mu xanh) v
ni dung mc chn ny c hin th ln kiu iu khin tnh nm bn trn vng thao tc ca
ca s chnh. Chng nh minh ha nh sau (v d 3.2).

Hnh 3.2 ng dng minh ha lp List Box

*LISTBOX.CPP (trch dn)

#indude <windows.h>
#define IDJLIST 1
#define ID_TEXT 2
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM);
void FillListBox (HWND hwndList)

{
int i;
static TCHAR *tc[]={TEXT("cam"), TEXT("quyt"), TEXT("buoi"), TEXT("tao"), TEXTCchanh"),
TEXT("xoai"), TEXT("nho )};
for(i=0; i<7; i++)

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SendMessage(hwndList, LB_ADDSTRING, 0, (LPARAM)tc[i]);

>
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
lParam)

{
static HWND hwndList, hwndText;
int ilndex, Length, cxChar, cyChar;
TCHAR *pVarName;
switch (message)

{
case WM_CREATE:
cxChar = LOWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits 0 ) ;
cyChar = HIWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits 0 ) ;
// To mt listbox
hwndList = CreateWindow ( TEXT("listbox"), NULL, WS_CHILD I WS_VISIBLE I LBSJNOTIFY I
LBS_STANDARD, cxChar, cyChar * 3, cxChar * 16 + GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXVSCROLL), cyChar * 5, hwnd,
(HMENU) IDJLIST, (fflNSTANCE)GetWindowLong(hwnd, GWLJHINSTANCE), NULL ) ;
// to mt control "static"
hwndText = CreateWindow ( TEXTC'static"), NULL, WS_CHILD IWSJVISIBLE I SS_LEFT, cxChar,
cyChar, GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXSCREEN), cyChar, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_TEXT,
(HINSTANCE)GetWindowLong(hwnd, G\VL_HINSTANCE), NULL);
FillListBox (hwndList);
return 0 ;
case WM_SETFOCUS : //t focus nhp cho list box
SetFocus (hwndList);
return 0 ;
//x l cc thng ip khi chn mc trong list box

case WM_COMMAND :

(LOWORD (wParam) == ID_LIST && HIWORD (wParam) == LBN_SELCHANGE)

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{
// ly ch v tr ca mc c chn
iIndex=SendMessage(hwndList,LB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0);

iLength = SendMessage (hwndList, LB_GETTEXTLEN, ilndex, 0) + 1 ;

pVarName =(char*) calloc (iLength, sizeof (TCHAR)) ;
SendMessage ( hwndList, LB_GETTEXT, ilndex, (LPARAM)pVarName) ;
SetWindowText (hwndText, pVarName) ;
free (pVarName) ;

}
return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY :
PostQuitMessage (0) ;
return 0 ;

}
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, IParam) ;

}
Khi dng chut hay bn phm chn mc trong list box, th list box gi thng ip
WM_COMMAND cho th tc WndProc ca ca so cha x l. Khi th tc WndProc nhn
c thng ip WM_COMMAND, n kim a word thp ca tham s wParam c bng
nh danh ca list box ( v d trn l ID_LIST) khng v word cao ca tham s wParam(m
thng bo) c bng LBN_SELCHANGE khng. Nu bng, n ly ch s ca mc c chn
thng qua hm:
SendMessage (hwndList, LB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0) ;
V tip tc ly ni dung ca mc c chn thng qua hm.
SendMessage ( hwndList, LB_GETTEXT, ilndex, (LPARAM) pVarName);
Sau cng, hin th mc c chn ln control nh thng qua hm.
SetWindowText (hwndText, pVarName);

3.7. L P COMBO BOX

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Cng ging nh List box, Combo box cng l tp hp cc chui k t c gi gn
ong mt hnh ch nht. Mt chng trnh c th dim hoc xa cc chui trong Combo box
bng cch gi cc thng ip n th tc window ca Combo box. Combo box control gi
thng ip WM_COMMAND n ca s cha khi c mt mc ong Combo box c nh
du. c a s cha xc nhn mc c nh du trong Combox box.
Trong Combox box ch cho php chn mt mc trong danh sch cc mc c trong
Combo box.

3.7.1. S khc v ging nhau gia Combo Box v List Box

Cc thao tc trn list box v combo box l hon ton ging nhau, ch khc nhau hnh
thc th hin. List box hin th cc mc khi chng c cp nht, cn combo box ch hin th
cc mc khi ta nhp chut vo n. Khi to kiu iu khin combo box vi hm
CreateWindow phai s dng lp ca s "combobox" cng vi kiu ca s l WS_CHILD.
List box c th cho php chn nhiu mc cng lc, cn combo box th ch cho php
chn mt mc m thi.
Khng ging nh list box, combo box c hai phn. Phn di l danh sch cc mc
c thm vo combo box, phn trn l mt edit control dng hin th mc chn hin
hnh.

3.7.2. Thm, xa m t chui trnCombo Box

thm mt chui vo combo box dng hm SendMessage vi thng ip
CB_ADDSTRIN G:
SendMessage (hWnd, CB_ADDSTRING, 0, (LPARAM) szSing);
hWnd l handle ca Combo box control, szString l chui cn thm vo.
Hn ch chiu di ca chui cn thm vo bng thng ip CBJLIMITTEXT.
SendMessage (hWnd, CB_LIMITTEXT, (WPARAM)length, 0).
length l chiu di ca chui cn thm vo khng k k t kt thc chui. chn
mt chui vo Combo box ti v tr xc nh, ta dng thng ip CB_INSERTSTRING.
SendMessage (hWnd, CBJNSERTSTRING, ilndex, (LPARAM) szString).
ilndex l v tr cn chn chui vo Combo box. xa tt c cc mc ong Combo
box, ta dng thng ip CB_RESETCONTENT.
SendMessage (hWnd, CB_RESETCONTENT, 0, 0).

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Tng t, ta c th xa mt mc ong Combo box bng thng ip
CBJDELETESTRING.
SendMessage (hWnd, CB_DELETESTRING, ilndex, 0);

3.7.3. C hn v ly m c trn Combo box

m s mc c trong Combo box bng thng ip CB_GETCOUNT.
iCount = SendMessage (hWnd, CB_GETCOUNT, 0, 0).
Hm trn tr v s mc c ong Combo box. Thng thng ta chn mc t Combo
box. Tuy nhin, ta cng c th chn mc bng thng ip CB_SETCURSEL.
SendMessage (hWnd, CB_SETCURSEL, (WPARAM) ilndex, 0).
v i ilndex l v cn chn, nu gi tr ny bng -1 th Windows loi b vic chn
i vi tt c cc mc trong Combo box.
Khi nhn thng ip WM_COMMAND t Combo box, chng ta c th xc nh mc
c chn c v th my trong Combo box (v tr bt u l 0) bng cch dng thng ip
cbI g e tc u r sel .
ilndex = SendMessage (hWnd, CB_GETCURSEL, 0, 0);
ilndex l v tr ca mc c chn. Nu khng c mc no c chn th hm trn s
tr v m li CB_ERR (gi tr bng -1).
xc nh chiu di iLength ca mt chui c trong Combo box, ta dng thng ip
CB_GETLBTEXTLEN.
iLength=SendMessage (hwnd, CB_GETLBTEXTLEN, ilndex, 0);
Hm v chiu di chui vi ilndex l v t ca chui cn ly chiu di. Nu mun
ly ni dung ca mc no , ta s dng thng ip CB_GETLBTEXT.
SendMessage ( hWnd, CB_GETLBTEXT, ilndex, (LPARAM)szString);
ilndex l v tr chui cn ly, szString dng cha chui ly c.

3.7.4. MI ng dng Coinbo bux

minh ha cch cch s dng Combo box cng vi cc th tc x l thng ip
trong Combo box chng ta cng nhau kho st v d sau (v d 3.3). Kt qu thc hin
chng trnh.

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^jnjxj

H V Du Combo Box

PHAM THANH PHONG

PHM THANH PHONG
MAI XU AN HUNG
LE HOAN VU
LE LU NHA
PHAM THANH PHONG
LE LUC
NGUYEN TIEN
DINH QUYEN

Hnh 3.3 ng dng minh ha lp Combo Box

*OCOMBOBOX.CPP ( trch dn)

void FillCombo (HWND hwndCombo)

{
int i;
static TCHAR *tc[ ] = {TEXT("MAI XUAN HUNG"), TEXTC'LE HOAN VU"), TEXT("LE LU NHA"),
TEXTC'PHAM THANH PHONG"), TEXT( 'LE LUC"), TEXT("NGUYEN TIEN"), TEXT("DINH QUYEN")};
for(i=0; 1<7; i++)
SendMessage(hwndCombo,CB_ADDSTRING,0,(LPARAM)tc[i]);

}
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
IParam)

{
static HWND hwndCombo, hwndText;
int ilndex, ILength, cxChar, cyChar;
TCHAR *pVarName;
switch (message)

{
case WM_CREATE:

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cxChar = LOWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits 0 ) ;
cyChar = HIWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits ());

hwndCombo = CreateWindow (TEXT ("combobox"), NULL, WS_CfflLD | WS_VISffiLE |

LBS_STANDARD, cxChar, cyChar * 3, cxChar * 20 + GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXVSCROLL), cyChar * 10, hwnd,
(HMENU)ID_COMBO, (HINSTANCE) GetWindowLong (hwnd, GWL_HINSTANCE), NULL);
hwndText = CreateWindow (TEXT ("static"), NULL, WS_CHILD | WS_VISIBLE | SS_LEFT, cxChar,
cyChar, GetSystemMetrics (SM_CXSCREEN), cyChar, hwnd, (HMENU) ID_TEXT, (HINSTANCE)
GetWindowLong (hwnd, GWLJHINSTANCE), NULL);
FillListBox (hwndCombo);
return 0 ;
case WM_SETFOCUS :
SetFocus (hwndCombo);
return 0 ;
case WM_COMMAND :
if (LOWORD(wParam) == ID_COMBO && HIWORD(wParam) == LBN_SELCHANGE)

{
iIndex=SendMessage(hwndCombo,CB_GETCURSEL,0,0);
iLength=SendMessage(hwndCombo,CB_GETLBTEXTLEN,iIndex, 0) 11;
pVarName =(char*) calloc (Length, sizeof (TCHAR));
SendMessage(hwndCombo, CB_GETLBTEXT, ilndex, (LPARAM)pVarName);
SetWindowText (hwndText, pVarName);
free (pVarName);

}
return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY :
PostQuitMessage (0);
return 0 ;

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return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, lParam) ;

3.8. L P SCROLL BAR

Trong cc chng trc thanh cun ca s c to ra bng cch s dng hai thng
s WS_VSCROLL hay WS_HSCROLL, thanh cun c to ra trong trng hp ny nm
bn di hoc bn phi vng client. By gi to lp mt control thanh cun m kiu iu
khin thanh cun ny xut hin bt c ni no trong vng thao tc. Bng cch s dng lp
"scrollbar" cng vi hai kiu thanh cun nh ngha sn SBS_VERT v SBS_HORZ.
Khng ging nh cc kiu control iu kin cp trn, cc control thanh cun
y khng gi thng ip WM_COMMAND, m li gi thng ip WS_VSCROLL v w s _
HSCROLL cho ca s cha. C th phn bit c thanh cun ca s v kiu iu khin
thanh cun thng qua tham s lParam. Tham s ny s bng 0 nu nh thanh cun ny l
thanh cun ca s, cn tham s ny s bng handle ca ca s thanh cun nu nh thanh
cun l mt kiu iu khin. Cn tham s wPram th ging nhau cho c hai loi thanh
cun ca s v kiu iu khin thanh cun.
Bn c th to mt kiu iu khin thanh cun vi chiu di v chiu rng ty .
Nu bn mun to mt kiu iu khin thanh cun c kch thc bng kch thc ca thanh
cun ca s. Th dng hai hm sau ly chu cao v chiu rng ca thanh cun ca s.
GetsystemMetrics (SM_CYHCROLL);
GetsystemMetrics (SM_CXVCROLL);
Tng t nh thanh cun ca s chng ta c th t vng v v cho kiu iu
khin thanh cun hm.
SetScroIlRange (hwndScroll, SB_CTL, iMin, iMax, bRedraw);
hwnScroU l handle ca control thanh cun. Tham s SB_CTL l mt trong hai kiu
SBSJVERT tng ng vi thanh cun ngang v SBS_HORZ tng ng vi thanh cun
ng. Theo mc nh th thanh cun nm trong vng c gi tr t 0 n 100 n v chiu di,
tuy nhin c th t li vng thanh cun thng qua hai tham s iMin tong ng vi chn di
ca vng v iMax tng ng vi chn trn ca vng. Tham s nRedraw mang mt trong hai
gi tr TRUE hoc FALSE, nu mun Windows v li thanh cun da n vng mi th phi
t gi tr ny bng TRUE, cn ngc li th t gi ny bng FALSE.
Dng hm sau t li v tr con chy n thanh cun.
SetScroIlPos (hwndScroll, SB_CTL, iPos, bRedraw);
v i iPos l v tr cn t con chy trn vng control thanh cun.

3.8.1. Giao d i n bn phm i v i thanh cun

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C th dng bn phm di chuyn con chy trn vng control thanh cun khi thanh
cun nhn c focus nhp. Sau y l cc phm di chuyn cng vi cc chc nng ca n
n control thanh cun.
Cc phm di chuyn

Gi tr wParam ca thng ip thanh cun

Home

SB_TOP

End

SBJBOTTOM

Page Up

SB_PAGEUP

Page Down

SB_PAGEDOWN

Left hay Up

SB_LINEUP

Right hay Down

SB_LINEDOWN

Bng 3.4 Cc gi tr wParam ca thng ip thanh cun

t focus nhp cho cc thanh cun bng hm.

SetFocus (hwndScroll);
v i hwnScroll l handle ca control thanh cun. Mun t focus cho mt thanh cun
no khi khi ng chng trnh th phi t focus ny khi x l thng ip
WM_SETFOCUS trong th tc WndProc. V l do, thanh cun ch quan tm n cc phm di
chuyn, n khng quan tm n phm Tab. iu ny lm cho vic s dng phm Tab di
chuyn focus nhp t thanh cun ny n thanh cun khc gp nhiu kh khn. Tuy nhin
gii quyt vn ny ta nguyn cu cc k thut sau.
Nhn a ch th tc window ca cc control thanh cun bng hm GetWindowLong
vi nh danh GWL_ID. Bn c th t th tc Windows cho thanh cun bng hm
SetWindowLong vi nh danh GWrL_WNDPROC. Trong v d sau y, hm
SetWindownLong t th tc window cho thanh cun mi v tr v a ch th tc window
thanh cun c.
hm x l thanh cun ScrollProc trong v d sau nhn tt c cc thng ip gi
n th tc window thanh cun. Hm ny ch n gin thay i focus nhp gia cc thanh
cun khi bm phm Tab hay Shift-Tab, bng cch gi window thanh cun c thng qua hm
CalTWindowProc.
3.8.2. T m u cc th a n h c u n v cc static tex t
Mu ca cc thanh cun c thc hin bng cch x l cc thng ip
WM_CTLCOLORSCROLLBAR.

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L P T R N H c T R N

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Trong v d sau hm WinProc ta nh ngha mt mng gm c 3 phn t mi phn
t l mt handle chi t (brush) cho mt thanh cun.
static HBRUSH hBrush[3];

Cc chi t trn c to ra bng hm CreateSolidBrush trong th tc x l thng

ip WM CREATE .
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)

{
hBrush [i] = CreateSolidBrush (color [i]);

}
Trong color cha cc gi tr mu s cp RGB (Red, Green, Blue). Mt trong 3 chi
t (b ru sh ) c tr v khi x l thng i p W M _ C T L C O L O R C R O L L B A R ong th t c

WinProc bng on chng trnh sau.

case WM_CTLCOLORCROLLBAR:
i = GetWindowLong (HWND) LParam, GWL_ID):
return (LRESULT) hBrush [i];

Ch : Cc chi t phi c hy b trc khi kt thc chng trnh thng qua hm

DeleteOject khi x l thng ip WM_DESTROY trong th tc x l WinProc.
for (i = 0; i < 3; i++)
DeleteObject (hBrush [i]);

Cc Static text c t mu tng t nh cc thanh cun, bng cch x l thng ip

WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC trong th tc WinProc thng qua hm SetTextColor. Dng hm
SetBkColor t mu nn ch, trong v d sau th mu nn ch trng vi mu h thng
COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT. i vi cc Static text tnh ta ch p dng mu nn ch cho
hnh ch nht nm sau mi k t ch khng phi ton b chiu rng ca ca s control.
thc hin iu ny, trong th tc WndProc hm x l WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC phi tr
v mt handle cho mt chi t (brush) ca mu COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT. Cc chi t ny
c to ra khi x l thng ip WM_CREATE v phi c hy khi x l thng ip
WMJDESTROY.

3.8.3. T mu n n ca s
Trong v d di y to ra ca s v mt chi t mu en cho vng thao tc cho
ca s ny.
Wndclass.hbrBackground = CreateSolidBrush (0 );
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Khi thay i vic chn n cc thanh cun th chng trnh to ra mt chi t (brush)
mi v chn handle ca chi t mi ny vo ca s n. Nhn hay t handle ca chi t
(brush) bng hm GetClassWord v hm SetClassWord. C th to mt chi t (brush) mi
v chn handle ca chi t ny vo cu trc ca ca s, sau xa chi t (brush) c.
DeleteObject ( (HBRUSH)SetClassLong( hwnd, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND,
(LONG)CreateSolidBrush(RGB (icolor[0], icolor[l], icolor[2])))) ;
Windows s dng chi t mi ny t vng thao tc cho ln t k tip. Dng hm
sau xa 2/3 bn phi ca vng thao tc trc khi v li vng ny.
InvalidateRect (hwnd, &icolor, TRUE) ;
Hm InvalidateRect lm cho window t thng ip WM_PAINT vo trong hng i
rr thng ip ra th fr x l window. M thng ip WM_PATNT r U1 tin thp hn
cc thng ip x l bn phn hay chut nn n c x l sau. Nu mun vng ca s c
cp nht li mu ngay sau khi di chuyn con chy n thanh cun th dng hm.
UpdateWindow (hwnd) ;
Tuy nhin nu chng ta dng hm ny th lm cho tc x l thng ip chut v bn
phm chm li.
Hm WndProc khng x l thng ip WM_PAINT m a cho hm
DefWindowProc. Nh chng ta bit windows x l mc nh thng ip WM_PAINT ch
n gin l li gi hm BeginPaint v EndPaint. Nhng trn chng ta ch nh
InvalidateRect l phn nn cn phi xa, chnh iu ny hm BeginPaint s khin cho
Windows t ng pht sinh thng ip xa nn WM_ERASEBKGND.
Ch : phi dn dp cc chi t trc khi chng trnh kt thc bng hm
DeleteOject trong khi x l thng ip WM_DESTROY.

Hnh 3.4 ng dng minh ha lp Scroll Bar

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3.8.4. M t ng dng ca thanh cun

Hnh 3.4 minh ha mt ng dng v thanh cun (Scroll Bar). Trong v d ny, ta s
dng 3 thanh cun v 6 static text. Bng cch dng chut hay bn phm, ta di chuyn con trt
trn thanh cun thay i gi tr mu. Mu thay i tng ng s l mu t ca vng client
bn cnh. Ba stactic text di mi thanh cun dng ghi nhn gi tr mu thay i
tng ng vi cc thanh cun.
*OSCROLLBAR.CPP (trch dn)
int idFocus;
WNDPROC 01dScroll[3];
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM

lParam)
{
static COLORJREF crPrim[3] = { RGB (255, 0, 0), RGB (0, 255, 0),
RGB (0, 0, 255) };
static HBRUSH hBrush[3], hBrushStatic;
static HWND hwndScroll[3], hwndLabel[3], hwndValue[3], hwndRect;
static int color[3], cyChar;
static RECT rcColor;
static TCHAR *szColorLabel[] = { TEXT("Red"),
TEXT("Green"), TEXT("Blue") } ;
HINSTANCE hlnstance;
int i, cxClient, cyClient;
TCHAR szBuffer[10];
switch (message)

{
case WM_CREATE:
hlnstance = (HINSTANCE) GetWindowLong (hwnd, GWL_HINSTANCE);
hwndRect = CreateWindow (TEXT("static"), NULL, WS_CHILD I WS_VISIBLE I SSJWHITERECT, 0,
0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMEN) 9, hlnstance, NULL);

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for (i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)

{
hwndScroll[i] = CreateWindow (TEXT ("scrollbar"), NULL, WS_CHILD IWSJVTSIBLE I WS_TABSTOP
I SBS_VERT, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU) i, hlnstance, NULL);
SetScrollRange(hwndScroll[i], SB_CTL, 0, 255, FALSE);
SetScrollPos (hwndScrolI[i], SB_CTL, 0, FALSE);
hwndLabel[i] = CreateWindow ( TEXT("static"), szColorLabel[i], WS_CHILD|WS_VISIBLE|
SS_CENTER, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU) (i + 3), hlnstance, NULL);
hwndValue [i] = CreateWindow (TEXT ("static"), TEXT ("0"), WS_CHILD IWS_VISIBLE I
SS_CENTER, 0, 0, 0, 0, hwnd, (HMENU) (i + 6), hlnstance, NULL);
01dScroll[i] = (WNDPROC) SetWindowLong ( hwndScrollfi], GWL_WNDPROC, (LONG) ScrollProc);
hBrush[i] = CreateSolidBnish (crPrim[i]);

>
hBrushStatic = CreateSolidBrush ( GetSysColor (COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT));
cyChar = HIWORD (GetDialogBaseUnits 0 ) ;
return 0 ;
case WM_SIZE :
cxClient = LOWORD (IParam);
cyClient = HI WORD (lParam);
SetRect (&rcColor, 0, 0, cxClient/1.5, cyClient);
MoveWindow (hwndRect, cxClient/1.5, 0, cxCliem/2, cyClient, TRUE);
for (i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)

{
MoveWindow (hwndScroll[i], ((int)(1.2 * i + 1) * cxClient) / 13 + (int)cxClienl.5, 2*cyChar, cxClient / 1 7 ,
cyClient - 4 * cyChar, TRUE) ;
MoveWindow (hwndLabel[i], (2.3 * i + 1) * cxClient / 28+ cxClienl.5, cyChar/ 2, cxClient / 8, cyChar,
TRUE);
MoveWindow (hwndValue[i], (2.3 * i + 1) * cxClient / 28+ cxClient/1.5, cyClient - 3 * cyChar / 2,
cxClient / 8, cyChar, TRUE);

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}
SetFocus (hwnd);
return 0 ;
case WM_SETFOCUS :
SetFocus (hwndScroll[idFocus]);
return 0 ;
case WM_VSCROLL :
i = GetWindowLong ((HWND) lParam, GWL_ID);
switch (LOWORD (wParam))

{
case SBJPAGEDOWN:
color[i] += 15;
case SBJLINEDOWN:
color[i] = nun (255, color[i] + 1 );
break;
case SB_PAGEUP:
color[i] -= 15;
case SBJLINEUP :
color[i] = max (0, color[i] - 1 );
break;
case SB_TOP:
color[i] = 0 ;
b reak;
case SB_BOTTOM :
color[i] = 255;
b reak;

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case SBJTHUMBPOSITION:
case SB_THUMBTRACK:
color[i] = HIWORD (wParam);
b reak;
default:
b reak;

>
SetScrolIPos (hwndScrolI[i], SB_CTL, color[i], TRUE);
wsprintf (szBuffer, TEXT

color[i]);

SetWindowText (hwndValue[i], szBuffer);

DeleteObject ( (HBRUSH)SetClassLong( hwnd, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND, (LONG)CreateSolidBrush
( RGB( color[0], color[l], color[2]) ) ) ) ;
InvalidateRect (hwnd, &rcColor, TRUE);
return 0 ;
case WMLCTLCOLORSCROLLBAR:
i = GetWindowLong ((HWND) IParam, GWL_ID);
return (LRESULT) hBrush[i];
case WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC:
i = GetWindowLong ((HWND) IParam, GWL_ID);
if (i >= 3 && i <= 8)

{
SetTextColor ((HDC) wParam, crPrim[i % 3 ]);
SetBkColor ( (HDC) wParam, GetSysColor ( COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT) );
return (LRESULT) hBrushStatic;

}
b reak;
case WM_SYSCOLORCHANGE:

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DeleteObject (hBrushStatic);
hBrushStatic = CreateSolidBrush ( GetSysColor (COLOR_BTNHIGHLIGHT));
return 0 ;
case WM_DESTROY:
DeleteObject ((HBRUSH) SetClassLong (hwnd, GCL_HBRBACKGROUND, (LONG) GetStockObject
(WHITEJBRUSH)));
for (i = 0 ; i < 3 ; i++)
DeleteObject (hBrush[i]);
DeleteObject (hBrushStatic);
PostQuitMessage (0);
return 0 ;

}
return DefWindowProc (hwnd, message, wParam, IParam);

}
LRESULT CALLBACK ScroIlProc (HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
lParam)

{
int id = GetWindowLong (hwnd, GWL_ID);
switch (message)

{
case WM_KEYDOWN:
if (wParam == VK_TAB)
SetFocus (GetDlgltem (GetParent (hwnd), (id + (GetKeyState (VK_SHIFT) < 0 ? 2 : 1)) % 3));
b reak;
case WM_SETFOCUS :
idFocus = id ;
b reak;

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}

return CallWindowProc(01dScroll[id],hwnd,message,wParam,lParam);

Chng 4
X L BN PHM, THIT B CHUT, V B NH
THI GAN
4.1. M U
Cc chng c trnh by cc thnh phn iu khin chung v hp thoi. Trong
cc thnh phn ny, vic giao tip vi ngi dng c cc hp thoi hay cc iu khin
x l, thng khng cn quan tm lm vic giao tip vi cc thit b . Tuy nhin, lp trnh
trn Windows cng cn phi hiu vic x l cc thit b nhp nh bn phm v thit b chut.

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Mt s ng dng nh ha hay thao tc vn bn t nhiu cng phi vit cc x l lin quan
ti bn phm v thit b chut.
Trong chng ny, hai phn u s trnh by cch ngi lp trnh s dng bn phm
v thit b chut xy dng mt ng dng trn Windows. Thc cht ca vic x l bn
phm hay thit b chut cng n gin, v vi c ch thng ip ca Windows th ta ch cn
tm hiu cc thng ip c pht sinh t bn phm hay t thit b chut vit cc x l
tng ng vi tng thit b.
Phn cui ca chng nh by mt thnh phn cng khng km quan trng l b nh
thi gian. Windows cung cp c ch ny truyn thng vi tig dng theo nh k. v i c
ch ny, ng dng ch cn khai bo mt b nh thi gian vi mt khong thi gian cho
trc. V khi ng dng hot ng th h thng s truyn mt tn hiu cho tig dng theo
tng khong thi gian nh k c khai bo.
Tm li vic tm hiu bn phm, thit b chut, v b nh thi gian s em li s hiu
bit su sc v thnh phn nhp liu cn bn ca mt ng dng trn Windows.

4.2. BN PHM
Trong mi trng tng tc ho ngy nay c hai thnh phn nhp liu khng th
thiu l bn phm (keyboard) v thit b chut (mouse). Tuy mt s ng dng khng tin li
khi dng bn phm, nh cc chng trnh tr chi (game), hay cc m phng ha vi thit
b nh v l thit b chut chng hn, nhng bn phm vn l thit b khng th thay th ca
mt my tnh. Bn phm h tr nhp liu rt phong ph : mt chng trnh son tho vn bn
th khng th thiu vic nhp d liu t bn phm. Nu my tnh b h thit b chut b ta vn
c th thc thi cc tc v ca ng dng mt cch bnh thng.
Trong phn ny chng ta s tm hiu cc thng ip c pht sinh t bn phm v
cch can thip x l chng.

4.2.1. N n t n g c S v bn phm
Windows nhn v x l thng tin nhn c t bn phm, qua hnh thc cc thng ip
v gi cho ng dng. Trong ng dng Windows cc thng ip s c h iu hnh chuyn
cho hm x l ca s W ndProc ca ng dng.
Windows cung cp 8 loi thng ip khc nhau phn bit cc tnh hung ca cc
phm c g. Tuy nhin khng phi lc no chng ta cng phi x l ton b cc thng ip
, thng thng th ch cn x l mt na cc thng ip c pht sinh t bn phm, v cc
thng ip cn li s c Windows x l mc nh.
V d, ong Windows c th b qua khi nhn phm Ctrl, Alt, Shift cng vi cc phm
khc, nu khng mun chn x l ring cho ng dng. Trong trng hp nu chng ta
mun chn x l ring cho mnh, chng hn to phm nng (hotkey) phi ch trnh dng
trng hp vi cc phm nng m Windows cung cp. V khi theo quyn lAi tin, ng dng

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ca chng ta s x l thng ip v s lm cho h thng khng hot ng nh bnh
thng.
Thnh phn giao tip chung nh hp thoi (dialog) cng c nhiu giao tip vi bn
phm, nhng chng ta khng cn quan tm n vic giao tip vi bn phm khi hp thoi
c kch hot, x l bn phm trong hp thoi thng c giao cho Windows x l. Cc
iu khin c dng ttong hp thoi nh hp nhp liu (edit box), hp la chn (check
box), hay cc nt nhn (button)...iu c kh nng t x l phm g vo v ch li thng
bo ca cc phn g cho ca s cha (parent window). Tuy vy, vi mt s cc iu khin
nht nh theo ng dng ta c th phi x l cc thng ip tng cng thm sc mnh
ca thnh phn ieu khn ny.
Tm li trong cc ng dng c cu thnh t cc thnh phn iu khin c bn ny
th chng ta khng quan tm n vic x l cc thng ip t bn phm.

4.2.2. Khi n im focus trong cc ng dng trong mi tr n g Windows

Windows a ra khi nim s quan tm (focus) cho cc ng dng c chy ng thi
trong mt thi im. V ch c mt bn phm, nn Windows phi qun l v phn phi cc
thng ip c g vo cho cc ng dng. Thng thng, c cc trng hp trn Windows
l : mt trong s cc ng dng ang chy c kch hot (active) hay khng c ng dng no
chy. Khi c mt chng trnh hg dng c kch hot th Windows xem nh ng dng
nhn c s quan tm.Trong mt ng dng c nhiu cc ca s, mi thi im ch mt ca
s nhn c s quan tm. Theo c ch ny, Windows cung cp mt dng gi l hng i
thng ip. Mi thng ip s c a vo hng i x l thng ip v c Windows
phn phi n cc ng dng tng ng.
Hm DispatchMessage trong vng lp x l thng ip s chu trch nhim chuyn
thng ip n th tc x ly ca so W ndProc ca cc ca so tng ng.
Mt ca s c th xc nh c trng thi quan tm ca mnh bng cch chn cc
thng ip WM_SETFOCUS, WMJKILLFOCUS trong hm x l WndProc. Thng ip
WM_SETFOCUS s cho ca s bit c thi im nhn c quan tm ca Windows v
ngc li WMJKILLFOCUS s thng bo cho ca s bit c mt s quan tm t
Windows. Phn sau s gii thiu k hn v x l thng ip.

4.2.3. C ch hng i v q u n hng i

Trong Windows khi ngi dng nhn v nh J)hm trn bn phm, th thng qua trnh
iu khin thit b bn phm (keyboard driver) s din dch m qut (scan code) ca phn
cng sang hnh thc thng ip. Trc ht Windows s tm thi lu tr thng ip ny vo
hng i thng ip ca h thng (system message queue). Hng i thng ip h thng ca
Windows l mt hng i duy nht v qun l cc thao tc n x l thng tin nhp t bn
phn v chut. Windows s ln lt ly cc thng ip trong hng i x l v s gi n
hng i ca ng dng khi ng dng x l xong thng ip bn phm v thit b chut
trc .

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Hnh 4.1 Qu trnh x l bn phm

L do m Windows phi chia thnh hai giai on trong qu trnh nhn v gi thng
ip t bn phm n hng i ca ng dng l do vic ng b ha vi mi tin nh. Nu
Windows khng qun l hng i h thng th rt kh ng b cc tin trnh ca cc ng
dng. V d, khi mt ca s nhn c s quan tm v chun b x l cc thng ip. Ngi
dng c th g phm nhanh trong khi thng ip trc vn cha x l xong. Gi s ngi
dng mun chuyn qua ng dng khc v nhn Alt-Tab, khi thng ip bn phm mi ny
s c a vo hng i ca h thng v phn pht cho ng dng kia ch khng phi a
vo hng i ca ng dng, v i tnh nng ng b ha ca Windows th cc thng ip t
bn phm m bo c chuyn giao ng cho cc ca s tng hg.

4.2.4. x l thng ip t bn phm

4.2.4.I. Thng ip t thao tc nhn v nh ca m t phm
Thao tc cn bn ca nhp liu t bn phm l thao tc nhn v nh mt phn. Khi
thao tc nhn mt phm trn bn phm c thc hin th Windows s pht sinh thng ip
WMJKEYDOWN hay WM_SYSKEYDOWN v a vo hng i thng ip ca ng dng
hay ca s nhn c s quan tm (focus). Cng tng t, khi ta nh phm th thng ip
WMJKEYUP hay WM_SYSKEYUP s c h iu hnh phn pht ti hng i .
Khi thc hin thao tc nhp t bn phm th vic nhn (down) v nh (up) phi i i
vi nhau. Tuy nhin, nu chng ta nhn mt phm v gi lun th Windows s pht sinh hng
lot cc thng ip WMJKEYDOWN hay WM_SYSKEYDOWN, nhng vi thao tc nh th
ch pht sinh mt thng ip WM_KEYUP hay WM_SYSKEYUP. Cc thng ip ny s
c gi tun t n cc hm WndProc ca cc c s nhn c s quan tm ca Windows.
Ngoi ra chng ta c th bit c thi im m thng ip phm c g vo lc no bng
cch dng hm GetMessageTime.
Nh chng ta thy trong dng trn mt thao tc nhn hay th thl c hai dng thng
ip khc nhau nh WMJKEYDOWN v WM_SYSKEYDOWN ca thao tc nhn, v
tng t i vi thao tc nh. Thng ip c tip u ng l "SYS" thng c pht sinh
khi ngi dng nhn cc phm g h thng. Khi ngi dng nhn phm Alt kt hp vi phm
khc th thng pht sinh thng ip WM_SYSKEYDOWN v WMLSYSKEYUP. i vi
t hp cc phm Alt, chc nng thng l gi mt mc chn trn trnh n menu ca ng
dng hay nh n h thng system menu v ngoi ra dng chuyn i cc tc v gia
nhiu ng dng khc nhau (phm Alt+Tab hay Alt+Esc), v ng ca s lng dng khi kt
hp vi phm chc nng F4.
Khi xy dng mt chng trnh ng dng, thng t quan tm n cc thng ip
WM_S YSKE YD OWN v thng ip WM_SYSKEYUP. Chng ta ch cn dng ham
DefWindowProc cui mi hm WndProc ca ca s nhn thng ip. Windows s chu
trch nhim x l cc thng ip dng h thng ny, nu c nhng tc v c bit th chng
ta c th chn cc thng ip ny x l. Tuy nhin ta khng nn lm nh vy v khi
chng trnh ca chng ta s chy khng bnh thng nh cc Lftig dng khc. Khng phi
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chng ta giao ph hon ton cho Windows x l cc thng ip h thng ca ng dng, m
Windows s x l cc thng ip h thng ny v a ra cc thng ip bnh thng khc
n ng dng. V d khi nhn phm Alt+Tab th Windows s to mt thng ip h thng
gi vo hng i ca ng dng v khi khng x l thng ip ny d theo mc nh hm
DefWindowProc s x l v tr v thng ip WMJKILLFOCUS cho ng dng, khi ng
dng ca chng ta s d dng x l hn.
Tm li thng ip WMJKEYDOWN v WMJKEYUP thng c sinh ra bi cc
phm nhn thng thng khng kt hp vi phm Alt. Nu chng trnh ca chng ta b qua
khng x l cc thng ip ny th Windows cng khng to ra cc thng ip hay x l g
c bit.
4.2.4.2. Cc thng ip pht sinh t bn phm
Sau y l bng m t cc thng ip pht sinh t bn phm (theo th t Alphabet).
Thng ip

Nguyn nhn pht sinh

WM_ACTIVATE

Thng ip ny cng c gi n cc ca s b kch

hot v ca s khng b kch hot. Nu cc ca s ny cng
mt hng i nhp liu, cc thng ip ny s c truyn
mt cch ng b, u tin th tc Windows ca ca s trn
cng b m t kch hot, sau n th tc ca ca s trn
cng c kch hot. Nu cc ca s ny khng nm trong
cng mt hng i th thng ip s c gi mt cch khng
ng b, do ca s s c kch hot ngay lp tc.

WM_APPCOMMAND

Thng bo n ca s rng ngi dng to mt s

kin lnh ng dng, v d khi ngi dng kch vo button s
dng chut hay nh vo mt k t kch hot mt lnh ca
ng dng.

WM_CHAR

Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s c s quan tm
khi thng ip WM_KEYDOWN c dch t hm
TranslateMessage. Thng ip WM_CHAR c cha m k t
ca phm c nhn.

WMJDEADCHAR

Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s c s quan tm
khi thng ip WM_KEYUP c x l t hm
TranslateMessage. Thng ip ny xc nhn m k t khi mt
plm dead key c nhn. Phn dead key l phm kt hp
to ra k t ngn ng khng c trong ting anh (xut hin
trong bn phm h tr ngn ng khc ting Anh).

WM_GETHOTKEY

ng dng gi thng ip ny xc nh mt phm

nng lin quan n mt ca s. gi thng ip ny th
dng hm SendMessage.
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WM_HOTKEY

Thng ip ny c gi khi ngi dng nhn mt

phm nng dc dng k trong RegisterHotKey.

WM_KEYDOWN

Thng ip ny c gi cho ca s nhn c s

quan tm khi ngi dng nhn mt phm trn bn phm. Phm
ny khng phi phm h thng (Phm khng c nhn phm
Alt).

W MKEYUP

Thng ip ny c gi cho ca s nhn c s

quan tm khi ngi dng nh mt phm c nhn trc
.Phm ny khng phi phn h thng (Phm khng c nhn
phm Alt).

WMJKILLFOCUS

Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s ang nhn c

s quan tm trc khi n m t quyn ny.

WM_SETFOCUS

Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s sau khi ca s

nhn c s quan tm ca Windows

WM_SETHOTKEY

ng dng s gi thng ip ny n ca s lin quan

n phm nng, khi ngi dng nhn mt phm nng th ca
s tng ng lin quan ti phm nng ny s c kch hot.

WM_SYSCHAR

Thng ip ny s c gi ti ca s nhn c s
quan tm khi hm TranslateMesage x l xong thng ip
WM_SYSKEYDOWN. Thng ip WM_SYSCHAR cha m
ca phm h thng. Phm h thng l phm c cha phm Alt
v t hp phm khc.

WM_SYSDEADCHAR

Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s nhn c s
quan tm khi mt thng ip WM SYSKEYDOWN c
bin dch trong hm TranslateMessage. Thng ip ny xc
nhn m k t ca phn h thng deadkey c nhn.

WM_SYSKEYDOWN

Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s nhn c s
quan tm khi ngi dng nhn phm FIO hay nhn Alt trc
khi nhn phm khc. Thng ip ny cng c gi khi khng
c ca s no nhn c s quan tm v lc ny th ca s
nhn c l ca s ang c kch hot (Active).

w m _s y s k e y u p

Thng ip ny c gi ti ca s nhn c s
quan tm khi ngi dng nhn mt phm m trc gi
phm Alt. Cng tng t nu khng c ca s no nhn c
s quan tm th thng ip ny s c gi cho ca s ang
c kch hot.
Bng 4.1 M t thng ip pht sinh t bn phm

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4.2.4.3 M phm o (Virtual key code)

Windows cung cp khi nim phm o nhm tch ri vi thit b bn phm hay ni
cch khc l tin ti c lp thit b vi bn phm. Khi mt phm c nhn till phn cng
vt l pht sinh ra mt m qut (scan code), trn bn phm tng thch IBM cc phm c gn
vi cc m v d phm w l 17, phm E l 18, v phm R l 19... Cch sp xp ny thun ty
da trn v tr vt l ca phm trn bn phm. Nhng ngi xy dng nn Windows nhn thy
rng nu dng trc tip m qut th s khng thch hp khi b l thuc vo bn phm hin ti
v tng lai. Do h c x l bn phm bng cch c lp thit b hn, bng cch to ra
mt bng nh ngha tp gi tr phm tng qut m sau ny c gi l m phm o. Mt s
gi tr bn phm o m ta khng thy xut hin trn bn phm IBM tng thch nhlihg c th
tm thy chng trong bn phn ca cc nh sn xut khc hay chng c dnh cho bn
phm trong tng lai. Cc gi tr ca phm o ny c nh ngha trong tp tin tiu
WINUSER.H v c b t u vi cc tip u ng VK_XXXXX. sau y l bng m t cc
phn o thng dng ong Windows giao tip vi bn phm IBM tng thch.
Thp phn

Thp lc
phn

Hng phn nh ngha

trong WINUSER.H

Windows dng

01

VKJLBUTTON

Nt chut tri

02

VK_RBUTTON

Nt chut phi

03

VK_CANCEL

04

VK_MBUTTON

Bn phn IBM tng

thch

C trl - B r e a k

Nt chut gia

Bng 4.2 M t cc phm o

Cc thng ip trn ch c nhn khi dng chut, ta khng bao gi nhn c thng
ip trn nu g t bn phm. Khng nn dng phm Ctrl-Break trong ng dng Windows,
phm ny thng c ngt cc ng dng trong DOS.
Nhng gi tr phm o tip sai dnh cho cc phm Backspace, Tab, Enter, Escape, v
Spacebar c dng nhiu trong chng trnh Windows.

Thp phn

Thp lc
phn

Hng phm nh ngha

trong WINUSERJH

Windows
dng

Bn phm IBM tng thch

08

VK_BACK

B ack sp a ce

09

VK_TAB

T ab

12

oc

VK_CLEAR

Phm s 5 trong N u m P a d
vi n N u m lo c k tt.

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13

0D

VK_RETURN

Enter (cho hai phm)

16

10

VK_SHIFT

Shift (cho hai phm)

17

11

VK_CONTROL

Ctrl (cho hai phm)

18

12

VK_MEN

Alt (cho hai phn)

19

13

VKJPAUSE

Pause

20

14

VK_CAPITAL

Caps Lock

27

1B

VK_ESCAPE

Esc

32

20

VK_SPACE

Spacebar

Bng 4.3 M t cc phm o

Bng m t phm o tip sau y l cc phm thng c s dng nhiu trong

Windows.
Thp phn

Thp lc
phn

Hng phm nh ngha

trong WINUSEr Th

Windows
dng

Bn phn IBM tng thch

33

21

VK_PRIOR

Page Up

34

22

VK_NEXT

Page Down

35

23

VKJEND

End

36

24

VK_HOME

Home

37

25

VK_LEFT

Phm tri

38

26

VK_UP

Phm mi tn ln

39

27

VK_RIGHT

Phm phi

40

28

VK_DOWN

Phm xung

41

29

VK_SELECT

42

2A

VK_PRINT

43

2B

VK_EXECUTE

44

2C

VK_SNAPHOT

Print Screen

Trang 99

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

LP TRNH

c TRN

45

2D

VKJNSERT

Insert

46

2E

VK_DELETE

Delete

47

2F

VK_HELP
Bng 4.4 M t cc phm o (tip theo)

Mt S cc phm o nh VK_SELECT, VK_PRINT, VKJEXECUTE, hay

VKJHELP thng ch xut hin trong cc bn phm gi lp m chng ta t khi nhn thy.
Tip sau l m phn o ca cc phm s v phm ch n bn phim chnh. Trong bn
phm b sung phm Num Pad c qui nh ring.
Thp
phn

Thp lc
phn

Hng phm inh ngha

trong WINSEr Th

Windows
dng

Bn phm IBM tng thch

48-57

30-39

Khng

T phm 0 n phm 9 n
bn phm chnh

65-90

41-5A

Khng

T phm A n phm z.

Bng 4.5 M t cc phm ch v s trn bn phm chnh

M phm o ong bng trn bng vi m ASCII ca k t m phm th hin. Trong cc

ng dng Windows thng khng dng m phm o ny m thay vo hg dng ch x l
thng ip k t dnh cho k t c m ASCII.
Cui cng l m phm o ca bn phm m rng Num Pad (bn phi ca bn phm) v
cc phm chc nng (Fl, F2, F3.).
Thp
phn

Thp lc
phn

Hng phn nh ngha

trong VVINSEr Th

96-105

60-69

VK_NUMPAD0 n
VK_NUMPAD9

Phm 0 - 9 khi n
N u m L o c k c bt

106

6A

VK_MULTIPLY

Phm *

107

6B

VK_ADD

Phm +

108

6C

VK_SEPARATOR

109

6D

VK_SUBTRACT

Phm -

110

6E

VK_DECIMAL

Phm.

Trang 100

Windows
dng

Bn phm IBM tng

thch

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
111

6F

VK_DIVIDE

Phm/

112121

70-79

VK_F1 n VK_F10

122135

7A-87

VK_F11 n VK_F24

Phm F11 n F24

144

90

VK_NUMLOCK

Num Lock

145

91

VK_SCROLL

Scroll Lock

Phm F1 n F10

Bng 4.6 M t cc phm b sung

Mt S cc phm o nh F13- F24 th c Windows to ra phng h cho cc bn

phm sau ny. Thng th ng dng Windows ch dng phm F l - F10 m thi.
4.2.4.4. Cc tham s wParam v lPram trong thng ip pht sinh t bn phm
Trong thng ip phm g (WM_KEYDOWN, WMJKEYUP, WM_SYSKEYDOWN,
v WM_SYSKEYUP) thi tham s wParam s nhn gi tr m phm o. Cn tham s lParam
s cha thng tin chi tit v phm c g vo.
Bng sau m t cc thng tin cha trong 32 bt ca tham s lParam.
Bit nhn dng

Ni dung

0-15

Cha s ln ca phm c nhn xung. Nu

chng ta ch nhn ri nh ra th gi tr ny bng 1, nu
chng ta gi lun phm th s lp ny s tng theo.

16-23

Cha m qut OEM (Original Equipment

Manufacturer) c pht sinh t phn cng, ta hu nh
khng quan tm n thng tin ny

24

C ny c gi tr 1 khi phm c nhn l phm

thuc nhm phm m rng trn bn phm IBM tng
thch hay phm Alt, Ctrl bn phi bn phm c nhn.
Windows t quan tm n gi ca c ny

29

M ng cnh ca phm (Context code), nu c

ny c gi tr bng 1 th phm Alt c nhn, iu ny
tng ng vi thng ip WM_SYSKEYDOWN hay
WMLSYSKEYUP c pht sinh

30

Trng thi ca phm trc , trng ny bng

Trang 101

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

0 cho bit phm trc trng thi nh, v 1 nu

phm c trng thi nhn.
31

Trng thi dch chuyn ca phm, c ny bng 0

nu phm ang c nhn, v bng 1 nu phim c
nhn.
Bng 4.7 M t thng tn cha ong tham s lParam

4.2.5. on chng trnh minh ha

on chng nh di y minh ha mt chng trnh nh nhp cc k t t bn
phm v xut ra mn hnh.
#define BUFSIZE 65535;
#define SHIFTED 0x8000;
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc( HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
lParam)

{
HDC hdc; // Thit b ng cnh
TEXTMETRIC tm; // c u trc metric ca vn bn
static DWORD dwCharX; //B ngang ca k t
static DWORD dwCharY; // Chiu di ca k t
static DWORD dwClientX; //B ngang ca vng lm vic
static DWORD dwClientY; //C hiu di ca vng lm vic
static DWORD dwLineLen; // Chiu di ca mt dng
static DWORD dwLines; // s dng vn bn trong vng lm vic
static int nCaretPosX = 0; //T a X ca caret
static int nCaretPosY = 0; //T a y ca caret
static int nCharWidth = 0; //B dy ca k t
static int cch = 0; // S k t trong buffer
static int nCurChar = 0; // Ch n k t hin thi trong buffer
static PTCHAR pchlnputBuf; //K t tm a vo buffer

Trang 102

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
int i, j; //Bin p
int cCR = 0; //S k t xung dng
int nCRIndex = 0; //C h n k t xung dng cui cng
int nVirtKey; //M phm o
TCHAR szBuf [128]; //Buffer tm
TCHAR ch; //K t
PAINTSTRUCT ps; //Dng cho hm BeginPaint
RECT rc; //Hnh ch nht trong hm DrawText
SIZE sz; //Kch thc ca chui
COLORREF crPrevText; //M u ca vn bn
COLORREF crPrevBk; //M u nn
switch ( message )

{
case WM_CREATE:
/* Ly thng tin font hin thi */
hdc = GetDC ( hWnd );

GetTextMetrics ( hdc, &11 );

ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc );
dwCharX = tm.tmAveCharWidth;
dwCharY = tm.tmHeight;
/* Cp pht b nh m lu k t nhp vo */
pchlnputBuf = (LPTSTR)GlobalAlloc( GPTR,BUFSIZE * sizeof ( TCHAR ) );

return 0;
case WM_SIZE:
/*

LU g i kch thc ca vng lm v ic */

dwClientX = LOWORD ( lParam );

Trang 103

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
dwClientY = HIWORD ( IParam );

/* Tnh kch thc ti a ca mt dng

v s dng ti a trong vng lm vic */
dwLineLen = dwClientX - dwCharX;
dwLines = dwClientY / dwCharY;

break;
case WM_SETFOCUS:
/* To v hin th caret khi ca s nhn c s quan tm */
CreateCaret ( hWnd, ( HBITMAP ) 1, 0, dwCharY );
SetCaretPos ( nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY * dwCharY );
ShowCaret ( hWnd );
break;
case WMJKILLFOCUS:
/*n caret v hy khi ca s khng cn nhn c s quan tm */

HideCaret ( hWnd );
DestroyCaret ( );
break;
case WM_CHAR:
switch ( wParam )

{
case 0x08: // Backspace
case 0x0A: //Linefeed
case OxlB: //Escape
MessageBeep( ( UINT ) -1 );
return 0;
case 0x09: // tab

Trang 104

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
/* Chuyn phm tab thnh 4 k t trng lin tc nhau */

for ( i = 0; i < 4; i ++ )
SendMessage (hWnd, WM_CHAR, 0x20, 0);
return 0;
case OxOD: //Xung dng
/* Lu k t xung dng v to dng mi a caret
xung v t r mi * /

pchlnputBuf [ cch++ ] = OxOD;

nCaretPosX = 0;
nCaretPosY += 1;
break;

default: / / x l nhng k t c th hin th c

ch = ( TCHAR ) wParam;

HideCaret ( hWnd );
/* Ly b dy ca k t v xut ra */
hdc = GetDC ( hWnd );

GetCharWidth32 ( hdc, (UINT) wParam, (UINT)wParam,

&nCharWidtli );
TextOut(hdc, nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY*dwCharY, &ch, 1);

ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc );

/ * Lu k t vo buffer */

pchlnputBuf [ cch++ ] = ch;

/* Tnh li v tr ngang ca caret. N u v tr ny ti cui dng th chn thm k t xung dng v di chuyn
caret n dng mi */

nCaretPosX += nCharWidth;

if ( ( DWORD ) nCaretPosX > dwLineLen )

{
Trang 105

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
nCaretPosX = 0;
pchlnputBuf [ cch++ ] = OxOD;
++nCaretPosY;

}
nCurChar = cch;
ShowCaret ( hWnd);
break;

}
SetCaretPos ( nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY * dwCharY);
break;
case WM_KEYDOWN:
switch ( wParam)

{
case VKJLEFT: //LEFTarrow
/* Caret di chuyn qua tri v ch n u dng */
if ( nCaretPosX > 0 )

{
HideCaret ( hWnd);
/* Tnh ton li v tr ca caret khi qua tri */

ch = pchlnputBuf [nCurChar ];
hdc = GetDC ( hWnd);
GetCharWidth32 ( hdc, ch, ch, &nCharWidth);
ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc );

nCaretPosX=max(nCaretPosX-nCharWidth,0);
ShowCaret ( hWnd);

>
Trang 106

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

LP TRNH

c TRN

break;
case VKJRIGHT: //RIGHT arrow
/* Di chuyn caret sang phi */

if (nCurChar < cch)

{
HideCaret ( hWnd);
/* Tnh ton li v tr ca caret khi sang phi */
ch = pchlnputBuf [ nCurChar ];
if ( ch == OxOD)

{
nCaretPosX = 0;
nCaretPosY++;

>
/* Nu k t khng phi l enter th kim tra xem phm shift c c nhn hay khng. Nu c nhn th i
mu v xut ra mn hnh. */
else
{

hdc = GetDC ( hWnd);

nVirtKey = GetKeyState ( VK_SHIFT);
if ( nVirtKey & SHIFTED )

{
crPrevText=SetTextColor( hdc,RGB (255, 255, 255));
crPrevBk= SetBkColor(hdc,RGB(0,0,0));
TextOut(hdc,nCaretPosX,nCaretPo5Y*dwCharY,
& ch,l);

SetTextColor ( hdc, crPrevText);

SetBkColor ( hdc, crPrevBk);

Trang 107

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
}

LP TRNH

GetCharWidth32(hdc,ch,ch,&nCharWidth);
ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc );
nCaretPosX = nCaretPosX + nCharWidth;

}
nCurChar++;
ShowCaret ( hWnd);
break;

}
break;

case VK_UP: //Phm mi tn ln

case VK_DOWN: //Phm mi tn xung
MessageBeep ( (UINT) -1);
return 0;
case VK_HOME: //Phm home
/* Thit lp v tr ca caret dng u tin */
nCaretPosX = nCaretPosY = 0;
nCurChar = 0;
break;
case VK_END: //Phm end
/* Di chuyn v cui vn bn v lu v tr ca k t xung dng cui */
for ( i=0; i < cch; i++)

{
if ( pchlnputBuf [ i ] == OxOD)

{
cCR++;

Trang 108

c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

LP TRNH

c TRN

nCRIndex = i + l ;

}
>
nCaretPosY = cCR;
/* Chp tt c cc k t t k t xung dng cui n k t hin thi va nhp t bn phm vo b nh
m. */

for ( i = nCRIndex, j = 0; i < cch; i++, j++ )

szBuf [ j ] = pchlnputBuf [ i ];
szBuf [ j ] = TEXT ( \ );
/* Tnh v tr dc ca caret */
hdc = GetDC ( hWnd);
GetTextExtentPoint32(hdc,szBuf, Istrlen(szBuf),

& S Z );

nCaretPosX = sz.cx;
ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc );
nCurChar = cch;
break;
default:
break;

}
SetCaretPos( nCaretPosX, nCaretPosY*dwCharY);
break;
case WM_PAINT:
if ( cch == 0 )
break;
hdc = BeginPaint ( hWnd, &ps );
HideCaret ( hWnd );
SetRect ( &TC, 0, 0, dwLineLen, dwClientY);

Trang 109

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
DrawText ( hdc, pchlnputBuf, -1, &rc, DT_LEFT );
ShowCaret ( hWnd );
EndPaint ( hWnd, &ps );
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage ( 0 );
/* Gii phng buffer */
GlobalFree ( ( HGLOBAL) pchlnputBuf );
UnregisterHotKey ( hWnd, O x A A A A );
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc ( hWnd, message, wParam, IParam );

>
return NULL;

4.3. TH IT B CHUT
Trong mt mi trng giao tip ha, vic s dng thit b nh v chut l ht sc
cn thit. Nh thit b chut ta c th di chuyn n mt im bt k trn khung mn hnh v
thc hin thao tc kch cc nt chut. i vi mt s Lftig dng ha khng qu phc tp
th cng c thc hin ch yu l chut, ring i vi cc Lftig dng i hi s phc tp
khi v th ngi ta dng bt v.
v i Windows th thit b chut l mt thnh phn quan trng, nu chng ta b thit b
chut th vn khi ng bnh thng v cc chng trnh vn c th chy c. Tuy nhin
khi ta s lng tng nhiu khi x l cc ng dng trc quan tng tc vi ngi dng theo
ta hay nh v.
Cng tng t nh bn phn, thit b chut cng c dng nhp d liu t ngi
dng vo ig dng nhng d liu y khng phi l vn bn nh khi nhp t bn phm m l
cc thao tc v hay x l cc i tng ha.

4.3.1. C b n v th i t b chut trong Windows

Trang 110

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
v c bn Windows h tr cc loi thit b chut c mt nt, hai v ba nt, ngoi ra
Windows cn c th dng thit b khc nh joystick hay bt v bt chc thit b chut.
Cc ng dng trong Windows thng n vic dng cc nt th hai v nt th ba, c th s
dng tt trn cc thit b chut ch c mt nt. Thng thng nt th hai ca thit b chut
phi c dng cho chc nng gi thc n ng cnh (context menu).
Theo nguyn tc, ta c th kim a xem c tn ti thit b chut hay khng bng cch
dng hm GetSystemMetrics.
fMouse = GetSystemMetrics( SM_MOUSEPRESENT );
Gi tr tr v fMouse l TRUE (1) nu c thit b chut c ci t, v ngc li
bng FALSE (0) nu thit b chut khng c ci t vo my.
Ta rng c th kim tra s nt ra thit h rhnt hng crh dng hm trn thpo cn
lnh sau:
nButton = GetSystemMetrics( SM_CMOUSEBUTTONS );
Gi tr tr v l 0 nu khng ci t thit b chut, tuy nhin di Windows 98 gi tr
tr v l 2 nu cha ci t thit b chut.
Khi ngi dng di chuyn thit b chut th Windows cng di chuyn mt nh bitmap
nh trn mn hnh, nh ny c gi l con chut (mouse cursor). Con tr chut ny c
mt im gi l im nng (hot spot) , im nng ny nm trong hnh bitmap, v do ngi
to con tr chut quyt nh. Khi chng ta tham chiu ti mt v tr ca con chut th
chnh l chng ta ang dng ta ca im nng ny.
Windows h tr mt s cc con tr chut chun, m ngi lp trnh ch cn gi ra v
dng ch khng cn phi to cc tp tin *.cur. trng thi bnh thng th mt ng dng
trong Windows thng dng con tr chut IDC_ARROW c nh ngha trong
WINUSER.H, im nng chnh l im trn cng ca mi tn. Ngoi ra con tr chut cn cho
bit trng thi ca ng dng, v d mt tig dng ang x l cn mt khong thi gian th
con chut xut hin hnh ng h ct (IDC_WAIT). Khi hu nh cc chc nng giao
tip vi ngi dng iu phi hon n khi x l hon thnh.
Trong lp ca s ta c trng nh ngha con tr chut cho ng dng nh sau
wndclass.hCursor = LoadCursor ( NULL, DC_ARROR);
v i thit b chut ta c th c cc hnh ng nh sau:

Kch ch u t: nhn v th mt nt chut.

Kch p ch u t: nhn v th chut nhanh (nhn 2 ln nhanh).
Ko : di chuyn chut trong khi vn nm gi mt nt.

4.3.2. x l cc thng ip t th i t b chut

Trang 111

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
Cc thng ip c to t chut rt khc vi thng ip ca bn phm, mt th tc
ca s s nhn thng ip chut bt c khi no thit b chut di chuyn qua ca s hay kch
vo trong ca s, thm ch c trong trng hp ca s khng c kch hot hay khng nhn
c s quan tm. Windows nh ngha 21 thng ip c pht sinh t thit b chut. Trong
s c n 11 thng ip khng lin quan n vng lm vic (client area). Nhng thng
ip khng phi vng lm vic (nonclient-area messages) thng c cc ig dng b qua
khng x l.
4.3.2.I. Thng ip chut trong vng lm vic
Khi con tr chut di chuyn vo vng lm vic ca mt ca s, th tc ca s ca n
s nhn c thng ip WM_MOUSEMOVE. Bng sau m t cc thao tc lm vic vi
thit b chut v cc thng ip pht sinh t n.
Nt

Nhn

Th

Nhn p

Tri

WMJLBUTTONDOWN

WM_LBUTTONUP

WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK

Gia

WMJMBUTTONDOWN

WMLMBUTTONUP

WM_MBUTTONDBLCLK

Phi

WM RBUTTONDOWN

WM MBUTTONUP

WM RBUTTONDBLCLK

Bng 4.8 M t thng ip kch thit b chut

Th tc ca s ca ng dng s nhn c thng ip ca nt chut gia nu my

tnh ci thit b chut c 3 nt. Tng t nh vy vi thng ip thit b chut phi, chng ta
cn c thit b chut dng 2 nt. nhn c thng ip kch p thit b chut th tc ca
s phi khai bo nhn thng ip ny.
Wndclass.style = CS_HREDRAW|CS_VREDRAW|CS_DBLCLKS;
Trong thng ip pht sinh t thit b chut th tham s lParam s cha v tr ca thit
b chut, 16 byte thp s cha gi tr ta X, cn 16 byte cao s cha gi tr ta ca y.
ly ra hai gi tr ny ta c th dng macro l LOWORD v HIWORD.
Gi tr wParam s cho bit trng thi ca nt nhn, phm Shift, v phm Ctrl. Chng ta
c th kim a cc trng thi ny bng cch dng bit mt n c nh ngha trc trong
WINUSER.H. Cc m t n ny c bt u bng tin t MK_XXX (Mouse Key)

M K L B U T TO N

Nt chut tri nhn

M K _ M B rrO N

Nt chut gia nhn

MK_RBUTTON

Nt chut phi nhn

Trang 112

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
M K_SHIFT

Phm Shift c nhn

MK_CONTROL

Phm Ctrl c nhn

Bng 4.9 M t ng thi ca chut v phm nhn

V d khi nhn c thng ip WM_LBUTTONDOWN chng ta mun kim tra xem

phm Ctrl c c nhn hay khng bng cch so gi tr wParam vi mt n MK_CONTROL.

if (wParam & MK_CONTROL)

{
/* C g i phm control */

}
else

{
/* Khng gi phm control */

}
Nh chng ta bit khi di chuyn thit b chut qua vng lm vic th thng ip
WM_MOUSEMOVE s c gi n cho th tc ca s . Nhng Windows khng pht
sinh thng ip ny cho tng pixel n mn hnh m tu thuc vo thng s phn cng ca
thit b chut c ci t v tc lm vic ca n.
Khi chng ta kch nt chut tri vo vng lm vic ca mt ca s khng kch hot
(inactive window) th Windows s kch hot ca s ny tc l ca s va c kch sau
truyn thng ip WMJLBUTTONDOWN vo th tc W ndProc ca ca s. Khi mt ca
s nhn c thng ip WM_XXXDOWN th khng nht thit phi nhn c thng ip
WM_XXXUP hay ngc li. iu ny c gii thch nh sau, khi ngi dng kch tri vo
mt ca s v gi lun nt chut va kch ri ko thit b chut n mt vng thuc phm vi
ca ca s khc mi th. Khi ca s u tin s nhn c thng ip nhn chut
WMJLBUTTONDOWN v ca s th hai s nhn c thng ip nh thit b chut
WMJLBUTTONUP. Tuy nhin tnh hung trn s khng xut hin vi hai trng hp ngoi
l sa u :

Th tc YVndProc ca mt ca s ang thc hin vic bt gi thit b chut

(mouse capture), i vi tnh trng ny th ca s p tc nhn c thng ip chut
cho d con tr chut c di chuyn ra ngoi vng lm vic ca ca s. Kiu ny thng
xut hin trong cc ng dng v hay thao tc i tng ha, v d khi ta v mt

Trang 113

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
ng thng di v ko ra ngoi vng lm vic ca ca s, th khi ca s v s bt
gi to ca thit b chut to ng thng v c th cho thanh cun cun theo.

Nu xut hin hp thng tn trng thi (model) ca h thng, th khng c

chng trnh no khc nhn c thng ip ca thit b chut. Hp thoi trng thi
h thng v hp thoi trng thi ca ng dng ngn cn vic chuyn qua ca s khc
trong mt ng khi n cha gii quyt xong hay vn cn trng thi kch hot (active).
4.3.2.2. Thng ip ca thit b chut ngoi vng lm vic
v i cc thng ip ca thit b chut va tm hiu trong phn trc u c pht
sinh khi thit b chut nm trong vng lm vic ca ca s. Khi di chuyn con tr chut ra
khi vng lm vic ca ca s nhng vn trong phm vi ca ca s th khi cc thng
ip ca thit b chut s c pht sinh dng thng ip ca thit b chut ngoi vng lm
vic (nonclient-area). Ngoi vng lm vic ca mt ca s l ca s thanh tiu , thc n,
v thanh cun ca ca s.
Ni chung vi cc thng ip ca thit b chut pht sinh t ngoi vng lm vic th
chng ta khng quan tm lm, thay vo ta giao ph cho hm mc nh x l l
DefWindowProc thc hin. iu ny cng ging nh l thng ip bn phm h thng m ta
tm hiu trong cc phn trc.
Cng tng t nh thng ip xut pht t vng lm vic, cc thng ip ngoi vng
lm vic c nh ngha vi t NC vo sau du
ta c bng m t cc thng ip pht
sinh t ngoi vng lm vic nh sau.
Nt

Nhn

Th

Nhn p

X x i

WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN

WM_NCLBUTTONUI'

WM_NCLBUTTONDBLCLK

Gia

WM_NCMBUTTONDOWN

WM_NCMBUTTONUP

WM_NCMBUTTC)NDBLCLK

Phi

WMJRBUTTONDOWN

W MNCRBUTTONDOWN

WM_NCRBLTTTONDBLCLK

Bng 4.10 M t cc thng ip chut ngoi vng lm vic

Cc tham s lParam v wParam cng hi khc so vi cc thng ip thit b chut pht

sinh trong vng lm vic, v i tham s lParam ca thng ip pht sinh t ngoi vng lm vic
s ch ra v ngoi vng lm vic ni m thit b chut di chuyn hay ko ti. v ny
c nh danh bi cc gi tr nh ngha trong YVINUSER.H c bt u vi HT (vit tt
cho hit-test).

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0
TI 8u- h
Giang

Microsoft
Visual c...

^ jT o a mn hlnh (Screen coordinates)

J a l X|

rFe Help

My tnh

7
Mngnib

Ta vng lm vic (Client are Coordinates)

s
Outock
Express

ti
Recycle Bn

&
J start

] ^MSDNLibrary-Octo...| l^j)Inbox-OdtlookExp... 1 ^P)MSExpeft.Catn-G... 1

Hnh 4.2 Minh ha ta mn hnh v ta vng lm vic

Tham s lParam s cha ta X 16 byte thp v ta y 16 byte cao. Tuy nhin,

y l ta mn hnh, khng phi l ta vng lm vic ging nh thng ip pht sinh t
vng lm vic. Do chng ta phi chuyn v ta vng lm vic x l tip nu cn.
chuyn t ta mn hnh sang ta lm vic hay ngc li t ta lm vic
sang ta mn hnh ta dng hai hm tng ng c Windows cung cp nh sau :
ScrcenToClient( hwnd, &pt );
ClientToScreen( hwnd, &pt );
pt l bit cu trc POINT, hai hm trn s nhn tham chiu n bin pt do sau khi
gi hm ta s c gi tr pt tng ng ta mi.

4.3.3 V d minh ho th i t b chut

on chng trnh thc hin chc nng v t do bng cc thao tc: Nhn chut i
v mt ng thng t v tr con tr ca bt v n v tr chut i kch, ngoi ra ta cng
c th v bng cch nhn phm tri v gi lun sau ta ko chut n v tr bt k ri th.
Nu ta nhn chut phi th s i mu ca bt v.
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LP ARAM
LParam)

{
HDC hdc;

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static POINT oldPoint;

static int iC;
int WIDTH_PEN = 2;
HPEN oPen,pen;
COLORREF Col [ ] ={ RGB (0, 0 ,0 ),
RGB (255 ,0,0),
RGB (0, 255, 0),
RGB (0, 0, 255),
RGB (255, 255, 0)};
POINT point;
TCHAR s [255];
switch ( message ) / / x l thng ip

{
case WMJLBUTTONDOWN:
/* V ng thng t v tr trc n v tr chut hin ti*/
hdc = GetDC ( hWnd );
pen = CreatePen ( PS_SOLID,WIDTH_PEN,Col [ C] );
oPen = ( HPEN ) SelectObject ( hdc.pen );
point.x = LOWORD ( lParam );
point.y = HIWORD ( lParam );
MoveToEx ( hdc, oldPoint.x, oldPoint.y, NULL );
LineTo ( hdc, point.x, point.y );
oldPoint = point;
/* Chn li bt v trc v hy bt v va to*/
SelectObject ( hdc, oPen );
DeleteObject ( pen );

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c TRN

ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc );

break;

case WMJRBUTTONDOWN:
/* Chuyn index ca bng mu sang v tr tip theo, nu cui bng mu th quay li mu u tin*/
C = ( iC+1) % ( sizeof ( Col) / sizeof ( COLORREF ));
break;

case WMLMOUSEMOVE:
/* Xut to chut hin thi ln thanh tiu */
sprintf ( str,"Toa do chuot X = %d, To do y = %d", LOWORD(lParam), HIWORD(l Param));
SetWindowText ( hWnd, S);
/* Kim tra xem c gi phm chut tri hay khng*/

( wParam & MKJLBUTTON)

{
hdc = GetDC ( hWnd);
pen = CreatePen ( PS_SOLID,WIDTH_PEN,Col [ C ]);
oPen = ( HPEN ) SelectObject ( hdc, pen);
point.x = LOWORD ( lParam);
poit.y = HIWORD ( lParam);
MoveToEx ( hdc, oldPoit.x, oldPoint.y, NULL );
LineTo ( hdc, point.x, point.y);

oldPoint = point;
SelectObject ( hdc, oPen );
DeleteObject ( pen);
ReleaseDC ( hWnd, hdc );

}
break;

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case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage (0);
break;

default:
return DefWindowProc ( hWnd, message, wParam, lParam);

}
return 0;

4.4. B NH T H I GIAN
Nh chng ta bit Windows cung cp cho ta cc thng tin thng qua dng thng
ip nh l thng ip bn phm, thng ip pht sinh t thit b ch u t. V ngoi ra th mt
thng ip cng rt hu dng l thng ip thi gian. Khi vit mt chng trnh chng ta c
th yu cu h iu hnh gi mt thng ip cnh bo theo tng khong thi gian nht nh
chng ta c th lm mt s x l cn thit. Thng ip ny c gi t h iu hnh n
chng trnh thng qua mt b nh thi gian (Timer) v thng ip c pht sinh l
WM_TIMER. Vic dng chc nng ny rt n gin, ta khai bo mt b nh thi gian v
thit lp thng s khong thi gian Windows pht sinh thng ip Timer cho ng dng.
Khi ng dng ch cn x l thng ip WM_TIMER trong hm x l ca s WinProc.
4.4.1. B nh th i gian v v n n g b
Theo l thuyt thng ip thi gian do Windows cung cp l chnh xc n mili giy
nhng thc t khng hon ton nh vy. S chnh xc cn ph thuc vo ng h ca h
thng v cc hot ng hin thi ca chng trnh. Nguyn nhn ca vn l thng ip
thi gian WM_TIMER c u tin thp, nh thng ip t v li mn hnh WM_PAINT,
thng thng chng phi ch cho x l xong cc thng ip khc.

4.4.2. K hi ta o b inh thi gian

Khng nh thng ip xut pht t bn phm v chut, c Windows gi t ng vo

hng i thng ip ca ng dng. Di vi thng ip thi gian phi c khai bo trc
bng hm SetTimer, sau khi khai bo hm ny th Windows s gi thng ip WM_TIMER
iu n vo hng i ca ng dng.
Hm SetTimer c khai bo nh sau :

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UINTJPTR SetTimer( HWND hWnd, UINT_PTR nIDEvent, UINT uElapse,
TIMERPROC lpTimerFunc);
Trong ngha cc tham s c m t:
hWnd : nh danh ca ca s khai bo dng b nh thi gian.
nlDEvent: nh danh ca b nh thi gian.
nElapse : L khong thi gian ngh gia hai ln gi thng ip
lpTimerFunc : Hm s x l khi thng ip WM_TIMER pht sinh, nu chng
ta khai bo l NULL th Windows s gi thng ip WM_TIMER vo hng i thng
ip ca ca s tng ng.
Khi khng cn dng b nh thi gian na hay kt thc Lftig dng ta gi hm
KillTimer, hm ny c khai bo :
BOOL KiUTimer( HWND hWnd, INT_PTR uIDEvent);

hWnd : nh danh ca ca s dng b nh thi gian

uIDEvent: nh danh ca b nh thi gian.

4.4.3. V d v b nh thi gian

4.4.3.I. Dng thng ip WM_TIMER
on chng nh minh ha vic s dng b nh thi gian trong chng trnh, c
mi 0.5 giy th chng trnh pht sinh t ng ngu nhin mt vng trn n mn hnh.
#indude <time.h>
#indude "stdio.h"
#define MAX_POINT 10000
#define DDTTIMER11
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
lParam)

{
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
HDC hdc;
static int NumCir = 0;
static POINT point [ MAX_POINT ];

int r = 5, i;

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HPEN pen, oldPen;

RECT rc;
TCHAR s [255];
/*

x lthng ip*/

switch ( message )

{
case WM_CREATE:
/* Khai bo dng b nh thi gian trong ng dng*/
SetTimer(hWnd, IDTTIMER1, 500, ( TIMERPROC )NULL);
/* Khi ng hm ngu nhin*/
srand ( (unsigned) time( NULL ) );
break;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint ( hWnd, &ps );
pen = CreatePen ( PS_SOLID, 2, RGB (255,0,0) );
oldPen = (HPEN) SelectObject ( hdc, pen );
/* V cc vng trn vi tm l cc im lu ong point v bn knh l r */
for( i=0; i < NumC; i++ )
Arc ( hdc, point[i].x-r, point[i].y-r, point[i].x+r, point[i].y+r, point[i].x+r, point[i].y,point[i]jc+r,point[i].y);
/* Ly li bt v trc v hy bt v va to*/
SelectObject ( hdc, oldPen );
DeleteObject ( pen );
EndPaint ( hWnd, &ps );
break;
case WM_TIMER:
/* Ly thng tin ca vng lm vic*/

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GetClientRect ( hWnd, &rc );

/*Pht sinh ngu nhin mt vng trn*/

point [NumC].x = rand( ) % (rc.right - rc.left);

point [NumC].y = rand( ) % (rc.bottom - rc.top);
NumC++;
/*Hin th s vng trn sinh ra trn thanh tiu */

sprintf ( s,"So vong on : %d", NumC);

SetWindowText ( hWnd, s );
/* Lm bt hp l vng lm vic &yu cu v li */
InvalidateRect ( hWnd, &rc, FALSE);
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
/* H y b s dng b nh thi giar*/
KiUTimer ( hWnd, IDTTIMER1 );
PostQuitMessage ( 0 );
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc ( hWnd, message, wParam, IParam );

>
return 0;

>
4.4.3.2. Dng hm x l
on chng trnh sau cng khai bo s dng mt b nh thi gian, nhng khai bo
trc tip, tc l khi ht thi gian ch thay v truyn thng ip WM_TIMER th Windows
gi hm TimerProc thc hin.
Chng trnh khi thc thi s xut ra mt dng ng h in t theo dng : gi :
pht :giy.

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#indude <time.h>
#indude "stdio.h"
#define IDT_TIMER11
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM
lParam)

{
PAINTSTRUCT ps;
HDC hdc;
/* Khai bo bin u cc gi tr khng gian*/
struct tm *newtime;
time_t CurTime;
TCHAR s [255];
RECT rc;
/* Bin LOGFONT to font mi*/
LOGFONT lf;
HFONT oldFont, font;
COLORJREF color = RGB (255, 0 ,0), oldColor;
switch ( message)

{
case WM_CREATE:
/* khi to b nh thi gian, v khai bo hm x l Timer*/
SetTimer ( hWnd, IDT_TIMER1, 1000, ( TIMERPROC ) TimerProc);
break;
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint ( hWnd, &ps);
/* Ly gi ng h h thng*/
time( &CurTime);

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newtime = localtime ( &CurTime );

GetCIientRect ( hWnd, &rc);
/* To chui xut ra mn hnh*/
sprintf(str,"Gio Men ta i: %d gio: %d phut: %d giay", newtime->tm_hour,newtime->n_min, newtime>tm_sec);
/* Thit lp mu k t xut*/
oldColor = SetTextColor ( hdc, color);
/* To font ring dng*/
memset ( &lf, 0, sizeof ( LOGFONT) );
lf.lfHeight = 50;
strqpy ( lf.lfFaceName, "Tahoma" );
font = CreateFontlndirect ( &lf);
oldFont = ( HFONT) SelectObject ( hdc,font);
/* Xut ra mn hnh*/
DrawText ( hdc, str, strlen(str), &rc, DT_CENTER I DT_VCENTER I DT_SINGLELINE );
/* Ly li cc gi tr mc nh*/
SetTextColor ( hdc,oldColor);
SelectObject ( hdc,oldFont);
DeleteObject ( font);
EndPaint ( hWnd, &ps);
break;
case WM_DESTROY:
PostQuitMessage ( 0 );
break;
default:
return DefWindowProc ( hWnd, message, wParam, IParam );

}
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return 0;

>
/* Hm x l ca Timer*/
VOID CALLBACK TimerProc( HWND hwnd, UINT uMsg, UINTJPTR idEvent, DWORD dwTime)

{
/* Hm ny n gin yu cu t li vng lm vic*/
RECT rc;
GetClientRect ( hwnd, &rc);
InvalidateRect ( hwnd, &rc, TRUE);

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Chng 5
X L VN BN V FONT CH
5.1. M U
Mt trong cc c tnh ni bt nht ca Windows l giao din giao tip vi ngi
dng. Nh c tnh ny, nhiu dng d liu thng tin khc nhau c my tnh h tr khi
xut ra mn hnh, my in, ... Trong , xut vn bn ra vng lm vic ca cc ng dng
Win32 l hnh thc ph bin nht trong giao din ha.
cc chng trc, cc thao tc xut thng tin ch c thc hin thng qua cc ca
s thng bo, hp thoi v cc phn t iu khin. Chng ny s nh by cch th hin
ni dung vn bn trn vng lm vic ca ca s thng qua cc hm Win32 API.
Phn cui chng s trnh by cch khi to, chn v x l cc dng font ch khc
nhau. Nh kh nng ny, vic th hin cc on vn bn s tr nn sinh ng v trc quan
hn.

5.2. X L VN BN
x l vn bn l cng vic ph bin nht trong cc thao tc ha. Chng c s
dng theo cc nh dng v cch thc khc nhau trong cc ng dng x l ti liu, bng biu,
c s d liu v h tr thit k bng my tnh (CAD - Computer Aided Design).
Tp hp cc hm Win32 API x l vn bn c phn thnh hai nhm chnh: Nhm
cc hm nh dng chun b cho thao tc xut d liu, v nhm cc hm thc hin thao
tc hin th. Chng ta s bt u vi vic tm hiu cc hm hin th.

5.2.1. H i n th vn b n
hin th ni dung vn bn trn cc thit b xut, da vo tng trng hp th hin
khc nhau, ta dng cc hm Win32 API khc nhau. Cc hm ny ph thuc vo font ch, thuc
tnh ca thit b ng cnh DC (Device Context ) v khong cch k t th hin.
Hm ph bin nht thc hin thao tc xut mt chui k t vn bn, s dng font
ch, mu ch v mu nn hin hnh l :
BOOL TextOut(HDC hDC, int nXStart, int nYStart, LPCTSTR lpString, int
cbstring);
Hm ny thc hin thao tc xut chui k t xc nh bi con IpString ra DC, vi
chiu di c xc nh bi cbString (khng ph thuc vo k t NULL nh du kt thc
chui).

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Hai ng nXStart v nYStart l v tr gc ca chui hin th, xc nh theo ta
logic ca vng lm vic ca s, v thng l im gc trn bn tri ca vng hin th chui.
Chng ta s bn k hn khi tm hiu v canh l vn bn trong phn 5.2.2.
Nu thao tc xut chui thc hin thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi
tr tr v bng 0.
Khi cn trnh by vn bn theo tun t tng ct, ta dng hm TabbedTextOut sau :
LONG TabbedTextOut(HDC hDC, int nX, int nY, LPCTSTR lpString, int nCount,
int nNumTabs, LPINT lpnTabStopPositions, int nTabOrigin);
Nu trong chui k t c cc k t tab (\t hoc 0x09), hm TabbedTextOut s
chuyn cc k t tab vo dy cc v tr "dng" tng ng. s lng cc tab dng c xc
nh bi nNumTabs, v lpnTabStopPositions l dy v tr cc tab dng theo n v tnh pixels.
V d, nu rng trang bnh ca mi k t l 8 pixels, v mi tab dng cn t cch nhau 5
k t, dy cc tab dng s phi ln lt c gi tr 40, 80, 120....... Tuy nhin, cc gi tr ny
khng nht thit phi l bi s ca nhau.
Nu bin nNumTabs hoc lpnTabStopPositons c gi l 0 v NULL, cc tab dng
c t cch nhau tng 8 k t. Nu nNumTabs bng 1, lpnTabStopPositions tr n gi tr
xc nh mt dy tng tun hon l bi s ca dy ny. V d, nu nNumTabs bng 1, v
lpnTabStopPositions bng 30, ta s c dy tab dng ti v tr 30, 60, 90, ... pixels.
Trng nTabOrigin xc nh ta theo trc X ca im bt u tnh khong cch ti
cc tab. Gi tr ny khng nht thit phi l v tr u tin ca chui, c th chn trng hoc
khng.
Hm tr v kch thc chui hin th, theo n v logic, nu thnh cng. Ngc li,
hm tr v 0. Trong , chiu cao chui l WORD cao ca bin kiu LONG, chiu rng l
WORD thp.
Mt hm xut vn bn khc tng t hm TextOut l hm ExtTextOut :
BOOL ExtTextOut(HDC hDC, int X, int Y, UINT fuOptions, CONST RECT *lprc,
LPCTSTR lpString, UINT cbCount CONST INT *lpDx);
Bin lprc l mt con tr n cu trc RECT, trong ni dung vn bn hin th s b
ct vo vng hnh ch nht tng ng nu fuOpons c thit lp l ETO_CLIPPED, hoc
l vng nn hnh ch nht s c t bi mu nn nu fuOptions ia ETO_OPAQUE.
Trng lpDx l mt dy s nguyn xc nh khong cch gia cc k t lin tip trong
chui. N cho php mt chng trnh to khong cch rng hoc hp gia cc k t, iu m
i lc cn thit trong vic iu chnh cc t trong vn bn theo rng ct. Gi tr lpDx c
th l NULL tng ng vi ch mc nh cho khong cch ny.
Tng t hm TextOut, hm ExtTextOut v gi tr khc 0 nu thnh cng. Ngc
li, gi tr tr v bng 0.
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Mt hm mc mc cao hn xut vn bn l hm DrawText :

int DrawText(HDC hDC, LPCTSTR lpString, int nCount, LPRECT IpRect, UINT
uFormat);
Cng nh cc hm xut vn bn khc, hm DrawText xut chui xc nh bi con tr
lpString c di nCount. Tuy nhin, vi chui c k t kt thc l NULL, nu nCount bng
-1, hm s t ng tnh ton chiu di ca chui.
Bin lpRect tr n cu trc RECT ca hinh ch nht (theo to logic) m trong
vn bn th hin theo nh dng c thit lp trong uFormat.
Nu uFormat bng 0, ni dung vn bn s c hin th theo tng dng t trn xung
di. Mi dng mi c xc nh thng qua k t v u dng CR (carriage return, bng
\r hoc OxOD) hoc k t xung dng LF (linefeed, bng \n hoc OxOA) co trong vn bn.
Phn vn bn bn ngoi hnh ch nht lpRect s b ct b.
Gi tr uFormat bng 0 cng chnh l gi tr c canh l tri (DT_LEFT). Ngoi ra, ta c
th thit lp cc c canh l phi (DT_RIGHT), v canh l gia (DT_CENTER) cho vn bn.
loi b chc nng iu khin ca cc k t CR v LF, cn thm vo c
DT_SINGLELINE. Nu thit lp DT_SINGLELINE, ta cng c th ch nh v tr ca dng
hin th pha trn (DT_TOP), pha di (DT_BOTTOM), hoc chnh gia
(DT_VCENTER) trong vng hnh ch nht.
Trong trng hp hin th nhiu dng vn bn, Windows ch ngt dng khi gp k t
CR v LF. ngt dng di hn kch thc hnh ch nht hin th, cn thit lp c
DT_WORDRRRAK. Neu khng mnn Windows r t h cc phn rlra khi v rh v t qu
phm vi khung ch nht, ta thm c DT_NOCLIP. Nu mun k t tab (\t hoc 0x09) c
din dch thnh k t phn ct, cn thm c DT_EXPANDTABS. Gi tr mc nh ca tab l 8
khong trng, c DT_TABSTOP c dng t li gi tr tab. Trong trng hp ny, byte
cao ca word thp (bits 15-8) ca uFormat s cha gi tr tab cn thay th.

5.2.2. nh d n g vn b n
Da vo c trng cc thnh phn hin th, cc hm nh dng vn bn phn lm ba
nhm lin quan n thuc tnh ca DC, rng k t v kch iuc chui k t hin th.
Vic thit lp thuc tnh nh dng vn bn cho DC c thc hin thng qua cc
hm canh l vn bn, thit lp khong cch k t, xc nh mu nn v mu vn bn. Cng
vi cc hm ny, Windows cng cung cp cc hm cho bit thuc tnh hin hnh tng ng
cho DC.
Trong cc hm v thuc tnh DC, bin u tin lun l handle ca DC hin hnh. Xt
hm thit lp mu ch v mu nn :
COLORREF SetTextColor(HDC hDC, COLOREF crColor);
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COLORREF SetBkColor(HDC hDC, COLORREF crColor);
Bin crColor xc nh mu cn thit lp. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v mu ch (mu
nn) trc khi c thit lp. Nu khng, hm tr v gi tr c CLR_INVALID. Ngoi ra,
xc nh mu ch v mu nn hin hnh, ta dng hai hm sau :
COLORREF GetTextColor(HDC hDC);
COLORREF GetBkColor(HDC hDC);
Nu hm thc hin thnh cng, ta xc nh c mu hin hnh. Nu khng, gi tr tr
v l CLRJNVALID.
Khi v ch, Windows s dng hai ch : ch trong sut (TRANSPARENT) v
rh m (OPAQUF,). rh trong sut, mu nn s khng r s dng n, rh v
ra ln nn hin hnh. ch m, trc khi v ch, nn s c xo i vi mu nn
c thit lp bi hm SetBkColor:
int SetBkColor(HDC hDC, int iBkMode);
v i iBkMode l ch nn TRANSPARENT hoc OPAQUE (ch mc nh ca
Windows l OPAQUE). Nu thnh cng, hm tr v ch nn trc khi c thit lp.
Ngc li, gi tr tx v l zero. bit ch nn hin ti, ta dng hm :
int GetBkMode(HDC hDC);
Hm tr v gi tr TRANSPARENT hoc OPAQUE, nu thnh cng. Ngc li, gi tr
tr v l zero.
xc lp v tr chui vn bn hin th da trn im gc nXStart, nYStart (xem phn
5.2.1) ta dng hm SetTextAlign :
UINT SetTextAlign(HDC hDC, UINT fMode);
Khi , im gc nXStart cnh bn tri khung ch nht nu fMode l TA_LEFT. K
t u chui s hin th t im gc ny. y cng l gi tt mc nh ca Windows. Nu
fMode bng TA_RIGHT, v chui c tnh t bn phi, tc k t cui chui hin th ti
im gc, v ngc li cho n k t u tin. Nu fMode bng TA_CENTER, v tr gia
chui chnh l im gc.
Tng t, thit lp v tr hin th chui theo phng ng, cc c TA_TOP,
TA_BOTTOM, v TA_BASELINE c dng tng ng im gc nYStart trn, gia v
di dng vn bn hin th. i vi Windows th gi tr mc nh theo phng ng l
TA_TOP.
Nu gi hm SetTextAlign vi c TA_UPDATE, Windows s khng s dng im
gc nXStart, nYStart trong hm xut vn bn TextOut, thay vo l v t c thit lp
trc bi hm MoveToEx hoc LineTo, hoc mt hm thay i v khc, c
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TA_UPDATE cng cp nht im gc v u chui (nu dng TA_LEFT) v v cui chui
(nu dng TA_RIGHT) cho ln gi k tip. iu ny cn thit cho vic hin th nhiu dng
vn bn vi hm Textut. Nu c TA_CENTER c thit lp, v tr ca nXStart vn nh
c sau khi hm TextOut c gi.
bit ch canh l vn bn hin ti, ta dng hm :
UINT GetTextAIign(HDC hDC);
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v c tng ng ca canh l vn bn hin hnh. Ngc li,
gi tr tr v l GDI_ERROR.
V d sau y trnh by cch thc xc nh cc dng canh l theo phng ngang:
switch ( (TA LEFT I TA RIGHT I TA CENTER) & GetTextAlign(hDC) )

{
case TA_LEFT:

case TA_RIGHT:

case TA_CENTER:

}
V d tip theo s dng hm SetTextAlign cp nht v tr hin th hin thi khi
hm TextOut c gi. Trong v d ny, bin cArial l mt s nguyn cho bit s font Arial.
UINT uAlignPrev;
char szCount[8];

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uAlignPrev = SetTextAlign(hdc, TA_UPDATECP);
MoveToEx(hdc, 10, 50, (LPPOINT) NULL);
TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, "Number of Arial fonts: ", 23);
itoa(cArial, szCount, 10);
TextOut(hdc, 0, 0, (LPSTR) szCount, strlen(szCount));
SetTextAlign(hdc, uAlignPrev);

Mt thuc tnh khc ca DC nh hng n cch v chui l khong cch gia cc k

t ong chui hin th. Khong cch mc nh ca Windows l 0, khi cc k t c hin
th lin tip nhau. thay i khong cch gia cc k t, ta dng hm :
int SetTextCharacterExtra(HDC hDC, int nCharExtra);
Trong , nCharExtra l khong cch theo n v logic thit lp gia cc k t. Nu
thnh cng, hm tr v khong cch trc khi c thit lp. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l
0x80000000. bit khong cch hin ti, ta dng hm :
nt GetTextCharacterExtra(HDC hDC);
Nu thnh cng, gi tr v cho bit khong cch hin ti. Ngc li, gi tr tr v
l 0x80000000.
N goi ra, W indow s cn h tr cc hm cho b i t r n g k t v kch th c ch u i
h i n th. y l cc hm c p cao, s d n g trong v i c trnh by v n b n v i cc k i u font kh

phc tp. Trong chng ny, chng ta ch cp n mt s hm nh GetTextMetrics (phn

5.3.2) v GetTextExtentPoint32 (phn 5.3.5).

5.3. FONT CH
Trong Windows, khi trnh bv vn bn, cc k t c th hin theo nhiu dng khc
nhau. y l mt trong nhng c trng c bn ca giao din ha - ngi dng (GUI Graphical User Interface). thc hin iu ny, Windows h tr nhiu dng font ch khc
nhau. Trong phn ny, chng ta tm hiu cc vn chnh v cc font ch, cng nh cch s
dng chng trnh by vn bn.

5.3.1. Khi n im font trong Windows

Mt font ch l mt tp hp cc k t v k hiu cng dng, th hin qua kiu ch,
loi ch v kch c ch.
Kiu ch xc nh cc c trng v k t v k hiu trong font ch, v d rng, nt
ch dy hoc mnh, c chn (c gch ngang hoc cc nt cong mnh u cc k t) hay
khng.
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Loi ch xc nh m nht (trng lng) v nghing ca dng font th hin.
Chia lm ba loi sau : roman, opaque, v Italie. Font roman l dng font ch c trng lng
trung bnh, thng dng trong in n. Font opaque l dng c bin i nging ca font
roman. Font italic l dng font c thit k theo dng nghing chuyn bit.
Kch thc font ch c tnh nh l khong cch t chn di ca mt k t c
chn n chn trn ca mt k t hoa, v c tnh theo n v im (khong 0,013817 ca 1
inch).
Mt tp cc font vi mt s kch c v trng lng khc nhau nhng cng mt kiu
loi c xem l mt h font ch.
Cc font ch trong Windows c chia thnh hai nhm, gi l font GDI v font thit b.
Font GDI c lu tr di dng tp tin trn a, trong khi font thit b c thit k sn
trong thit h xut tng ng, v d my in. Khng nh font GD, khi in hng font thit h,
Windows khng cn nh dng font, m ch cn gi ni dung d liu trc tip n thit b.
Ngi dng chn trc tip font t my in in. i vi font GDI, Windows chuyn vn bn
thnh nh bitmap sau chuyn n my in in. Nh vy, li im ca font GDI l c lp
vi thit b xut, tuy nhin tc x l in chm hn.
Cc font GDI thng thng gm c : font bitmap, font vector v font TrueType. Font
bitmap c cu thnh t ma n pixel, c li im l hin th nhanh, nhulng hn ch trong
vic th hin vi cc kch thc khc nhau (do ch phng to - thu nh, v khi phng trng rt
th). Font vector th hin cc k t nh l tp hp cc nt v (s dng cc hm GDI), do
linh ng v co gin hn font bitmap, tuy nhin c v kh chm v ng nt cng khng
c mm m i cho lm.
Font TnipTypp l dng font r s d n g ph hin nht hin nay, c llrti tTrli

dng mt tp cc im nh, kt hp mt s thut ton bin i. Do th hin sc xo cc

ng nt trn mn hnh v my in. Chng ta s kho st cc hm x l cho cc font ch dng
ny ong phn 5.3.3. Cn by gi chng ta tm hiu cch s dng cc font c sn ca h
thng.

5.3.2. s dng font nh ngha s n

Khi ta gi cc hm v chTextOut, TabbedTextOut, ExtTextOut hoc DrawText,
Windows s s dng font ch ang c chn trong DC hin th ni dung vn bn. Ta c
th dng mt s font c Windows nh ngha sn, thng gi l font h thng (phn bit
cc font do ngi dng to trong qu nh x l vn bn - xem phn 5.3.3). Tn macro ca
cc font ny th hin trong bng sau :
MACRO

FONT

ANSIJFIXEDJFONT

Font vi kch thc c nh ca k t da trn

Windows. Font Courier l mt v d in hnh ca
dng font ny.

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ANSI_VAR_FONT

Font vi rng k t thay i da trn cc k

t chun ca Windows. Font MS San Serif l mt v
d in hnh.

DEVTCE_DEFAULT_FONT

Font vi thit b cho c chn mc nhin.

Dng font ny thng co sn trong h thng iu
khin vic trnh by trn thit b. Tuy nhin, i vi
mt s thit b, font c ci t ngay trn thit b. V
d, i vi my in, cc font thit b ci sn thc hin
thao tc in nhanh hn so vi vic load bitmap nh v
t my tnh.

DEFAULT_GUI_FONT

Font ca giao din ha c thit lp mc

nh.

OEMJFIXEDJFONT

Font ch c nh, da trn b k t OEM. V

d, i vi my IBM, font OEM da trn b k t
IBM PC.

SYSTEM_FONT

Font h thng ca Windows. c h iu

hnh dng trnh by cc thnh phn giao din nh
thanh tiu , menu, ni dung vn bn trong cc hp
thoi thng ip. Cc font h thng ny lun c sn
khi ci h iu hnh, trong khi cc font khc cn phi
ci thm ty theo ng dng sau ny.

SYSTEM_FIXED_FONT

Font Windows c s dng nh font h

thng trong cc phin bn trc 3.0.
Bng 5.1 Macro cc font nh ngha sn.

Vic chn v s dng font h thng trong Windows kh n gin. lm iu ny,

u tin chng trnh to ra handle ca font - kiu bin HFONT, sau chn font dng hm
GetStockObject.
HGDIOBJ GetStockObjectfint fnObject);
Trong , kiu HGDIOBJ l HFONT, bin fnObject l mt trong cc macro bng
trn. Nu thnh cng, hm ny tr v handle ca font h thng hin hnh. Ngc li, gi tr
tr v l NULL. thay i font, ta gi hm SelectObject.
HGDIOBJ SelectObject(HDC hDC, HGDIOBJ hGDIObj);
Hoc gn hn, ta c th gi :
SelectObject(hDC.GetStockObject(fnObject));

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Khi , font hin hnh trong DC l font va c gi. Hm tr v macro font trc .
Nu khng thnh cng, li tr v l GDI_ERROR. Thng khi gi font nh sn, nu cc font
khng c sn, h thng s tr v font h thng (SYSTEM_FONT). Lull , ch nn dng cc
font c sn nu ch hin th ca DC ng dng hin thi l MM_TEXT.
xem cc thuc tnh ca font h thng, v d kch thc ca b font tnh ton v
tr khi xut vn bn, ta dng hm GetTextMetrics.
BOOL GetTextMetrics(HDc hDC, LPTEXTMETRIC lpTM);
Bin lpTM l con tr n cu trc TEXTMETRIC m nu hm thc hin thnh cng
(tr v gi tr nonzero) s cha cc tham s ca font.
on chng nh sau minh ha vic chn font nh sn vo mt DC, sau vit mt
rhtii k t s dng font ny.
HFONT hfnt, hOldFont;
hfnt = GetStockObject(ANSI_VAR_FONT);
if (hOldFont = SelectObject(hdc, hfnt))
{
TextOut(hdc, 10, 50, "Sample ANSI_VAR_FONT text.", 26);
SelectObject(hdc, hOldFont);
}
Tuy nhin, font ch h thng kh ngho nn, khng p ng nhu cu trnh by vn
bn. V th, Windows h tt cc hm s dng cc font ch t to. Phn tip theo s bn k
hn v cc hm x l cc font ny.

5.3.3. s dng font t to

Font logic l mt i tng GDI c handle kiu HFONT. Mt font logic l mt m t
ca mt font ch thc t. Tng t nh vit v logic v chi sn logic, font logic l mt i
tng tru tng, v tr thnh font thc t trong DC khi ng dng gi hm SelectObject.
u tin, ta cn nh ngha cc trng trong cu trc LOGFONT theo mt trong hai
cch sau :

Thit lp cc trng trong cu trc LOGFONT da trn cc c tnh ca font

bn quan tm. Trong trng hp ny, khi gi hm SelectObject, Windows s
s dng mt thut ton "nh x font" chn mt font tng thch nht hin
c trn thit b.
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Chn font trong hp thoi Font, hm ChooseFont s khi gn cc gi tr trong
cu trc LOGFONT theo thuc tnh font c chn.
s dng font ny trong cc thao tc xut vn bn, trc ht ng dng cn khi to
font logic, ri chuyn cho DC. Vic to font logic c thc hin bng cch gi hm
CreateFont hoc hm CreateFontlndirect. Tuy nhin, hm CreateFont t c s dng hn
do hm cn gi cc bin trong cu trc LOGFONT, trong khi hm CreateFontlndirect ch
cn bin con tr LOGFONT. c hai hm u tr v handle ca font logic HFONT.
Trc khi ng dng c th xut vn bn, font logic cn c nh x tng hg vi
mt font vt l ong thit b xut, hoc font np vo h iu hnh. Tin trnh ny c thc
hin khi ng dng gi hm SelectObject. Khi , ta c th dng hm GetTextMetrics (hoc
cc hm tng ng) xc nh kch thc v c truhg ca font thc tnh v tr v xut
vn bn ra thit b xut.
Sau khi dng font, ta cn loi b font dng hm DeleteObject. Ch khng c xo
font trong DC ang thc thi, hoc font h thng.

5.3.4. C u trc LOGFONT v TEXTMETRIC

to font logic, ta c th gi hm CreateFont v CreateFontlndirect. Hm
CreateFontlndirect nhn con tr cu trc LOGFONT. Hm CreateFont c bin l 14 trng
ca LOGFONT. Xt nh ngha ca cu trc LOGFONT :
typedef struct tagLOGFONT // If
{
LONG lfHeight;
LONG IfWidth;
LONG IfEscapement;
LONG IfOrientation;
LONG IfWeight;
BYTE lfltalic;
BYTE lfUnderline;
BYTE lfStrikeOut;
BYTE lfCharSet;
BYTE lfOutPrecision;
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BYTE lfClipPrecision;
BYTE lfQuality;
BYTE lfPitchAndFamily;
TCHAR lfFaceName[LF_FACESIZE];
} LOGFONT;

Hai trng u trong cu trc LOGFONT tnh theo n v logic, do ph thuc vo

ch hin th. Trng lfHeight l chiu cao ca k t, nhn gi tr mc nh ca font nu
bng 0. Nu IfHeight m, Windows xc nh kch c font qua gi tr tuyt i gn nht. Gi tr
dng ca IfHeight xp x bng gi tr tmHeight tng ng trong cu trc TEXTMETRICS.
Trng lfWidrh xr nh rng k t. Trnng trng hplfWicth hng 0, Windows s chn
font tng ng da vo chiu cao lfHeight. Gi tr lfWidth khc 0 thng c s dng cho
cc font TrueType (khng tng thch cho cc font vector). Trng ny [ng ng ng
tmAveCharYVidth trong cu trc TEXTMETRICS.
Hai trng p theo xc nh hng hin th ca cc k t trong chui. Trng
IfEscapement xc nh gc lch gia ng c s (base line) v trc X ca thit b. Gi tr
nhp vo l mt bi s ca 10. Chui xut theo hng mc nh (t i sang phi), hng ln,
t phi sang trai, v hng xung nu gi ln lt l 0, 900,1800, v 2700. Trng
lfOrientation xc nh hng ng c s ca tng k t so vi c X. Gi tr c xc nh
tng t IfEscapement. Nu ng dng gi hm ong Windows NT, vi ch ha l
GM_ADVANCED, gi tr IfEscapement c xc nh c lp vi IfOrientation. Trong cc
trng hp khc, hai gi tr ny phi c thit lp nh nhau.
V d sau th hin vic xut mt chui quanh tm vng lm vic ca ca s tig
dng bng cch thay i gi tr ca ng IfEscapement v IfOrientation tng 10 .
RECT rc;
int angle;
HFONT hfnt, hfntPrev;
LPSTR IpszRotate = "String to be rotated.";
// Cp pht vng nh cho cu trc LOGFONT.
PLOCFONT plf=(PLOCFONT)LocaIAIIoc(LPTR, sizeof(LOGFONT));
//X c nh tn v m nht ca font.

lstrcpy(plf->lfFaceName, "Arial");
plf->lfWeight = FW_NORMAL;

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c TRN

// Thu nhn kch thc ca vng lm vic ca s ng dng .

GetClientRect(hwnd, &rc);
// Thit lp c h nn TRANSPARENT cho thao tc xut vn bn.
SetBkMode(hdc, TRANSPARENT);
// V chui quay quanh tm vng lm vic tng 10 (36 ln).
for (angle = 0; angle < 3600; angle += 100)

{
plf->lfEscapement = angle;
hfnt = CreateFontlndirect(plf);
hfntPrev = SelectObject(hdc, hfnt);
TextOut(hdc, rc.right/2, rc.bottom/2, IpszRotate, Lstrlen(lpszRotate));
SelectObject(hdc, hfntPrev);
DeleteObject(hfnt);

}
// Chuyn ch hin th v li dng OPAQUE.
SetBkMode(hdc, OPAQUE);
// Gii phng vng nh cp ph cho cu trc LOGFONT.
LocalFree((LOCALHANDLE) plf);

Trng tip theo l lfWeight xc nh m nht ca k t, c gi tr t 0 n

1000. Trong trng hp bng 0, Windows s dng gi tr mc nh. tin dng, ta dng
mt s macro sau :
Tn

Gi tr

FW_DONTCAKE

FWJTHIN

100

FW EXTRALICHT

200

FW_ULTRALIGHT

200

FW LIG H T

300

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FW.NORMAL

400

FW REG U LA R

400

FW_MEDIUM

500

FW_SEMIBOLD

600

FW_DEMIBOLD

600

FW_BOLD

700

FW EXTRABOLD

800

FW_ULTRABOLD

800

FW H EA V Y

900

FW_BLACK

900

Bng 5.2 Macro xc nh m nht lfWeight.

Cc trng lfltalic, lfUnderline, lfStrikeOut xc nh font nghing, c gch di, gch

ngang nu c thit lp bng TRUE.
Trng lfCharSet xc nh tp k t s dng. Gi tr OEM_CHARSET xc nh tp k
t ph thuc h iu hnh. Thng thng, ta s dng DAFAULT_CHARSET (tp k t mc
nh). Vic chn tp k t l rt quan trng, nu ng dng s dng font c tp k t khng
xc nh, h thng khng th thng dch chng.
Cc trng cn li kh phc tp. Chng ta khng phn tch cc gi tr ca chng y.
Trng lfOutPrecision nh ngha chnh xc (c th c) ca font thc t so vi font yu
cu. Trng lfClipPrecision xc nh cch thc cc k t b ct b khi nm ngoi vng
clipping. Trng lfQuality dng cho font vector, xc nh cch thc GDI nh ngha chnh
xc ca font logic so vi font vt l. Trng IfPitchAndFamily xc nh h font ch. Trng
IfFaceName xc nh tn kiu font.
Sau khi chn font cho DC, ta cn bit cc c trng ca font hin ti dng cho vic
xut vn bn bng hm GetTextMetrics. Ta c cu trc TEXTMETRIC :
typedef struct tagTEXTMETRIC // tm
{
LONG tmHeight;
LONG tmAscent;
LONG tmDescent;
LONG tmlntemalLeading;
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LONG tmExtemalLeading;
LONG tmAveCharWidth;
LONG tmMaxCharWidth;
LONG tmWeight;
LONG tmOverhang;
LONG tmDigitizedAspectX;
LONG tmDigitizedAspectY;
BCHAR tmFirstChar;
BCHAR tmLastChar;
BCHAR tmDefaultChar;
BCHAR tmBreakChar;
BYTE tmltalic;
BYTE tmUnderlined;
BYTE tmStruckOut;
BYTE tmPitchAndFamily;
BYTE tmCharSet;
} TEXTMETRIC;

Cc trng v kch thc c tnh theo n v logic, ph thuc vo ch hin th.

Trng tmHeight cho bit chiu cao ca k t, bng tng hai trng tmAscent (phn trn
ng c s) v tmDescent (phn di ng c s). Trng tmlntemalLeading xc nh
khong cch bn trong ng bin xc nh bi tmHeight. Ngi thit k c th cho gi tr
ny bng 0. Trng tmExtemalLeading l khong cch Windows thm vo gia cc dng.
Ngi dng cng c th gn gi tt ny bng 0. Trng tmAveCharWidth cho bit rng
trung bnh ca cc k t ch thng. Trng tmMaxCharWidth cho bit rng k t ln
nht tnh theo n v logic. i vi b font fixed-pitch ( rng khng i), gi tr ny bng
tmAveCharVVidth.
Trng tmOverhang cho bit phn m rng (theo n v logic) m Windows thm vo
font vector khi font nghing hoc t m. Khi font nghing, gi tr tmAveCharYVidth khng
thay i, bi v chui cc k t nghing vn c rng bng chui ch thng thng. Trong

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trng hp ch m, Windows s m rng tng k t. Khi , tmAveCharVVidth ca k t
bnh thng bng tmAveCharWidth tr i ln tmOverhang ca k t m.
Trng tmDigitizedAspectX v tmDigitizedAspectY xc nh t l co ca font. Chng
ta cng c th xc nh chng bng hm GetDeviceCaps (xc nh cc thng tin thit b) vi
cc thong s ca nlndex l LOGPIXELSX v LOGPIXELSY.
int GetDeviceCaps(HDC hDC, int nlndex);
Trng tmFirstChar xc nh gi tr k t u tin ong font, tmLastChar xc nh gi
tr k t cui cng. Nu gi hm GetTextMetricsW, gi tr ny s ln hn 255. Trng
tmDefaultChar cha gi tr Windows dng hin th cc k t khng tn ti trong b font,
thng l hnh ch nht. Trng tmBreakChar c dng ngt t khi canh chnh vn bn.
Nu khng dng cc font c bit, v d font EBCDIC, gi tr ny chnh l gi tr k t
khong trng (m hng 32).
Cc trng tmWeight, tmltalic, tmUnderlined, tmStruckOut, tmCharSet v
tmPitchAndFamily ging cc trng lfWeight, lfitalic, lfUnderline, IfStrikeOut, lfCharSet v
lfPitchAndFamily trong cu trc LOGFONT.

5.3.5. s dng h p thoi chn font

chn font, ta c th s dng hp thoi font. u tin, ng dng khi to cc gi tr
trong cu trc CHOOSEFONT, sau gi hm ChooseFont hin th hp thoi lit k
danh sch cc font. Sau khi ngi dng chn mt font c sn v chn OK, hm ChooseFont
s khi gn cc gi tr tng ng vo cu trc LOGFONT. ng dng c th gi hm
CreateFontlndirect to mt font logic da trn cc yu cu ca ngi dng.
Xt cu trc CHOOSEFONT.
typedef struct tagCHOOSEFONT/ / cf
{
DWORD lStructSize;
HWND hwndOwner;
HDC hDC;
LPLOGFONT lpLogFont;
INT iPointSize;
DWORD Flags;
DWORD rgbColors;
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LP ARAM ICustData;
LPCFHOOKPROC lpfnHook;
LPCTSTR lpTemplateName;
HINSTANCE hlnstance;
LPTSTR IpszStyle;
WORD nFontType;
W O RD ___MISSING_ALIGNMENT__;
I NT nSizeMin;
INT nSizeMax;
} CHOOSEFONT;

Trng IStructureSize xc nh s byte kch thc cu trc. Trng hwndOwner xc

nh ca s cha hp thoi chn font. Trng ny c th l mt handle ca s xc nh, hoc
cng c th bng NULL nu hp thoi khng xc nh ca s cha. Trng hDC l DC ca
my in c cc font c lit k ong hp thoi. Ch dng trng hDC nu thit lp trng
Flags vi c CF_PRINTERFONTS hoc CF_BOTH; trong cc trng hp khc, gia tr trng
ny b b qua.
Trng IpLogFont tr n cu trc LOGFONT. Nu ta thit lp trong trng Flags
gi CF_INITTOLOGFONTSTRUCT, v khi gn cc gi tr cho n, hm ChooseFont s
khi to hp thoi vi font gn ging nht. Sau khi ta chn OK ng hp thoi, hm
ChooseFont s thit lp cc gi tr ca cu trc ny da trn cc chn la tng ng.
Trng iPointSize xc nh kch thc font c chn theo n v 1/10 im. Gi tr
ny s c thit lp sau khi ta ng hp thoi.
Trng Flags l tp cc bit c c dng khi to hp thoi Font. Trng ny c
th kt hp cc gi tr sau :
CF_APPLY

Hp thoi c thm button Apply. Ta

phi cung cp hm hook x l thng ip
WM_COMMAND cho button ny.

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CF_BOTH

Hp thoi lit k danh sch cc font

my in v font mn hnh. Trng hDC s xc
nh DC lin quan n my in. c ny cn kt
hp vi c CF_SCREENFONTS v
CF_PRINTERFONTS.

CF_TTONLY

Xc nh hm ChooseFont ch qun l
v chn la trn font dng TrueType.

CFJEFFECT

hp thoi th hin cc control cho

php ngi dng thit lp ch gch ngang,
gch di v chn mu. Nu c ny c
thit lp, ta c th s dng trng rgbColors
xc nh mu font ban u. Ta cng c th s
dng ng lfStrikeOut v lfUnderline ca cu
trc LOGFONT tr n trng lpLogFont xc
nh cc thit lp ban u ca checkbox gch
ngang v gch di k t. Hm ChooseFont
s s dng cc trng ny tr v gi
chn la ca ngi dng.

CF_ENABLEHOOK

Cho php th tc hook thit lp trong

trng lpfnHook.

CFJENABLETEMPLATE

Ch ra trng hlnstance v
lpTemplateName xc nh hp thoi mu s
dng mc nh.

CF_ENABLETEMPLATEHANDLE

Ch ra trng hlnstance xc nh khi

d liu cha hp hoi mu c khi np. H
thng s b qua gi tr ca trng
lpTemplateName.

CF_FORCEFONTEXIST

Xc nh hm ChooseFont s ch ra li
nu ngi dng c chn font hoc kiu khng
tn t i

CFJNITTOLOGFONTSTRUCT

Xc nh hm ChooseFont phi s
dng cu trc LOGFONT qua trng
lpLogFont khi to hp thoi.

CF_LIMITSIZE

Xc nh hm ChooseFont ch chn font

c kch thc ttong gii hn t nSizeMin n
nSizeMax.

CFJNOOEMFONTS

Ging c CF_NOVECTORFONTS.

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CF_NOFACESEL

Khi s dng cu trc LOGFONT

khi to cc conol ca hp thoi, ong d
combo box tn font khng th hin mt font
no ang c chn c.

CF_NOSCRIPTSEL

Khng cho php chn combo box Scrip.

Khi c ny c thit lp, ng lfCharSet
ca cu trc LOGFONT c thit lp vi
gi tr DEFAULT_CHARSET khi hm'
ChooseFont tr v. c ny ch dng khi khi
to hp thoi.

CF_NOSTYLESEL

Khi s dng cu trc LOGFONT

khi to cc control ca hp thoi, ta khng
dng kiu font no c (combo box style).

CF_NOSIZESEL

Khi s dng cu trc LOGFONT

khi to cc conol ca hp thoi, ta khng
hin th chn la ban u cho combo box kch
thc.

CF_NOVECTORFONTS

Hm ChooseFont khng cho php chn

la font vector.

CF_NOVERTFONTS

Hp thoi font ch lit k cc font vit

hng ngang.

CF_PRINTERFONTS

Hp thoi ch lit kc cc font h tr

my in lin quan n DC xc nh qua handle
hDC.

CF_SCALABLEONLY

Ch nh hm ChooseFont ch cho php

chn la cc font c th co gin (font vector,
TrueType, ...).

CF_SCREENFONTS

Hp thoi ch lit k cc font mn hnh

c h thng h tr.

CF_SHOWHELP

Hp thoi s hin th nt Help. Trng

hwndOwner phi xc nh window nhn thng
ip HELPMSGSTRING m hp thoi a ra
khi ngi dng nhn button Help.

CF_USESTYLE

Xc nh trng IpszStyle tr n vng

m cha d liu kiu m hm ChooseFont
dng khi to combo box Font Style. Sau
khi ngi dng ng hp thoi, hm

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ChooseFont chp d liu kiu vo vng m.

CF_WYSIWYG

Xc nh hm ChooseFont cho php

chn la cc font c sn cho my in v mn
hnh. Nu c ny c thit lp, c c
CF_BOTH v CF_SCALABLEONLY cng cn
c thit lp.
Bng 5.3 Cc macro c Flags khi to hp thoi Font.

Nu C CF_EFFECT c thit lp, trng rgbColors s xc nh mu ch khi to.

Nu hm ChooseFont thc hin thnh cng, trng ny s cha gi tr RGB ca mu ch m
ngi dng chn.
Trng lCustData xc nh d liu c ng dng nh ngha chuyn cho hm hook
gn bi gi tr IpfnHook. Nu h thng gi thong ip WMJNITDIALOG, gi lParam
ca thng ip l con tr tr n cu trc CHOOSEFONT xc nh khi hp thoi c to.
Trng lpfnHook tr n th tc hook CFHookProc x l cc thng ip ca hp
thoi. s dng gi tr ny, cn phi thit lp c vi CF_ENABLEHOOK.
Trng IpTemplateName tr n chui (kt thc bng k t NULL) xc nh tn ti
nguyn hp thoi mu, lin quan vi ng hlnstance. Nu thit lp c
CFJENABLETEMPLATEHANDLE, hlnstance l handle ca i tng vng nh cha hp
thoi mu. Nu thit lp c CF_ENABLETEMPLATE, hlnstance xc nh module cha hp
thoi mu c tn trng lpTemplateName.
Trng IpszStyle tr n vng m cha d liu kiu. Nu thit lp c
CF_USESTYLE, hm ChooseFont s s dng d liu trong vng m khi to combo
box kiu font. Khi ngi dng ng hp thoi, hm ChooseFont chp chui trong combo box
kiu font vo vng m ny.
Trng nFontType xc nh dng font v. C th kt hp cc gi tr sau :
BOLDJFONTTYPE

Font ch m. Gi tr ny c lp
li trong trng lfWeight ca cu trc
LOGFONT, va bng FWJBOLD.

ITALIC_FONTTYPE

Font ch nghing. Gi tr ny c
lp li trong trng lfitalic ca cu trc
LOGFONT.

PRINTERJFONTTYPE
REGULAR_FONTTYPE

Font ch l font my in.

Font ch bnh thng. Gi tr ny
c lp li trong trng IfWeight ca cu
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trc LOGFONT, v bng FW_REGULAR .

SCREENJFONTTYPE

Font ch l font mn hnh.

SIMULATED FONTTYPE

Font da theo giao din GUI.

Bng 5.4 Cc macro xc nh dng font tr v.

Trng nSizeMin v nSizeMax xc nh kch c ch nh nht v ln nht m ngi

dng c th chn. Hm ChooseFont ch nhn ra cc gi tr ny khi c CFJLIMITSIZE c
thit lp.
Nh trnh by trn, to hp thoi font cho php ngi dng chn cc thuc
tnh ca mt font logic, ta dng hm ChooseFont.
BOOL ChooseFont(LPCHOOSEFONT lpcf);
v i lpcf tr n cu trc CHOOSEFONT cha cc thng tn dng khi to hp
thoi. Khi hm tr v, cu trc ny cha cc thng tin m ngi dng chn.
Nu ngi dng nhn nt OK trn hp thoi, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li,
nu chn Cancel hoc ng (close) hp thoi, gi tr tr v bng 0.
V d sau minh ha vic chn font logic s dng hp thoi font.
HFONT FAR PASCAL MyCreateFont( void )

{
CHOOSEFONT cf;
LOGFONT lf;
HFONT hfont;
//K hi to cc trng trong cu trc CHOOSEFONT.

cf.IStructSize = sizeof(CHOOSEFONT);
cf.hwndOwner = (HWND)NULL;
cf.hDC = (HDC)NULL;
cf.lpLogFont = 8df;
cf.iPointSize = 0;
cf.Flags = CF_SCREENFONTS;

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cf.rgbColors = RGB(0,0,0);
cf.lCustData = OL;
cf.lpfnHook = (LPCFHOOKPROC)NULL;
cf.lpTemplateName = (LPSTR)NULL;
cf.hlnstance = (HINSTANCE) NULL;
cf.lpszStyle = (LPSTR)NULL;
cf.nFontType = SCREENJFONTTYPE;
cf.nSizeMin = 0;
cf.nSizeMax = 0;
//H in th hp thoi font.

ChooseF ont(&cf);
/* To font logic da trn cc chn la ca ngi dng v tr v handle ca font logic */
hfont = CreateFontlndkect(cf.lpLogFont);
return (hfont);

5.3.6. V d v h i n th vn b n b n g cc font khc nhau

Sau khi tm hiu v vic xut ni dung vn bn v s dng font ch bng cc hm
Win32 API, ta c th trnh by vn bn mt cch linh ng hn. Phn ny a ra v d xut
mt chui vn bn theo cc font khc nhau trn cng mt dng.
Mt trong cc cch trnh by mt dng vn bn vi nhiu font ch khc nhau l s
dng hm GetTextExtentPoint32 sau mi ln gi hm TextOut v cng chiu di nhn c
vo v tr hin th hin ti. V d sau xut cu "This is a sample string", s dng ch m
vit "This is a", ch nghing vit "sample", v tr li ch m vit string.". Sau khi
xut xong, chng trnh phc hi li dng font mc nh.
int Xlncrement;
int YStart;
TEXTMETRIC tm;
HFONT hfntDefault, hfntltalic, hfntBold;
SIZE sz;

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LPSTR IpszStringl = "This is a

LPSTR lpszString2 = "sample
LPSTR lpszString3 = "string.";
/* To font ch m v nghing (hm ny khng vit y) */
hfntltalic = MyCreateFontQ;
hfntBold = MyCreateFontO;
/* Chn font ch m v vit chui ti v tr xc nh bi cp tham s (Xlncrement, YStart) */
Xlncrement = 10;
YStart = 50;
hfntDefauIt = SelectObject(hdc, hfntBold);
TextOut(hdc, XIncrement, YStart, IpszStringl, lstrlen(lpszStringl));
/* Tnh di ca chui u tin v cng gi tr ny vo gi tr Xlncrement thc hin thao tc xut
chui tip theo */
GetTextExtentPoint32(hdc, lpszSingl, Istrlen(lpszStringl), &sz);
Xlncrement += sz.cx;
/* Xc nh ln phn m rng k t qua cu trc TEXTMETRIC v tr bt Xlncrement. (iu ny ch
cn thit cho font vector) */
GetTextMetrics(hdc, &tm);
Xlncrement n.nOverhang;
/* Chn font nghing v vit chui th hai bt u ti v tr (Xlncrement, YStart) */
hfntBold = SelectObject(hdc, hfntltalic);
GetTextMetrics(hdc, &n);
Xlncrement -= tm.tmOverhang;
TextOut(hdc, Xlncrement, YStart, ]pszString2, lstrIen(lpszString2));
/* Tnh di ca chui u tin v cng gi tr ny vo gi tr Xlncrement thc hin thao tc xut
chui tip theo */
GetTextExtentPoint32(hdc, lpszSing2, lstrlen(lpszString2), &sz);
Xlncrement += sz.cx;

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/* Chn li font ch m v vit chui th ba bt u ti v tr (Xlncrement, YStart) */

SelectObject(hdc, hfntBold);
TextOutfhdc, XIncrement-tm.tmOverhang, YStart, lpszString3, lstrlen(lpszStringB));
/* Chn li font ban u */
SelectObject(hdc, hfntDefault);
/* Xo cc i tng font ch */
DeleteObject(hfntltalic);
DeleteObject(hfntBold);

Trong v d trn, ta s dng hm GetTextExtentPoint32 nhn chiu di v chiu

cao ca chui vn bn.
BOOL GetTextExtentPoint32(HDC hDC, LPCTSTR IpString, int cbString, LPSIZE
IpSize);
Trong hDC l handle ca DC, lpString - n chui vn bn c chiu di xc nh
bi cbString. V IpSize tr n cu trc SIZE cha kch thc ca chui k t cn xc nh.
typedef struct tagSIZE
{
LONG cx;
LONG cy;
} SIZE;
Cu trc n xc nh chiu rng v chiu cao ca mt hnh ch nht ln lt qua hai
bin cx v cy.
Nu thc hin thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v bng 0.

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Chng 6
HA V CC I TNG GDI

6.1. M U
Windows cung cp mt tnh nng rt c sc, l kh nng ha c lp thit b
c xy dng trn k thut GDI (giao din giao tip vi cc thit b ha khc nhau). GDI
l th vin ha ca Windows, cung cp tt c hm phc v cho cc thao tc kt xut hnh
nh v vn bn ra thit b.
GDI c th v ra nhiu loi thit b khc nhau:

Mn hnh
My in
My v

GDI c trch nhim giao tip v kt xut cc yu cu m ngi dng chuyn cho n
n ng thit b ch, v c bn, n giao tip vi cc trnh iu khin thit b (cc tp tin
.drv), tht ra cc trnh iu khin thit b cng l mt giao din do Windows a ra, do
trch nhim nng n khng tht s thuc v GDI ca Windows m l ca cc nh sn xut
thit b phn cng, h buc phi cung cp trnh iu khin theo giao din ny nu mun bn
c sn phm cho ngi dng Windows. Nh vy, ngi lp trnh khng cn quan tm n
vic iu khin trc tip thit b xut m ch cn quan tm n th vin hm GDI.
Chng ny s trnh by cc khi nim c s v GDI nh device context, cc hm GDI
c s v v t, cc hm np v zoom nh bitmap. Phn cui chng s trnh by cch
ly v handle device context ca my in v mt s hm c s s dng cho vic iu khin in
n.

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Tm li, Windows cung cp kh nng s dng cng mt hm kt xut ra nhiu
thit b khc nhau. iu ny lm cho chng trnh c lp vi thit b.

6.2. DEVICE CONTEXT

Device context l mt thit b xut logic, lin kt vi mt thit b xut vt l c th.
Windows khng cho php chng ta kt xut trc tip ra thit b vt l m phi thng qua
handle ca device context. Handle device context l mt s nguyn khng du c Windows
cp nh mt nh danh ca device context.
V d 1 : Xut dng ch "Hello Windows 2000" ra mn hnh
HDC hDC;
/* Ly device context ca ca s */
hDC=GetDC(hWnd);
/* Xut dng ch "Heo Windows 2000" ra ca s ti v tr (20,20) */
TextOut(hDC, 20, 20, "Hello Windows 2000", 18);
/*Gii phng Device Context */
RealeaseDC(hWnd, hDC);

V d 2 : v hnh ch nht
HDC hDC;
HPEN hPen, oldHPen;
/* Ly v device context ca ca s */
hDC=GetDC(hWnd);
/* To bt v mi vi nt lin, dy 5, mu xanh */
hPen=CreatePen(PS_SOLID, 5, RGB(0, 0, 255;
/* Chn bt v hin hnh l bt v mi v lu li bt v c */
oldHPen=(HPEN)SelectObject(hDC, hPen);
/* V hnh ch nht */
Rectangle(hDC, 20, 2 0 ,100, 100);
/* Restore li bt v c */

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SelectObject(hDC, oldHPen);
/* Gii phng bt v to ra */
DeleteObject(hPen);
/* Gii phng device context */
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);

6.2.1. Thao tc ly v v gii phng Device Context

C 3 cch nhn v v gii phng mt Device Context:
s dng hm BeginPaint v EndPaint khi x l thng ip WM_PAINT:
hDC = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);

//X l...........
EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);

Bin ps l mt cu trc kiu PAINTSTRUCT.

Dng hm GetDC v ReleaseDC khi x l cc thng ip khc WM_PAINT:
hDC = GetDC(hWnd);

//X l...........
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);

Dng hm GetWindowDC v ReleaseDC :

hDC = GetWindowDC(hWnd);

//X l...........
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);

LU : Cc hm GetDC v BeginPaint tr v device context cho vng client ca ca

s, ring hm GetWindowDC tr v device context ca ton b ca s k c thanh tiu ,
menu, thanh cun... v tt nhin l c vng client. v ra ngoi vng lm vic (client area),
phi chn thng ip WM_NCPAINT( NC: None Client). Ngoi ra, con c th nhn v
device context ca ton mn hnh bng hm:
hDC = CreateDC( "DISPLAY", NULL, NULL, NULL);

6.2.2. T o l p v gii phng memory device context

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Memory device context(MDC)l mt device context o khng gn vi mt thit b
xut c th no. Mun kt qu kt xut ra thit b vt l ta phi chp MDC ln mt device
context tht s(device context c lin kt vi thit b vt l). MDC thng c dng nh
mt device context trung gian v trc khi thc s xut ra thit b, nhm gim s chp
git nu thit b xut l window hay mn hnh.
to MDC tng thch vi mt hDC c th, s dng hm CreateCompatibleDC:
HDC hMemDC;
hMemDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hDC);
n gin hn, c th t NULL vo v tr hDC, Windows s to mt device context
tng thch vi mn hnh.
Hy MDC bng hm DeleteDC.
MDC c b m t hin th nh mt thit b tht. Tuy nhin, b mt hin th ny lc u
rt nh, ch l mt pixel n sc. Khng th lm g vi mt b m t hin th ch gm 1 bt nh
vy. Do cn lm cho b m t hin th ny rng hn bng cch chn mt i tng bitmap
GDI vo MDC:
SeIectObject(hMemDC, hBitmap);
Ch c th chn i tng bitmap vo MDC, khng th chn vo mt device context
c th c.
Sau khi chn mt i tng bitmap cho MDC, c th dng MDC nh mt device
context tht s.
Sau khi c hon tt trong MDC, nh c a ra device context tht s bng hm
BitBIt:
BitBIt(hDC, xDest, yDest, nWidth, nHeight, hMemDC, xSource, 3'Source);
V' d : Chun b nh trc khi a ra mn hnh, trnh gy chp mn hnh trong thng
ip WM_PAINT.
case WM_PAINT:
hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps);
//L y v kch thc vng client ca ca s hin hnh

RECT rect;
GetClientRect(hWnd, &rect);

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// To MDC tng thch vi DC ca ca s

HDC hMemDC;
hMemDC = CreateCompatibleDChdc);
// Chn mt i tng binap m rng vng hin th cho MDC
HBITMAP bitmap,oBitmap;
bitmap = CreateCompatibleBitmap(hdc,rect.right,rect.bottom);
oBitmap = (HBITMAP)SelectObject(hMemDC,bitmap);
// V li nn MDC
FiURect(hMemDC, &rect, HBRUSH (GetBkColor(hMemDC)));
//X u t hnh nh, text ra MDC

SetPixel(hMemDC, 0, 0, RGB(255,0,0));
MoveToEx(hMemDC, 50, 50, NULL);
LineTo(hMemDC, 100,100);
Rectangle(hMemDC, 10,10,100,100);
TextOut(hMemDC, 15,15, "Testing MDC", 11);
If (!BitBlt(hdc, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom, hMemDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY))
MessageBox(hWnd, "Failed to transfer bit block", "Error",MB_OK);
//P hc hi li bitmap c cho MDC

SelectObject(hMemDC, oBitmap);
// Gii phng MDC, bitmap to
DeleteD c (liMemDC);
DeleteObject (bitmap);
EndPaint(hWnd, &ps);
break;

6.3. M T S HM HA c S

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s dng cc hm ha c s, ta c th nh by cc i tng vn bn, hnh nh ...
trn ng dng. Gm cc nhm hm v vn bn (text), bt v, min t, v nh bitmap.
Cc hm v vn bn c trnh by ong chng trc. y s trnh by cc
nhm hm cn li.

6.3.1. Nhm hm v
ODCOLORREF GetPixel(HDC hDC, int nXPos, int nYPos);
Ly v gi tr mu ti v tr (nXPos, nYPos) ca hDC, tr v -1 nu im ny nm
ngoi vng hin th.
COLORREF SetPixel(HDC hDC, int nXPos, nt nYPos, COLORREF clrRef);
V mt im mu clrRef ti v tr (nXPos, nYPos) ln hDC. Gi tr tr v l mu ca
im (nXPos, nYPos) hoc -1 nu im ny nm ngoi vng hin th.
DWORD MoveToEx(HDC hDC, int X, int y);
Di chuyn bt v n ta (x, y) n hDC. Gi tr tr v l ta c ca bt v, X =
LOWORD, y = HIWORD.
BOOL LineTo(HDC hDC, int xEnd, int yEnd);
V on thng t v tr hin hnh n v tr (xEnd, yEnd) trn hDC. Hm tr v TRUE
nu thnh cng, FALSE nu tht bi.
BOOL Polyline(HDC hDC, const POINT FAR *lpPoints, int nPoints);
V ng gp khc ln hDC bng cc on thng lin tip, s nh l nPoints vi ta
cc nh c xc nh trong lpPoints. Hm tr v TRUE nu thnh cng, FALSE nu tht
bi.
BOOL Polygon(HDC hDC, const POINT FAR *lpPoints, int nPoints);
V a gic c nPoints nh, ta cc nh c xc nh bi lpPoints. Hm tr v
TRUE nu thnh cng, FALSE nu tht bi.
BOOL Rectangle(HDC hDC, int left, int top, int right, int bottom);
V hnh ch nht c ta l left, top, right, bottom ln hDC.
HPEN CreatePen(int penStyle, int penWidth, COLORREF penColor);

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To bt v c kiu penStyle, dy nt v l penWidth, mu penColor. Hm tr v
handle ca bt v nu thnh cng v tr v NULL nu tht bi. Cc gi tr ca penStyle nh
sa u :
Gi tr

Gii thch

PS_SOLID
PSJDASH
PSJDOT
PS_DASHDOT
PS_DASHDOTDOT
PS_NULL

Khng hin th

PSJNSIDEFRAME

Bng 6.1 Cc kiu bt v penStyle

V' d : To bt v mi v dng bt v ny v mt s ng c s.
HDC hDC;
POINT PointArr[3];
HPEN hPen, hOldPen;
hDC = GetDC(hWnd);
PointArr[0].x = 50;
PointArr[0].y = 10;
PointArr[l].x = 250;
PointArr[l].y = 50;
PointArr[2].x = 125;
PointArr[2].y = 130;
// V mt ng gp khc bng Pen hin hnh
Polyline(hDC, PointArr, 3);
//To Pen mi c nt in, dy 1, mu xanh

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hPen = (HPEN)CreatePen(PS_SOLID, 1, RGB(0, 0, 255));
//Chn bt v mi cho hDC ca window

hOldPen = SelectObject(hDC, hPen);

//V ng thng vi bt v mi
MoveToEx(hDC, 100,100, NULL);
LineTo(hDC, 200,150);
//Tr li bt v c cho hDC

SelectObject(hDC, hOldPen);
//Xo bt v mi to v gii phng hDC

DeleteObject(hPen);
ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);

6.3.2. Nhm hm m in
HBRUSH CreateSolidBrush(COLORREF cRef);
To mu t c vi mu cRef.
HBRUSH CreateHatchBrush(int bStyle, COLORREF cRef);
To mu t dng li kiu bStyle vi mu cRef.
Cc kiu bstyle :
HS_HORIZONTAL
HS_VERTICAL
HS_FDIAGONAL
HS_BDIAGONAL
HS_CROSS
HS_DIAGCROSS
BOOL FloodFill(HDC hDC. int xStart, int yStart, COLORREF cRef);
T mu mt vng kn, mu ng bin l cRef.
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BOOL ExtFloodFiU(HDC hDC, int xStart, int yStart, COLORREF cRef, UINT
ffflStyle);
T mu mt vng kn, fillStyle quyt nh cch t :
o FLOODFILLBORDER : T mu vng c mu ng bin l cRef.
o FLOODFILLSURFACE : T vng c mu cRef.
V' d : s dng cc mu c sn v to cc mu t mi t.
HDC hDC;
HPEN hPen;
HBRUSH hBrush, hOldBrush;
hDC = GetDC(hWnd);
//V hai hnh ch nht vi bt v Black
hPen = (HPEN)GetStockObject(BLACKJPEN);
SelectObject(hDC, hPen);
Rectangle(hDC, 10,10, 50, 50);
Rectangle(hDC, 100,100, 200, 200);
//Dng mt trong cc mu t c sn t hnh

hBrush = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(GRAY_BRUSH);
SelectObject(hDC, hBrush);
FlooFilI(hDC, 30, 30, RGB(0,0,255));
//T o mu t mi t hnh th hai

hBrush = (HBRUSHQCreateHatcliBrush(HS_DIAGCROSs , RGB(0, 255, 255));

hOldBrush = (HBRUSH)SelectObject(hDC, hBrush);
FloodFilI(hDC, 150,150, RGB(0, 0, 0));
SelectObject(hDC, hOldBrush);
//Xa mu t v gii phng hDC

DeleteObject(hBrush);

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ReleaseDC(hWnd, hDC);

6.3.3. Nhm hm bitmap

6.3.3.I. Np nh
C hai cch np nh bitmap :
Np t bitmap resource trong chng trnh :
HBITMAP LoadBitmap(HINSTANCE hlnstance, LPCTSTR lpBitmapName);
i s u tin hlnstance l handle th hin ca module cha bitmap resource, c th
l NULL nu bitmap mun np l mt bitmap h thng. l cc bitmap nh s dng cho
cc thnh phn giao din chng trnh nh close box v cc du check, cc nh danh bt u
vi tip u ng OBM. i s th hai c th s dng macro MAKEINTRESOURCE nu
bitmap kt hp vi mt nh danh kiu nguyn, hoc l chui tn bitmap resource. Sau khi s
dng, dng hm DeleteObject gii phng handle ang tham chiu n bitmap .
V' d : Np bitmap resource, c s dng MDC trnh gy chp mn hnh.
//L y v kch thc vng client ca ca s

RECT rect;
GetCIientRect(hWnd, &rect);
//L y v handle device context ca ca s

HDC hdc;
hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
//To MDC tng thch vi hDC ca ca s

HDC hMemDC;

hMemDC = CreateCompatibleDChdc);
HBITMAP hNewBmp.hOldBmp;
//N p bitmap resource c ID l IDB_CUB

hNewBmp = LoadBitmap(hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDB_CUB));

if(hNewBmp)

{
//Gn bitmap mi cho MDC

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hOldBmp = (HBITMAP)SelectObject(hMemDC,hNewBmp);
//Copy bitmap t MDC sang DC

BitBlt(hdc, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom, hMemDC, 0, 0, SRCCOPY);

}
//Phc hi li bitmap c cho MDC

SelectObject(hMemDC, hOldBmp);
//Gii phng bitmap va to v MDC, hdc

DeleteObject(hNewBmp);
DeleteDC(hMemDC);
ReleaseDC(hdc);

Np t file bitmap ca Windows(*.bmp) :

*Bng mu(Color Palette):
Bng mu trong Windows GDI l mt khi nim ging nh bng mu tht s ca ha
s, n gm cc mu(pa/ette entry) vi thng tin c th v mt sc .
qun l vic th hin mu trn cc ca s, Windows s dng cc bng mu. Thng
thng cc ca s dng bng mu h thng th hin thng tin. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu
trng hp bng mu h thng khng ph hp vi nhu cu, khi d ta cn thay mt s mu
trong bng mu h thng bng cc mu ph hp hn.

Trong thc t, Windows cho php mi ca s dng mt bng mu khc nhau vi iu

kin s lng mu trong bng mu khng c vt qu s mu ti a cho php ca thit
b hin th. Khi mt ca s nhn s quan tm (focus), Windows s th hin d liu ttong ca
s vi s mu ti a cho php ca bng mu tng ng, nhtig mu cn li trong palette
s c th hin bng nhng mu gn ging nht. i vi nhng ca s khng active, d
liu s c th hin bng nhChig mu gn ging nht ong bng mu h thng.

Hnh 6.2 Cch th hin mu s dng palette.

V d v cch th hin mu s dng palette:
0

Bng mu h thng c 12 gi tr mu.

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0 Bng mu 1 dng cho ca s 1. c a s 1 ang active nn cc mu ca bng mu 1
c nh x trc tip vo bng mu h thng.
0 Bng mu 2 dng cho ca s 2. c a s 2 khng active nn cc mu 0,2,4,5,6 c
nh x vo cc v tr cn trng trn bng mu h thng; cc mu cn li c nh x vo
nhng mu gn ging nht ca bng mu h thng.

*DCu trc file bitmap :

File bitmap gm 2 phn: phn header v phn d liu nh.

Hnh 6.3 Cu trc file bitmap.

0

c u trc BITMAPFILEHEADER
Tn trng

Kch thc

bfType

2 bytes(WORD)

bfSize

4 bytes(DWORD)

bfReservedl

2 bytes(WORD)

Khng dng(=0)

bfReserved2

2 bytes(WORD)

Khng dng(=0)

bfOffBits

4 bytes(DWORD)

ngha

Loi file(=BM)
Kch thc ile(bytes)

Kch thc ca phn

BitmapHeader (byte)

Cu trc BITMAPINFO
Tn trng

Kiu

ngha

bmiHeader

BITMAPINF OHE ADER

Cc thng s nh bitmap

bmiColors

RGBQUAD*

Bng mu ca nh.

Cu trc BITMAPINFOHEADER

Tn trng

Kiu

ngha

biSize

DWORD

Kch thc phn BITMAPINFO(=40 bytes)

biWidth

LONG

Chiu rng bitmap(theo on v pixel)

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biHeight

LONG

Chiu cao bitmap(theo n v pixel)

biPlanes

WORD

s plane. Lun = 1.

biBitCount

WORD

s bit dng lu gi tr 1 im nh.

= 1: nh trng en
= 4: nh 16 mu
= 8: nh 256 mu
=16: nh 16 bits
=24: nh 24 bits
Gi tr ny cho bit s mu c ong bng mu
bmiColors.

biCompression

DWORD

Hnh thc nn ca d liu nh:

- BI_RGB: nh khng nn
- BI_RLE8: nn theo hnh thc RLE cho nh 8
bits/pixel
- BI_RLE4: nn theo hnh thc RLE cho nh 4
bits/pixel

biSizelmage

DWORD

Kch thc ca nh(n v byte). Trng hp

biCompression=BI_RGB th gi ny c th = 0.

biXPelsPerMeter

LONG

phn gii (DPI/m) theo phng ngang. Dng ong

trng hp nh qut t scanner.

biYPelsPerMeter

LONG

phn gii (DPI/m) theo phng dc. Dng trong

trng hp nh qut t scanner.

biClrUsed

DWORD

S mu thc s c dng. Nu = 0 th c ngha l

dng tt c mu trong bng mu.

biClrlmportant

DWORD

S lng mu quan trng dng trong vic hin th

nh. Nu = 0 ht dng tt c mu ong bng mu.

Cu trc RGBQUAD

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bmiColors l mt mng kiu RGBQUAD, cha cc gi tr mu dng cho nh, y
chnh l bng mu ca nh. s lng phn t ca bmiColors bng s mu ca nh.
bmiColors ch dng cho nh en trng, 16 mu v 256 mu; khi phn d liu nh cho mi
pixel ch l cc index n 1 v tr trong bng mu ny. i vi nh 16 bits v 24 bits mu, gi
tr bmiColors=NULL, bng mu khng c s dng na. Trong trng hp ny, nu nh l
16 bits th mi pixel s c biu din bng 1 WORD trong phn d liu nh, 5 bits thp
nht s lu gi tr mu Blue, 5 bits k s lu gi tr mu Green, v 5 bits sau cng lu gi tr
mu Red, bit cao nht khng c s dng (L do l nh dng 16 bits biu din RGB, ta
chia u cho 3 sc nn mi sc R, G, B s c 5 bits biu din v d ra 1 bit). nh
24 bits th dng 3 bytes biu din cho 3 sc RGB cho mi pixel trong phn d liu nh.

Tn trng

Kiu

ngha

rgbRed

BYTE

Gi tr thnh phn RED

rgbGreen

BYTE

Gi tr thnh phn GREEN

rgbBlue

BYTE

Gi tr thnh phn BLUE

rgbReserved

BYTE

Khng dng

Cu trc phn d liu nh (BITMAPDATA):

Nh trnh by trn, phn d liu tp tin bitmap dng lu gi tr index ca mu

tng ng vi im nh trong bng mu i vi nh c s mu <=256. Cc im nh c
lu tun t t tri sang phi theo tng dng qut(scanline) theo th t t di ln.
i vi nh <=256 mu, bit gi tr mu (R,G,B) ng vi 1 im nh (x,y), s
dng cng thc sau:
(R,G,B) ca im nh i = bmiColors[i]
i vi nh 16 v 24 bits mu, ta khng dng palette v cch biu din ca phn d
liu c trnh by trn.
Phn d liu ca file bitmap c th c nn theo phng php RLE, ti liu ny
khng nh by chi tit vo mi loi nh nn, nu cn cc bn c th tham kho trong cc
gio trnh v x l nh.
*0Cch to bitmap t file *.bmp:
0

pc header ca file, ly cc thng tin v nh: rng, cao, bng mu...

pc d liu nh v gii m(nu cn thit) vo b nh m.

To palette mu t bng mu ly c t file bng hm CreatePalette.

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0 i palette mu cho thit b xut, s dng cc hm SelectPalette, RealizePalette.
0

To lp bitmap handle bng hm CreateDIBitmap.

Hnh 64 S tng qut quy trnh np nh bitmap

V d : Np nh bitmap t file.
void LoadBmp(char *bmpFN, HDC hdc, RECT rect)

{
try

{
int FHandle;
BITMAPFILEHEADER bmpfh;
HANDLE hBmp, hBuff;
BITMAPINFO *BmpInfo;
unsigned char *Buff;
int Count,NumColor;
long n, BytesPerLine;
Count=0;
SetCursor(LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_WAIT));
//Aid file binap c
tf ((FHandle=open(bmpFN, 0_BINARY|0_RD0NLY))==-1)
tlirow "Cannot open the file.";
// c header file bitmap

read(FHand!e, &bmpfh, sizeof(BnMAPFILEHEADER));

hBmp=GlobalAlloc(LMEM_MOVEABLE, bmpfh.bfOffBits-sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER));
BmpInfo=(BITMAPINFO*)GlobalLock(hBmp);
// c phn binap info v palette mu

read(FHandle, Bmplnfo, bmpfh.bfOffBits-sizeof(BITMAPFILEHEADER));

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if (Bmpnfo->bmiHeader.biCompression != BI_RGB)
throw "Program don't support compressed bitmap file.";
//X c nh s mu ca palette

NumColor=(int)pow(2,BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biBitCount);
if(NumColor>256)
throw "The program supports 256 colors bitmap file only.";
//X c nh s byte cho 1 scanline

BytesPerLine=(bmpfti.bfSize-bmpfh.bfOffBits)/
BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biHeight;
/* Cp nht thng tin kch thc nh trn BITMAPINFO (hin ti = 0 nu nh khng nn) */
BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biSizeImage=bmpfh.bfSize-bmpfli.bfOfBits;
// c ni dung file bitmap

hBuff=GlobalAlloc(GMEM_MOVEABLE,
BmpInfo->bmiHeader.biSizeImage);
Buff=(unsigned char *)GlobalLock(hBuff);
If (!Buff) throw "Cannot read the bitmap data.";
// c tng dng trn file
do

{
n = read(FHandle,Buff,BytesPerLme);
Buff+=n;

Count++;
}while (Count<BmpInfo->bmiHeader.bLHeight);
dose(FHandle);
GlobalUnlock(hBuff);
GlobalUnlock(hBmp);

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SetCursor(LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW));
/*---------------- To palette mu cho nh Bitmap-------------------- */
HANDLE hMemPal;
LOGPALETTE far *logPal;
HPALETTE hPal;
int i;
hMemPal=GlobalAlloc(LMEM_MOVEABLE, sizeof(LOGPALETTE)
+NumColor*sizeof(PALETTEENTRY));
logPal=(LOGPALETTE far *)GlobalLock(hMemPal);
//S mc trong Palette

logPal->palNumEntries=NumColor;
logPal->palVersion=0x300;
//Gn cc gi tr mu RGB cho nhng Entty trong Palette

for (i=0;i<NumColor;i++) //Error here

{
logPal->palPalEntry[i].peRed=Bmplnfo->bmiColors[i].rgbRed;
logPal->palPalEntry[i].peGreen =
BmpInfo->bmiColors[i].rgbGreen;
logPal->palPalEntiy[i].peBlue =
BmpInfo->bmiColors[i] .rgbBlue;
logPal->palPalEntry[i].peFlags = PC_RESERVED;
}
// To handle cho Palette
hPal=CreatePalette(logPal);
GlobalUnlock(hMemPal);
GlobalFree(hMemPal);
If (!hPal) throw "Cannot create palette.";

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LP TRNH

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/*----------------------Too handle bmp file -----------------------------*/

SetCursor(LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_WAIT));
//M ap palette vo hdc

SelectPalette(hdc,hPal, FALSE);
RealizePalette(hdc);
BmpInfo=(BITMAPINFO *)LocalLock(hBmp);
Buff=(unsigned char *)GlobalLock(hBuff);
//To bitmap
hBmp=CreateDIBitmap(hdc,(BITMAPINFOHEADER *)BmpInfo, CBMJNIT, Buff, (BITMAPEVFO
*)BrnpInfo,DIB_RGB_COLORS);
GlobalUnlock(hBuff);
GlobalUnlock(hBmp);
GlobalFree(hBuff);
GIobalFree(hBmp);
SetCursor(LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW));
if(!hBmp) throw "Cannot create bitmap.";
/*---------------------- Hin th bitmap ln ca s- -------------------------*/
HDC hMemDC;
HANDLE OldBmp;
//T o MDC

hMemDC=CreateCompatibIeDC(hdc);
SelectPalette(hMemDC, hPal, FALSE);
// Tr v palette h thng
UnrealizeObject(hPal);
//M ap li palette

RealizePalette(hdc);
SelectPalette(hMemDC, hPal, FALSE);

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//L in k t hMemDC vi nh bitmap

01dBmp=Select0bject(hMemDC, hBmp);
//

Copy bitmap ln window

BitBlt(hdc, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom, hMemDC, 0, O.SRCCOPY);

//H y M D C

Select0bject(hMemDC,01dBmp);
DeleteD c (hMemDC);

}
catch(char *e)

{
MessageBox(NULL, e, "Error", MB_OK|MB_ICONERROR);

>
>
6.3.3.2. Zoom nh
Thao tc zoom nh i hi phi c hai MDC, mt MDC ngun copy nh vo, mt
MDC ch lu nh c zoom t MDC ngun.
Hnh 6.4 S tng qut quy trnh zoom nh bitmap

V' d : zoom nh bitmap ly t bitmap resource.

//L y v kch thc vng client ca ca s

RECT rect;
GetCIientRect(hWnd, &rect);
//L y v handle device context ca ca s

HDC hdc;
hdc = GetDC(hWnd);
//

To 2 MDC tng thch vi DC ca ca s

HDC hSourceMemDC, hDestMemDC;

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hSourceMemDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);
hDestMemDC = CreateCompatibleDC(hdc);
//N p bitmap cn load va to m t bitmap rng tng thch hdc

HBITMAP hBmp,h01dBmp,hBlankBmp,h01dBlankBmp;
hBmp = LoadBitmap(hInst, MAKEBNTRESOURCE(IDB_CUB));
hBlankBmp = CreateCompatbleBittnap(hdc,rect.right,rect.bottom);
if(hBmp && hBlankBmp && hSourceMemDC && hDestMemDC)

{
//

Chn binap cn load cho M DC ngun

hOldBmp = (HBITMAP)SelectObject(hSourceMemDC, hBmp);

//

Chn blank bitmap cho MDC ch

hOldBlankBmp =(HBITMAP)SelectObject(hDestMemDC,hBlankBmp);
//L y v thng tin ca nh

BITMAP bmplnfo;
GetObject(hBmp, sizeof(BITMAP),(BITMAP *)&bmpInfo);
//Z oom nh t M D C ngun sang MDC ch

StretcliBlt(hDestMemDC, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom,hSourceMemDC, 0, 0, bmpInfo.bmWidth,

bmpInfo.bmHeight, SRCCOPY);
//

Copy nh zoom t M DC ch ln hdc

BitBlt(hdc, 0, 0, rect.right, rect.bottom, hDestMemDC, 0,0,SRCCOPY);

}
//

Gii phng cc bitmap handle, MDC handle

SelectObject(hSourceMemDC, hOldBmp);
DeleteObject(hBmp);
SelectObject(hDestMemDC, hOldBlankBmp);
DeleteObject(hBlankBmp);
DeleteDC(hSourceMemDC);

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DeleteDC(hDestMemDC);
ReleaseDC(hdc);

6.4. IN N
Trn Windows, cc ng dng khng truy xut trc tip my in m s dng cc hm
GDI v ra device context ca my in. Do vic in n trn Windows nn n gin,
tng t vic v ra cc hp thoi trn mn hnh.
v i c ch ny, ngi lp trnh khng cn quan tm n vic my in ang s dng l
my in hiu g, loi no... Cc Windows printer device driver s m nhn vic chuyn d
liu cn in sang dng ph hp vi my in hin hnh.
Tin trnh in n trn Windows bao gm cc bc sau:

Ly v device context ca my in cn in.

Gi yu cu bt u vic in n (STARTDOC).
Kt xut d liu ra my in(c th sang trang _ NEWFRAME nu cn).
Gi yu cu kt thc vic in n(ENDDOC).
Gii phng device context my in.

6.4.1. L y v handle device context my in

6.4.1.1. s dng file win.ini
Da vo thng tin v my in mc nh trong file win.ini. File win.ini la thng tn v
my in ong section [windows], entry DEVICE.
V' d : mt on ca file win.ini cha thng tin v my in mc nh.
[windows]
device = EpsonFX1050, Epson9, LPT1
l cc thng tin v tn my in, driver, v cng giao tip vi my tnh.
M t s hm chun c ghi file win.ini ca Windows :
DWORD GetProfileString(LPCTSTR lpAppName, LPCTSTR IpKeyName,
LPCTSTR lpJDefauIt, LPTSTR lpRetumedString, DWORD nSize);
BOOL WriteProfileString(LPCTSTR IpAppName, LPCTSTR lpKeyName,
LPCTSTR IpString);
V d : In dng ch ra my in mc nh.

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void PrintStrWinInit(char *msg)

{
char pmlnfo[200];
GetProfileStringC'windows", "device", "NoPrinter", prnlnfo, 200);
If ( stranp(pmInfo, "NoPrinter") )

{
char pmName[100], pmDriver[100], pmPort[100];
char seps[10];
char *token;
strcpy(seps,",");
token = strtok(prnInfo, seps);
strcpy(pmName, token);
token=strtok(NULL, seps);
strq)y(pmDriver, token);
token=strtok(NULL, seps);
strq)y(prnPort, token);
HDC pmDC;
pmDC=CreateDC(pmDriver, pmName, prnPort, NULL);
if(pmDC)

{
StartDoc(pmDC, NULL);
StartPage(prnDC);
TextOut(pmDC, 100,100, "Your message here:", 18);
TextOut(pmDC, 100, 200, msg, strlen(msg));
TextOut(pmDC, 100, 300, "End of printing", 15);
EndPage(pmDC);

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EndDoc(pmDC);
DeleteDC(pmDC);

}
}
}
6.4.1.2. s dng hp thoi Print
Mt cch khc n gin hn ly v handle device context ca mt my in bt k
thay v my in mc nh l s dng hp thoi in chun ca Windows.
Hp thoi in chun c kch hot bng hm PrintDlg (hm ny c nh ngha
trong module COMMDLG.DLL), hp thoi ny cho php ngi dng thit lp cc thng s in
n.
_ ? Jx ]

P rint
General Layout I Paper/Quality I
- Select Printer

A dd P rin te r

Status:

HP LaserJet
1100 (MS) on
Noel

r Print to file

Ready

Location:
~ ____ .
Comment:

I
Fmd Printer...
______
I

Page Range

(* All
f

Selection

Pages:

Number of copies

|l

c Current Page

Print

Cancel

Hnh 6.4 Hp thoi in

Kt qu tr v ca hm PrintDlg l mt handle device context ca my in chn.

V' d : In dng ch ra my in c chn t hp thoi in chun.
void PrintStrPrintDlg(char *msg)

PRINTDLG pd;
ZeroMemory(&pd, sizeof(PRINTDLG));

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pd.lStructSize = sizeof(PRENTDLG);
pd.hwndOwner = GetFocus();
pd.Flags = PD_RETURNDC|PD_NOSELECTION;
if(PrintDlg(&pd))

{
StartDoc(pd.hDC, NULL);
StartPage(pd.hDC);
TextOut(pd.hDC, 100,100, "Your message here:", 18);
TextOut(pd.hDC, 100, 200, msg, strlen(msg));
TextOut(pd.hDC, 100, 300, "End of printing", 15);
EndPage(pd.hDC);
EndDoc(pd.hDC);
DeleteDC(pd.hDC);

}
}

6.4.2. Cc hm i u khin in n
Hm
int StartDoc(hDC, lpDocInfo)

ngha

Bt u tc v in n 1 ti liu trong file

c tn lpDocInfo, hDC l handle printer device
context.

int EndDoc(hDC)

Kt thc tc v in n.

int AbortDoc(hDC)

Hy tc v in hin hnh.

int StartPage(hDC)

Bt u trang mi.

int EndPage(hDC)

Kt thc 1 trang.

int SetAbortDoc( hDC, MyAProc )

Ch nh hm (MyAProc) x l trng

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hp ngi dng mun ngt ngang tc v in.

Bng 6.2 Cc hm iu khin in n

6.4.3. x l l i khi in
Trong qu nh in bng vic s dng cc hm iu khin in n, nu cc thao tc thnh
cng th lun tr v gi tr ln hn 0.
Nu c li, dng hm DWORD GetLastError(VOID) ly v m li (ch WinNT
v Win2000 mi h tr hm ny).

Chng 7
QUN L B NH V TP TIN
7.1. M U
Mt tin trnh thng thng c hiu l mt chng trnh my tnh ang c thi
hnh. Qu trnh thc thi cc tin trnh gn lin vi vic qun l v s dng cc ti nguyn
trong my tnh, trong ng k nht l qun l b nh chnh v x l h thng lu tr ph.
Trong cc h thng my tnh hin i, b nh chnh l trung tm ca cc thao tc, x
l. B nh chnh c th xem nh mt mng cc phn t kiu BYTE hoc WORD, c xc
nh thng qua a ch ca chng. Mi chng trnh c nh x vo b nh chnh trc khi
c thi hnh v c h iu hnh qun l thng qua tp lnh xc nh.
Trong sut qu trnh thi hnh, cc chng trnh vi d liu truy xut ca chng lun
c t ong b nh chnh. Nhng b nh chnh th kh nh c th lu gi mi d liu
v chng trnh, ngoi ra d liu s m t khi khng cn c cung cp nng lng. Do ,
cn phi s dng h thng lu tr ph.
Chng ny trnh by cc vn trn qua hai phn sau : phn 7.2 - Qun l b nh trnh by cch thc Microsoft Win32 API qun l cc vng nh thng qua cc hm cp
pht, s dng, v gii phng chng; cch thc thao tc trn a ch vng nh o v cc trang
nh. Phn 7.3 - x l tp tin - trnh by cc hm thc hin cc thao tc to, x l v hy tp
tin, cng nh tm hiu mt s vn lin quan n tp tin.

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7.2. QUN L B NH
Mi tin trnh trong Win32 u c mt vng a ch o 32-bit cho php nh v vng
nh n 4 GB. a ch o ny khng phi l vng nh vt l thc t. Windows s dng mt
cu trc d liu nh x chuyn i a ch o thnh vng nh vt l.
Vng a ch o ca mi tin trnh thng ln hn rt nhiu so vi vng nh vt l
thc s trn my tnh. Do , tng vng nh cho cc tin trnh ang thc hin, h thng s
dng vng nh trng trn a. Vng nh vt l v vng a ch o ca mi tin trnh c t
chc thnh cc trang, ph thuc vo h my tnh. V d, i vi my tnh h x86, mi trang c
kch thc l 4 KB.
tng kh nng linh ng trong vic qun l b nh, h thng c th di chuyn cc
trang t b nh chnh vo a v ngc li. Cc thao tc ny c thc hin ch bi h thng,
cc ng dng ch vic gi cc hm cp pht v s dng vng a ch o.
Th vin c chun h tr cc hm cp pht v gii phng vng nh nh malloc, free,
hoc ong C++ l new, delete, .... Th nhng ong Windows 16 bits, cc hm ny c th
gy li h thng. Trong Win32, ta c th s dng chng an ton do h thng ch qun l b
nh qua cc ang vt l m khng nh hng n a ch o. Hn na, Win32 cng khng
phn bit gia con tr gn v con tr xa. Mc d vy, cc hm trn khng th hin cc
kh nng h tr ca vic qun l b nh trong Win32. Chng ta s lm quen vi cc hm
Global v Local - s dng t Windows 16 bits, v cc hm qun l vng nh o khc.

7.2.1. Cc hm Global v Local

Cc hm ton cc (global) v a phng (local) l cc hm heap Windows 16 bits. Tuy
nhin, qun l b nh ong Win32 cng h tr cc hm ny c th s dng cc chng
trnh, hoc source code ca cc chng trnh vit cho Windows 16 bits. Cc hm ton cc v
a phng x l chm v t chc nng hn cc hm qun l b nh mi thit k cho Win32.
Chng ta s lm quen cc hm mi phn sau.
cp pht vng nh cho mt tin trnh, ta c th s dng hm GlobalAlloc hoc
LocalAlloc. Vic qun l vng nh trong Win32 khng phn bit hm ton cc hay cc b
nh trong Windows 16 bits. Do , khng c s phn bit gia cc i tng vng nh c
cp pht bi hai hm trn. Thm vo , vic chuyn m hnh on vng nh 16 bits sang
vng a ch o 32 bits thc hin mt s hm ton cc v a phng vi cc chn la
(<options) khng cn thit hoc v ngha. V d, vi c cp pht ton cc v a phng u tr
v a ch o 32 bits, do khng xc nh dng con tr gn hoc xa trong cc hm n.
Hai hm ny cp pht mt vng nh theo kch thc nBytes trong heap. C prototype
nh sau :
HGLOBAL GlobalAlloc(UINT uFlags, DWORD nBytes);
HLOCAL LocalAUoc(UINT uFlags, UINT nBytes);

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Trong uFlags xc nh cch thc cp pht vng nh. Ta c bng sau :
Ton cc

a phng

ngha

GMEMJFIXED

LMEMJFIXED

Cp pht vng nh c
nh. Gi tr tr v l mt
con tr.

GMEMLMOVEABLE

LMEM_MOVEABLE

Cp pht vng nh
khng c nh. Trong Win32,
khi nh khng bao gi di
chuyn trong vng nh vt
l, nhng trong heap mc
nh. Hm tr v handle ca
mt i tng b nh. Ta
dng hm GlobalLock h o c
LocaLLock chuyn handle
sang con tr vng nh.

GMEM_ZEROINIT

LMEM_ZEROINIT

Khi to ni dung
vng nh vi gi tr 0.

GPTR

GMEMJFIXED 1
GMEM_ZEROINIT

GHND

GMEM_MOVEABLE 1
GMEM_ZEROINIT
LPTR

LMEM_FIXED 1
LMEM_ZEROINIT

LHND

LMEM_MOVEABLE 1
LMEM_ZEROINIT

Bng 7.1 Cc c s dng trong cc hm GlobalAUoc v LocalAlloc

Ch : Khng th s dng gi GMEM_FIXED ng thi vi

GMEMLMOVEABLE, hoc LMEM_FIXED ng thi vi LMEM_MOVEABLE.
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v handle cho i tng vng nh c cp pht. Ngc li,
gi tr tr v l NULL.
Cc i tng vng nh c cp pht bng hm GlobalAUoc v LocalAlloc l cc
trang ring, truy cp c-ghi bi chnh tin trnh to n. Cc tin trnh khc khng th truy
cp cc i tng vng nh ny.

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Khi dng cch thc cp pht GMEM_MOVEABLE hoc LMEM_MOVEABLE, ta
nhn c handle vng nh. s dng vng nh, ta dng hm GlobalLock hoc
LocalLock :
LPVOID GlobalLock(HGLOBAL hMem);
LPVOID LocalLock(HLOCAL hMem);
Nu thnh cng hm tt v con tr tr n byte u n trong khi nh. Ngc li,
gi tr tr v l NULL.
Khi kho (lock) vng nh, cc khi nh khng th dch chuyn trong b nh my tnh.
Sau khi s dng con tr vng nh, cn m kho (unlock) chng, h thng c th di chuyn
v s dng cc vng nh linh ng cho cc tin trnh khc. Ta dng hai hm tng ng l
G ln h a lU n ln rk v T .nralU nlnrk.

BOOL GlobalUnlock(HGLOBAL hMem);

BOOL LocalUnlock(HLOCAL hMem);
Mi ln kho vng nh, bin m tng ng tng mt n v. Mi ln m kho, bin
m gim mt. Nu vng nh cn kho, hm tr v gi tr khc 0, ngc li gi tr tr v l
0.
Kch thc tht s ca vng nh c cp pht c th ln hn kch thc yu cu
(nBytes). xc nh s byte tht s c cp pht, ta dng hm GlobalSize v LocalSize.
DWORD GlobalSize(HGLOBAL hMem);
UINT LocalSize(HLOCAL hMem);
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v s byte kch thc vng nh xc nh bi hMem. Ngc
li, gi tr tr v l 0.
Ngoi ra, ta c th s dng hm GlobalReAlloc v LocalReAlloc cp pht thay i
kch thc hoc thuc tnh vng nh.
HGLOBAL GlobalReAlloc(HGLOBAL hMem, DWORD nBytes, UINT uFlags);
HLOCAL LocalReAlloc(HLOCAL liMem, UINT nBytes, UINT nFlags);
Trng nBytes xc nh kch thc cp pht li cho vng nh hMem. Tuy nhin, khi
nFlags cha GMEM_MODIFY (hoc LMEMJVIODIFY), h thong b qua gi tr ny. Khi ,
hm thay i cc thuc tnh ca vng nh.
xc nh handle ca vng nh khi bit con tr vng nh, ta dng hm
GlobalHandle v LocalHandle nh sau :

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NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
HGLOBAL GlobalHandle(LPCVOID pMem);

LP TRNH c TRN

HLOCAL LocalHandle(LPCVOID pMem);

v i pMem l con tr tr n byte u tin ong vng nh. Nu thnh cng, hm tr
v handle cn tm. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l NULL.
Sau khi s dng xong, ta dng hm GIobalFree v LocalFree gii phng cc vng
nh c cp pht.
HGLOBAL GlobaLFree(HGLOBAL hMem);
HLOCAL LocalFree(HLOCAL hMem);
Nu thnh cng, gi tr tr v l NULL. Ngc li, hm tr v gi tr handle ca i
tng ban u.
on chng trnh sau minh ha cch h thng cp pht mt vng nh vi kch thc
yu cu l 3500 bytes. Sau gn cc gi vng nh bng 0x3C.
HANDLE hMem;
LPBYTE lpAddress;
int i, nSizeMem;
hMem = GlobalAlIoc(GMEM_MOVEABLE, 3500);
tf(hMem != NULL)

{
/* Vng nh c th ln hn 3500 */
nSizeMem = GlobalSize(hMem);
lpAddress = (LPBYTE)GlobalLock(hMem);
(Address != NULL)

{
for(i-0; KuSizeMem; i++)
lpAddress[i] = 0x3C;
GlobalUnlock(hMem);

/*

*/

Trang 176

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
}
/* Nu khng dng na th gi hm
GlobalFree(hMem); */

}
on chng nh tip theo cp pht li vng nh trn vi kch thc l 5000 bytes,
khi gn cc gi tr l 0x00 :

HANDLE hMemTmp;
hMemTmp = GlobalReAlloc(hMem, 5000,
GMEM_MOVEABLE|GMEM_ZEROINIT);
if(hMemTmp != NULL)

{
hMem = hMemTmp;
nSizeMem = GlobalSize(hMem);

/*

*/

/* Khi kt thc s dng, cn gi hm

GlobalFree(hMem); */

7.2.2 Cc hm Heap
Cc hm heap cho php cc tin nh to mt vng heap ring cho mt hoc mt s
trang trong vng a ch ca tin tnh ang thc hin. Sau tin trnh c th s dng mt
tp cc hm khc nhau qun l vng nh trong heap ny. y khng c s phn bit gia
vng nh c cp pht bi hm heap ring hay dng cc hm cp pht khc.
u tin hm HeapCreate to i tng heap cho mt tin nh. Vng nh heap ny
ch c dng cho tin trnh ny m thi, v khng chia s cho cc tin trnh khc, ngay c cc
tin trnh trong th vin lin kt ng DLL (dynamic-link library).
HANDLE HeapCreate(DWORD flOptions, DWORD dwInialSize, DWORD
dwMaximumSize);
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NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
Trng flOptions xc nh cc thuc tnh c chn cho vng heap mi c khi
to. C th l HEAP GENERATE EXCEPTIONS v HEAP NO SERIALIZE. Trng
dwInitialSize xc nh kch thc khi to ca heap, c lm trn cho cc trang vng nh.
Trng dwMaximumSize xc nh vng nh ti a c th cp pht cho tin ttnh bng hm
HeapAlloc hoc HeapReAlloc. Hm tr v handle ca i tng heap nu thnh cng, ngc
li tr v NULL.
cp pht vng nh ln u, ta gi hm HeapAlloc. Nu mun cp pht li, dng
hm HeapReAlloc.
LPVOID HeapAlloc(HANDLE hHeap, DWORD dwFlags, DWORD dwBytes);
Trng dwFlags c th l HEAP_GENERATE_ EXCEPTIONS,
HEAP_NO_SERIALIZE, v HEAP_ZERO_ MEMORY. Trng dwBytes xc nh s bytes
vng heap c cp pht. Nu thnh cng, hm v con tr n vng nh. Nu tht bi,
hm tr v NULL nu dwFlags khng thit lp HEAP_ GENERATE_EXCEPTIONS. Nu c
thit lp, gi tr tr v l STATUS_NO_MEMORY (khng c sn vng nh hoc li vng
heap), hoc STATUS_ACCESS_VIOLATION (Do li vng heap hoc bin khng chnh xc).
LPVOID HeapReAlloc(HANDLE hHeap, DWORD dwFlags, LPVOID lpMem,
DWORD dwBytes);
Trng lpMem tr n vng nh cn cp pht li. Vng nh ny c to bng
hm HeapAlloc hoc HeapReAlloc.
Trng dwBytes xc nh kch thc vng nh cn cp pht. Gi tr ny phi nh hn
0x7FFF8.
kho v m kho vng nh heap, ta dng hm HeapLock v HeapUnlock.
BOOL HeapLock(HANDLE hHeap);
BOOL HeapUnlock(HANDLE hHeap);
Nu thnh cng, gi tr tr v khc 0. Ngc li, hm tr v 0.
xc nh kch thc vng heap, ta dng hm HeapSize.
DWORD HeapSize(HANDLE hHeap, DWORD dwFlags, LPCVOID lpMem);
Trong hm ny, dwFlags ch dng vi HEAP_NO_ SERIALIZE. Cc trng khc
tng t cc hm khc. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v kch thc vng nh. Nu tht bi, hm
tr v gi tr l OxFFFFFFFF.
Sau khi s dng, ta gii phng vng nh v hy i tng heap bng hm HeapFree
v HeapDestroy.
BOOL HeapFree(HANDLE hHeap, DWORD dwFlags, LPVOID lpMem);
Trang 178

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
BOOL HeapDestroy(HANDLE hHeap);

LP TRNH c TRN

Trong , trng dwFlags c nh ngha ch vi gi tr HEAP_NO_SERlALIZE.

Nu thnh cng, hai hm ny u tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0.
Chng ta khng minh ha cc hm s dng b nh heap trong ti liu ny.

7.2.3 Cc hm Virtual
Microsoft Win32 API cung cp mt tp cc hm qun l b nh o cho php mt
tin trnh thao tc v xc nh cc trang trong vng a ch khng gian o, gm cc chc nng
sau :
dnh vng khng gian a ch o cho mt tin trnh. Vng khng gian
dnh khng cp pht vng lu tr vt l tht s, nhng ngn khng cho cc thao tc
cp pht khc s dng vng nh ny. N khng nh hng n cc tin trnh khc.
Khi cn s dng, tin trnh s cp pht vng lu tr vt l cho khng gian ny.
Cp pht xc nhn chui cc trang dnh trong khng gian a ch o ca tin
trnh c th s dng vng lu tr vt l (trong RAM hoc ia).
Thit lp cc thuc tnh c-ghi, ch c, hoc khng c truy cp cho cc
trang xc nhn. iu ny khc vi cc hm cp pht chun lun cp pht cp pht
cc trang vi thuc tnh l c-ghi.
Gii phng chui cc trang dnh, sn vng a ch o cho cc thao tc
cp pht ca tin trnh ang gi.
Kh xc nhn cc trang xc nhn bng cch gii phng vng lu tr vt l,
sn cho cc thao tc cp pht ca cc tin trnh khc.
Kho mt hoc mt vi trang vng nh xc nhn vo vng nh vt l
(RAM) h thng c th hon chuyn cc trang vo tp tin trang.
Nhn thng tin v chui cc trang ong vng a ch o ca tin trnh ang gi
hoc ca mt tin trnh xc nh khc.
Thay i cc chc nng bo v truy cp cho chui xcnh cc trang xc
nhn trong vng a ch o ca tin tn h ang gi hoc tin trnh xc nhkhc.
7.2.3.1 C p pht vng n h o
Cc hm qun l b nh o thc hin cc thao tc trn cc trang vng nh. cp
pht cc trang vng nh o, ta dng hm VirtualAlloc, vi cc chc nng sau y :
dnh mt hay nhiu trang trng.
Cp pht xc nhn mt hay nhiu trang dnh.
dnh v cp pht xc nhn mt hay nhiu trang trng.
Chng ta c th ch nh a ch u ca cc trang dnh hay cp pht, hoc cho
h thng t xc nhn a ch. Hm s lm trn a ch ch nh vi bin trang thch hp. Vng
nh c cp pht c khi gn bng 0, nu ta khng thit lp c MEM_RESET.

Trang 179

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
LPVOID VirtualAlloc(LPVOID lpAddress, DWORD dwSize, DWORD
flAllocatonType, DWORD flProtecc);
Trng lpAddress xc nh a ch bt u ca vng cp pht. Nu vng nh ang
dnh, a ch ch nh c lm trn n bin 64 KB k tip. Nu vng nh dnh v
ang c xc nhn, a ch s c lm trn n bin trang k. xc nh kch thc ca
trang, ta s dng hm GetSystemlnfo. Nu bin ny bng NULL, h thng t xc nhn a
ch vng nh cp pht.
Trng dwSize xc nh s byte kch thc vng nh. Nu lpAddress bng NULL, gi
tr ny s c lm trn n bin trang k. Nu khng, cc trang cp pht l cc ang cha
mt hay nhiu byte nm trong khong t lpAddress n IpAddress+dwSize. Ngha l, nu hai
byte nm hai trang th c hai trang u nm trong vng cp pht.
Trng flAllocationType xc nh dng cp pht, c th kt hp t cc c :
C

ngha

MEM_COMMIT

Cp pht vng lu vt l trong b

nh hoc a. Cc trang c cp pht xc
nhn hoc kh cp pht u c th c cp
pht li m khng gy ra li.

MEMJRESERVE

dnh vng khng gian a ch o ca

tin trnh. Khng th cp pht vng dnh
bng cc hm cp pht b nh khc (malloc,
GlobalAlloc, ...) cho n khi chng c gii
phng. Chng ch c cp pht bng hm
VirtualAlloc.

MEMJRESET

p dng cho Windows NT. Khi thit lp

vi gi ny, d liu c xem nh khng
quan trng, c th b vit chng ln. ng dng
khng hon chuyn d liu t b nh chnh vo
(ra) tp tin trang. M t khc, khi thit lp gi tr
ny, h thng s b qua cc gi ca flProtect.

MEM_TOPDOWN

Cp pht vng nh ti a ch cao nht

c th.

Bng 7.2 Cc c xc nh dng cp pht flAllocationType.

Trng flProtect xc nh cch thc bo v truy cp vng nh. Nu cc trang c

cp pht xc nhn, mt trong cc c sau c th c thit lp, kt hp vi cc c
PAGE_GUARD v PGE_N0CACHE :

Trang 180

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
C

ngha

PAGE_READONLY

Ch cho php c cc trang cp pht (khng c ghi).

PAGE_READWRITE

Cho php truy cp c v ghi cc trang vng nh.

PAGEJEXECUTE

Cho php thc thi cc tin trnh, nhng khng c v

ghi.

PAGE_EXECUTE_READ

Cho php thc thi v c, nhng khng c ghi.

PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE

Cho php thc thi, c v ghi.

PAGE_GUARD

Cc trang trong vng tr thnh cc trang "lnh canh". Nu

ghi hoc c cc trang ny, h thng s pht sinh li
ngoi l STATUS_PAGE_GUARD v tt tnh trng
ca trang lnh canh. Xem thm v d trong phn
7.2.3.4.

PAGE_NOACCESS

Cm truy cp (c, ghi, thc thi) cc trang. Nu truy

cp, ta c li bo v chung.

PAGE_NOCACHE

Khng dng b nh m. Thch hp vi cc ch bo

v trang hn l NO_ACCESS.

Bng 7.3 Cc c xc nh dng bo v truy cp flProtect.

Nu thnh cng, hm tr v a ch c s ca cc trang vng cp pht. Ngc li gi

tr tr v l NULL.
7.2.3.2 G ii phng vng nh o
gii phng vng nh o, ta dng hm VirtualFree. Hm gii phng hoc kh cp
pht (hoc c hai) cc ang trong khng gian a ch o ca tin trnh ang gi.
BOOL VirtuaIFree(LPVOID lpAddress, DWORD dwSize, DWORD dwType);
Trng lpAddress l con tr tr n vng cc trang cn gii phng. Nu dwType cha
c MEM_RELEASE, y phi l con tr tr v t hm VirtualAlloc.
Trng dwSize xc nh s byte kch vng nh cn gii phng. Nu dwType cha c
MEM_RELEASE, gi tr ny cn thit lp bng 0. Trong cc trng hp khc, vng nh
hng s l cc ang c t nht mt byte nm trong on lpAddress n lpAddress + dwSize.
Ngha l, nu c 2 byte nm bin hai trang khc nhau, th c hai trang u c gii phng.
Trng dwType xc nh cch gii phng, s dng gi MEM_DECOMMIT, hoc
MEM_RELEASE. v i gi tr u, hm gii phng cc trang ch nh ( c xc nhn cp
Trang 181

NGN NG LP TRNH

LP TRNH c TRN

WINDOWS
pht). Nu cc trang cha c cp pht, ta vn c th kh cp pht (decommit) m khng
gy ra li. v i gi tr sau, hm gii phng vng nh dnh. Trong ng hp ny, dwSize
phi bng 0, nu khng hm thc hin tht bi.
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0.
Lu gii phng cc ang, cc trang phi cng tnh trng (cp pht hay dnh),
v tt c cc trang dnh bng hm cp pht VirtualAlloc cn gii phng ng thi. Nu
mt s trang dnh ban u c xc nhn cp pht, chng cn c kh cp pht
trc khi gi hm VirtualFree gii phng.
7.2.3.3 Thao tc trn cc trang vng n h
xc nh kch thc cc trang n my tnh, ta s dng hm GetSystemlnfo.
VOID GetSystemInfo(LPSYSTEM_INFO IpSystemlnfo);
Trng IpSystemlnfo tr n cu trc SYSTEM_INFO cha cc thng tin h thng,
typedef struct _SYSTEM_INFO // sinf

{
union

{
DWORD dwOemld;
struct

{
WORD wProcessorArchitecture;
WORD wReserved;

}
};
DWORD dwPageSize;

LPVOED lpMinimumApplicationAddress;
LPVOID lpMaximumApplicationAddress;
DWORD dwActiveProcessorMask;
DWORD dwNmnberOfProcessors;

Trang 182

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

LP TRNH c TRN

DWORD dwProcessorType;
DWORD dwAIlocationGranularity;
WORD wProcessorLevel;
WORD wProcessorRevision;
}SYSTEM_INFO;

xc nh thng tin v b nh, ta ch kho st mt s trng lin quan. Trng

dwPageSize cc nh kch thc cc trang theo dng c cp pht bng hm VirtualAlloc.
Trng lpMinimumApplicationAddress tr n a ch vng nh thp nht, v trng
lpMaximumApplicationAddress n a ch vng nh cao nht c th truy cp bi cc Lftig
dng v th vin lin kt ng. Trng dwAllocationGranularity xc nh phn nh m
vng nh o cp pht. C th, hm VirtualAlloc yu cu cp pht mt bytc s dnh mt
vng khng gian b nh c kch thc l dwAllocationGranularity byte.
Tin trnh c th kho mt hay nhiu trang c cp pht (xc nhn) vo vng nh
vt l (RAM), ngn chn vic h thng hon chuyn cc trang vo (ra) tp tin trang bng cch
dng hm VirtualLock.
BOOL VirtualLockLPVOID lpAddress, DWORD dwSize);
m kho cc trang b kho, ta dng hm VirtualUnlock, cho php cc trang c
th c hon chuyn vo (ra) tp tin trang trn a.
BOOL VirtualUnlock(LPVOID lpAddress, DWORD dwSize);
Trng lpAddress tr n a ch c s ca vng cc trang cn c kho. Trng
dwSize xc nh s byte vng nh cn kho, gm cc trang cha tt c cc a ch t
lpAddress n lpAddress + dwSize.
Nu thnh cng, gi tr tr v khc 0. Ngc li, cc hm tr v 0.
S trang mc nh c cp pht ti a l 30 trang. Tuy nhin, chng ta c cng th
thay i s ang ti a ny.
Cc trang cn m kho khng nht thit phi l cc trang ca ln gi kho bng hm
VirtualLock trc , nhng u phi l cc trang ang b kho.
Khc vi cc hm GlobalLock v LocalLock c dng mt bin m m chui cc
ln kho vng nh, hm VirtualLock th khng. Do m kha, ta ch cn gi hm
VirtualUnlock mt ln m thi.
7.2.3.4 s dng cc hm qun l b nh o

Trang 183

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
Trong phn ny, chng ta minh ha bng v d thc hin thao tc dnh v xc nhn
vng nh, v v d to trang "lnh canh".
Trong v d u tin, ta s dng hm VirtualAlloc v VirtualFree cp pht
dnh v xc nhn vng nh o. u tin, hm VirtuaiAlloc c gi cp pht dnh
mt khi cc trang. Ta s dng gi tr NULL cho a ch c s, ng ngha vi vic cho h
thng t xc nh v tr vng cp pht. Sau s dng li hm VirtualAlloc cp pht xc
nhn cc trang trong vng dnh. Khi , ta cn ch nh a ch c s cho cc trang ny.
Trong v d ny, ta s dng cu trc try-except xc nhn cc trang trong vng
dnh. Mi khi c li ang xut hin trong qu trnh thc hin khi try, hm lc trc khi
except s c thc hin. Nu hm lc c th cp pht mt trang khc, phn thc thi s tip
tc trong khi try ti ci im xut hin li ngoi l. Ngc li, cc handler ngoi l trong
khi except c thc thi.
Nh mt thay th cho cp pht ng, tin trnh c th n gin cp pht xc nhn
vng cn li thay v ch dnh chng. Tuy nhin vic cp pht xc nhn nh vy li to nn
cc khi nh khng cn thit ng ra c s dng cho cc tin tn h khc.
Trong v d ny, ta s dng hm VirtualFree gii phng vng nh xc nhn ln
vng nh dnh sau khi hon tt cng vic. Hm ny c gi hai ln : ln u kh cp
pht cc trang c cp pht xc nhn, v ln sau gii phng ton b cc trang di
dng dnh.
#define PAGELIMIT 80
#define PAGESIZE 0x1000
ENT PageFaultExceptionFilter (DWORD);
VOID MyErrorExit(LPTSTR);
LPTSTR lpNxtPage;
DWORD dwPages = 0;
VOID UseDynamicVirtualAlloc(VOID)

{
LPVOED lpvBase;
LPTSTR IpPtr;
BOOL bSuccess;
DWORD i;
/* dnh cc trang trong khng gian a ch o ca tin trnh */

Trang 184

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

LP TRNH

c TRN

lpvBase = VirtualAlloc(
NULL, //h thng t xc nh a ch
p AGELIMIT*P AGESIZE,// kch thc vng cp pht
MEM_RESERVE, //c p pht di dng dnh
PAGE_NOACCESS); //cch thc bo v = khng truy cp
if (lpvBase == NULL )
MyErrorExit("VirtualAlloc reserve");
lpP = lpNxtPage = (LPTSTR) lpvBase;
/* s dng cu trc x l ngoi l tty-exception truy cp cc trang. Nu li trang xut hin, b lc
ngoi l s thc thi cp pht xc nhn cc trang k tip trong khi dnh */
for (i=0; i < PAGELIMIT*PAGESZE; i++)

{
try

{
IpPtrft] = 'a'; // Ghi vo b nh

>
/* Nu xut hin li trang, c gng cp pht xc nhn trang khc */
except ( PageFaultExceptionFlter(GetExceptionCodeO ) )

{
/* on ny ch thc hin khi hm lc khng th xc nhn trang k tip */
ExitProcess( GetLastErrorQ );

}
>
/* Gii phng cc trang sau khi s dng. u tin l cc trang c cp pht xc nhn */
bSuccess = VirtualFree(
lpvBase, //a ch c s ca khi nh
dwPages*PAGESIZE, / / s byte cc ang cp pht

Trang 185

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
MEM_DECOMMIT); //hnh thc l kh xc nhn
/* Cui cng, gii phng ton vng nh ( dnh) */

if (bSuccess)

{
bSuccess = VirtualFree(
lpvBase, // a ch c s ca khi nh
0, //g i i phng ton khi nh

MEM_RELEASE); //g i i phng (hon ton)

}
}
INT PageFaultExceptionFilter(DWORD dwCode)

{
LPVOED lpvResult;
/* Nu xut hin li ngoi l, thot chng trnh */

if (dwCode != EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION)

{
printf("exception code = %d\n", dwCode);
return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;

>
printf("page fault\n");
/* Nu cc trang dnh c dng th thot */

if (dwPages >= PAGELIMIT)

{
printf("out of pages\n");
return EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER;

>

Trang 186

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
/* Ngc li, cp pht xc nhn mt trang khc */
lpvResult = VirtualAlloc(
(LPVOID) lpNxtPage, //c p pht trang tip theo
PAGESIZE, // s byte kch thuc trang
MEM_COMMIT, // cp pht xc nhn cc trang
PAGE_READWRITE); // try cp c-ghi
if (lpvResult == NULL )

{
printf("VirtualAlloc failed\n");
return EXCEPTIONJEXECUTEJHANDLER;

}
/* Tng trang m, v chuyn IpNxtPage n trang tip */
dwPages++;
lpNxtPage += PAGESIZE;
/* Tip tc thc hin ni li trang xut hin */
return EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_EXECUTION;

}
on chng nh p theo thc hin thao tc to trang "lnh canh". Trang ny cung
cp cnh bo khi truy cp cc trang vng nh. iu ny rt hu ch cho cc ng dng cn
qun l s m rng ca cu trc d liu ng.
to trang lnh canh, ta thit lp c PAGE_GUARD ong hm VirtualAlloc. c
ny c th dung kt hp vi tt c cc c khc, tr c PAGE_NOACCESS.
Nu chng trnh truy cp trang "lnh canh", h thng s pht sinh li ngoi l
STATUS_GUARD_PAGE (0x80000001). H thng cung xoa c PAGE_GUARD, 'loi b tnh
ng "lnh canh" ca trang vng nh. H thng s khng ngng truy cp trang vng nh vi
li ngoi l STATUS_GUARD_PAGE.
Nu mt li ngoi l xut hin ong sut dch v h thng, dch v s tr v gi tr
xc nh li. Nu sau ta truy cp li trang ny (m cha thit lp li tnh trng "lnh
canh"), th s khng xy ra li ngoi l na.

Trang 187

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
Chng trnh sau minh ha cch thc hin ca mt ang lnh canh, v hin tng
xut hin li dch v h thng :
#indude <windows.h>
#indude <stdio.h>
#indude <stdlib.h>
int main()

{
LPVOID lpvAddr;
DWORD cbSize;
BOOL vLock;
LPVOID commit;
cbSize = 512; // Vng nh cn cp pht.
/* Gi hm cp pht */

lpvAddr=VirtualAUoc(NULL,cbSize,MEM_RESERVE, PAGE_NOACCESS);
if(lpvAddr == NULL)

{
fprintf(stdout,"VirtualAlloc failed on
RESERVE with %ld\n", GetLastErrorO);

}
/* Cp pht xc nhr vng nh */
commit = VtualAlloc(NULL,cbSize,MEM_COMMIT,
PAGE_READONLY|PAGE_GUARD);
iffcommit == NULL)

{
fprintf(stderr,"VirtualAlloc failed on
COMMIT with %ld\n", GetLastErrorQ);

Trang 188

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
}

LP TRNH

else

{
fprintf(stde,"Committed %lu bytes at address
%lp\n", cbSize,commit);

}
/* Kho vng nh xc nhn */
vLock = VirtualLock(cominit,cbSize);
if(!vLock)

{
fprintf(stderr,"Cannot lock at %lp,
eor = %lu\n", commit, GetLastErrorO);

>
else fprintf(stderr,"Lock Achieved at %lp\n",commit);
/* Kho vng nh /n na */
vLock = VirtualLock(commit,cbSize);
if(!vLock)

{
fprintf(stderr,"Cannot get 2nd lock at %lp,
eor = %lu\n", commit, GetLastErrorO);

>
else fprintf(stderr,"2nd Lock Achieved at %lp\n",commit);

}
Chng trnh trn cho kt qu tng t kt qu sau :
Committed 512 bytes at address 003F0000
Cannot lock at 003F0000, error = 0x80000001
Trang 189

c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
2nd Lock Achieved at 003FOOOO

LP TRNH c TRN

Ch : Ln kho th nht tht bi, to li ngoi l STATUS_GUARD_PAGE. Tuy

nhin, trong ln kho th hai, hm thc hin thnh cng, do h thng loi b tnh ng
"lnh canh" ca ang.

7.3 X L TP TIN
Tp tin l mt n v lu tr c bn my tnh phn bit cc khi thng tin khc
nhau, c lu tr trn cc thit b lu ph nh l a, bng t, v c t chc theo cc
nhm gi l th mc.
x l tp tin, ta c th dng cc hm trong c chun nh fopen, fclose, fread,
fwrite, fseek, ... trong mi trng Windows. Cc hm ny c h tr ong th vin stdio.h.
Chng ta s khng bn v cc hm ny y.
Trong phn ny, chng ta s tm hiu cc hm thao tc trn tp tin ca Win32 cho
php cc ng dng to, m, cp nht v xo cc tp tin, cng nh tm hiu cc thng s h
thng v tp tin.

7.3.1

T o v m t p tin

Win32 API cung cp hm CreateFile to mt tp tin mi hoc m mt tp tin

c sn.
HANDLE CreateFile(LPCTSTR lpFileName, DWORD dwDesiredAccess, DWORD
dwShareMode, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES IpSecurityAttributes, DWORD
dwCreationDisposition, DWORD dwFlags And Attributes, IIANDLE hTemplateFile);
Trng lpFileName tr n chui k t zero xc nh tn tp tn cn m hoc to.
Trng dwDesiredAccess xc nh cch thc truy cp i tng. Mt ng dng c th thc
hin truy cp c, ghi, pc-ghi, s dng mt hay kt hp cc gi tr sau :
Gi tr

ngha

Xc nh truy vn thit b n
mt i tng. Mt tig dng c th
truy vn thuc tnh thit b m khng
cn phi truy cp thit b.

GENERICJREAD

Xc lp hnh thc truy cp c.

D liu c th c t tp tin, ng
thi dch chuyn con tr tp tin.
truy cp c-ghi, ta kt hp vi c
GENERIclwRITE.

Trang 190

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
GENERIC_WRITE

Xc lp hnh thc truy cp ghi.

D liu c th dc ghi vo tp tin,
ng thi dch chuyn con tr. c
th truy cp c-ghi, ta kt hp vi c
GENERIC_READ.

Bng 7.4 Trng dwDeskedAccess xc nh cch truy cp i tng

Trng dwShareMode thit lp cc bit c xc nh cch chia s i tng (tp tin).

Nu dwShareMode bng 0, i tng khng th chia s. Khi , ta khng th thao tc trn i
tng cho n khi ng handle. chia s i tng, ta kt hp mt trong cc c sau :
FILE_SHARE_DELETE

s dng trong Windows NT :

Thao tc trn i tng ch thc hin
nu yu cu truy cp xo.

FILE_SHARE_READ

Thao tc trn i tng ch

thc hin nu yu cu truy cp c.

FILE_SHARE_WRITE

Thao tc trn i tng ch

thc hin nu yu cu truy cp ghi.

Bng 7.5 Trng dwShareMode xc nh cch chia s i tng

Trng lpSecurityAttributes tr n cu trc SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES xc nh

handle i tng c c chuyn cho cc tin trnh con hay khng. y chng ta khng
dng, v thit lp gi tr l NULL.
Trng dwCreationDisposition xc lp thao tc to tp tin mi hay m tp tin c.
Dng mt ong cc gi tr sau :
CREATE_NEW

To mi mt tp tin. Hm ny tht bi nu
tp tin c.

CREATE_ALWAYs

To mi mt tp tin. Nu tp tin tn ti,

hm s to chng ln, ng thi xo cc thuc tnh
hin hnh ca tp tin.

OPENJEXISTING

M mt lp tin. Hm tht bi nu lp Lin

cha c sn.

OPEN_ALWAYS

M mt tp tin nu c sn. Nu tp tin cha

tn ti, hm s to tp tin nh s dng c
CREATE_NEW.

Trang 191

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
TRUNCATEJEXISTING

M m t tp tin. Khi m, h thng khi to

kch thc tp tin li v 0 byte. Tin nh gi cn
m tp tin t nht vi dng truy cp
GENERIC_WR1TE. Hm tht bi nu khng tn ti
tp tin.

Bng 7.6 Trng dwCreationDisposition xc lp thao tc tp tin

Trng dwF lagsAnd Attributes xc nh cc thuc tnh v c cho tp tin. Ta c th kt

hp cc thuc tnh sau :
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE

Tp tin archive, n g dng dng thuc tnh ny

nh du tp tin c th sao lu hoc loi b.

FILE_ATTRIBUTE_HIDDEN

Tp tin n. Khng hin th ong danh sch cc tp

tin thng thng ong cc th mc.

FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL

Tp tin khng c thuc tinh no khc. Thuc tnh

ny thng c dng duy nht.

FILE_ATTRIBUTE_OFFLINE

D liu tp tin khng c sn. D liu c ch

nh di chuyn v t l vo vng lull tr offline.

FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY

Tp tin ch c. n g dng khng th ghi hoc xo

d liu trong tp tin.

FILE_ATTRIBUTE_SYSTEM

Tp tin l mt phn ca h iu hnh, hoc c

s dng c bit trong h thng.

FILE_ATTRIBUTE_TEMPORARY

Tp tin c dng cho vng lu tm. Sau khi

ng dng kt thc, tp tin s c xa.

Bng 7.7 Trng dwFlagsAndAttributes xc nh cc thuc tnh v c cho tp tn.

Cc C xc nh tp tin kh phc tp, chng ta khng bn k y. Trng cui cng

l hTemplateFile xc nh handle truy cp GENERAL_READ n tp tin tm. Tp tin tm c
vai h tr cc thuc tnh tp tin v thuc tnh m rng cho tp tin c to. Trong
Windows 95, gi tr hTemplateFile cn c gn bng NULL.
Nu thnh cng hm v handle ca tp tin xc nh. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l
INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE.
LU , vic thit lp gi tr dwDesiredAccess cho php ng dng c th truy vn cc
thuc tnh thit b m khng thc s truy cp thit b. iu ny rt hu dng, v d trong
trng hp ng dng mun xc nh kch thc cng cc nh dng a mm m khng cn
phi c a trong a.
Trang 192

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
Khi to mt tp tin, hm CreateFile thc hin cc chc nng sau:
Kt hp cc c v thuc tnh tp tin c xc nh bi c
dwFlagsAnd Attributes vi gi tr l FILE_ATTRIBUTE_ARCHIVE.
Thit lp kch thc tp tin bng 0.
Chp cc thuc tnh m rng ca tp tin tm vo tp tin mi nu bin
hTemplateFile xc nh.
Khi m mt tp tin c sn, hm CreateFile thc hin cc chc nng sau :
Kt hp cc c xc nh bi dwFlagsAndAttributes vi cc thuc tnh ca tp
tin hin c. Hm CreateFile s b qua cc thuc tnh ca tp tin xc nh bi c
dwFlagsAndAttributes.
Thit lp kch thc tp tin da vo gi tr ca dwCreationDisposition.
B qua gi tr ca bin hTemplateFile.
Nu hm to mt tp tin trn a mm khng c a mm, hoc trn CD-ROM
khng c a CD, h thng s a ra mt hp thoi thng ip (message box) yu cu ngi
dng a a mm hoc a CD vo. h thng khng thc hin thao tc trn, cn thit lp
gi tr uMode trong hm SetErrorMode l SEM_FAILCRITICALERRORS.
UINT SetErrorMode(UINT uMode);
Trong v d sau, hm CreateFile m mt tp tin c c :
HANDLE hFile;
hFile = CreateFile("MYFILE.TXT", //m tp tin MYFILE.TXT
GENERIC_READ, // m c
FILE_SHARE_READ, //chia s c
NULL, //khng bo mt
OPENJEXISTING, // ch m tp tin c
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, //Tp tin thng
NULL); // khng c thc tnh tm
if (hTile == INVALID_IIANDLE_VALUE)

{
ErrorHandler("Could not open file."); //l i x

Trang 193

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
xo tp tin n, trc ht ta ng tp tin li.

LP TRNH c TRN

CloseHandle(hFile);
DeleteFile("MYFILE.TXT);

Trong v d sau, hm to mt tp tn mi v m ch ghi.

HANDLE hFile;
hFile = CreateFile("MYFILE.TXT", //t p tn MYFILE.TXT
GENERIC_WRITE, // to ghi
0, // khng chia s
NULL, // khng bo mt
CREATE_ALWAYS, //ghi chng nu c
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL I//t p tin bnh thng
FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, //khng ng b I/o
NULL); // khng thuc tnh tm
if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)

{
ErrorHandler("Could not open file."); // i x l

>

7.3.2 T o t p tin t m
Cc ng dng c th nhn mt tp tin duy nht cho tp tin tm bng cch s dng
hm GetTempFileName. xc nh ng dn n th mc cha tp tin tm c to, ta
dng hm GetTempPath.

Hm GetTempFileName to tn mt tp tin tm. Tn tp tin y gm ng dn

ni vi mt chui k t s thp lc phn th hin tn tp tin, v phn m rng l .TMP.
UINT GetTempFileName(LPCTSTR lpPathName, LPCTSTR IpPrefixString, UINT
uUnique, LPTSTR IpTempFileName);
Trng IpPathName tr n mt chui k t (kt thc bng k t NULL) xc nh
ng dn ca tp tin, dng cc k t ANSI. Neu trng ny bng NULL, hm tht bi.
Trang 194

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
Trng IpPrefixString tr n mt chui k t (kt thc bng k t NULL). Hm s
dng 3 k t u tin ca chui nh phn tin t ca tp tn. Cc k t s dng phi l ky t
ANSI.
Trng uUnique xc nh mt s nguyn khng du (m) hm chuyn thnh chui k
t thp lc phn s dng trong vic to tp tin tm.
Trng IpTempFileName tr n vng nh m cha tn tp tin tm. Trng ny l
mt chui k t kt thc NULL cc k t ANSI. di vng nh m c xc nh bi gi
tr MAX_PATH ca th mc tng ng.
Tp tin to c s c dng nh sau :
path\preuuuu.TMP
Trong path l ng dn, xc nh bi gi lpPathName; pre l 3 k t u ca
chui lpPrefixString; v uuuu l gi tr thp lc phn ca uUnique.
Khi thot khi h iu hnh (tt my chng hn), cc tp tn tm to bng hm ny s
t ng b xo.
trnh cc li khi chuyn chui ANSI, ng dng cn gi hm CreateFile trc
to tp tin tm.
Nu gi tr uUnique bng 0, hm GetTempFileName xc lp mt con s duy nht da
trn thi im hin ti ca h thng. N u tp tin c, h thng t tng ln m t s mi cho
n khi c mt tn duy nht.
Nu thc hin thnh cng, hm tr v con s duy nht xc nh ttong trng uUnique.
Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0.
thu nhn ng dn tp tin tm, ta dng hm GetTempPath.
DWORD GetTempPath(DwORD nBufferLength, LPTSTR IpBuffer);
Trng nBufferlength xc nh kch thc vng m chui k t xc nh bi lpBuffer.
Trng lpBuffer tr n vng m nhn chui k t xc nh ng dn tp tin tm. Chui
k t kt thc bng k t V, v d : C:\TEMPV
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v ln xc nh kch thc chui zero. Nu gi tr tr v
ln hn nBufferLength, gi tr tr v s l kch thc vng m cn cha ng dn.
Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0 nu hm tht bi.

7.3.3 Sao chp v di chuyn t p tin

chp (copy) mt tp tin, ta cn m ch ch c. Sau dng hm CopyFile
chp vo mt tp tin mi.
Trang 195

NGN NG LP TRNH
L P TRN H c TRN
WINDOWS
BOOL CopyFile(LPCTSTR IpExistingFileName, LPCTSTR lpNewFileName, BOOL
bFaillfExists);

Trng lpExistingFileName v IpNewFileName tr n chui (kt thc NULL) xc

nh tn tp tin c v tn tp tin mi. Trng bFiallfExists xc nh cch to tp tin vi tn
mi trn. Nu trng c thit lp l TRUE, v tp tin c tn lpNewFileName tn ti,
hm tht bi. Nu trng c thit lp l FALSE v tp tin tn ti. hm s to tp tn
mi chng ln tp tin c.
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr v l 0.
di chuyn (move) mt tp tin, trc ht cn phi ng tp tin li (nu ang m).
Ta dng hm MoveFile. Hm ny thc hin thao tc i tn m t tp tin hay th mc (bao gm
c cc tp tin con trong th mc).
BOOL MoveFile(LPCTSTR IpExistingFileName, LPCTSTR lpNewFileName);
Hai trng trn ln lt tr n tn tp tin (th mc) hin c v tn tp tin (th mc)
mi. Tn tp tn (th mc) mi cn phi cha c trong ng dn ca n. Tn tp tin mi c
th trn mt h thng hay a khc, trong khi tn th mc mi phi cng a vi th mc
c.
Nu thnh cng, gi tr tr v khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0.
V d sau minh ha vic to v s dng tp tin tm copy mt tp tin. u tin ng
dng m tp tin ORIGINAL.TXT bng cch s dng hm CreateFile. Sau ng dng s
dng hm GetTempFileName v CreateFile to tp tin tm. ng dng c tng khi 4K
d liu vn vng m, chuyn ni dung trong ving m sang rh hna, v vit ching xiing
tp tin tm. Sau khi chuyn ton b tp tin trn sang tp tin tm, ta i tp tn tm thnh
ALLCAPS.TXT bng cach dng hm MoveFile.
HANDLE hFile;
HANDLE hTempFile;
DWORD dwBytesRead, dwBytesWritten, dwPos;
char szTempName[MAX_PATH];
char buffer[4096];
/* M tp tin c sn */

hFile = CreateFileCORIGINAL.TXT", //tn tp tin

GENERIC_READ, // m c
0, //

khng chia s

Trang 196

LP TRNH

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
NULL, // khng bo mt

c TRN

OPEN_EXISTING, // tp tn c sn
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // tp tin thng thng
NULL); // khng thuc tnh tm
if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)

{
ErrorHandler("Could not open file."); //x l li

}
/* To tp tin tm */
GetTempFileName("\\TEMP", // th mc cha tp tin tm
"NEW", //phn u tp tin tm
0, // to tn duy nht
szTempName); //vng m tn
hTempFile = CreateFile((LPTSTR) szTempName, // tn tp tin
GENERICJREAD I GENERIC_WRITE, //m d n g c-ghi
0, // khng chia s
NULL, // khng bo mt
CREATE_ALWAYS, // to chng nu tp tin c
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // tp tin thng thng
NULL); //khng thuc tnh tm

(hTempFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
ErrorHandler("Could not create temporary file.");

}
/* c khi 4K vo vng m. Chuyn tt c cc k t trong vng m sang dng ch hoa. Vit vng
m vo tp tin tm. */
do

Trang 197

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
{

LP TRNH

c TRN

if (ReadFiIe(hFile, buffer, 4096, &cwBytesRead, NULL))

{
CharUpperBuff(buffer, dwBytesRead);
WriteFile(hTempFile, buffer, dwBytesRead, &dwBytesWritten, NULL);

}
} while (dwBytesRead == 4096);
/*

ng c hai tp tin */

CloseHandIe(hFile);
CloseHandle(hTempFile);
/* Chuyn tp tn tm vo tp tin mi ALLCAPS.TXT */
tf (!MoveFile(szTempName, "ALLCAPS.TXT"))

{
ErrorHandler("Could not move temp, file.");

}
Hm CloseHandle ng m t tp tin ang m. Xem phn 7.3.6.

7.3.4 c v ghi d li u vo t p tin

Mi tp tin ang m c mt con tr tp tn xc nh byte k tip s c c hoc
ghi. Khi mt tp tin m ln u tin, h thng thit lp con tr tp tin ti v tr u tp tin.
Mi khi c hoc ghi vo mt byte, con tr tp tin t ng dch chuyn. thay i v tr
ny, ta dng hm SetFilePointer.
DWORD SetFilePointer(HANDLE hFile, LONG lDistanceToMove, PLONG
lpDistanceToMoveHigh, DWORD dwMoveMethod);
Trng hFile l handle ca tp tin cha con tr tp tin cn di chuyn. Handle ny cn
c to di dng truy cp GENERICJR.EAD hoc GENERIC_WRITE.
Trng lDistanceToMove v lpDistanceToMoveHigh xc nh s byte con tr cn dch
chuyn. Nu lpDistanceToMoveHigh bng NULL, 32-bit thp ca IDistanceToMove xc nh
s byte cn di di con tr. Ngc li, hai trng n thit lp mt gi tr 64-bit (khng du)
th hin s byte cn di di con tr.

Trang 198

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
Trng dwMoveMethod xc nh im gc m con tr cn di di. N u trng ny
bng FILE BEGIN, im gc l im u tin (byte th 0) ca tp tin. Nu l
FILE_CURRENT, im gc l v tr hin ti ca con tr. V FILE_END xc nh im gc l
v tr cui hin ti ca tp tin.

Nu thnh cng, v lpDistanceToMoveHigh bng NULL, gi tr v l DWORD

thp ca con tr tp tin. Nu lpDistanceToMoveHigh khc NULL, hm tr v DWORD thp
ca con tr tp tin, v tr trng ny n DWORD cao ca con tr tp tin.
Nu hm tht bi v lpDistanceToMoveHigh bng NULL, gi tr tr v l
OxFFFFFFFF. bit thm thng tin li, ta dng ham GetLastError. Nu hm tr v
OxFFFFFFFF v lpDistanceToMoveHigh, c th hm thnh cng hoc tht bi, cn phi gi
hm GetLastError xc nh. on chng trnh sau trnh by vn ny :
/*

Trng hp 1: Gi hm vi IpDistanceToMoveHiqh == NULL

/*

C gng di chuyn con tr tp

tin c a

*/

hFile m t on */

dwPtr = SetFilePointer(hFile, LDistance, NULL, FILE_BEGIN);

if (dwPtr == OxFFFFFFFF) // Kim tra tht bi

{
dwError = GetLastErrorO ; //N hn m li
. . . / / X l li

} // Cui phn x l li

/* Trng hp 2: Gi hm vi IpDistanceToMoveHigh != NULL */

/* C gng di chuyn con

tr

tp

tn

hFile m t on di */

dwPtrLow = SetFilePointer(hFile, lDistLow, & lDistHigh, FILE_BEGIN);

/* Kim tra tht bi */
if (dwPtrLow==OxFFFFFFFF&&(dwEiror=GetLastError())!=NO_ERROR)

{
/ / X l li

//...
} // Cui phn x l li

Trang 199

NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
di chuyn tin, ta thit lp dch chuyn mt gi tr dng. Ngc li, thit lp
gi tr m di chuyn li con tr tp Un. Nu gi tr con tr tp tin sau khi dch chuyn m,
hm tht bi, v m li m hm GetlastError tr v l ERROR_NEGATIVE_SEEK.
Nu mun di chuyn con tr n cui tp tin ghi tip, ta cng c th dng hm
SetEndOfFile.
BOOL SetEndOfFUe(HANDLE hFe);
Trng hFile l handle ca tp tin cn di chuyn con tr n cui tp tn cn c
to vi dng truy cp GENERAL_WRITE. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc
li, gi tr tra v l 0.
Hm ReadFile c d liu t mt tp tin, t im xc nh bi con tr tp tin. Sau khi
pr, rnn tr tp tin rlrh rhnyn mr on ng vi s hytp tht s r r. Tng t,
ghi vo tp tin ta dng hm WriteFile.
BOOL ReadFile(HANDLE hFile, LPVOID lpBuffer, DWORD
nNumberOfBytesToRead, LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesRead, LPOVERLAPPED
lpOverlapped);
BOOL WriteFile(HANDLE hFile, LPCVOID lpBuffer, DWORD
nNumberOfBytesToWrite, LPDWORD lpNumberOfBytesWritten, LPOVERLAPPED
lpOverlapped);
Handle tp tin hFile cn c to vi dng truy cp GENERAL_READ hoc
GENERAL_WRITE.
Trng lpBuffer tr n vng nh m nhn d liu c t tp tin, hay cha d liu
cn ghi. Trng nNumberOfBytesToRead xc nh s byte cn c. Trng
lpNumberOfBytesRead tr n cc byte c c. Hm ReadFile thit lp gi tt ny bng 0
trc khi thc hin cc thao tc khc kim a li.
Trng nNumberOfBytesTo Write xc nh s byte cn ghi. Nu trng ny bng 0,
hm khng ghi d liu, nhng vn c gi thc hin. Trng IpNumberOfBytesWritten xc
nh s byte ghi c, trng ny cng c hm WriteFile thit lp v 0 trc khi thc
hin cc thao tc khc kim tra li.
Cui cng, trng lpOverlapped tr n cu trc OVERLAPPED. Nu tp tin c
m vi c FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED, gi tr ny phi khc NULL. n gin ta thit
lp gi tr bng NULL, hm s c (ghi) tp tin t v tr con hin ti v hm ch kt
qu v sau khi c (ghi) xong.
Hm ReadFile s dng vi mt s l do sau : thao tc ghi hon tt cui ng ng
ghi, c ht s byte yu cu, hoc xy ra li khi c.
Nu thnh cng, cc hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v bng 0.

Trang 200

LP TRNH c TRN

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

7.3.5 Kho v m kho t p tin

Mc d h thng cho php nhiu hg dng c th m v ghi vo cng mt tp tin, cc
ng dng khng nn thc hin song song. ngn chn ng dng khc ghi vo phn d liu
ca mnh, ta c th s dng hm LockFile. m kho tp tin, cho php cc ng dng khc
truy cp vng d liu, ta dng hm UnlockFile.
BOOL LockFile(HANDLE hFile, DWORD dwFileOffsetLow, DWORD
dwFileOffsetHigh, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToLockLow, DWORD
nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh);
BOOL UnlockFile(HANDLE hFile, DWORD dwFileOffsetLow, DWORD
dwFileOffsetHigh, DWORD nNumberOfBytesToUnlockLow, DWORD
nNumberOfBytesToUnlockHigh);
Trng hFile l handle ca tp tin c m di dng GENERAL_READ hoc
GENERAL_WRITE, hoc c hai.
Trng dwFileOffsetLow v dwFileOffsetHigh xc nh word thp v cao ca byte
offset u tin cn kho hay m kho.
Trng nNumberofBytesToLockLow (nNumberofBytesTo UnlockLow) v
nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh (nNumberOf BytesToUnlockHigh) xc nh word thp v cao
di khong byte cn kho hay m kha.
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0.
V d sau y ni mt tp tin vo mt tp tin khc, ng dng s dng hm CreateFile
m tp tin NE.TXT c, v TWO.TXT vit. Sau ng dng ni phan d liu ca
tp tin ONE.TXT vo cui tp tin TWO.TXT bng cch c (dng hm ReadFile) v ghi
(dng hm W riteFile) tng khi 4K d liu. Trc khi v it vo tp tin th hai, ng dng dch
chuyn con tr n cui tp tin bng cch dng hm SetFilePointer, sau kha vng cn
ghi dng hm LockFile. Sau khi thc hin thao tc ghi xong, ta m kho, dng hm
UnlockFile, cc ng dng khc c th s dng tp tin ny.
HANDLE hFile;
HANDLE hAppend;
DWORD dwBytesRead, dwBytesWritten, dwPos;
char buff[4096];
/* M mt tp tin c */
hFile = CreateFUe("ONE.TXT", // m tp tin ONE.TXT
GENERIC_READ, // m c

Trang 201

LP TRNH

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS
0, // khng chia s

c TRN

NULL, // khng bo mt
OPENJEXISTING, // ch m tp tin tn ti
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // tp tin bnh thng
NULL); //khng c thuc tnh tm

if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)

{
ErrorHandler("Could not open ONE."); //x l li

}
/* M tp tin c. Nu cha c, to tp tin mi */
hAppend = CreateFile("TWO.TXT', / / m tp tin TWO.TXT
GENERIC_WR]TE, //m ghi
0, // khng chia s
NULL, //khng bo mt
OPEN_ALWAYS, //m tp tin c hoc to mi
FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, // tp tin bnh thng
NULL); // khng c thuc tnh tm

(hAppend == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)

{
ErrorHandler("Could not open TWO."); / /x l li

}
/* Ni tp tir th nht vo cui tp tin th hai. Kho tp tin th hai ngn chn cc tin trnh khc truy
cp khi ang ghi. M kho sau khi ghi xong */

do

{
(ReadFile(hFile, buff, 4096, &dwBytesRead, NULL))

{
Trang 202

NGN NG LP TRNH
WINDOWS

LP TRNH

c TRN

dwPos= SetFilePointer(hAppend, 0, NULL, FILE_END);

LockFile(hAppend, dwPos, 0, dwPos+dwBytesRead, 0);

WriteFile(hAppend, buff, dwBytesRead, &dwBytesWritten, NULL);
UnlockFile(hAppend, dwPos, 0, dwPos+dwBytesRead, 0);

}
} while (dwBytesRead == 4096);

/* ng c hai tp tin */
CloseHandle(hFOe);
CIoseHandle(hAppend);

7.3.6 ng v xo t p tin
s dng hiu qu ti nguyn h thng, ng dng cn ng cc tp tin khi khng
cn dng na bng cch gi hm CloseHandle. Nu ng dng b ngt v tp tin vn ang
m, h thng s t ng ng tp tin ny.
BOOL CloseHandle(HANDLE hObject);
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. bit cc
thng tin li m rng, ta dng hm GetLastError.
xo m t tp tin, ta dng hm DeleteFile. Lu rng tp tin ny cn phi ng
trc khi b xa.

BOOL DeleteFile(LPCTSTR IpFileName);

Trng lpFileName tr n chui (kt thc bng k t NULL) xc nh tp tin cn
xo. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v kh khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. Hm tht bi
nu tp nu tp tin cn xo khng tn ti. Trong Windows NT, hm khng th xo cc tp tin
ang m. Tuy nhin, trong Windows 95, tp tn ang m vn c th b xo.

7.3.7 x l th m c
Khi ng dng to mt tp tin mi, h iu hnh s thm tp tin ny vo mt th mc
xc nh. to v xo mt th mc, ta dng hm CreateDirectory v RemoveDirectory.
BOOL CreateDirectory(LPCTSTR lpPathName, LPSECURITY_ATTRIBUTES
lpSecurityAttributes);

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NGN NG LP TRNH
LP TRNH c TRN
WINDOWS
BOOL RemoveDirectory(LPCTSTR IpPathName);
Trng lpPathName tr n chui (kt thc bng k t NULL) xc nh ng dn
th mc cn to (hay cn xo). Kch thc chui mc nh gii hn cho ng dn l
MAX_PATH k t. Trong ng hp xo th mc, ng dn cn xc nh th mc l th
mc rng.
Trng lpSecurityAttributes tr n cu trc SECURITY_ATTRIBUTES cha trng
lpSecurityDescriptor xc nh m t m t ca th mc mi. n gin, ta gn gi tr
lpSecurityAttributes bng NULL, khi th mc mi nhn cc gi tr m t mt mc nh.
Nu thnh cng, cc hm v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0.
Th mc cui ca ng dn ang s dng gi l th mc hin hnh. xc nh
rh m r hin hnh, ng dng gi hm GpCnrrpnDirprnry. thay i iti m r hin hnh,
ng dng gi hm SetCurrentDirectory.
DWORD GetCurrentDirectory(DWORD nBufferLength, LPTSTR lpBuffer);
Trng nBufferLength xc nh kch thc vng m ca chui k t th hin th
mc hin hnh. Vng m ny phi di cha c k t NULL cui chui. Trng
lpBuffer s cha chui k t ny.
Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi xc nh s k t c ghi vo vng m, khng
cha k t NULL. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0. Nu vng m lpBuffer khng ln, gi
tr v xc nh kch thc cn thit ca vng m, gm c byte NULL ng du kt thc
chui.
BOOL SetCurrentDirectoryQLPCTSTR lpPathName);
Trng lpPathName tr n chui k t (kt thc bng NULL) xc nh ng dn
mi. Nu thnh cng, hm tr v gi tr khc 0. Ngc li, gi tr tr v l 0.

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