I.

M U
Cc h thng thng tin si quang hin nay, nht l cc h thng tc bit cao,
phn ln hot ng vng bc sng 1550nm nhm s dng cc b khuch i
quang si pha tp Erbium (EDFA) tng c ly truyn dn. Tuy vy, si quang
n mode tiu chun (si G.652) c h s tn sc ti vng bc sng ny l rt
ln. Tn sc ln s lm mo tn hiu v to ra hin tng giao thoa gia cc k t
(ISI-Intersymbol Interference) do s dn xung ti cc khe thi gian, lm xung cp
cht lng truyn dn v hu qu thm ch c th khng chp nhn c. Nhn
chung, nh hng s ca tn sc n nng lc truyn dn ca h thng l phc tp;
iu ny gy nhiu kh khn cho vic thit k cc h thng thng tin quang tc
cao, c ly xa. V vy, vic xc nh nh hng ca tn sc mt cch nh lng l
rt cn thit trn c s c th xc nh vic b tn sc si, chng hn nh
vic xc nh chnh xc di si b tn sc DCF (Dispersion Compensation
Fiber).
Trc y, c mt s phng php xc nh nh hng ca tn sc n h
thng thng tin quang [1-3]. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh ny thng l rt phc tp,
v kh trong vic trin khai thc tin. Trong bi bo ny, chng ti trnh by vic
xc nh nh hng ca tn sc trong h thng thng tin si quang thng qua
phng php xc nh m mt cng sut. y, s dn xung quang lm cho
nng lng ph tn hiu ti khe thi gian (khe bit) nh ph chm sang khe ln
cn v nng lng ny to ra cng sut b mt mt i dn ti lm xu c tnh
BER; do cn phi c s b BER bng cch thm mt lng cng sut tn hiu
tng ng. Phng php c tin hnh da trn m hnh c bn ca h thng
thng tin quang s dng khuch i quang EDFA nhm tha mn v bc sng
vng 1550nm to ra tn sc si ln. Gii php tnh ton thng qua vic tip cn
hm Gaussian v da vo tnh ton, xc nh nh hng ca tn sc ti h
thng trong cc trng hp thay i cc tham s c lin quan. Phng php tnh
ton c p dng cho t l li bit nh n BER = 10-12 nhm bo m theo yu
cu ca h thng c s dng khuch i quang theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T[4].
II.
M HNH V PHNG PHP TNH TON.
1. M hnh h thng
Trong phn ny, a ra c phng php tnh ton y v st vi
yu cu thc tin, cu hnh h thng c gii thiu y c xut nh
sau. Hnh 1 l m hnh cu trc tiu biu ca mt h thng thng tin quang vi
cc thit b c s dng trn h thng tnh ton xc nh nh hng ca tn
sc. Cc tham s ca h thng c a ra nhm lm c s cho vic xc nh
c tnh h thng c tng tc vi tn sc.

Hnh 1. Cu hnh h thng thng tin quang tiu biu

M hnh h thng tnh ton y c gi thit cho h thng in hnh
gm cc thit b thng dng trn thc tin. Thit b pht T x s dng ngun pht
laser diode LD loi n mode phn hi phn b (DFB) c chc nng pht tn
hiu sng quan ti bc sng vng 1550nm. B pht s dng b iu ch ngoi
LiNbO3. Tn hiu ti u vo thit b pht c dng xung m NRZ (PRBS 2 23-1).
u ra thit b pht c th c s dng khuch i quang EDFA lm khuch i
cng sut (BA Booster Amplifier), v c cng sut u ra l P t (dBm). Si
quang ca tuyn truyn dn l si n mode SMF (Single mode Fiber) tiu
chun G.652 c h s suy hao l f (dB/km) bao gm c suy hao mi hn si, c
h s tn sc CD l D (ps/km.nm) v chiu di si trn tuyn truyn dn l L
(km). Thit b thu quang Rx s dng b tch sng p-i-n photodiode (PD) c
cng sut u vo l Pin, bng tn in Be. Pha trc b thu quang c th s
dng mt b khuch i quang si EDFA lm tin khuch i PA (PreAmplifier) to thnh b thu quang c khuch i quang OAR (Optically
Amplified Receiver) c nhy thu l P s. Thit b trn tuyn truyn dn l cc
b khuch i quang EDFA c khuch i ng u l G (tr b khuch i
ca BA l c khuch i thp trnh nh hng phi tuyn), c bng tn quang
B0 v c h s nhiu l NF. T s li bit BER theo ITU T quy nh, t 10 -12
n 10-13 [4].
T cu trc h thng nh trn, cc tham s quan trng s c xc nh
trn c s tm mi lin quan gia chng vi tn sc si. Vic xc nh v
tnh ton nh hng ca tn sc ti h thng s c da trn m hnh t hnh
1.
2. Phng php tnh ton
Cc h thng hot ng ti vng bc sng 1550nm s dng khuch i
quang EDFA thng c tc bit cao v c ly xa cho nn u thu cng sut
tn hiu quang thu c thng rt nh. Hn th na, gi tr tn sc CD (
phn bit vi tn sc mode phn cc PMD) ln lun xut hin trong h thng.

Tt c cc yu t ny lm gim cc t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR v lm suy

gim cht lng h thng. V vy, ngoi tn hiu truyn dn, mo dng sng v
giao thoa gia cc k t ISI (Intersymbol Interference) do tn sc vn tc nhm
GVD gy ra v t iu ch pha SPM (Self-Phase Modulation) cn c tnh
n. Ngoi ra, tch ly nhiu trong cc h thng c cc b khuch i quang
mc ni chui cng lm gim c tnh ca h thng. S suy gim h thng do
hiu ng trn bn sng FWM v iu ch pha cho XPM (cross-phase
modulation) cng cn c lu khi b thu c t trong cc h thng truyn
dn WDM. Cc nh hng ny c tim n trong tn hiu quang i ti b thu
ca h thng.
Phng php xc nh nh hng ca tn sc n h thng thng tin
quang qua tnh ton qu cng sut h thng PB bng vic thit k di tuyn
c thit lp theo biu thc (1) nh sau:
PB = Pt(t) Ps(G,NF) PM PP PD (NClC + NSlS)(dB)
(1)
Trong :
Pt(t) l cng sut tn hiu pht c tnh c nh hng chirp phi tuyn,
G l khuch i ca cc b EDFA,
PM l cng sut d phng ca h thng,
PP l n b mt mt cng sut,
PD l tn tht (mt mt) cng sut do tn sc, y chnh l cng sut
tng ng do nng lng ph ca xung tn hiu b dn ra ngoi khe
thi gian nh sinh ra.
Ps(G,NF) l nhy thu c tnh c nh hng ca b khuch i v
nhiu ca EDFA,
lS v lC tng ng l suy hao mi hn v suy hao b ni quang,
NS v NC tng ng l s mi hn v s b ni quang.
Cht lng truyn dn c xc nh thng quan vic tnh t s li bit
BER = 10-12 cho nhy thu ca thit b thu quang.
Nh vy, cc tham s c trong biu thc (1) l tng i r rng v
c s dng kh ph bin trong cc cng trnh nghin cu tnh ton thit k
tuyn. Ch c tham s Ps(G,NF) l cn tnh ton thn trng v n cn n cc
tham s c lin quan nh sau [5]:
+) Tn hiu trong h thng c khuch i quang:
Trong cc tuyn truyn dn s dng khuch i quang, cng sut tn hiu
ti u vo thit b thu quang c th vit di dng bnh phng ca dng sau
tch sng l:
Ps = (GIsLR)2
(2)

 y Is l dng tn hiu in thu c sau tch sng quang, L R l suy hao gia
khuch i quang v b thu quang.
+) Cc thnh phn nhiu ca h thng c khuch i quang:
Bao gm nhiu lng t Nsh = 2eBeLR(GIs+IASE), nhiu nhit Nth = 4kBTBe/RL
v cc thnh phn nhiu phch tn hiu t pht N s-sp v nhiu phch t pht
t pht Nsp-sp [5,6]:
2ssp=2
2spsp=

Be 2
L G I s I ASE ( 3 )
Bo

Be
B2o

L2 I 2ASE B o

Be
(4 )
2

y e l in tch in t, IASE l dng nhiu in t bc x t pht c

khuch i.
Nh vy, iu quan trng sau cng l lm sao xc nh c tham s PD l
cng sut mt mt do tn sc si gy ra; vn ny s c trnh by trong
phn sau.
III. KT QU TNH TON V THO LUN
Trong phn ny, chng ti thc hin tnh ton tm ra kt qu s nh
hng ca tn sc ti h thng thng tin quang thng qua s phn tch tm tt
trn. tnh ton nh hng ca tn sc, h thng c chia ra lm hai loi: H
thng s dng ngun pht c rng ph rng v H thng c rng ph hp.
1. Trng hp th nht, i vi cc h thng thng tin quang tc cha tht cao,
cha phi l h thng nhiu Gbits/s, ph ca cc ngun pht Laser diode LD
khng yu cu qu nghim ngt v rng. Tuy nhin, ph ngun pht rng s
gy nh hng ca tn sc nhiu hn. Trong trng hp ny, c th tm thy
tn tht cng sut PD nh sau [7]:
PD =[1( 4 R b LD ) 2]t /2 (5)
Trong Rb l tc bit, l rng ph. Vi cc din gii trn v p
dng cc biu thc tnh ton t (1) n (5), c th tnh ton xc nh c nh
hng ca tn sc ti cc h thng ny. Hnh 2 l kt qu tnh ton tm thy s
mt mt cng sut ca h thng do tn sc gy ra i vi h thng 1Gbit/s v
2,5Gbit/s. Kt qu cho thy h thng 2,5Gbit/s b tn tht cng sut h thng
nhiu hn so vi h thng s1Gbit/s vi cng mt gi tr tn sc.
i vi tc bit 2,5 Gbit/s, cng sut b mt mt l khng ng k khi tn
sc nh hn 100ps/nm. Tuy nhin, mt mt cng sut tng dn dn trong

khong t 100ps/nm n 200ps/nm. Khi tn sc vt qu 200ps/nm, lng cng

sut quang b tn tht rt nhanh. gi tr 300ps/nm th cng sut mt mt
ln ti 4dB. Trong khi tc d 1Gbit/s, s mt mt cng sut trong trng
hp ny gn bng 0 khi tn sc nh hn 100ps/nm, ti gi tr 760ps/nm th cng
sut mt mt l 4dB. Nh vy, r rng rng tn sc lm gii hn ng k tc
truyn dn ca h thng thng tin quang.

Hnh 2. Kt qu tnh ton lng cng sut b tn tht ph thuc vo tn sc

cho h thng 1Gbit/s v 2,5 Gbit/s
Hnh 3 l kt qu tnh ton xc nh lng cng sut tn hiu b mt mt cho
cc h thng thng tin quang 2,5Gbit/s vi cc Laser c ph rng 0,1nm,
0,2nm, v 0,3nm. T kt qu thu c c th thy rng nhn chung, lng cng
sut b tn tht s tng nhanh khi c ly truyn dn tng.

Hnh 3. Cng sut quang b mt khi tng c ly truyn dn ca h thng

2,5Gbit/s.
Nh vy, mc d cc h thng cng b mt cng sut khi c ly truyn dn
tng. Tuy nhin, cc ngun pht khc nhau s gy ra s mt tn hiu cng khc
nhau. Khi rng ph ngun pht l 0,1nm, mt mt cng sut xy ra l 4,5 dB
khi c ly truyn dn di 52km. i vi cc h thng c ph ngun pht rng
0,2nm v 0,3nm, cng sut b tn tht tng ng l 4,5dB ti 26km v 6,2dB ti
c ly ch cn 18km. Khi tng c ly vt qu cc gi tr trn, tn hiu b mt
mt qu ln v khng th thit k c h thng thc tin k c c s dng
khuch i quang si. y l cc h thng s dng si G.652 c h tn sc D =
18ps/km.nm. Nh vy, trong h thng thng tin quang, ngoi suy hao quang, c
nhiu tham s tng tc ti tn sc si gy nh hng ti h thng v lm mt
i ng k lng cng sut tn hiu. l cc tham s: c ly truyn dn, tham
s tn sc, tc bit ca h thng v ph ngun pht.
2. Trng hp th hai, h thng s dng ngun pht Laser diode LD c rng
ph hp thng p dng cho cc h thng thng tin quang tc cao v c ly
xa. rng ph ngun pht trong trng hp ny rt hp v khng cn tc
ng mnh ti tn sc, nhng yu t gy nh hng nhiu nht li l tham s
tn sc vn tc nhm GVD. Tn tht cng sut tn hiu trong trng hp ny c
th c vit nh sau [7]:
PD =[1(8 R2b 2 L)2 ]1/ 2(6)

Trong 2 l tham s tn sc vn tc nhm. T y c th tnh ton xc

nh lng cng sut b mt mt khi c tc ng ca tn sc si. Hnh 4 l kt
qu tnh ton s tn tht cng sut ph thuc vo tn sc vi cc tc bit khc

nhau. Ta thy rng, lng cng sut b mt mt s ph thuc nhiu vo tn sc

l do GVD v c ly truyn dn. Hn na, cng sut b mt i ph thuc rt
nhiu vo tc bit truyn dn. Kt qu tnh ton m phng y cho hai tc
l 5Gbit/s v 10Gbit/s cho h thng s dng si G.652 c h s tn sc l
18ps/km.nm. Ti tc 10Gbit/s, cng sut b mt mt rt ln so vi tc
5Gbit/s khi tn sc si trn tuyn tng ln. C ly h thng 10Gbit/s ch bng 1/3
c ly h thng 5Gbit/s nhng li tn tht gp hn 2,5 ln.

Hnh 4. Tn tht cng sut tn hiu ph thuc vo tn sc vi cc tc bit

khc nhau
Vi cc h thng thng tin quang tc cao (Gbit/s) hot ng vng bc
sng 1550nm th chirp tn s l mt trong nhng hiu ng quan trng [2,8].
Chirp tn s tuyn tnh gy ra s tn tht cng sut tn hiu ca h thng. Xung
b chirp cng b dn ra v lm gim qu cng sut tn hiu ca h thng thng
tin quang; do vy n lm gim SNR. Biu thc (6) lc ny c thm s hng tn
2
2
tht (8 Rb C 2 L) , vi C l tham s chirp. Kt qu l h thng khng p ng

c yu cu v cht lng, hoc phi gim tc v c ly truyn dn nu

mun duy tr c tnh BER ca chng.
Hnh 5 l kt qu m chng ti tnh ton lng cng sut b tn tht ph
thuc vo tch tn sc c ly vi cc gi tr ca tham s chirp C khc nhau. H
thng c p dng tnh ton y c tc bit ti 10 Gbit/s v tnh cho c
tnh BER = 10-12; si quang n mode G.652 vi tham s tn sc D bng
18ps/km.nm. Ta thy rng tn tht cng sut h thng b tng ln nhanh khi cc
xung b chirp vi C c gi tr dng cao. Trong s tc ng bt li ca chirp th
c s xut hin mt vng gi tr tn sc no cho php ci thin c tnh h

thng ng vi chirp C c gi tr m. iu c ngha l nu nh to ra chirp C

c gi tr m, h thng khng nhng khng b mt mt cng sut m cn c
ci thin mt vung c ly truyn dn nht nh.

Hnh 5. Cng sut tn tht ph thuc vo tn sc si vi cc gi tr chirp khc

nhau.
S dng cc kt qu phn tch v tnh ton ny, c th tnh ton c cu
hnh tuyn thng tin quang theo tn sc si trn c s bit c gi tr h s suy
hao f ca si quang c s dng trn tuyn truyn dn [9,10]. T kt qu trn
c th thy rng, vic s dng ngun pht c ph ln, cch tt nht p ng
c ly truyn dn di, nht l trong trng hp c ly gia hai v tr a l cho
trc l tng i ln, l nn p dng cho cc h thng thng tin quang c tc
thp. Hnh 6 l kt qu tnh ton c ly truyn dn ph thuc vo tc bit
theo nh hng ca tn sc si. C th thy c ly truyn dn s tng rt nhiu
nu ta thit k h thng c tc bit thp vi cng mt gi tr t s li bit.
Tham s dng tnh ton thit k tuyn c cho trong bng 1.
Bng 1: Cc tham s tnh ton
Tham s
Bc sng tn hiu
Cng sut pht quang
nhy thu quang
D phng h thng
T s li bit BER
Tham s tn sc D
rng ph Laser

Gi tr tham s
1554nm
3dBm
-21dBm
3dB
BER = 10-12
17ps/km.nm
0,1nm

Trong hnh 6, vi cng mt rng ph ngun pht, gi tr cng sut pht

v nhy thu quang c gi thit l nh nhau, c ly truyn dn s gim
nhanh theo tc bit: tc 622 Mbit/s th c ly c th t ti 205km
chng t tn sc nh hng t, lc ny c ly truyn dn ch yu do suy hao
tuyn quyt nh. Tuy nhin, khi tc bit t ti 1Gbit/s v 2,5Gbit/s th c ly
bt u b hn ch ti cc gi tr tng ng l 125km v 50km.

Hnh 6. Qu cng sut ca h thng ph thuc vo c ly truyn dn vi cc tc

bit khc nhau.
T cc kt qu tnh ton ny, ta thy rng khi c ly truyn dn di c nh
gia hai trm, tn sc ln s lm gim qu cng sut ca h thng v v th lm
gim nhy thu. Khi tn sc m qu ln, nhy thu b gim gn nh t
ngt ti mc khng th chp nhn c v ko theo t s li bit BER xu i.
Bng 2: Cc tham s tnh ton thit k cu hnh tuyn 10Gbit/s:
Tham s
Bc sng tn hiu
Cng sut pht quang
Suy hao si G.652 gm c mi hn
Tham s tn sc si
Khuch i ca EDFA
H s nhiu ca EDFA
Bng tn quang b lc F
Bng tn in Be b thu
D phng h thng
T s li bit
Ti b tch sng quang
Suy hao b ni quang (2 b)

K hiu

Pt
f
D
G
NF
Bo
Be
PM
BER
RL
LC

Gi tr tham s
1544,5nm
-1dBm
0,24dB
18ps/km.nm
30dB
5dB
0,5nm
7,5GHz
3dB
BER = 10-12
50
0,5dB/b

Cng sut n b
Pp
1dB
i vi h thng 10Gbit/s, cc ngun pht thng c rng ph rt hp.
Hn na, trong mi trng tc cao nh vy, c rt nhiu tham s vn c th
b qua h thng tc thp th trong trng hp ny chng cn phi c
xem xt. Tnh ton thit k h thng bao qut c ht nh hng ca cc tham
s trn l phc tp trong mi trng tc cao. st vi iu kin thc tin,
chng ti s dng cc tham s tnh ton c cho trong bng 2. xc nh
c c ly truyn dn, c hai tham s quan trng cn xc nh l nhy thu
quang Ps(G,NF) v gi tr tn tht cng sut PD do tn sc trn tuyn gy ra.
Hnh 7 l kt qu tnh ton c ly truyn dn ph thuc vo tn sc si cho h
thng 10Gbit/s ny. nhy thu khi khng b nh hng ca tn sc, tc l c
ly truyn dn bng khng, tnh c l -35,08dBm ti BER = 10 -12. T y c
th xc nh c cc c ly truyn dn trong cc trng hp: Nu h thng c
tn sc bng khng, th c ly truyn dn c th t c 121km vi BER = 10 12
, d cho tham s chirp C bt k gi tr no. Khi h thng c thit k
khng c chirp tc ng (C=0), c ly truyn dn s bt u gim nhanh nu tn
sc tuyn vt qu gi tr khong 720ps/nm. Khi tham s chirp C = 1, c ly
truyn dn s bt u gim nhanh nu tn sc tuyn vt qu gi tr khong
250ps/nm. Khi tham s chirp C c gi tr m, (trng hp C = -0.5) th iu
ng ch l ti khong gia tr tn sc no , c ly khng nhng khng b
gim m cn c tng; y c ly tng n 123,5km vng tn sc ln cn
900ps/nm s c ci thin thm 2,5km so vi h thng khng b tn sc. Sau
c ly truyn dn bt u b gim nhanh khi tn sc c gi tr vt qu
1700ps/nm. C th ci thin c ly truyn dn rt ln, ln ti 135km (tng thm
hn 10km) khi thu c chirp C c gi tr m ln (c = -1). Li dng c tnh
ny, trong thc tin ngi ta to chirp trc c gi tr m lm tng nng
lc h thng; tuy nhin vic tao ra chirp C m c gi tr ln l rt kh khn.

Hnh 7. C ly truyn dn ca h thng 10Gbit/s ph thuc vo tn sc tuyn.

Nh vy, khi tnh ton thit k tuyn thng tin quang tc cao, tn sc kt
hp vi chirp C c th lm gim nghim trng nng lc truyn dn. Tuy nhin,
vic kt hp tn sc si vi tham s chirp C c gi tr m c to ra s c th
ci thin c ly truyn dn. Trong thc t thit k tuyn Gbit/s, s cn thm mt
tham s khc nh cc hin tng phi tuyn, tn sc bc cao, tn sc phn cc
vv... tc ng vo v lm gim c ly truyn dn. Vic tnh ton ny b qua
cc tham s y cho nn c ly trong thc tin c th ngn hn cht t so vi kt
qu tnh ton ny.
IV. KT LUN
Bi bo trnh by s nh hng c th ca tn sc i vi h thng thng
tin quang, xc nh c mc nh hng ca n i vi h thng thng qua
phng php xc nh v tn tht cng xut do tn sc gy ra. Vi kt qu thu
c ca bi bo a ra mt s nh gi v mc nh hng ca tn sc ti
h thng v ch ra rng: Trong h thng thng tin quang, ngoi suy hao quang, c
nhiu tham s tng tc vi tn sc si gy nh hng ti h thng v lm mt i
ng k lng cng sut tn hiu; l cc tham s: c ly truyn dn, tham s tn
sc, tc bit ca h thng v ph ngun pht. i vi cc tuyn thng tin quang
tc cao s dng si n mode tiu chun G.652, tn sc cn c nh hng ln
hn; tn sc kt hp vi chirp C c th lm gim nghim trng nng lc truyn
dn; nhng vic kt hp tn sc si vi tham s chirp C c gi tr m c to ra
c th lm tng c ly truyn dn. Do , c th p dng cho vic tnh ton thit
k cu hnh tuyn thng tin quang tc cao (nhiu Gbit/s) theo gii hn ca tn

sc, nn coi trng cc c tnh ny sinh v kt hp vi chirp tn s vng bc

sng ph hp.