CAU HOI V N NN MNG

(Hm nay K55 bo v n Nn Mng, cc bn c th lt nhanh my cu hi c bn sau)

Cu 1: pmax 1.2 [p] nh vy ti v tr pmax c b ph hy khng?
[p] = pgh/Fs vi Fs thng ly gi tr 2.0 3.0 do vi pmax = 1.2[p] ta c h s an ton thc s
Fs* = pgh/1.2[p] = Fs/1.2 c ngha l pmax 1.2[p] tng ng vi h s an ton Fs* (2.0
3.0)/1.2 > 1.0 nn khng c s ph hy xy ra vi nn!
Nu hiu iu kin khng ch (gii hn) y l pmax k.[p] vi k l h s tn dng iu kin lm
vic ca t nn trn mt phm vi hn ch nhm mc ch tit kim . Theo TCXD 45-1978 hin vn
p dng th k c th p dng n 1.5 cho trng hp lch tm hai phng!
Cu 2: Trong tnh ton sc chu ti ca nn c bao gi tnh n trng hp ma l hay nc ngm
dng t ngt khng?
Vic phn tich c bao gm c tnh hung nc dng c t ra khi c l do chng t nguy c
xut hin, chng hn thit k tha mn tn sut ma/l no theo yu cu cho cng trnh c th.
Vic tnh ton ny thng lm tng kch thc/ su t mng v s xut hin p lc nc l rng
khng mng mun do nc dng lm gim cng ca t nn.
Cu 3: Thy cho em bit c s tnh ton cng thc E0ch = (1 f)E0 + f.Ectrong cc ct.
y l cng thc gn ng xy dng trn c s trung bnh c trng s trong trng s chnh l t
din tch ca cc ct trong mt n nguyn x l (xem Chng 3 Gio trnh Nn v mng)
Cu 4: Trong tnh ton kim tra mng khi qui c ca mng cc i thp khi tnh jtb c cng thc ...
nhng khi tnh thng b qua nhng lp t yu th jtb= ? . Nu ta coi tt c cc lp t l nh nhau
v tnh ton jtb cho c lp t yu c c khng lm nh th c an ton hn khng?
Mng cc c coi nh mt khi khng bin dng (cn gi l mng khi qui c) vi kch thc xc
nh da vo gc huy ng t xung quanh tham gia vo s lm vic ca h thng cc v t gia
v xung quanh cc cc. Phm vi huy ng c th xc nh theo nhiu ngh khc nhau. Hin c
hai cch thng dng l xc nh theo a = jtb/4 bt u t mp ngoi ca cc bin k t su y
i v a = 30 k t 1/3 di cng ca cc. Khi xy dng theo cch u th jtb l gc ma st trong
trung bnh ca t trong phm vi t mi cc n y i, k c lp t yu c ji = 0 (ng nhin
tch li.ji= li.0 = 0 nn nhm tng l khng k n s c mt ca t yu! nhng di mu s vn
c thnh phn li = 0). Theo cch th hai (cc nc Phng Ty thng p dng) nu cc i qua mt
s lp t yu trn th gc a = 30 c p dng t su 1/3 di cng ca phn cc trong t
khng yu. Trong trng hp sau cng ny, nu k c lp t yu na th thin v khng an ton (v
y mng m rng trong khi ti trng khng i ko theo ln d bo nh i!)
Cu 5: Khi ni suy e01, e02 t ng cong e-p m pi nh hn 100 th chnh xc khng cao do
e01, e02 qu b. C cch no ni suy chnh xc nht khng?
c th ni suy chnh xc hn trn th ng cong nn nn biu din quan h e lg(s) v khi
trn trc honh on c gi tr snh s c dn rng ra. (lg(10) = 1; lg(100) = 2 ta c Dlgs = 1;
lg(100) = 2; lg(200) ta c Dlgs = 0.3... hay khong t lg(10) n lg(100) trn trc honh rng hn

khong t lg(100) n lg(200) n 3 ln trong khi trn th e s on sau c Ds = (100 200) =

100 di hn on trc Ds = 90.
Cu 6: S nh trong n c khe nhit (hai ct st vo nhau). Khi tnh ct thep mng chn vt
ny phi tnh nh th no? C cn kim tra li kch thc y mng (theo cng - bin dng)
khng?
Vic kim tra kch thc y mong vn tin hnh bnh thng nhng cn lu l ti trng (N0, M0)
dng xc nh ptx phi di v trng tm y mng theo nguyn tc ca sc bn vt liu.
Ct thp c tnh trn c s m men un do phn lc t ln y mng gy ra nh nhng trng
hp khc.
Cu 7: Khi d bo sc chu ti ca cc theo th nghim SPT th Ni ly theo N hay N60v nn t c
c t dnh v t ri.
V nguyn tc, tt c cc gi tr ca N phi chuyn i v N60 trc khi p dng vo phn tch, tnh
ton. Tuy vy, nu cng thc p dng c vit cho N th khng phi chuyn i. C th ni cc
phng tin (cng thc) p dng hai gi tr k trn hin nhiu tng ng nhau do ngi ta pht
hin ra s cn thit phi qui i v N60 hi mun nhng v lu di c l n s chim u th. Mt khi
c kinh nghim p dng N60 cho mi phn tch th gi tr ban u N s tr thnh im xut
pht theo ng ngha ca n.
Cu 8: Tnh thc t v kh nng p dng ca n vo thc t?
Ni dung ca n v cc tnh hung thit k u c th p dng vo thc t v bn thn n c
ly t cc cng trnh thc sau khi gin lc bt iu kin a cht phng n nn v mng tr
nn r rng hn m thi. n l mt c hi tp dt thit k trong ngoi yu cu tp hp cc
kin thc lin quan c trong sch v t nhiu mn hc khc nhau l kh nng t chc cng vic,
kh nng trnh by vn v bo v quan im ca mnh. Tt c cc ni dung/yu cu u xut
pht t thc t v cho thc t sau ny.
Cu 9: Khi so snh p [p] v pmax 1.2 [p] kim tra kch thc y mng vi sai s >10% c
c khng? bao nhiu l tha mn.
Kch thc y mng c xc nh/la chn theo nhiu yu cu khc nhau ca cc trng thi gii
hn v hiu qu kinh t. Cc ni dung lin quan n p v pmax ch l mt phn nh; sai s 5 hay
10% ch c tnh cht c nh v bn thn bi ton hiu qu kinh t cn lin quan n nhiu yu t
khc, chng hn kh nng thi cng; kh nng tn dng thi tit...V k thut, sai s cn hn ch
trc ht th hin t tng tit kim ngay t thit k v trong s nhiu yu t nh hng (c th
gi l mt bi ton hm nhiu bin) th vic la chn yu t u tin l khu quan trng nht, cc
yu t khc khng cn m cng khng th qu ngt ngho.
Trong n mn hc, thng nht hn ch di 10% .
Cu 10: Khi tnh ton 2 mng n ca mt cng trnh, ln ca 2 mng lch nhau > 3cm c c
khng?

c hay khng ph thuc chnh vo khong cch gia hai mng v s chnh lch c gy ra
ng sut ph thm cho kt cu hay khng; ng sut l bao nhiu v c nguy him cho cng trnh
hay khng; c lm thay i ct cng trnh ti cc v tr lin quan hay khng v s thay i c nh
hng n s dng cng trnh hay khng...mi l vn cn quan tm. Tm li l ln/chnh lch
ln gy ra hu qu g? c chu ng c khng? c c php nh vy khng? mi l vn .
Cu 11: Vai tr ca ging mng? Khi no th cn c ging mng v cu to c th ca ging mng.
Ging mng l mt kt cu c dng lin kt cc mng/kt cu trn mng li nhm tng cng
cng ca ton h. Ngoi ra ging c th s dng nh dm d phn tng bn trn. Ty thit
k ca K s m cn phi c mng/nn gia cng di ging hoc khng. Ngoi tr trng hp trn
ging c tng bt buc phi tnh ton cn thn, ging mng c th t theo cu to hoc tnh ton
s lm vic ca n trong tng th h kt cu. Ni chung c th la chn kch thc tit din ging
theo nhim v ca n v cc yu cu cu to sau kim tra li nh cc cu kin BTCT bnh
thng khc (chng hn, chiu cao chn theo chiu di nhp; b rng chn theo chiu cao hoc b
rng tng bn trn...)
Cu 12: Em thy trong ti liu Nn mng do Thy vit c s chnh lch gia pxt v [p] l tng i
ln. L do ti sao chp nhn c iu ? iu c tnh n vn kinh t khng?
Trong trng hp ti trng lch tm ln th nn cn c vo pmax tm kim thit k kch thc y
hp l. Lu rng ngay c nh vy (hn ch 5/10%..) cng ch l bc la chn ban u m thi.
Thit k l mt qu trnh gn ng dn c v k thut ln kinh t. Qu trnh ny i hi ngoi kin
thc l thi gian v trch nhim. Phn ln cc v d trong sch mang tnh minh ha cc bc thc
hin mt lung t duy xc lp trc l ch yu, cc khng ch c v k thut, c v kinh t
khng th theo st hon ton: mt phn Thy khng cho n mang nhiu ngha lm; phn khc,
quan trng hn, cc yu cu c th c nu ra trong cc Nhim v thit k thng c thay i
theo thi gian xy dng cng trnh tuyg thuc vo Tiu chun lc / mun ch quan ca Ch u
t/ trnh cng ngh ...
Cu 13: Nu tha mn yu cu kinh t (<10%) nh Thy ni th mng s lm l n cm (v d
1.36m). Nh vy c c khng?
V mt nguyn tc th hon ton c v chng ta ang bn v mng BTCT. Tuy vy, ngi ta khng
lm th. Mt phn, thm bt vi cm khng ng bao nhiu m i khi li gy kh cho thi cng li
bt cp hi; phn quan trng, con s 10% ch l c nh ch quan cho la chn ban u ch
khng phi qui nh ca php lut. Ngoi ra, trong xy dng thng c 10% kinh ph d phng! Lm
rung th ra, lm nh th tn!
Cu 14: Xin Thy cho bit cch chn kch thc mng (b x l) m phi tha mn cc iu kin ptx
[p]; pmax 1.2[p] v {1.2[p] pmax}/pmax 5%. Bn thn em thy rt kh. Thy ch r cch lm
nhanh tha mn cc iu kin trn.
Khng c cch no lm nhanh c v chng ta khng xi mn m n lin! c th tha mn cc
iu kin trn c th dng phng php th l nhanh hn c: u tin tm b tha mn k 1 (xem
th minh ha trang 50 sch Gio trinh); tng t cho cc iu kin sau.
Cu 15: Ti sao khi tnh ln theo tng lp phn t phi chn hi b/4?

Khng ai bt buc nh th c, ch l li khuyn nhm gim bt khi lng cng vic tnh ton m
thi v trc y ton tnh th cng thi. By gi ch vi my bm tay cng khng ngi g khi lng!
Cu 16: Trong mng nng phi t thp Fmin = ? v khong cch amin = ?
Xem yu cu cu to mng, trang 43 Gio trnh. Thng chn Fmin = 10; amin= 250/300
Cu 17: Nguyn l tnh ton ging mng? C th tnh theo s khng gian c khng?
Xem Cu 11 trn. Ni r thm tnh ton ging hon ton c thc hin theo thit k ca K
s. C th khai bo ging nh l mt cu kin bnh thng trong h kt cu tng th ca cng trnh
phn tch.
Cu 18: Em t mng su 0.4m trn nn ct nh (dy 2m), bn di l t yu (bn st). Vic
lm ny c hp l khng? Trng hp no khng c?
Vic ny ch hp l khi ti trng cng trnh b khng gy ra mt n nh cho lp t yu. C th
coi y l trng hp ring ca thit k m ct trong chiu dy m b hn ch.
su t mng 0.4m ni chung l tng i b do phi cn c vo ct 0.00 trong thit k kin
trc, ct nn xung quanh cng trnh mi quyt nh c 0.4m hay nh hn na c chp nhn c
khng.
Cu 19: Khi no s dng ti trng tnh ton v ti trng tiu chun trong tnh ton mng nng?
Trong phn tch thit k nn mng ni chung, ch c gi tr tnh ton (nu ta mun gi nh vy) ca
ti trng c s dng cho tnh ton vi mi trng thi. Nn s dng thut ng Ti trng danh
ngha thay cho Ti trng tiu chun . Gi tr tnh ton ca ti trng c xc nh t gi tr danh
ngha sao cho m bo an ton cho cng trnh bng cch tc dng vo gi tr dnah ngha yu t
an ton m ta thng gi l h s vt ti. Lu , ngay c khi h s bng 1 th ngha ca hai gi tr
vn phi c hiu khc nhau (c li cc trang 25 28 ca Gio trnh).
Cu 20: Thit k mng cc th iu kin kinh t nh th no?
Ci gi l iu kin tit kim y c rt rt nhiu yu t tc ng vo. Ni ring v vic la chn
kch thc cc (Lc, Dc) c th tm nu mt tiu ch l khi lng b tng cc/1 tn ti trng hoc
ngc li ti trng (tn)/1 m3 b tng cc so snh.
Cu 21: Ti sao [P]vl> [P]n? Chn [P]vl tng ng [P]n c khng?
t nn l th tri cho, vt liu l th ta lm ra do nn u tin khai thc ht nhng g tri cho
trc. Chn tng ng l tt nht hiu theo ngha kinh t gin n tuy vy iu ny t khi t
c.
Cu 22: Ging mng t chn ct v y mng khc nhau nh th no?
t u cng c, ty thch ca K s thit k l chnh. Tuy vy, v phng din kt cu, t
y mng lm cho nhp ging ngn li, cng cao hn nu c cng tit din. Nu su t mng

ln,vic t ct 0.0 s lm tng cng chng un ca ct, c li co ct hn. c bit khi c

gim lch tm cho mng th nn t 0.00.
Cu 23: Khi di mng nng c pmin < 0 th tnh ct thp nh th no?
Cn phi tnh li s phn b phn lc t ln y mng vi quan nim phn p < 0 ly p = 0 do t
khng c kh nng chu ko. Vi phn lc mi, vic tnh m men un bn mng nh thng thng.
Cu 24: Nn t trong n ca em khng c th nghim nn e p, em tnh ln theo cng thc l
thuyt n hi th c cn tnh v v biu ng sut tnh chiu su nh hng khng? Em ly
chiu su nh hng Hn = (2 3)b c c khng? c cn k n nh hng cutra mng gn nhau
khng?
Nn xy dng cc biu xc nh chiu dy chu nn mt cch tin cy hn. Lu khi p
dng Hn = (2 3)b th b hoc l b rng mng hoc l b rng nh/cng trnh ty theo khong cch
gia cc mng.
Cu 25: Vic cu to v tnh ton cho 2 mng n st nhau khe ln nh th no?
Hin nhin l phi cu to 2 mng lch v hai pha. y mng lch tm v hnh thc ch cha
chc lch tm v truyn ti do nh hng ca thnh phn m men chn ct t ti trng cng
trnh thng lm gim lch tm ca tng ti trng.
Cu 26: S khc nhau c bn gia mng bng di ct v mng bng di tng?
Ti trng ln mng bng di tng ch yu do tng gy ra do n xut hin trn mng khi c
thc hin lm cho cng chung ca h mng tng tng i ln, mng c coi l mng cng;
mng bng di ct chu ti trng tp trung chn ct l ch yu; ti trng ny xut hin khi
cng ca mng khng thay i v tng i b (do chiu di mng ln) nn phi coi l mng c
cng hu hn (mng mm). S lm vic ca hai loi mng ny khc hn nhau.
Cu 27: Ti trng khong bao nhiu th s dng cc khoan nhi? n ca em c ti trng chn ct
N = 500T, su 26m mi c lp si sn, cc lp trn u xu, em dng cc khoan nhi c c
khng?
Ti trng no cng c th lm cc nhi cng nh ti trng no cung c th dng cc c sn. Tuy
vy, do bn cht ca cc nhi l kh/khng th kim sot cht lng nn chi dng n khi khng cn
cch no khc, chng hn ti trng qu ln khng th c ch b tr cc c sn. Vi ti trng
500T hon ton khng cn thit phi dng cc nhi. Mt mt. y cha phi l gi tr qu ln; mt
khc n khng hn ch mt bng. Ngoi ra, c th m bo c cht lng cc nhi, nn
chn kch thc khng di 800 v do la chn 2 cc nhi tr nn qu t .
Cu 28: Lm r hn v gii php gia c cc ct cho mng bng di tng!
Cc ct c dng trong gia c nn trc ht l nn cht t. Biu hin ca n l h s rng ban
u ca t gim lm cho t c cht hn, ln ca nn khi chu ti trng cng trnh s gim
xung. Ngoi ra, s c mt ca ct trong t yu lm tng gc ma st chung ca t lm cho cng
ca t nn cng c ci thin. Mt s tin ch khc xy ra trong t thng c tc dng tt,
chng hn tng tc c kt.

Thit k cc ct ch yu da vo hiu qu gim h s rng, cc ct cho mng bng cng khng

ngoi l. Do trc ht phi m bo lm gim h s rng nh mong mun bng cch b tr cch
u cc cc. Ni chung khng nn b tr di 3 hng v trc dc mng trng vi trc dc ca mt
bng cc.
Cu 29: Th no l nn ng nht? khi no th xem nn l ng nht?
Nn ni chung khng ng nht, ngay c khi ch c mt loi t v thng ch c th tng i ng
nht v bn cht vt l cn tnh cht c hc lun thay i theo su do nh hng ca ng sut
ban u. Trng hp trong phm vi nh hng ca cng trnh (chng hn trong phm vi chu ln)
nn ch c mt loi t v s thay i tnh cht c hc l khng ng k th c th xem nn l ng
nht. Trong trng hp ny ta gi l ng nht theo ngha k thut. Hai bi ton c bn lin quan
n s lm vic ca nn di cng trnh l bin dng v cng do cng c hai khi nim
ng nht lin quan n chng. Nu c hai u c th xem l ng nht th ta c nn dng
nht.Ngc li ta ni nn ng nht v bin dng/v cng .
Cu 30: Trong lm nh c th ging di ri mi xy bng gch hoc c khng?
C th c v thng gp khi ging t cao trnh y mng. Mt loi cu to khc cng c gi
l ging thng t ct 0.00 c nhim v chng thm ln tng th ng nhin phi t sau.
Cu 31: Kim tra chc thng mng vi gc 450 ly c s u? sao khng ly nh hn hay ln
hn?
Gc 45 l gc xut hin ng sut ko ln nht (ng sut ko chnh) trong cu kin chu p mt
cc b (xem Sc bn vt liu) do l ni nguy him nht i vi cc loi vt liu c kh nng chu
nn tt hn chu ko rt nhiu nh b tng. m bo kh nng an ton di tc dng ca ng sut
ko ln nht cng c ngha l m bo c an ton ca mng do tnh ton phi thc hin trn
tit din . Nu khng th m bo c ch nh vo b tng ngi ta phi b tr thm thp xin
chu ko vung gc vi tit din .
Cu 32: Lp t lp dy 1.6m th t y i su 1.6m c chu c ti trng ngang hay
khng?
t lp l thut ng dng ch loi t c ngun gc nhn to khng theo mt qui tc no khi xut
hin do tnh cht rt bt thng, tin cy khi s dng km. Tuy vy khng c ngha l loi t
yu, ch n gin l ta kh c c thng tin v n m thi. Ngoi ra, ngay c t yu cng c th
tip nhn c phn no ti trng nn khng c l g t lp khng tip nhn c ti trng. m
bo kt qu phn tch c th tin cy c, trong trng hp ny ta nn s dng t mi lp mng
vi cc ch tiu c l c la chn mt cch thch hp l c.
Cu 33: Trong thit k cc nhi, ng vch h n su bao nhiu? Dung dch st c tc dng g?
c lm gim ma st gia cc v t khng?
C hai loi ng vch khc nhau v chiu di: sut chiu di cc hoc ch mt on trn. Trng hp
ch s dng ng vch cho on trn vi chiu di hn ch th phi cn c vo iu kin t nn m
la chn sao cho khi thi cng s hot ng ca thit b khng gy ra st l thnh h o, khng tn
tht dung dch khoan lm nh hng n cht lng cc. Chiu di thng p dng theo kinh

nghim thi cng ti tng khu vc c th, chng hn, khu vc H ni, chiu di 5 7 m c la
chn.
Dung dch khoan ni chung c tc dng to p lc ngc t h khoan ln thnh gy ra dng thm
dung dch vo t, hn ch t trn thnh l vo h. Do dung dch c nht cao, dng thm dung
dch vo t li trn thnh mt mng mng c tc dng tng cng s n nh tm thi ca t
trn thnh do to c hi nng cao cht lng cc.
Lp mng li trn thnh h t nh hng n ma st ca cc vi t xung quanh: mt mt, khi b
tng dng ln,ma st gia b tng vi thnh h rt ln s c bc g lp mng ny ra, trn ln vi
phn b tng xu trn cng; mt khc trong qu trnh tn ti, s thay i p lc nc l rng trong
t s c phn t ny tr li bnh thng. Ni chung dy ca lp ny rt nh, khng nh
hng ng k n ma st t cc, s gim, nu c, khng ng c xt n mt cch chi tit
trong tnh ton (v c vo h s trit gim theo phng php thi cng)
Cu 34: Em thy mng c nhiu loi, mi loi c cch tnh ring liu c phn mm no cho tng loi
mng khng?
Tnh ton mng thng rt n gin do khng cn phi c phn mm ring, cc K s thng
da vo Excel lp cc bng tnh cho mnh. Ring phn tch mng mm (mng bng, mng b)
c th s dng cc phn mm kt cu thng dng hin nay cng c. Trong s cc phn mm c
th dng phn tch mng, SAFE l mt phn mm d s dng. B mn, c nhiu sinh vin
tin hc thc hin cc phn mm theo yu cu nhng phn ln ch dng li v khng c trin
vng thng mi.
Cu 35: Trong mng cc hqu l on no? t mt t n y di hay n mi cc?
hqu c tnh t mt t n mi cc.