Zative Questions i Tag Questions I fof Geographic Mobility 1] Grammar in the Real World @ {A Fieve you moved very often in your if? Iso, why dd you move? Read the intrvew bout geographic mobility What re some ofthe reasons why people mow? iim otnotmtcce eure Interviewer Today we're speaking with two specialists in geographic mobility. ‘They will discuss some reasons vahy people move from ane place to ‘anather, Professor O'Nell str Carlaw Unversity inthe United States, ‘and Professor Tabenkin is from Zala Univesity in Russia. Le’ start with Professor O'Neil. Professor, you have » been interested in geogrephic mobility or a lng time, havent you? i Well, yes. When | was a boy, my bestfriend moved vey, nd that affected me deeply. As | grew older, | saw more people rove away | roticed that the population decrease affected local businesses, AS | s result, | go interested inthe ehoices pope make about moving. | Interviewer People are vary mabile and are mavng alt. But mest prope aren't moving long distances, ae thay? Int tat curious? (O'Neil Yes. That's interesting In fact, ve been studying the connection between moving and distance cently. Every year, about 11.6 percent » of people inthe United States move, and ofthese, about 14.8 percent move toa diferent state Interviewer Doesn't that suprise you? COrNell No, nt relly. Often, people who change jobs have to meve long distances, On the other hand, people looking for bettorhausing usally * stay near their orginal home. And people who relocate! for family reasons may move fr away or stay nearby. > , > , , 7 ; ' , , > ’ , , , > > . . . > , . , . , > . . .Notatve Question and tg Questions So, | guess it depends onthe situation, dosnt ke That’ ight. Its more com; Professor Tabenkin, people in Russia have the sar og cetanentent, yes I's harder to find housing in Rusia, so people {end to move les frequently Infact, the mobilyrate im Rosie oo than 2 percent. In my research, | found that youre peop & ofton doce not fo move because avalable, affordable housing would take rc further fom family. me iss.es, dont they? Interviewer OK. But dant people sometimes ha economic reasons? Tebenkin Yes, that's tue. Personal, | had o move a vey long distance ton years age Decause there were no jabs nearby, However, my experience dency t seam tobe the norm. Incerviewar Mobility isn't as « this issue, veto mave long distances for {0 explain, is Thank you both for your thoughts on B Comprehension Check Answer the questions 1. What are some reasons why people move lng datances? 2. Wht are some reasons ly people stay nearby when they move? & Why ithe moby rate in Russia ower than inthe Uneedoge C Notice Find te sentences inthe seit, and complete them, 1 Profesor you have been intrested in geographic maby fo long tine, — your 2 Mobility isnt cay to explain, —_ Look the verbs you wrote an use of nae? nd the verbs in bold. What do you notice about the Geogaphic Mobitty 191Pe A ar ee i ) 2 Negative Questions > Grammar Presentation Negative questonsare similar to es/NO. uae you moved recent stone n tht hey begin wth an a mace eeto a retire many eons wy people more? 2.1. Forming Negative Questions - ‘a. Negative questions usually begin witha Dn'tyeulive round hee? contraction ‘Cant you help memove? Wasn't he ving n Chicago? ‘b. Thefulform of notin negative questions is Were they mot ving in Chicago? very formal. The word not comes between Hoveyounat moved recent? ‘the subject and the maln verb. «. With a contraction use aeinsteadofam —_Aren‘tIcorect? ‘ith Use am when youuse theful form. ‘Am not correct? 2.2 Using Negative Questions - 'a. Use negative questions when you thnkthe Dont peopl often move when they change,ob Information istrueand you expect people (My experience tellsme peopl often move when toagre, ‘they change Jobs) lati unusual for people to rmve in fussia? | (Ive read that es unusual tomovein Fuss b.Use negative questions to show surprise or “Tom hes changed hismajr English” belie, ‘Realy lsn'the tll planning to work ata bank?” «Use negative questions to show annoyance Did you say you would callin? (tm angry that ranger you didnt call me) ‘Should ob haveinished that report by now? (tm annoyed because Bob hase ished the report) | ‘Answering Negative Questions | fespond toa negative quesionhstasyou—“Dortyouwantiomae? (Bayouwantto | would sregulrYes/Noqueston Typical, move? | Tweansner negativequestonsvihyes oro "Yes [do lite to ve somewhere ee? | anda explanation “Noda realy motto sty hee” | 192 unt 14 Negative Questions and Tg QuestionsNegotive Questions end Tag Questions > Grammar Application Exercise 2.1 Negative Questions ‘Afamil is packing for «hig move. Complete the negative question withthe correct. form of the words in parentheses, (1 to) you tobe cz with that amy? —— (you have ben listening) to what Ive been saying? (you can stop) texting and help me? (ou sould have bough) bigger boxe? nes (Lam) correct that you promised thei? (vou were going to tae th aby to te neighbors? Exercise 2.2 More Negative Questions Read the sentences about moving and migration. Then wrt negative question with ‘he information in parentheses Use contractions wien posable 1, Alot of people ft ela inthe 1808, Didnt. lat of people leave because of a famine? 2. Hope ofemployment brings alot ofimmigrants torch enonines ‘8. Some people move great distances, inal aa ‘Some corporation requie thes employee to move to another comty 5 People are able to move around more rely because of lobalinatinn Geographic Mobiity 193te 6 ee Exercise 2.3 Responding to Negative Questions Pair Work feud he chart on migration nthe United States Study it fr 90 seconds “Ten covert What etal can you remerber? Ak you partner negative quertsons “Then switch ole and newer your partners nepatve questions. Haver percent men moved? 8 Yes tharsnghe 1 And ave S0pecentofeolegegroduoes moved? 6 Actua na Seventy-seven perce fcallege graductes hae moved A ——Eere— People Who Move: Percentages of people who have moved atleast once in thelr Metimes %otPeople Who sof People Who Have Moved Have Never Moved Total 3 37 By Gender Men « 40 ‘Women 6 35 By Education| College graduates 7 a High choo! graduates 56 4“ sngennceresai00ebreresahe saypaones ame 3 Tag Questions > Grammar Presentation Use tag questions to confirm information or Yu/re profesor arent you? ak for agreement. Hehast been studying, has he? 3.1 Forming Tag Questions ss ‘a. Theverbinateg question san auxiliary Yourparentshavenevermoved have they? verb a modal or form f be. Shegotthejob didnt se? Youcari stay canyou? nt 24 Negatve Quostions and Ta QuestionsNegative Questions and Tag Questions 31 Forming Tag Questions continued b.Thepronoun inatag question agrees with Thestudents willbe on time went they? the subject Your sister Wes close by, doeznhe? Use tathen the subject isthotor something. Thats amazing information isnt it? Use they when the subjects someone or Someone recorded the Interven dis they? everyone. Everyone respects the professor n't they? Usean affimative tag with a negative eave suet sreenaroe statement. They dantivein chicago, dathey? Youtenothom Russ, ereyou? sea negative tag with an afimative ssseunrne stein came tac stement Geographyisitzresing, ntit?. Hersitermoved oChicoga, didn’t she? 3.2 Answering Tag Questions 2. negative tags,we expect thelstener to "They moved ram Mam to Chkago did they” answer yes, butitis possible to answerno. "Yes. they gotabsnilines"(Thats igh, they moved) “Aetualy, na (That's not ight. They cit move) be. Inaffimativetags,we expectthelistener to “They dt move am tami t Chicago, did answer ne butitisporsiblete answeryes. they “Wo, they decided to stay” (Yee right, they ld move “Yes they had to move forwesk" (Actually, they id move) You cannot answer Yes... not “They a move fem Mlamits Clcage did they?” "Yes, they did” (No they did't" sor Yenthey did”eee See ES SSE EEE > Grammar Application Exercise 3.1 Tag Questions ‘Match the statements and tags about fiend who is moving 1 Biles and her family aremoving overseas. d_ a dathey? 2. You knew about thelrmove, did yout 2. Breas company is relocating to London, —_ areityou? 4 Ericals husband wort get anew job, acest? 5: thoy dott havea plac olive yet,_—_ & dont 6 Bricawillget an international diving permit, fit? ‘7. Thavealet of information abouttheirmove,_—_g,wilhe? You giving them a going-away party, 1, wont she? Exercise 3.2 Tags Complete the questions about the stresses of moving. Fist undettnethesubject and ‘izle the auslary verb in each sentence. Then wit the correct ag, 1. Moving be ses as wellasexpensve, cant i? 2 People can sometimes deiet movingcost fom theirincome taxes, 8. ‘Things have sometimes disappeared from a moving truck, 4. Your frends will give you boxes, ’ 5. Bveryone should read reviews ofa moving company before hiing one, 6. Martahas been disorganized since the move, ” 7. Vink and Ahn werent movingtoday, 4 Itsboen astresfltimefor you, ? Exercise 3.3 Statements in Tag Questions Complete the questions about people who are moving. Use the word ‘withthe corec verb forms 1. —___Many setinng te Florida _______ tats parentheses 2 — asthe a dat het 4 rt tet 196 unt £4 Negative Quostins and Tag Questions et meExercise 3.4 Answering Tag Questions ‘Complete the conversations withthe expected answers Conversation 1 (0 Tminterviewing for job in Now York You grew up ther dd yout uses did What do you wane to kno? Paolo Wel.m wore sbout housing Apartment art ‘Cheap there are they? Bis ais ______ tayo hart a Comersstion2 Phoebe Youve read the aril on migration patter fr cls today haves you Alex — eva interesting, Phoebe Qh, goo. You dort have ime to tell m about t before class, doyou? Alex But you can borew my copy ofthe arti, Conversation 3 A lout Theard the companys movingto Dallas, Texas, Some of us will have to mor, jun ___.1now exactly who next week Clouca You have fay thee so you wont mind moving, wil ou? Jun . My faily’excited, Conversation 4| Fen ‘There arealotofnew fails moving into the nelghbarhood, rst there? in Tmglad to see new faces, ————— Fen Ws nice to sea lotof young children around against it? Bin Ws wonder Coographle Moby 197eee ee OS SSS ESTE EEE E REE ERLE Exercise 3.5 » Pronunciation Focus: intonation and Meaning in Tag Questions 4 Use ising intonation Inthe tag when you are “Moving was iil war n>* not certain your statements tue, “Yes twas!” ‘There won't bea quiztomorou, wil there? ‘No therewont” os Usefaling intonation when you expectthe “His research sell boring nit lsenerto agree with you, ests =~ “You n't go toca, ad your™ ‘No Idd” AL) Listen and epeat the questions in the chart above B © Listen tothe conversations about a student moving far away to attend college, Draw theintonation pater above th tag Then wie Ui the speaker is uncertain of ‘he information or Ei the speakers expecting agreement. Comertion 1 Yue not stl inking shut going to cologein Femnyvani, BFP _L- 2 butch mepeyu want et? Comeraton2 8 Youre tinking nga clef fos hm et 4 Duque Unies Pisbuh at Comeration3 a xed abut moving Penna calgary? 6. Yat wore aout moving fr eos hme you Cameron 7 Your ea woe about mig fa ohm thet 8 bu yo andor wi OK abou bm morgen do yea? € Pair Work Find out information about your partner by esingtag questions, Use both intonation patterns, Use sing intonation when you are uncertain end ling Intonation wien you expoct agreement A Yue from Eayt aren you? 8 Yes fam. You'e studying culnary as arent you? A Actually na. My majors geography, 198 Uni 14 Negative Questions and Tg QuesvonsNegative Questions and Tag Questions 4 avoid Common Mistakes A\ 1, negative questions, use the auxiliary verb + not “Shen ctiyou? 2. Answer negative questions the same way as regular Yes/No questions “Arent you coming with us?™ Ng tin ot Yes tam, “¥es"mnotcoming) —'“Ne!'m coming) 3: In tag questions remember to usean auxiliary verb +a pronoun inthe tag, ‘The esearch was old no?" 4 In the tag, use-an auxiliary verb that agrees wit the main vers + the conect pronoun for the subject. ‘at thay ‘Theyre sl ving in theirhometown ee Editing Task Find and corect st more mistakesin the conversation sbout economic maby, 4 Tat article on economic mobility in Ameria was really intresting 2 Teeure was, Some ofthe facts were surprising en 71 was especially suprised that thee is ‘more economic mobility in countries lke France and Gerrnany. 4 Tas on. Thought therm was more ably her By the way dot you havea cas ight now? ® Yes, Tin finshed for tnday. 1m free forthe evening 4 But youre working tonight no? 2 No,tquitmy jo, A Really? Why? You nolike i? 8 The job was fine he trath ism moving to Florida with my fly tthe endof the semester, oT really bay. A Youre kidding Why Your fay no like thee? 6 They lie there, bu there arent many good job. Wee moving where the jobs are. 4 But you ony ave one semester ef siti? ith thom, ® That ight but have to go Geographic Mobility 199eee eee eee eee eee eee SESE SEES SES 5 Grammar for writing Using Negative Questions and Tag Questions in Blogs ‘students are often asked to port comments on online message boards about topics they clscussed in lass. Negative questions antag questions ae usefl to confim understanding ‘or check information. Read this example blo: More journalists shouldbe wring about the impacto the new migration ks ‘Miguel reita lot of eporter: already writing about immigration? ve seen alot of lrtiles about that. id our teacher 2ay thet there hasbeen alot ofnews on tissue? ‘Miguel Yes Theres, Ithink youre right However, there haven't been manyartceson the impacto these new lw on reople's ives have there? Note that negative questions and tag questions are not used in academicwtng Pro-wrlting Task 11 Agroup of students is working on a clas project. Read the ents fom tr online message board What are boomerang ids? What are some reasons students move back home? ACL AMAAiNiaNinn i aidanaiiaabiatesiaas. Thread: Moving Back Home Project Damien: So, wove al agreed to focus the projet on students moving back in with thoi pent aftr cologe, havent we? Th textbook sata thee are ‘more of hess "boomerang Kids" than before, Jo sald shethought twas ‘Decasse of th be job markt. | agro that sone reason, but snout {hare be ther reasces, too? tink young people might be closer to thelr pants than thay used tobe, Wouldn't you guys agree? Moving Back Homo Project, Feb 8, 9:20 “Jo: Lagre that many youn pope seem coset he ares, but don know i hat razor to move back hore wi them. Gabriel ou sai that you ‘nk amily goneray mare mperant o people tase dar, cnt you? Moving Back Home Project, Feb 9, 7:45 ‘Gabro Ye, i. ty to find soma atcias, Don you thik thatthe economy has someting to do witht? Young poopie fee insecure cbout thefts We could wrt about positive snd negative reasons why Young people Ive ® tthome ater colge, could ws? What do you thin? 200 Unit 14 Nogatve Questions and Teg Questions rr | |Negative Questions and Tag Questions 2 “ead the online messageboard again Circe the tags in tag questions. Hw a they ‘used? Undertne the negative questions How ae they sed? Writing Task 1 Write Use the online message board entry in the Pre-wrting Task to help you write ‘comments foran online message board. Youtcan wite about one ofthese opes or ase your own ideas + geographic mobility + asues that people have when they move away rom family and ends 2 Self-Edit Use the eatingtipsto improve your online messageboard comments ‘Make any necessary changes 1, Did you use negative questions? Whats the purpose ofeach of your negative questions? 2. Did you use ag questions? What isthe purpose of each of your ag questions? & Did you avo the mistakes inthe Avoid Common Mistakes cert om page 199?| eee eee UT Ue eee eee SEES aS JN Wh- Words and if/ Whether inventions They Said Would Never Work mids oy 1 Grammar in the Real World @ A Haye you ever thought finventing someting? Is, what was it? Rea the arte abou venars What obtaces di aon andthe Wright others ace? ‘Throughout history, new ideas have often faced skepticism from society. Skepticism, however, has never stopped the creation of new Inventions. Thee important American inventors, + Thomas Edison and Orville and Wilbur Wright, faced strong public doubt, but they persevered? and the results were the Invention of the electric Tigh bulb and the airplane While Edison may now be considered a brillant inventor in his istime tee faced much eritism. Most Inventors in is day would not announce an invention until they had a model Edson, However, stated that he had invented the lightbulb, but he had no actual evidence for it. Thus, scientists doubted what he said, Also, most inventors had 2 schedule for their proleas, but Eason did not. No one knew exactly when he would complete it. Moreover, ‘sis experiments fled repeatedly, ad this added tothe skepticism, However, In 1882, Edson succeeded in lighting up an entire New York neighborhood, and the world rally understood what he had accomplished. Many inventors inthe early 1900s wondered whether it was possible to fly. The Wright brothers proved what others doubted by inventing the ov fist aleplane, However, they faced many obstaces along the way. First, most Inventors were highly educated, but the Wright brothers had litle femal education. Second, the success of inventors often depended on whether they hhad financial support. The Wright brothers had none. Finally, most inventors str iy nro bl pm inNoun Clauses with Wh: Words and I/ Wh publicized their research, but the Wright brothers didnot. Noone knew ‘» exactly what they were doing, Consequerty, the public didnot believe that the Wright brothers would succeed. Wilbur himself was nt sure what would happen. He could not predict If thelr airplane would fly or not. ‘Then, In 1903, the Wright brothers lew their airplane for 12 seconds in ky Haw, North Carolina. No one coulé believe what they were seeing, > Five years later in France, they New another plane higher and longer. Inventors almost always face public disbelief. Some people have trouble believing that new ideas are possible, but they certainly are, Noone can be sure about what the future holds. SS SE B Comprehension Check Answer the questions. 1. Why di poople doubt Thomas Edison? 2 How dd Edison convince the word this accomplishment? 5 What were the obstacls the Wright brothers face? C Notice Find thesentenoes in the article nd complete thems. 1. Nooneknew exactly 2, Second, the sucess ofinventoes often depended on 8. He could not prot Lookat the sentences agin. Answer the questions. 1 Insentence 1, what typeof question is the missing clause similar ta? ‘ansnformadon question b.a Y/N question 2 Insentences 2. and 3, what type of question i the missing clause similar to? ‘aninformation question b,2 Yes/No question What they wanted wos fnancilssppor. Noun clauses with wh- wards can act Thelventor understood how we sould build the as subjects direct objector objects ‘machine. of prepositions, ‘eamed about hew many inventions are made every year. Invontions They Said Would Never Work 217FSS SSS HSS SSS SSSSSSSSSsesesesssesssesssssevssessessssesers 12.1 Forming Noun Clauses with Wh- Wor ‘a. Noun causes with wh words use ‘Statement word order (subject + verb. bwhen noun causes with wh- words who, what and whlch acta subjects, they take singular ver, Us ‘2 Noun clauses with wh- words often _appeat after the following verbs: “Thoughts and opinions: conser know, remember Leaming and perception: gure ou, find ‘out see understand, wonder Emotionscar, doubt he, love Noun clauses wth wh- word often follow verbs + prepostons including tare about, decde on, frdout about, forget about, know about, eam about, tread about, and see about 23 ‘Noun clauses with wh- words can often bpereduced to wh- word + infinitive Common infinitives usd this way include foaskro conader co dele, 0 Rgure lou), fofind out to forget, know, tear, toremember to say,f0se,t0 show. t0 Lindsetand, and to wonder. > Grammar Application 19 Noun Clauses with Wh- Words juced Noun Clauses with Infinitives ve justreoized what he did! dont know when Edison invented the ight bu, What happened next is going suprise you. | dorftrememberho invented the arpane Uenedto figure utwhy ourlavetion led ‘our professor cares howwe de our work Weshould forget about which inventions succeeded ond which didn't. read about where Edson grew up. Were ot sure who wham te ask fr information = Were not sure who whom we should ask for Information |don'tknow what say about your invention don't know what lean say about your invention. Exercise 2.1 Noun Clauses with Wh- Words ‘A. Listen tothe conversation among a group of sudentsdolng Interne research on event inventions ad inventors Complete the sentences wth the noun dass you heat Peter OK, le start with Rand Atschal Lamy | dort know tho Randi Altschul is. 248. Unit 45 Noun Clases wth W- Words nd I WhetherNoun Causes with Wh: Words ane i/ Wether Nether do dort noe get Veni ata ahetnne we dagnalg cellphone Tm impress wonder {on know oti sys here her cl phone wast working nds i ova ava. Ueteandont seer she got pte fot in 19. toot twas Frida wonder says berethat twas ont? inches by Sines kindof ke cre crd. tomy Yonder Peter Itwas made of recycled paper. > BB Pair Work With partes ak bout what you know or dont know sbout other inventions. Use the verbs in with wh- noun clauses, {fou when the smartphone was ivete. it wasin 2007. emember whet company firs made but don't know wholnvented it Exercise 2.2 Reduced Noun Clauses with Wh- Words + infinitives Some college sudnts ae talking toa busines adviser about thee new produc Rewrite the Sentences with wh- words + infinties, 1. We dort know where we should str. We dont know where to start 2 Amy wonders where she could ind a god patent layer "ventions They Said Woukd Never Work 219,; > Grammar Presentation Noun clauses can begin with for whether ‘These noun clauses ae silat n some. waysto Yes/No questions, but the flow Statement (subject + verb] word order. 3.1. Fon ‘a. Use statement word orde (subject + ver) fornoun clauses with f/wheter You can ue the words ornaratthe end of both fand whether couse, roti «You can use f/whether to introduce two options. ‘a. You can use noun clauses with /whether after the following ves “Thoughts and opinions: decide, know, remember Emotions: care, doubt, matter mind Bee ee ee ee ee TEES 220 Unit 48 Noun 6, Iwonder what we should charge fr our product 3 Noun Clauses with If/ Whether Ornot can immediately follow whether but 3.2 Using Noun Clauses with If/Whether Leatning and perception: gue ou, find out os wth Wh Words nd 1 Whether 5. figure out who we can contact for financial advice. Fmnotsueif the Wright others invented ‘he airplane, He doesn knaw whether weil get money for urexperiment. jing Noun Clauses with If/Whether ‘dont knaw if the publi wil accept our idea, don't koow whether Edison relly invented the Tighe bub ‘The slots dn know if whether you would understand her inventionor not, | ‘The cies dn know whether or not you would understand hr invention tne The renin ene you ws Understand hernvention. We on’ know whether the new phone or the ‘new tablet wll come outfit. ‘haven't decided fm going to write areport ‘bout the Wright brothers | He confined out if aon st tried the light bulb In New York ‘They doubted whether anyone would steal helt idea | |Noun Clases with Wh: Words and If/ Whether 3.2 Using Noun Clauses with f/Whetherconinand) 'b- You can also use naun clauses with whether You should forget about whether your makea ater verbs + prepositions, including care fot of money with hat invention about decide on find out about forget no You should forget about yer moheolotot about, know about andread about monepiththatimeton. ‘You cannot use iatter prepositions Youcan se an infinitive with whether. He ct row whether to shar hs dscovery You cannot use an infitve with (= Hedldi‘tknow whether should share hs discovery) or Held know Ho shavehisconene Cu acne ‘Noun clauses with fare much more frequent than noun clauses with whether Whether ismore frequent in writing than n speaking, > Grammar Application Exercise -1 Forming Noun Clauses with if/ Whether Combine the sentences Use noun clause with for whether. Sometimes more than ‘one answers possible, 1. Scientists have not decided somethin. Is ime travel possible? ~Acientits have not decided whether time travel is possible 2 Many people dont know something, Do some robots think like humana? ‘3. Many people dont know this, Can we invent a nonpoliting uel? 4, Wear remember this Has anyone invented a self-cleaning house? 5. Many people dont know about this Are hybrid cars good forthe environment” 6 Solentists have figured this out Are there other planets humans an ive on? Inventions They Said Would Never Work 221Exercise ‘A bead th nestor’ i of questions bout her invenon Rewrite the questions at sentences Use non aes with for whete Using Clauses wi ‘Notes on My Invention - Key Questions 1. Can really invent a solar-powered car? I doo know if| can really invent o solar 2, Wit take along time to invent t? 3. Am smart enough todo itby myself? 4, Do people relly want solar-powered cars? 5, Willa solar-powered car work on cloudy days? 6. Ismy car going tobe to expensive? B read more qustions fom the nentorin A Rew the questions a setences Use wht or not it an iii 1 Should I get some help? can't decide whether or not to get some help 2, Should take outa loan fom the bank? 3. Should | patent my idea frst? 4, Should | 88a lawyer?Noun Clauses with Wh. Words an If/ Whether 4 Noun Clauses in Direct and Indirect Questions > Grammar Presentation Wh: noun douses and noun causeswith ir Gp Yousrowuman New York got lectrilty? endwteiercanbeusedindrectandindrecr (Arcsauston| ® hectic. Gndrect queston) irect Questions 1 Forming Dire ‘Direct questions with noun auseshave Do you know who invented thelrstcaleulator? question word order and end with 2 ‘Areyoutryngtofnd cut if Edson was born in {question mark this country? Common phrases include: ‘Cananyone el me if Edison wasbornin Doyou know...?Canyoutellme..? Scotland? Would you know ...? bIndirect questions with noun cluseshave hove been wondering whata patent statement word order and end wth petiod. My group realy needs to find ov the Wright Common phrases include: brothers had financial support for thelr want rfid out... Fike to krow. Invention Idon'tknow hy. {keto know If people need toget patents for thelrinventons. Inventions They Sais Would Never Work 223,e . ° . . . ° . > >» » > q » > > ’ ) y , ; > Grammar Application Exercise 4.1 Direct and Indirect Questions Complete the interview with artist and inventor Crispiano Columna. Rewrite the questions in parenthses as noun clauses in diet and indirect questions Sametimes ‘ore than ne answer i posable Online Ym wondering ifyou are both an artist and an inventor ‘eps stann Grspiano Columoa Yes, Ym both AriOnline keto know — ~ ia para rspiano Columna | make sculptures that you can wear at gloves, ‘ArtOnline | was wondering = Crspiano Columna Yes, 'm weering a pai ight now. ‘ArtOnline Fminteested in knowing Lie TT ispiano Columna Not yt. im still tying to get funding to manufactures ny gloves, ArrOnling Can you tellus spiano Columna | was born in San Peco Sula, Honduras AriOnline Lwas wondering eae aT Creplane Columra No. Infact | sudlod teins AriOntine I ike to know Trane TaaT — isplane Columna | taught myselt.leamed abou color and craving from boo ‘ArtOnline Please tell us . ‘isplano Columna es an electric car that you never have to stop and recharge ‘ArtOnline Please lt us know oan —_ isplano Column Wuses solar power. The solar power charges the batteries AriOnline Pike to know a ispiano Cotumna inverted a toy arlene for my ephan’ofe yas a teenager, 224 it 26 Noun Clauses wih Wh. Words and 1/ Whether ksNoun ctauses with wh: Words and if/ Whether Exercise 4.2 More indirect Questions [A Look.t the pictures ofinentions Write one ndiect question about each pictare Use the fllowing phrases: Iwonder/imvwondering.., Tike toknow... im intrested in knoving, ‘Thehalr protector —Thefood ooler Thebans monde bonnie ea pe 1 es 2 -_ 2 a B Pair Work tue sing our queso 5 avoid Common Mistakes A\ ee 1. Ramer tha lows sateen word ore Noone knows what wil the nex ret iventon be, 2 Becartultospetlwhetercoecty, ether ‘The success ofthe invention depended on wether people would buy it 3. Donot confuse whether and ether The newest electronic devices will aways tempt us efter we ike them or not Inventions They Sald Weuld Never Work 225Editing Task Find and correct the mistake inthe paragraphs about the importance ofthe Internet : ‘indally ite, ‘Many inventions make le more convenient but the Internets the mot essen lone ty. The Internet ia part of daily ie. Although some people wory about hoe thi facts harmful or not. many agree that they donot kxow what they doifthey could aot go online would ot ofall. the Internet helps people communicate instantly with fly and fiends who ae far ava. tn the past people had to writs letter or ay fora long distance call to nd out how were they doing Wh hey waite, hey word shout whether thet loved one were all ight Now there are many vay to contact. sop and find oui they are wl " __Inaddition the tateret helps peopl find information Ifwe want to know what, 'sthoemperaturen Soa today. we oly have to pete qustion Als is wry easy to look for employment, reseacch solutions to a problem, and even fxd out wether a | ‘movies playing nary, | Fistooeatyto tel ether he Inteet causes serous problems for soley or not | "Tomei sems extremely valuable because connects me to pope care aout an to | information ned | 6 Grammar for Writing” Using Noun Clauses with Wh- Words and If/Whether 5 Noun clauses that begin wth wh- words for whether are seu whendescbing how SYets happened, They are partcuay useful for explaining whet pose Wiehe know. Read these examples ‘Some inventors dontcareif their inventions change the word, | Many doctors wonder when sins wil cover cures fora kindof concer, The Facebook reator had n idea how fast these woul row, 226 Unit 16 Noun Cisse wit Wh Words ane i Whether PESTS SSSSSCCCCSCUES |Noun Clauses with Wo Words and It Whether Pre-writing Task 1 ea the paragraph below. What discovery isthe story about? What things id the Aiscoverer not realize during the discovery process? ‘An Accidental Discovery Peniciln is effective aguinst many scious bacterial infections, Aletander Fleming, «Scottish scents, discovered penillin in 1998. However, he didnot immediatly understand what he had discovered. tthe time, he was observing substarcs that ‘could destroy bacteria. However, Fleming was not avery net scents. Heoften eft » tags ofbacteria around hislab. In August 1978, he went away fra vacation When he returned. he found that something strange had happened to one ofthe tars. A fungus ‘nad grown on the bacteria and led them. At fist, Fleming di not undentand why ‘his had happened, bu he later realized what he had discovered. He realized that the ‘ungus was powerful and could be useful in euring bate infections,buthe sill vw had not understood how important it was, Fe doubted whether the funguscould be effective long enough to kil bacteria inside a human body. The penile grew in ‘the rst few years was too slow in taking elect, she stopped working ont Aer a few years, he returned tot Fleming and other scientist discovered ways to make the substance work more rapidly andi soon became the most effective etibiotic in 1s existonce. This dlcovery has saved millions oftives. 2 Read th paragraph again Undetne the non clauses with whether and wh. vole [Notioehow they hep totel the story ofthe discovery. Writing Task 1 Write tse ne pangraph in the Pre-sting Task to help you wit the story af discovery or an invention. You may need to do some research, Include discovales thatthe inventor or discoverer made along the way. You can write about verions oF ‘discoveries that were: + accidental + extremely popular + unnecessary + controversial + neverpopuler = + if-saving 2 SelfEdit Use the wting isto improve your tory. Make any necessary changes, 1, Did you use noun clauses to lp t tell the story? 2, Did you begin indirect questions with awh- word, whether. oF? 13. Did you avoid the mistakes inthe Avoid Common Mistakes chart on page 25? Inventions They Sald Would Never Work 227,Ingirt Questions Insreet Imperatives, Requests, and Advice B Group Work compare your answers with your group members Discuss wy the ‘advice was god or bad. Take notes on you group members answers A My fathers doctor ‘old him net eat meat and ta exercise more. This was goed ‘die becouse theped him to get into beter shape. © Many economist tld her cients ro buy rea estate because pices would incase. Thiswos bad advice becouse rel estate pices went down, A avoid Common Mistakes A\ 1. Use nfintivesin indrectimperatives. The leader asked us shat ve writeforS minutes abou the top 2. indirect Yes/No questions, remember to use an felause, Hecskedme dian te the group oder 3. Remember to sean objec pronoun or nounafter fell ‘old. deos, and we ended up using two of them inthe project Editing Task Pind and correct the mistake in the paragraph abou brainstorming session ‘When my pychology profesor asked our as did wee rybrintoingas Partofour next group project had no dea thatthe experince would be echoing lor successfil Fit. when we stared one of ur members asked many unimportant ‘question. When the team ade asked he tht she asks the questions ate. hat person ‘pen complaining Then he team ede aed the person did he want tobe the group lear. Th et fut tis wasa bad ides. and there was an aumentAlferet problem aroe when we met te secon tine. Te lade asked ne student he akon electron notes but he forgot Ares when we me the thd ime the led to te the information gun She asked me that I write the notes thine, and did. Aside om these minor problems the group generated alot of ides and fal came up wth & sucesl proposal fora projet So fsomeone asked me do want work ata group ‘gin I would sy es because even thought hard to workas e rou the autcomecan te beter. Creative Probiom Solving 251rr 5 Grammar for writing u: ing Indirect Questions, Imperatives, Requests, and Advice Students often communicate with other students through online message boards and chat ooms, especially when they ae wotking together an anassignmentn these situations eis often necessary to report what other people have asked,commanded, requested or advised Read these examples: Marie asked when te fist ais due. Does anyone know? (question) Profesor Harper tld us to makeq ist of creative problem sling strategies. command) Jorge asked us not to have ur meetings on Fay becouse he orks on days (ees) He alko soo usea diferent strategy foreach problem wehave to sole (advice) Pre-wilting Task | 1 Agroup ofstudents is wosking on e project. They are using an online nessage board to talkto each other Read their ens Whats the focus oftheir project and how many | students aren the group? Thread: Study skills project Cara: Professor Moss asked us to write outings fr our reports on good roblem-sohing strategies. He sid to identity our ovn cretive, Broblem-solving processes before wo ty ta find new ones. star. ‘When | havea problem | can't salve, | think about my older sister & : Susannah, he's rely yood a solving tet probims ask myself how Susannah would salve the problem, That Relps mt think about things in a ferent way, itterent technique. few years ago, Ihad a teacher who always tld » 1s to ty to solve problems by thinking of the end vest we wad ‘and working backwrard.| ry to do that sometimes, Why dont we ty everyone esos creative thinking processes and ace ow they work? ‘Also, could everyone say when they can mest next? | | ier Raitt dg ia Tha | 252 Unit 1 Indirect Questions; Indoet Imperatives, Requests, and Advice pee ee SSeS SSS ESSE S TEEDIndirect Questions Indirect Imperative, Requests, and Advice ‘Study skills project, May 9, 8:41 “Jr: | n't think use any special eeative problem coving strategie, 's Hao: Jun, Carmen asked i we could try each other's strategies, you don't hhave one, wy don't you jst try everyone ele’ and it us know how they work for you? ‘Study skills project, May 42, 10:07 (Carmen: just realized it's akeacy Thureday and no one has written Fee for &| ‘hile We have to ast working. Ooes anyone remember when we have totum in our outine? ‘Study skills project, May 12, 10:14 Jon: Yes, | asked Prof. Moss when our outine was due. Prot. Moss asked if we could tum tin by Friday. He said he could get us some feedback by Monday. He told us not to spend too much tims on the Ccutne, though, because he wants to approve our eas bere we write our repo. 2 Read te ontine message boar again. Underline the examples of indirect speech. Label tach example as (Toran imperative), Q (fora queston), or Aor advioe). Which verbs show you thatthe sentence report advice? Writing Task 1 Write use the online messageboard in the Pre-writing Task to help you wee ‘paragraph. Get nto pars ane interview each other about one of the allowing problem-solving strategies, Gt instructions and advice fom your partner, Then ‘ite e paragraph reposting wl you asked your partar and whet you parte ‘tid. Yu can write about one ofthese topics ose your own dea + baclorard problem solving + talking about problems with others + journaling + thinking about possible outcomes 2 Self-Edit Use the eating ps to improve your paragraph, Make any necessary changes, 1. Did you use the corrct tenses after the reporting verbs? 2, Did you use the correct form for indnst questions? 5 Did you avoid the mistakes inthe Avold Common Mistakes chart on page 2512 Creative Probiem Solving 253eee TTT TT ST SESS ESSE ESSE EEE SL Exercise 2.3 Past Forms of the Passive A ead the active sentences shout language First undedine the object n each sentence Then rete the sentences as passive sentences Sometimes more than onewnswe is | posible 1. Atone time, many people used Latin sa gob language. At one time, Latin was used. as a global language by many people ‘2. The ancient Romans spoke Latin ‘Ancient Roman suthors wrote many important manuscripts. 4 For many entures, the Romans conquered neighboring nations. | 5, These conquered groups spoke versions of Latin a | 6, Conquered people fom Brita to Africa used Latin | acs { 7. People were sl peaking Latin aftr the Reman Empire fl, 8 Scholars and scents were using Latin unt the elghtaenth century. B eau the sentences in A again. In which sentenoes ae the agents not important? Discuss the reasons for your answers with a partner. hen rewrite these sectencesin ‘he passive witout the agen 4 Inthe fiat sentence many people st important becouse we know that ony peopewe language. 1 Yutreright The sentence couldbe At one ine, Latin was used a5 a global guage. 3) Verbs and Objects with the Passive > Grammar Presentation ‘Transtve verbs (verbsthattake an obj&c) meee sw erat the cenference (rans) creche ecuk She was een tthe confines, object) cannot occur inthe passive. lanes 2260 Unit 39 The Passe (1)The Passive (0) Transitive and intransitive Verbs ‘Some common transitive verbs that occurin Improvement your languages ls expected {he passive ae cal concern, d, expec find, ‘was given a new English textbook ahem ef lose, make pe, ete 200 Theremonsforhssoncn mene neknown 'b. Bom s the past patcpl of tear. orn lst was bornin sallow, ‘sed almostexclusveyin the passive. Where were you Bom? ‘© Some common intransitive verbs which When dldyour symptoms fst appear? haveno pase fom indie pera, so Whermereyuramptnesfevoveoed? cane defo happen veeoh oc st, Gomer oe a smile, stay, watt, andl walk, me, language: happe 01 Globalization ofsometongusgesishappencd- 3.2 Passive Forms with Direct and Indirect Objects. ‘Some verbs, suchas gv, offer show, and tl, owicres)_ necro Canhavetwo objects:adrecand anindiect The team gove the manager the spre, CPi Inge setae chert dict The manager ws gen epee tam, sBlctor the indeetobleccan become the Theron wae given ethersece broken subject. Use to before an indirect object that is TM**820tt was given tothe manager by te notin subject poston, > Grammar Application Exercise 3.1 Transitive or intransitive? ead the sentences about ‘ead languages Undetine the verb in each sentence Ifthe fentence can occur in the passive write the pasive sentence on te line De nots an ‘gent White Xi pasive forma isnot possible. 1, People in Ancint Rome spoke Lain, -Latin.was spoken in Ancient Rome, 2 People dni use Latin for everyday communication today 8 Some languages di 4 This occured with Dalmatian, 5. People spoke Dalmatian in Croatia, 6 Dalmatian speakers lve in coastal towns of Croatia, —= = wd ~ = = = — = a “ A = a A a 2 a a = = = = 2 = 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 > 7, Groupsindifrent regions developed dialects of Dalmatian 8, Native speakers dirt record the grammar of Dalmatian Exercise 3.2 Using Transitive and intransitive Verbs ‘A Over to You Answer the uastions about alanguage you know Use the underlined ‘verbs in your answers. Use passive sentences when posable. Use the indict object "he subject ofthe passive sentence when posible. Write sentences that at true or ou 1. Whatisa computer called in this language? is called “bilgisayar’ 2, What English words ate used in this language? ‘4. Do anyother foreign words occur in this language? Io, what are they? 4. Te this language spokon by more people or fewer people than it was 60 ars aga? 5. What advices frequently given by teachers to people learming this language? 6 Do speakers this language tell their children traditional tris? B Group Work sharoyoursontences wih your roup members. Exercise 3.3 Direct Objects in Passive Sentences ‘A ead th sentences about Esperanto, e language that was created a gla language. Underine the agents 1 Thofiestbook about Fsperanto was published by a company in 1887, 2. Esperanto was invented by L.L Zamenkot 4. Esperanto was eeated by its inventors tobe a very easy language to eam. 4. The grammar was designed by Zamenhof tobe simple and clear. 5. Itlsspoken by about 10,000 peopl. 6 llsbeing use by peoplein about 115 counts, 7 has not been recognized as an oficial language by any county. 8. Thelanguagois used by some international traveler, B Pair Work Read the sentences in A again. Circe the dret objects. Compare your answers with a partne. 262 Unit 19 The Passe (1)|» Grammar Presentation ‘The pasive is used to describe processes and to report news events. The agent not important The focus ison the action or onthe petson ov ting reciving the action 4:1. Reasons for Using the Passive Use the passive to describe a process ora result Comman verbs to describe a process ‘ora resultare compare, develop, examine, ‘make, meosue, study, andes '.Use the passive when you don'tknow who performed the ation, You canals wee ‘the passive to avo drety blaming ot citizing someone, « Usethe passive to report news events ‘> Grammar Application ‘ne Passive (1) | Reasons for Using the Passive Fis, the students were shown ovideoin English ‘A“ dead! language has bee brought back to te one community. Fis the rformavion was studied. Than recommendations were made. (process) Therefore English was made'he ofc! Ianguage ofthe company n 2010. es Thereport was poorly writen, (We don'-know, ‘or we dont want to say, whowrote the report) Fecommendatins forthe teaching of languages were published toy. Exercise 4.1 Describing Processes and Results ‘A. Liston toa report ona language study of English as a Second Language (ESL) stadent.Then complet the answers tothe questions. Ute the pasive and the wordsin parentheses 1. How many groups of students were there? (put into) “The students ere put into hwo groups 2. What was the assignment a tho beginning ofthe semester? (give) Students in each group, ‘3. What dd group 1 std? (wach) Group 1 = 44. What dd group2 study? (teach) Students in group 2= ~ = _ _ — — = al = = = = = - a a a 2 = a 2 a = "7 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 = 5, Who read the esaye (red) ‘he frst and final essays _ —__ 6, What dd the judgs do with lof the inal esa (pt) Allofthe inl essays from group 1 and group? 17, How dd the judge ata the fnal essays? (ats) “Theessys 18. What ating did the essays produce by group 1 ceive? (gis) Most ofthe Binal essays produced by group 1 : 9 What did the results soem to indicate? (include) ESL suents’ writing improves when grammar and writing instruction B © Lisen again and check your answers, Exercise 4.2 Reporting News Events ‘ead the sentences about preserving two Native American langages Then ree each sentence inthe passive. Do not use an agent Sometimes more than one answers posible 15 200 in Minnesota, the ella established a volunteer group to preserve Native American languages. In. 2009 in Minnesota. a volunteer group wa established to preserve Native American languages The legislature recognized the importance of preserving the Native American languages, ‘The volunteer group collected data onthe use ofthe Ojibwe and Dakota languages {In Minnesota, many Native American people no longer spoke the Obweand Dakota langage, inschools, 6 The group is developing teacher-taining programs. 264 unit 19 Te Passive (1) The volunteer group developed a strategy to teach the Ojibwe and Dakow languages‘The Passive (0) 7. In 2011, nonprofit business released software for teaching the Ojibwe langue. 8. The preservation ofthe languages wil strengthen the Naive Americans cultural entities Exercise 4.3 Avoiding Blame and Criticism ead each classroom scenario and pretend you ar tho teacher Then ite passve statements to avoid diet blaming or erticizing someone, Use the underlined ‘entence in your answers Sometimes more than one answers possible. 1. Someone stole some valuable equipment fom the classroom. You think that ‘someone the clasts responsible, but you are eure. You tel the cass: Some valuable equipment was stolen from the classroom, 2. One student’ essay contained pagiried material. The student copied some ‘material in bis ey fom the Internet, Yu tal the student 8. hacker broke into the schoo © mal system las night. No one knows whois responsible, but you mus norm the sbadens. You tel the clas 4. Astudent handsin the second daft ofan essay, You ee alot of grammar mistakes ‘The student did not eal the paper carefully You tell the stadent: 5 Avoid Common Mistakes Z\ 1. Ramamberto se aformet bein pase sentences, English spoken ot mest ports 2. Aways use the as partpe form ofthe verb in pase sentences Cte The rd have ben ago Son Able Cheon Ur >. Donotwiethe passive frm whenthestbectisthedoerethe action ey ‘have een sodied English for year. or td hove been ton gh nay. 4. questions remember pt be before the subject, Wyse was ven an award? English asa Global Longuage 265