TNG CC MI TRNG

VIN KHOA HC QUN L MI TRNG

PGS. TS PHM VN LI (Ch bin)

KINH T HA LNH VC MI TRNG:

MT S VN L LUN V THC TIN
(Sch chuyn kho)

H Ni, 2011

THAM GIA BIN SON

PGS. TS. Phm Vn Li (ch bin)

TS. Mai Thanh Dung
TS. Nam Thng
TS. Nguyn Hi Yn
ThS. Nguyn Th Qunh Hng
ThS. Mai Th Thu Hu
ThS. Nguyn Hong Mai
ThS. Bi Hoi Nam
CN. Nguyn Th Thu Hoi
CN. Trn Bch Hng
CN. Hn Trn Vit

(Cun sch c bin son v in n vi s ti tr ca Hp phn Kim sot

nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho - PCDA)
(This book is prepared and printed with support from Pollution Control In
Poor Densely Populated Areas Component)

LI GII THIU
Nn kinh t Vit Nam ang tng bc hi nhp vi nn kinh t th gii.
Qu trnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha khng ngng pht trin, km theo l
s gia tng nhim v suy thoi mi trng. V vy, hot ng bo v mi
trng (BVMT) l mt trong nhng hot ng cn c tin hnh song song,
ng thi vi qu trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi, c bit trong giai oan hin
nay ca nc ta khi nn kinh t ang vn hnh theo c ch th trng c s qun
l cht ch ca Nh nc.
Nhn thc c tm quan trng ca vic tng cng hiu qu trong cng
tc qun l mi trng, hng ti mc tiu BVMT v pht trin bn vng. Ch
trng kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng c Ban cn s ng B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng xc nh l ch trng ln v lu di ca ngnh, cn
c y mnh trong thi gian ti.
T yu cu, nhim v t ra cho ngnh mi trng, vi s h tr ca Hp
phn Kim sot nhim ti cc khu vc ng dn ngho (PCDA), nhm tc
gi do PGS.TS Phm Vn Li lm ch bin nghin cu v bin son cun
sch chuyn kho Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng: Mt s vn l lun v
thc tin vi hy vng v mong mun lm r hn khi nim, mc tiu, nguyn
tc v ni dung ca kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng, ng thi lm r nhng
vng mc, bt cp trong qu trnh trin khai, t c th kin ngh, xut
nhng gii php nhm y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng. Kinh t ha
lnh vc mi trng l mt vn mi, kh v cn nhiu kin khc nhau. Do
vy, nhm tc gi mong nhn c nhiu kin ng gp ca cc c gi.
H Ni, thng 7 nm 2011
Nhm tc gi

MC LC
CHNG I. MT S VN L LUN V KINH T HA LNH VC
MI TRNG .............................................................................................................. 6
I.

Mi quan h gia mi trng v kinh t ............................................................ 6

II. Quan im ca ng v Nh nc v y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi

trng ............................................................................................................................. 9
III. Khi nim, mc tiu, nguyn tc v ni dung thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc
mi trng ....................................................................................................................15
1. Khi nim kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng .....................................................15
2. Mc tiu kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng ........................................................19
3. Nguyn tc c bn thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng .................20
CHNG II. THC TIN TRIN KHAI KINH T HA ..................................24
LNH VC MI TRNG.......................................................................................24
I. Kinh nghim ca mt s nc trn th gii lin quan n kinh t ha lnh vc
mi trng ....................................................................................................................24
1. Cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng.................................................24
1.1 Nhm cng c to lp th trng .................................................................31
1.1.1 Chi tr dch v mi trng (chi tr dch v sinh thi) ..........................31
1.1.2 Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng...............................................36
1.2 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo v mi
trng ....................................................................................................................39
1.2.1 t cc hon tr ......................................................................................39
1.2.2 K qu mi trng ...................................................................................43
1.2.3 Bi thng thit hi mi trng .............................................................47
1.2.4 Nhn sinh thi ( Nhn mi trng) .......................................................53
2. Cc cng c h tr i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng ph hp
vi nn kinh t th trng .......................................................................................63
2.1 nh gi, lng gi mi trng ...................................................................63
2.2 Hch ton mi trng..................................................................................74
II. Thc tin trin khai cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng ti Vit
Nam ...............................................................................................................................87
2.1 Nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh nc ............87
2.2. Nhm cng c to lp th trng ..............................................................101
3

2.2.1 Chi tr dch v mi trng....................................................................101

2.2.2 Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng.............................................104
2.3 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo v mi
trng ..................................................................................................................106
2.3.1 t cc hon tr ....................................................................................106
2.3.2 K qu mi trng .................................................................................106
2.3.3 Bi thng thit hi mi trng ...........................................................108
2.3.4 Nhn sinh thi .......................................................................................115
2. 4 Cc cng c h tr i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng ph
hp vi nn kinh t th trng ..........................................................................116
2.4.1 nh gi, lng gi gi tr mi trng ..................................................116
2.4.2 Hch ton mi trng ............................................................................121
CHNG III. YU CU, GII PHP Y MNH KINH TH HA LNH
VC MI TRNG ................................................................................................127
I. Yu cu ....................................................................................................................127
1. m bo h thng qun l ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng...............127
2. Pht trin bn vng lnh vc mi trng ........................................................128
3. To ngun thu cho ngn sch quc gia, nng tm ng gp ca lnh vc mi
trng i vi nn kinh t quc dn ....................................................................129
II. Gii php ...............................................................................................................129
1. Nhm cc gii php chung ...............................................................................129
2. Nhm cc gii php c th ................................................................................136
2.1 Tng cng hiu qu p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi
trng ..................................................................................................................136
2.1.1 Nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh nc .......136
2.1.2 Nhm cng c to lp th trng..........................................................151
2.1.3 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo v mi
trng ...............................................................................................................153
2.2 Cc cng c h tr i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng ph
hp vi nn kinh t th trng ..........................................................................157
PH LC ...................................................................................................................159
DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................188

DANH MC CH VIT TT

BVMT

Bo v mi trng

CAC

Cng c ch huy v kim sot

CERs

Chng ch gim pht thi

CM

Phng php la chn

CVM

Phng php nh gi ph thuc vo th trng gi

nh

CTR

Cht thi rn

EMA

Hch ton qun l mi trng

GDP

Tng sn phm quc ni

GEN

Mng li nhn sinh thi ton cu

ISO

T chc tiu chun quc t

KTTT

Kinh t th trng

NSNN

Ngn sch nh nc

PES

Chi tr dch v mi trng

OECD

T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh t

TNMT

Ti nguyn mi trng

UNEP

Chng trnh mi trng Lin Hip Quc

XHCN

X hi ch ngha

WTP

S sn lng chi tr

WTA

S sn lng chp nhn

CHNG I. MT S VN L LUN V KINH T HA LNH

VC MI TRNG
I.

Mi quan h gia mi trng v kinh t

Khi nim v mi trng: Khi nim v mi trng rt rng ln Mi

trng bao gm cc yu t t nhin v yu t vt cht nhn to quan h mt thit

vi nhau, bao quanh con ngi, c nh hng ti i sng, sn sut, s tn ti,
pht trin ca con ngi v thin nhin1. Cc yu t t nhin nh vt l, ha
hc, sinh hc tn ti ngoi mun ca con ngi nhng cng t nhiu chu tc
ng ca con ngi. Yu t nhn to l tng th cc nhn t do con ngi to
nn lm thnh tin nghi cho cuc sng ca con ngi nh my bay, t, nh ,
cc khu vui chi gii tr... Tuy nhin, khi xem xt mi quan h tng tc gia
mi trng v kinh t, ngi ta thng ngm hiu mi trng trn kha cnh l
tng ha ca cc yu t t nhin bao gm mi trng t, mi trng nc, mi
trng khng kh, mi trng bin, h ng thc vt
Khi nim v h thng kinh t: H thng kinh t l mt quy trnh bao gm
sn xut, phn b cc yu t u vo, phn phi cc yu t u ra ca sn xut,
tiu dng cc hng ha v dch v trong nn kinh t2. y l mt h thng m,
bn cnh mi quan h ni ti hnh thnh bn trong h thng kinh t- mi quan h
cht ch v thng nht ca cc yu t, thnh phn trong h thng kinh t, cn tn
ti mi quan h gia ton b h thng kinh t vi h thng bn ngoi. Trong h
thng kinh t lun lun din ra qu trnh khai thc ti nguyn, ch bin nguyn
liu v phn phi tiu dng. u tin trong chu trnh hot ng ca h thng
kinh t l khai thc cc ti nguyn t mi trng, sau ch bin nhng ti
nguyn thnh nhng sn phm c th tiu dng c, v cui cng l thi ra
mt khi lng ln cc ti nguyn b hao mn hay b bin i (cn gi l
cht thi).
Khi nim v pht trin kinh t: Pht trin kinh t l qu trnh ci thin v
1
2

Lut Bo V Mi trng 2005, iu 1.

NA, 2007, Economic Systems, The New Encyclopdia Britannica, v. 4, p. 357.

nng cao cht lng sng cho ngi dn ca mt quc gia (bao gm cc iu
kin sng v vt cht v tinh thn) vi s tng trng bn vng t nn kinh t
n gin, thu nhp thp sang nn kinh t hin i, thu nhp cao3 4. Pht trin l
xu th chung ca nhn loi, ca loi ngi, l s tng tin mi mt trong nn
kinh t.
Mi quan h gia mi trng v h thng kinh t
Mi trng v h thng kinh t c mi quan h tng tc, c s gn kt
cht ch vi nhau. Mi trng va l yu t u vo, va l yu t u ra ca
qu trnh sn xut. Mi trng l ni cung cp cc nguyn vt liu, nng lng
cho qu trnh sn xut (nh khong sn, g, du m), l khng gian sng,
cung cp cc gi tr cnh quan, vui chi, gii tr phc v cho cuc sng ca con
ngi. Mi trng cng l ni cha cht thi ca cc hot ng trong nn kinh
t nh qu trnh sn xut, qu trnh lu thng v qu trnh tiu dng. Cc cht
thi ra mi trng tn ti di nhiu dng nh: dng rn, dng kh, dng lng.
Khi cc cht thi vi s lng v cht lng nht nh c thi ra mi tng
th cc qu trnh l, ha, sinh.. ca h t nhin s t phn hy, lm sch chng.
Tuy nhin, nu cht thi vt qu kh nng hp th ca mi trng chng s
lm thay i cht lng mi trng, gy nh hng n cuc sng ca con
ngi v sinh vt.

3
4

Alan Deardorff, Economic development, Deardorff's Glossary of International Economics

Hla Myint and Anne O. Krueger, 2009, Economic development, Encyclopdia Britannica.

Hnh 1. Mi quan h gia mi trng v h thng kinh t5

Mi quan h gia mi trng v pht trin kinh t
Qu trnh pht trin kinh t s gp phn to ra ngun ti chnh h tr cho
qu trnh ci to mi trng, phng chng suy thoi, s c mi trng xy ra
Pht trin kinh t to tim lc BVMT. Tuy nhin, qu trnh pht trin kinh t
din ra vi tc nhanh v mnh cng dn n vic khai thc, s dng qu mc
cc ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng, gy nguy c cn kit ti nguyn,
nhim, suy thoi mi trng.
Mi trng cng tc ng n tnh n nh v bn vng ca s pht trin
kinh t. Mi trng to ra cc tim nng t nhin mi cho cng cuc pht trin
kinh t trong tng lai, gp phn thc y qu trnh pht trin kinh t. Ngc
li, mi trng cng tc ng tiu cc, gy bt li cho qu trnh pht trin kinh
t. nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy ra cc hin tng thi tit bt thng
(sng m dy c, ma , ma axit), cc thm ha v thin tai (bo, l lt,
hn hn). iu ny s tc ng n tt c cc lnh vc, ngnh ngh hot ng
trong nn kinh t, nh hng n qu trnh lu thng, cc hot ng sn xut
kinh doanh trong nn kinh t nh: lm ngng tr qu trnh sn xut; gy thit hi
v kinh t (ti sn, ca ci, vt cht).
5

Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Kinh t v qun l Mi trng, tr.36-tr.38, Nh xut bn thng k, i hc

Kinh t quc dn.

T mi quan h gia mi trng v h thng kinh t, mi trng v pht

trin kinh t ta thy c v tr v vai tr ca mi trng trong h thng kinh t,
trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t l yu t ch yu v khng th thiu c
trong bt k hot ng no ca nn kinh t. V vy, trong chin lc pht trin
kinh t- x hi ca mi quc gia, vng, khu vc cn lng ghp yu t mi
trng vo trong cc ch trng, chnh sch m bo s kt hp hi ha gia li
ch kinh t v li ch mi trng, va p ng c nhu cu ca hin ti trong
tng trng v pht trin va khng lm nh hng n nhu cu ca th h trong
tng lai v trong cc chnh sch qun l v bo v mi trng cng nn lng
ghp yu t kinh t m bo nhng chnh sch ny pht huy c tnh hiu
qu trong thc tin hng ti mc tiu bo v mi trng v pht trin bn
vng.
II. Quan im ca ng v Nh nc v y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc
mi trng
Hot ng bo v mi trng (BVMT) ti Vit Nam chnh thc c ghi
nhn t nm 1993 khi Lut Bo v mi trng c Quc hi thng qua ngy
27/12/1993 l vn bn quy phm php lut c hiu lc php l cao nht ca Nh
nc Vit Nam v vn BVMT (hin nay c thay th bi Lut BVMT nm
2005). Nhn thc r vai tr v tm quan trng ca hot ng BVMT i vi
vic pht trin kinh t x hi ca t nc, tri qua gn 20 nm Nh nc Vit
Nam ban hnh nhiu chnh sch, cc vn bn quy phm php lut trong lnh
vc mi trng v t chc thc thi kh hiu qu cc chng trnh, d n thc
hin chin lc BVMT.
Ch th s 36/CT-TW ngy 25-6-1998 ca B Chnh tr V tng cng
cng tc bo v mi trng trong thi k cng nghip ha, hin i ha t
nc. Ch th khng nh BVMT l s nghip ca ton ng, ton dn v
ton qun; BVMT l mt ni dung c bn khng th tch ri trong ng li,
ch trng v k hoch pht trin kinh t- x hi ca tt c cc cp, cc ngnh,
l c s quan trng bo m pht trin bn vng, thc hin thng li ca s
9

nghip cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. Ch th cng yu cu Ban cn s

ng ch o vic xy dng chin lc quc gia v BVMT, kin ton b my
qun l nh nc v BVMT Trung ng v a phng; cc cp y ng v
chnh quyn cn lnh o v ch o trc tip vic kt hp k hoch pht trin
kinh t- x hi vi cng tc BVMT.
Trong i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX ca ng Cng Sn Vit
Nam v Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi 2001-2010 quan im pht trin bn
vng c ti khng nh: Pht trin nhanh, hiu qu v bn vng, tng
trng kinh t i i vi thc hin tin b, cng bng x hi v bo v mi
trng.
i hi i biu ton quc ln thc XI ca ng Cng Sn Vit Nam tip
tc khng nh trong Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi 2011- 2020: Nng cao
thc bo v mi trng, gn nhim v, mc tiu bo v mi trng vi pht
trin kinh t x hi. i mi c ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng.
a ni dung bo v mi trng vo trong chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht
trin ngnh, lnh vc, vng; vo cc chng trnh, d n
Ngh quyt s 41/NQ-TW ngy 15 thng 11 nm 2004 ca B Chnh Tr
v bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha
t nc. y l Ngh quyt u tin ca B Chnh tr c bit quan tm ti
cng tc bo v mi trng v pht trin bn vng trong thi k y mnh cng
nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. Ngh quyt nu r: Mun bo m pht trin
kinh t - x hi bn vng v hi nhp kinh t thnh cng, nht thit phi quan
tm n vn bo v ti nguyn v mi trng.
Quyt nh s 153/2004/Q-Ttg ngy 17 thng 8 nm 2004 ca Th
tng Chnh ph v vic ban hnh nh hng chin lc pht trin bn vng
Vit Nam (Chng trnh Ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam) nu nguyn tc ch
ng gn kt v c ch ti bt buc lng ghp yu cu bo v mi tng trong
vic lp quy hoch, k hoch, chng trnh v d n pht trin kinh t- x hi,
coi yu cu bo v mi trng l mt tiu ch quan trng trong nh gi pht
10

trin bn vng, mt trong nhng cng vic c u tiu thc hin l R sot
quy hoch tng th pht trin kinh t- x hi cc vng trng im, quy hoch
pht trin cc ngnh kinh t, c bit l nhng ngnh tc ng mnh m ti mi
trng, nhm bo m pht trin bn vng, bo m s dng tit kim ti
nguyn thin nhin, kim sot nhim v qun l cht thi c hiu qu, th
ch ha vic a yu t mi trng vo quy hoch, k hoch pht trin kinh tx hi hng nm, 5 nm v di hn ca c nc, cc b, ngnh v a phng t
cp Trung ng n cp c s.
Thy r c tm quan trng ca hot ng BVMT trong tin trnh pht
trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc, cn phi xy dng th ch, chnh sch qun
l v bo v mi trng ng b vi c ch vn hnh ca nn kinh t th trng
theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, m bo hi ha c c li ch v kinh t v
li ch v mi trng, hng ti mc tiu pht trin bn vng. T u nm
2008, Ban cn s ng b Ti nguyn v Mi trng xc nh ch trng
kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng l nhim v trng tm v lu di
ca ngnh trong thi gian ti. y l mt ch trng ng n, gp phn thc
y i mi c ch qun l v bo v mi trng sao cho ng b vi th ch
kinh t th trng (KTTT) theo nh hng x hi ch ngha, ch ng vn dng
cc quy lut khch quan, kh nng t iu tit ca KTTT, tng cng p dng
cc c ch, cng c kinh t trong qun l, nng cao nng lc, t duy, nghin cu
v phn tch kinh t trong lnh vc mi trng.
Ngy 02 thng 12 nm 2009, Ban Cn s ng b Ti nguyn v Mi
trng ban hnh Ngh Quyt s 27-NQ/BCSBTNMT v y mnh kinh t
ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng. Ngh Quyt a ra quan im ch o
trong vic y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng nh:
Th nht, thc s coi ti nguyn l ngun lc khan him, BVMT l thc
o hiu qu v tnh bn vng ca hot ng kinh t v c th hch ton ton
din v y pht trin bn vng t nc;
Th hai, bo m s ng b v nht qun gia phng thc qun l ti
11

nguyn v bo v mi trng vi th ch kinh t th trng theo nh hng x

hi ch ngha;
Th ba, i mi cc c ch chnh sch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi
trng; y mnh ci cch hnh chnh l cc nhim v trng tm y mnh
kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;
Th t, con ngi l trung tm, l nhn t quyt nh ca qu trnh y
mnh kinh t ha trong ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng, ch trng xy dng i
ng cn b, cng chc ca ngnh p ng yu cu v nhim v trong tnh hnh
mi.
Ngh Quyt 27 cng a ra cc nhim v chung ca ngnh Ti nguyn v
Mi trng cn thc hin trong thi gian ti. l:
a) Nghin cu, lm r c s l lun, xc lp nguyn tc, phng thc
thc hin, mc tiu, cc nhim v trng tm, nhng gii php t ph v l trnh
thc hin y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng; xy dng h
thng c s d liu ng b v ti nguyn v mi trng;
b) Hnh thnh nguyn tc, phng php, c ch nh gi, lng gi,
hch ton ti nguyn v mi trng ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng nh
hng x hi ch ngha, thit lp h thng ti khon quc gia v ti nguyn v
mi trng;
c) a dng ha ngun vn, nng hiu qu u t, tng cng ng dng
cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh vin thm trong iu tra c bn ti nguyn v
mi trng; hnh thnh c ch ti chnh qun l, khai thc v s dng thng tin,
d liu ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;
d) y mnh cng tc d bo xu th bin ng ti nguyn v cc vn
mi trng, cung - cu, cnh tranh, xung t v ti nguyn trn th gii v tc
ng n pht trin kinh t - x hi nc ta lm c s xy dng chin lc,
chnh sch, c ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng hp l v hiu qu;
e) R sot, xut chuyn i cc c ch qun l mang tnh hnh
12

chnh, bao cp km hiu qu trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng sang

c ch qun l hiu qu hn da trn cc nguyn tc c bn ca kinh t th
trng kt hp vi y mnh ci cch hnh chnh theo hng minh bch v hiu
qu;
f) Nghin cu, xy dng khung chnh sch v l trnh p dng cc cng
c kinh t trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng;
g) Nghin cu, xut khung chnh sch, c ch to ngun thu ngn
sch t ti nguyn v mi trng trn nguyn tc: Ngi s dng, hng li t
ti nguyn v mi trng phi tr tin, Ngi gy nhim mi trng v suy
thoi ti nguyn phi tr chi ph khc phc v ti to;
h) Thc y pht trin cc n v nghin cu, t vn, doanh nghip
cung ng dch v qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng p ng nhu cu
trong nc, tin ti m rng cung ng dch v ra nc ngoi; hnh thnh cc
qu ti nguyn, qu ti chnh h tr qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng
ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; y mnh sn xut hng ho mi trng;
thc hin thng mi ho thng tin, s liu v ti nguyn v mi trng;
i) Xy dng v p dng b tiu ch hiu qu kinh t - x hi - mi
trng trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng; pht trin phn tch chi
ph - li ch thnh cng c qun l nh nc v ti nguyn v mi trng.
Ngy 09 thng 04 nm 2010, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh
Quyt nh 675/Q-BTNMT v k hoch hnh ng thc hin Ngh Quyt 27NQ/BCSTNMT a ra nhng mc tiu, nhim v, gii php nhm y
mnh kinh t ha ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Mc tiu tng qut ca vic
y mnh thc hin kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng l hon thin
th ch qun l ti nguyn v mi trng, thc y ngnh ti nguyn v mi
trng pht trin nhanh v bn vng, ng b vi tin trnh pht trin cc th
ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha, nng tm ng gp v v th
ca ngnh trong nn kinh t quc dn, v mc tiu pht trin bn vng t nc.

13

Mc tiu c th l:
Th nht, to s chuyn bin mnh m trong nhn thc v thng nht
hnh ng ca cc cp y ng, chnh quyn, on th trin khai thnh cng cc
nhim v, gii php y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;
Th hai, hnh thnh khung chnh sch tng th v hon thin cc cng c
thc hin ch trng y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng vo
nhng nm u v trin khai thc hin ng b cc chnh sch c th theo tng
lnh vc trong cc nm tip theo ca k hoch 5 nm 2011- 2015;
Th ba, tip tc pht huy v i mi th ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v
mi trng trn cc nguyn tc c bn ca nn KTTT nh hng x hi ch
ngha, pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh, a dng ha ngun thu cho ngn sch
nh nc (NSNN), gp phn pht trin bn vng t nc.
Quyt nh cng quy nh cc nhim v, gii php c th cho tng lnh
vc trong ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng. i vi lnh vc mi trng, nhng
nhim v v gii php c th sau:
a)

Tip tc r sot, hon thin xy dng v ban hnh h thng vn bn

quy phm php lut v mi trng, thc hin xy dng B Lut Mi trng theo
hng xc lp c ch qun l v bo v mi trng ng b vi th ch kinh t
th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha;
b)

R sot, hon thin, i mi c ch qun l cc hot ng quan

trc, phn tch mi trng, lp v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi

trng, bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc, cng nhn, chng nhn v mi
trng, cung ng dch v mi trng ph hp vi c ch th trng;
c)

y mnh p dng cc cng c kinh t trong bo v mi trng;

tip tc b sung, hon thin cc c ch thu ngn sch t cc hot ng lin quan
n mi trng; t chc th nghim, tin ti p dng c ch chuyn nhng,
trao i quyn pht thi; thc hin k qu phc hi mi trng trong khai thc
khong sn; th im tin ti nhn rng cc m hnh p dng c ch chi tr dch
14

v h sinh thi; ng thi s dng cc cng c thu, ph mi trng iu tit

v m cc hot ng kinh t theo hng c li cho mi trng;
d)

y mnh hot ng nh gi, lng gi v hch ton mi trng,

d bo cung cu v xu th bin ng mi trng, t chc xc lp, hon thin v

a yu t mi trng vo trong gi thnh sn phm;
e)

Xy dng, ban hnh v t chc thc hin Chnh sch pht trin

kinh t mi trng Vit Nam;

f)

y nhanh tin ph duyt v ban hnh Ngh nh v bi thng

thit hi do nhim mi trng, suy thoi ti nguyn gy ra;

g)

Tin hnh quy hoch, tng cng u t v nng cao hiu qu hot

ng ca h thng quan trc ti nguyn v mi trng quc gia. Thc y hp

tc quc t, p ng cc cam kt vi cng ng quc t v bo v mi trng;
h)

y mnh cng tc tuyn truyn, x hi ha hot ng bo v mi

trng. Vn hnh h thng qun l thng tin, m bo cung cp thng tin cht
lng mi trng kp thi, chnh xc cho cng ng v cc cp qun l, tin ti
xy dng n thng mi ha thng tin, s liu v mi trng ph hp vi c
ch th trng.
III. Khi nim, mc tiu, nguyn tc v ni dung thc hin kinh t ha lnh
vc mi trng
1.

Khi nim kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

Trn c s quan im ca ng v Nh nc v kinh t ha lnh vc mi

trng, c th hiu kinh t ha trn mt s cc kha cnh sau:
Kinh t ha c ngha l s thay i cc c ch, chnh sch qun l mi
trng sao cho ng b vi th ch ca nn kinh t th trng. Kinh t ha
khng lm thay i bn cht, mc tiu ch o xuyn sut trong cc chnh sch
qun l v bo v mi trng, l bo m cho s pht trin bn vng.
Qun l mi trng l mt hot ng trong lnh vc qun l x hi, c
tc ng iu chnh cc hot ng ca con ngi da trn s tip cn c h
15

thng v cc k nng iu phi thng tin i vi cc vn mi trng c lin

quan n con ngi xut pht t quan im nh hng, hng ti pht trin bn
vng v s dng hp l ti nguyn6. Qun l mi trng c thc hin bi
tng hp cc bin php, lut php, chnh sch, kinh t, k thut, x hi thch hp
nhm bo v cht lng mi trng sng v pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi
quc gia.
Nn kinh t th trng l nn kinh t m mi hot ng mua bn v trao
i din ra trn th trng u vn hnh theo quy lut cung- cu; gi c v s
lng hng ha, dch v th trng c xc nh trn c s gi tr ca hng
ha, dch v v thng qua mi quan h gia cung v cu7. Khi lng cu v
hng ha ln hn lng cung th c xu hng lm tng gi c hng ha, nhm
ngi tiu dng c kh nng chi tr cao hn v y gi ca th trng ln.
Ngc li, khi lng cung vt qu lng cu v hng ha th gi c hng ha
c xu hng gim. C ch iu chnh v gi v lng ny gip th trng t
n im cn bng, ti ngi sn xut s sn xut ra ng bng lng m
ngi tiu dng mun mua.
T c ch t iu tit ca th trng, gi c s l tn hiu ngi sn
xut v ngi tiu dng t iu chnh hnh vi. N a ra tn hiu cho ngi tiu
dng v chi ph ca vic sn xut ra mt sn phm no l bao nhiu v tn
hiu cho ngi sn xut v s nh gi tng i v s chi tr ca ngi tiu
dng sn phm l bao nhiu Gi s, mt loi hng ha c nhu cu cao s lm
tng gi, gi tng s to ng lc ngi sn xut gia tng sn lng p
ng nhu cu, qua ngun lc trong x hi s c huy ng p ng cho
nhu cu ny. Ngc li, nu mt loi hng ha c nhu cu thp, gi s gim,
ngi sn xut s gim bt sn lng dch chuyn ngun lc sang nhng lnh
vc khc c hiu qu hn. Thng qua qu trnh vn ng nh vy, nhng ngun
lc ca x hi s c phn b mt cch ti u, p ng mt cch tt nht nhu
cu x hi.
6

Lu c Hi, 2006, Cm nang qun l mi trng, Nh xut bn gio dc.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_th%E1%BB%8B_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng

16

Da trn c s nhng nguyn l ca nn kinh t th trng, vn dng cc

quy lut trong pht trin kinh t vo trong cc cng tc qun l mi trng gp
phn h tr cho cc nh hoch nh a ra c cc chnh sch hp l v cc
cng c kinh t thch hp iu chnh hnh vi ca cc i tng trong nn
kinh t, phn b hp l cc ti nguyn thin nhin, nh hng hot ng sn
xut v tiu dng c li cho cng tc bo v mi trng. Nn kinh t Vit Nam
l nn kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha (XHCN). l nn
kinh t vn hnh theo c ch th trng c s qun l cht ch ca Nh nc
php quyn XHCN hng ti mc tiu dn giu, nc mnh, x hi cng bng,
dn ch, vn minh 8. y l mt nn kinh t hn hp, va vn hnh theo c ch
th trng vi cc quy lut khch quan ca nn kinh t th trng, va c s iu
tit cht ch ca Nh nc. Nh nc XHCN qun l nn kinh t bng chin
lc, chnh sch, php lut ng thi s dng c ch th trng, p dng cc
hnh thc kinh t v phng php qun l ca kinh t th trng hn ch v
khc phc nhng mt tiu cc ca c ch th trng, hay nhng tht bi ca th
trng. Chnh v th, cc c ch, chnh sch trong qun l mi trng phi p
dng cc quy lut vn ng ca nn kinh t th trng kt hp vi s qun l
cht ch ca Nh nc tng cng tnh hiu trong vic thc thi nhng c ch,
chnh sch ny.
Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng c ngha l lm cho hot ng qun l
mi trng t hiu qu hn t gc kinh t thng qua vic lng ghp cc yu
t kinh t, vn dng cc quy lut pht trin kinh t vo trong cc hot ng qun
l mi trng trn c s coi bo v mi trng l thc o hiu qu v bn
vng ca hot ng kinh t. Trong cng tc qun l v bo v mi trng cn p
dng ng b cc cng c lut php, hnh chnh, k thut vi cc cng c kinh
t tng cng trch nhim tun th cc quy nh php lut v bo v mi
trng, m bo tnh hiu qu trong vic thc thi quy nh, chnh sch php lut
qun l mi trng; gp phn lm cho hot ng bo v mi trng pht trin
song song, ng hnh cng vi s pht trin v tng trng ca kinh t. Ngoi
8

Ngh quyt 21-NQ/TW ca Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng Cng sn Vit Nam kha X

17

vic y mnh o dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng, cng

tc qun l mi trng t hiu qu di gc kinh t th vic hnh thnh cc
c ch nh gi, lng gi gi tr mi trng cng ng vai tr quan trng, h
tr cho cc nh qun l a ra cc quyt nh phn b hp l, hiu qu ti
nguyn ny, trnh vic khai thc v s dng ba bi lm suy gim cht lng
mi trng v hu ht mi trng thng mang gi tr phi th trng (tc l
khng c gi trn th trng, khng c s mua bn trao i trn th trng).
Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng cng c ngha l vic xy dng cc c
ch lm tng ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc thng qua cc hot ng qun
l v bo v mi trng. C th, kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng l y mnh
vic p dng cng c thu/ph mi trng. Thu/ph mi trng l cng c va
gp phn iu chnh hnh vi ca ngi gy nhim, iu tit v m cc quan h
x hi theo hng s dng tit kim, hiu qu ti nguyn v bo v mi trng
va gp phn to thm ngun thu trong ngn sch nh nc (NSNN), ti u t
vo cc hot ng bo v mi trng, hn ch, khc phc nhim, suy thoi
mi trng. Thu/ph mi trng l mt trong nhng cng c da vo th trng
(Market Based Instruments) hay cc cng c kinh t (Economic Instruments), n
s gip ngi gy nhim a ra la chn ph hp, hiu qu nht tun th
php lut v p ng cc yu cu, tiu chun v mi trng. Nh vy, Kinh t
ha lnh vc mi trng khng nhng gp phn hn ch, gim thiu nhim,
suy thoi mi trng, lm cho cng tc qun l mi trng t hiu qu m n
cn gp phn tng ngun thu cho NSNN v tng t trng ng gp ca lnh vc
trong tng thu nhp quc ni (GDP), khng nh v th ca lnh vc mi trng
trong s tng trng v pht trin ca nn kinh t.
Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng cng c ngha l vic hnh thnh, to lp
v pht trin ng b cc loi th trng hng ha v dch v v mi trng (th
trng chuyn giao giy php x thi, th trng chi tr dch v mi trng);
pht trin ngnh cng nghip mi trng nh ngnh sn xut, ch to cc thit
b, my mc x l, ti ch, ti s dng cht thi, ngnh ch to ra cc thit b o
18

lng, quan trc mi trng Kinh t ha coi mi trng nh l mt th trng

mi c th khai thc, to ra doanh thu, li nhun cho cc bn lin quan, v th
cn thit lp mi trng php l thng thong, thun li, a ra cc c ch,
chnh sch ng b thc y, to iu kin thun li cho th trng ny pht
trin, to ngun thu cho nn kinh t, ng gp v s tng trng kinh t.
Tng qut li, Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng c th c hiu l s i
mi c ch, chnh sch trong qun l mi trng ph hp, ng b vi c
ch ca nn kinh t th trng c s qun l ca Nh nc nhm lm cho cng
tc qun l mi trng tr nn hiu qu hn vi mc tiu bo v mi trng;
to ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc v ng gp cho tng trng kinh t.
2.

Mc tiu kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

Cn c theo Quyt nh 675/Q- BTNMT ngy 9 thng 4 nm 2010 ca

B Ti Nguyn v Mi trng v k hoch hnh ng thc hin Ngh Quyt 27NQ/BCSTNMT, mc tiu ca vic y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng
l:
- i mi, hon thin th ch qun l v bo v mi trng da trn
nguyn tc ca nn KTTT theo nh hng XHCN. Nng cao nng lc phn tch
kinh t, vn dng cc quy lut pht trin kinh t vo trong qun l mi trng
- Thc y lnh vc mi trng pht trin nhanh v bn vng, ng b
vi tin trnh pht trin cc th ch KTTT theo nh hng XHCN.
- Nng tm ng gp v v th ca lnh vc mi trng trong nn kinh
t quc dn v mc tiu pht trin bn vng t nc.
Nhng li ch ca vic thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng mang li:
Kinh t ho lnh vc mi trng gp phn lm cho mc tiu bo v mi
trng c thc hin mt cch hiu qu hn thng qua vic coi bo v mi
trng l thc o hiu qu v c tnh bn vng ca hot ng kinh t.
Kinh t ha m bo nhng quyt sch c a ra da trn nhng nh
gi nh lng v khng b bt cp so vi quy lut vn ng ca nn kinh t th
19

trng. Kinh t ha gp phn hon thin th ch chnh sch trong qun l v bo

v mi trng ng b vi tin trnh xy dng th ch kinh t th trng theo
nh hng XHCN nhm tng cng, nng cao hiu qu qun l ca nh nc
trong lnh vc mi trng thng qua vic p dng ng b cc cng c lut
php, hnh chnh vi cc cng c kinh t trong thc t, tng cng tnh hiu qu
ca cc cng c ny.
Kinh t ha gp phn lm tng trch nhim tun th cc quy nh v bo
v mi trng. Kinh t ha iu chnh hnh vi ca ngi gy nhim thng qua
cc quy lut ca th trng, cc mi quan h th trng trong nn kinh t, t
hn ch, gim thiu c nhim, suy thoi mi trng hng ti mc tiu pht
trin bn vng.
Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng nh gi, lng ha cc gi tr hng ha
v dch v mi trng, hch ton chng vo trong cc hot ng, quy trnh ca
nn kinh t, t tng cng hiu qu ca vic khai thc v s dng bn vng
ti nguyn thin nhin v gim thiu nhng thit hi kinh t do suy thoi v
nhim mi trng, h tr Chnh ph trong vic cn i c nhng chnh sch
v m trong nn kinh t.
Kinh t ha pht huy tim nng, nng tm ng gp v v th ca lnh
vc mi trng trong nn kinh t quc dn. Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng
nng cao mc ng gp t hot ng bo v mi trng cho ngn sch nh
nc, tng ngun vn ti u t vo cc hot ng bo v mi trng, khc
phc, phng nga nhim, suy thoi v cc s c v mi trng.
Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng thc y vic hnh thnh v pht trin
ca ngnh cng nghip v dch v mi trng, to mi trng php l thng
thong, thun li cho loi hnh hot ng ny pht trin.
3.

Nguyn tc c bn thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng, lm cho cc c ch, chnh

sch trong qun l mi trng ph hp vi th ch vn hnh ca nn kinh t th
trng theo nh hng XHCN cn da trn 2 nguyn tc c bn sau:
20

Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin

Vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin cng nh lao ng v cc
nguyn liu u vo ca qu trnh sn xut s dn ti thi cc cht thi vo mi
trng t, nc, khng kh. Do khng c gi chnh xc v c tnh m ca ti
nguyn v mi trng nn s dn n vic khai thc v s dng qu mc, gy
nhim, suy thoi v cn kit ti nguyn, do cn phi ni ha nhng chi ph
ca vic s dng v lm suy thoi ti nguyn v mi trng. Nguyn tc ngi
gy nhim phi tr tin ra i.
Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin (PPP- Poluter Pays Principle)
bt ngun vo nm 1972 t xut ca Hi ng OECD (T chc hp tc v
pht trin kinh t) v hng dn nhng nguyn tc lin quan n kha cnh kinh
t quc t ca cc chnh sch mi trng.
Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin l nguyn tc m theo
nhng ngi gy nhim phi chu chi ph cho cc bin php nhm gim thiu
nhim do nhng thit hi gy ra cho x hi hoc vt qu mc (tiu chun)
nhim cho php9.
Theo nguyn tc ny, tt c nhng ai gy nhim mi trng, tc ng
tiu cc n mi trng th u phi np ph. Nguyn tc ny xut pht t
nhng lun im ca Pigow v nn kinh t phc li. Theo , th gi c ca cc
loi hng ha, dch v trn th trng phn nh y tng chi ph sn xut bao
gm chi ph ca tt c cc ngun lc c s dng. V d: mt ngi ch s
hu t la chn phng n thot nc vng t ngp nc t nhin trn khu
t ca h y tng tnh hiu qu ca ti sn ca h, do h y phi chu ton
b chi ph cho vic lm . Tng chi ph c th bao gm chi ph c nhn v
nhng thit hi gy ra cho x hi do s gim h sinh thi .
Nguyn tc ny a ra cc gii php bo v mi trng thng qua vic
buc nhng ngi gy nhim mi trng phi tip thu y cc chi ph sn
9

Glossary of Environment Statistics, 1997, Studies in Methods, Series F, No. 67, United Nations, New
York.

21

xut (bao gm cc chi ph mi trng). N gp phn khc phc nhng tht bi

ca th trng, gim nhng tn tht v phc li x hi.
Nguyn tc ngi hng li phi tr tin
Nguyn tc ngi hng li phi tr tin (BPP- Benefit Pays Pricnciple)
tng t nh nguyn tc ngi s dng phi tr tin (UPP- User Pays Principle)
c hiu l nhng ngi s dng hay c hng li t vic s dng hng
ha dch v u phi chu chi ph chi vic cung cp chng10. C th l, tt c
nhng ai hng li do c c mi trng trong lnh, khng b nhim u
phi np ph. V d, ngi ch s hu khu t bo tn nhng vng t ngp
nc t nhin nhm mc ch mi trng th chi ph c chia s cho tt c
nhng ai c hng li t h sinh thi t ngp nc .
Nguyn tc ny ch trng vic phng nga v ci thin mi trng cn
c h tr t pha nhng ngi mun thay i hoc nhng ngi khng phi
tr gi cho cc cht thi gy nhim mi trng. Thc hin nguyn tc BPP
nhm hng ti mc tiu bo v mi trng hay phc hi mi trng thng qua
cc khon thu t cng ng.
Trn thc t, vic kt hp cc nguyn tc ny gp phi kh khn. Kh
khn ch yu l vic xc nh i tng chnh hng li. V d: Vic duy tr
a dng sinh hoc v gim thiu bin i kh hu s mang li li ch cho mi
ngi dn c v tt c mi ngi trn th gii, tuy nhin nhiu bin php bo
tn nh thit k m hnh gim thiu nhng tc ng ca mn th ch yu
mang li li ch cho mt khu vc c th hoc mt bang. Do , vic p dng
nguyn tc BPP khng m bo c tnh cng bng trong thc t, bi l n
khng i hi tt c mi ngi phi tr y chi ph cho cc hng ha v dch
v m h s dng.

10

David Pannell, 2004, The University of Western Australia, Who should pay for the environment?
http://cyllene.uwa.edu.au/~dpannell/pd/pd0021.htm

22

4. Ni dung ca y mnh thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng

Thc hin kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng bao gm nhiu ni dung c th
khc nhau. Tuy nhin, da trn c s nhng c th ring ca qun l trong lnh
vc mi trng, trong phm vi nghin cu ny, y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc
mi trng gm 2 ni dung ch o, ct li sau:
Th nht, y mnh p dng cc nhm cng c kinh t trong cng tc
qun l mi trng nh nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh
nc (thu, ph mi trng), nhm cng c to lp th trng (chi tr dch v
mi trng, giy php x thi), nhm cng c nhm nng cao trch nhim x hi
trong hot ng BVMT (t cc hon tr, bi thng thit hi mi trng, k
qu mi trng, nhn sinh thi).
Th hai, xy dng v p dng nhm cng c h tr cho vic i mi cc
c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng ph hp vi nn KTTT nh: nh gi,
lng gi, hch ton mi trng.

23

CHNG II. THC TIN TRIN KHAI KINH T HA

LNH VC MI TRNG
Nh ni dung trnh by trong chng I, y mnh thc hin kinh t
ho lnh vc mi trng trong nghin cu ny bao gm hai ni dung chnh l
y mnh p dng cc cng c kinh t trong cng tc qun l mi trng, hnh
thnh v p dng cc cng c h tr cho vic i mi cc c ch, chnh sch
qun l mi trng ph hp vi nn KTTT. Ti chng II, chng ti tp trung
lm r hai ni dung ny da trn thc tin trin khai ti mt s quc gia trn th
gii v ti Vit Nam.
I.

Kinh nghim ca mt s nc trn th gii lin quan n kinh t ha

lnh vc mi trng
1.

Cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng

Cc cng c kinh t pht huy vai tr quan trng trong vic thc hin
qu trnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng v ang tr thnh nhm chnh sch
c p dng ngy cng rng ri trong nhng thp k va qua trong bo v mi
trng. Ngay t u nhng nm 1970, cc quc gia trn th gii bt u s
dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng. n nay, cc loi cng c
ny c s dng rng ri cc cp khc nhau t quc gia n a
phng nhm kim sot nhim v s dng bn vng cc ngun ti nguyn.
Cng c kinh t hay cc cng c da vo th trng c nh ngha l
bin php khuyn khch kinh t, c xy dng da trn nn tng ca cc quy
lut kinh t th trng. Cng c kinh t c th c hiu l cc cng c chnh
sch s dng nhm tc ng ti chi ph v li ch trong cc hot ng ca c
nhn v t chc kinh t to ra cc tc ng nh hng n hnh vi ca cc
tc nhn kinh t theo hng c li cho mi trng11.
So vi cng c ch huy v kim sot (CAC- Command and Control) l
cng c chnh sch trong qun l mi trng, bao gm ch huy tc l t ra
11

Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Gio trnh Kinh t v qun l Mi trng, Nh xut bn Thng K

24

tiu chun mc nhim ti a c th cho php v kim sot tc l s

gim st v thc thi cc tiu chun12 th cc cng c kinh t c nhng u im
vt tri hn. V hiu qu ca p dng cng c CAC tng i hn ch: do theo
cch tip cn ca cng c CAC th mc tiu chun ti u l kh xc nh, c
bit l i vi hng ha khng c trao i trn th trng nh nc v khng
kh. Ngoi ra, khi thc thi phng php CAC do khng c s tr gip ca nhng
khuyn khch kinh t da vo th trng do khng khuyn khch c cc
doanh nghip a ra nhng bin php gim thiu lng nhim vt qu
tiu chun cho php cng nh khuyn khch ngi tiu dng khng s dng cc
sn phm gy tn hi n mi trng. Mt khc, cng c kinh t hay cng c
da vo th trng l nhng cng c khuyn khch thay i hnh vi thng qua
nhng tn hiu ca th trng hn l thng qua cc quy nh, ch th r rng v
mc v phng thc kim sot nhim (Stavins, 2003). Cng c da vo th
trng c thit k da trn vic s dng cc tc nhn th trng (Stavins,
1998; OECD, 1989, 1998). N cho php cc i tng gy nhim c th thc
hin vic kim sot mc nhim ca h, hng ti mc tiu kinh doanh bn
vng (li ch em li trong di hn). Vic p dng cng c kinh t cho php cc
doanh nghip, cc c s sn xut kinh doanh c th linh hot trong vic ra quyt
nh l c nn thay i hnh vi ca mnh (nh gim thiu cht nhim thi ra
mi trng; u t trang thit b my mc...) hay chu chi ph ca vic gy
nhim mi trng.
Hin nay, cng c kinh t c p dng hu ht cc nc pht trin
v cc nc ang pht trin, v ngy cng phong ph v th loi. Trong khun
kh nghin cu ny, chng ti chia cc cng c kinh t thnh ba nhm chnh
nhm y mnh kinh t ho trong lnh vc mi trng bao gm: (1) nhm cng
c to ngun thu trc tip cho NSNN, (2) nhm cng c to lp th trng v (3)
nhm cng c nhm nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng BVMT.

12

ESCAP, 1999(c), Integrating Environmental Considerations into Economic Policy Making

Processes, http://www.unescap.org/drpad/vc/orientation/M5_2.htm

25

1. 1 Nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh nc

Kinh nghim th gii cho thy ng gp chnh ca lnh vc mi trng
cho ngn sch l cc loi thu/ph mi trng v mt s ph nh vo sn phm,
ph x thi, giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng, ty theo tng quc gia v
tng giai on khc nhau m cch thc v phn ng gp ny l khc nhau.
Doanh thu t nhm thu/ph mi trng trung bnh chim khong 5% tng GDP
(dao ng t 3% n 13%) ti nhiu quc gia khc nhau13.
Thu v ph mi trng l cng c kinh t c s dng to ngun thu
trc tip cho NSNN. Cng c ny nhm 2 mc tiu ch yu l khuyn khch
ngi gy nhim gim lng cht thi ra mi trng v tng ngun thu cho
NSNN thng qua vic a chi ph mi trng vo trong gi thnh sn phm theo
nguyn tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin.
* Thu mi trng
Thu mi trng (Environmental Tax) l mt cng c kinh t gii
quyt cc vn mi trng. y l khon thu cho NSNN t nhng i tng
gy nhim, lm thit hi cho mi trng. N gp phn hn ch, gim thiu cc
tc nhn gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng, khuyn khch cc hot ng
BVMT. Thu mi trng c thit k ni ha chi ph mi trng v to ra
ng lc kinh t cho c nhn, t chc thc y cc hot ng sinh thi bn
vng14. Thu mi trng thng thng nh ch yu vo cc cht gy nhim
mi trng hay cc sn phm hng ha m vic sn xut, s dng chng c tc
ng tiu cc n mi trng, gy nhim mi trng nh: thu nh vo
ngun gy nhim (thu Sunfua, thu CFCs, thu CO2) v thu nh vo cc
sn phm gy nhim mi trng (thu xng, du, than, thuc bo v thc
vt).

13

Vin Chin lc, chnh sch Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2010, Kinh t ha tng ng gp ca
ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng cho ngun thu ngn sch v GDP, http://www.isponre.gov.vn/home
14
Japan Center for a Sustainable Environment and Society (JACES), What are Environmental Taxes?,
http://www.jacses.org/en/paco/envtax.htm

26

* Ph mi trng
Ph mi trng l khon thu ca NSNN dnh cho hot ng bo v mi
trng nh thu gom v x l ph thi, nc thi, khc phc nhim mi
trng...15. Mc ch chnh ca vic thu ph mi trng l hn ch cc tc nhn
gy nhim mi trng, ngn nga vic x cc cht thi ra mi trng, m cc
cht thi ny c kh nng x l c. Ph mi trng buc nhng ngi gy
nhim mi trng phi x l cc cht thi trc khi thi ra mi trng hay hn
ch s dng cc ngun nguyn liu c nguy c gy ra nhim, v vy cng c
ny khuyn khch cc c s sn xut kinh doanh, nhng ngi gy nhim phi
x l cc cht nhim trong ngun thi trc khi thi ra mi trng. Ph mi
trng c tnh ton da trn lng pht thi ca cht nhim v chi ph x l
nhim, khc phc nhim...
Mt s loi thu/ph nhim mi trng ph bin bao gm: ph nc thi,
ph gy nhim khng kh, thu cacbon, thu sulphur, ph gy suy thoi tng
zn, thu chn lp rc, thu xng du, thu s dng kh gas, thu mi trng,
gn y l vic p dng mi cc loi thu lin quan n cht thi rn (CTR), v
tng thu sut i vi thu CTR. i vi thu nh vo ngun gy nhim: c 2
loi thu ch yu c p dng cc nc trn th gii l thu sulphur v
thu CO2.
Thu/ ph mi trng cc quc gia trn th gii c s dng nhm ti
u t cho cng tc bo v mi trng, v gp phn h tr cho an sinh x hi.
Ti Phn Lan, thu mi trng bt u c p dng t nm 1997, bao gm
thu sinh thi, thu nng lng nhm h tr cho nhng ngi c thu nhp thp.
Ti c, thu mi trng c p dng i vi nhin liu v lm gim mc
tiu th nhin liu xung 0,8% tng ng vi vic tit kim c khong 9 t
DM (s liu nm 1999), ng gp vo Qu tr cp Quc gia. Ti H Lan,
mt phn ln ngun thu t cc loi thu nng lng gp phn gim cc
khon ng gp an sinh x hi (s liu nm 1999). Ti Thy S, ngun
15

Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Kinh t Qun l Ti nguyn v Mi trng, tr.423, Nh xut bn Thng
k

27

thu t thu sinh thi i vi cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (VOCs) v nhin

liu si m (tr nng lng mt tri) s c s dng phn phi li cho cc
h gia nh di hnh thc l cc khon h tr bo him y t (1999). Ti Anh,
ngun thu 450.000.000 / nm t thu bi rc (s liu nm 1996) c s
dng gii quyt cc vn an sinh x hi.16
Di y l mt s kinh nghim v thu/ph c p dng ti mt s
quc gia trn th gii:
Ti an Mch - Thu sulphur17
an Mch c ngha v p ng mc tiu gim pht thi kh sulphur theo
quy nh ca iu c quc t. Mc d mc tiu gim pht thi c thng
qua nm 1980, p ng mc tiu ca an Mch a ra nhiu bin php ct
gim s pht thi kh sulphur dn n s ra i ca thu sulphur. Mc thu c
xem nh l thu xanh k t khi n c p dng nhm t c mc tiu bo v
mi trng. Theo quy nh ca iu c quc t, an Mch c ngha v phi
gim pht thi kh sulphur vo nm 2000 tng ng vi khng qu 80% ca
mc nm 1980. y l s u i thu gim hm lng sulphur ca cc nhin
liu ha thch18. Thu ny ch p dng cho nhin liu vi hm lng sulphur cao
hn 0,05% .
Thu sulphur c p dng trong cc ngnh nh hn ngch kh thi cho
nh my in, kh sulphur bt buc i vi cc n v trong cc nh my in
mi, gii hn gi tr ca hm lng sulphur trong nhin liu.
Thu sulphur ca an Mch c hai hnh thc bao gm: (1) Thu sn
phm l thu nh vo cc hm lng sulphur trong nhin liu c p dng vi
mc thu 20 DKK/kg SO2 ; v (2) Thu pht thi l loi thu nh vo lng
pht thi kh sulphur t hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh vi mc thu 10
DKK/kg SO2 (s liu nm 1999).
16

Updated from OECD, 1997, Environment taxes and green tax reform
http://economicinstruments.com/index.php/air-quality/article
18
Danish Environmental Protection Agency,1999, Economic Instruments In Environmental Protection
in Denmark, Ministry of Environment and Energy , pp93-96.
17

28

Thu sulphur ca an Mch c tc ng ng k n cng tc qun l

mi trng:
- Thu lm tng chi ph nng lng, cc c s sn xut da trn vic s
dng cc nhin liu c cha sulphur. Do , tng nng lng tiu th s
gim;
- Thu lm thay i c cu gi nng lng, qua to ng c s dng
nhin liu thay th c hm lng sulphur thp hn so vi cc nhin liu
ho thch (nh than v du);
- Thu thc y u t cng ngh x l cui ng ng.
Thu sulphur an Mch p dng rt thnh cng, hm lng sulphur
ca c hai loi nhin liu l du m v kh thin nhin gim t 0,2% n
0,05% v hm lng sulphur trong than gim c mt phn ba (1999 EEA).
ng thi thu c tc ng tch cc n s pht trin ca cc nh my lc
sulphur v cng ngh x l kh thi (B Thu an Mch 1998 c trch dn
trong nm 1999 EEA). Nm 1996, an Mch gim c 33% lng pht thi
SO2 v thay i thnh phn ca nhin liu cha lng sulphur thp (EEA D
tho Bo co nm 2000). Theo Sterner (2003), mc sulphur nm 1997 (bnh
qun 22 kg ca SOx/ ngi) gim 76% so vi nm 1980.
c bit, thu sulphur ng gp mt khon ln cho ngn sch an
Mch, nm 1996 l 296,5 triu DKK, v 1998 l 375 triu DKK.
Ti Thy in
Vic nh thu pht thi kh sulphur ti Thu in cng em li nhng
kt qu kh quan trong kim sot nhim, c tnh c tc ng lm gim 30%
lng pht thi trong thi gian t nm 1989 n nm 199519.
Thy in cng p dng cng c thu mi trng trong kim sot
nhim. Loi thu ny p dng cho tt c hot ng gy nhim nh s dng
19

Sterner, 2003, Policy Instruments for Environmental and Natural Resource Management. Resources
for the Future, Washington

29

nng lng, hot ng gy nhim, s dng ti nguyn, s dng cc phng

tin giao thng. Tng s thu mi trng thu c hng nm ca Thy in
trong giai on t nm 1993 n nm 1998 c th hin trong bng 2 di y.
Bng 1. Thu mi trng Thy in t nm 1993 n nm 199820
(triu SEK )
Cc

loi 1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

thu
Nng lng

39,017 42,043

44,161

49,733

49,352 52,652

nhim

582

566

682

753

551

508

Giao thng

8,119

5,852

5,798

6,721

6,451

6,336

70

131

142

59,273

58,482 61,636

Ti nguyn
Tng

49,711 50,455

52,636

Ti Ba Lan
Ba Lan p dng kt hp cc cng c kinh t gim lng nhim v
h tr ti chnh cho cng tc x l nhim. Thu pht thi i vi sulphur ca
Ba Lan trong thi gian t nm 1990 n nm 1996 dao ng trong khong t 60
100 USD/tn SO2. Vic p dng cng c thu pht thi Ba Lan thnh
cng trong vic khuyn khch cc c s sn xut, kinh doanh gim nhim ng
thi to ngun thu cho ngn sch nhm u t x l nhim.
Ti Indonesia
Nm 1980, Chnh ph Indonesia bt u nh thu ph ti trng rng
(reforestation fee) vi mc thu l 4 USD/1m3 i vi cc hot ng n g.
n nm 1989, mc ph ny tng ln 7 USD/ 1m3 v 22 USD/1 m3 vo nm
1997. Vi tin ph thu c, qu s dng ti trng rng v thc y cc hot
20

Glenn-Marie Lange, 2003, Policy Applications of Environmental Accounting

30

ng bo v rng.
1.1 Nhm cng c to lp th trng
1.1.1 Chi tr dch v mi trng (chi tr dch v sinh thi)
Theo bo co nh gi h sinh thi (2005) do Lin Hip Quc ti tr
nh gi tnh trng h sinh thi trn th gii. Bn bo co a ra nh ngha
Dch v h sinh thi l nhng li ch trc tip hoc gin tip m con ngi
hng th t cc chc nng ca h sinh thi. Bn bo co xc nh danh
mc cc loi hnh dch v sinh thi cung cp nh: sn phm lng thc, thc
phm (nh la go, vt nui, thy hi sn...); cc cy cng nghip (nh bng,
g, gai du...); cc ngun dc liu; cung cp ngun nc; iu ha khng kh;
iu tit ngun nc; hn ch xi mn; cc dch v vn ha (bao gm c tinh
thn v tn gio, cc gi tr thm m, gii tr, du lch sinh thi...)21... Cng theo
bo co, khong 60% dch v sinh thi trn th gii ang b suy thoi hoc khai
thc, s dng khng bn vng. Do , nhm mc ch thc y pht trin h
sinh thi da vo cng ng, khi phc li nhng h sinh thi b ph hy v duy
tr vic cung cp cc dch v sinh thi quan trng dn n vic hnh thnh cng
c chi tr dch v h sinh thi.

21

Living Beyond Our Means; Statement from the board of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment,
http://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.429.aspx.pdf

31

Chi tr dch v mi trng (Payments for Environment Services-PES)

hay cn gi l (Payments for Ecosystems Services-PES) chi tr dch v sinh thi
l cng c kinh t s dng nhng ngi c hng li t cc dch v h
sinh thi chi tr cho nhng ngi tham gia duy tr, bo v v pht trin cc
chc nng ca h sinh thi 22. y l c ch chuyn giao ngun ti chnh t
nhng ngi c hng li t dch v sinh thi nht nh cho nhng ngi
cung cp cc dch v sinh thi.
Chi tr dch v sinh thi23 l s giao ko, k kt t nguyn v cng c
li gia nhng ngi c hng li t h sinh thi v nhng nh cung cp dch
v sinh thi. Bn cung cp dch v sinh thi nm quyn s hu hng ha, dch
v mi trng mang li nhng li ch cho bn c nhu cu. Bn c hng li
t dch v sinh thi s sn sng chi tr mt mc gi thp so vi phc li ca h
do h sinh thi mang li. Bn cung cp dch v sinh thi sn sng chp nhn mt
mc chi tr cao hn chi ph ca vic cung cp cc dch v sinh thi. Chng
trnh PES l mt v d in hnh ca nh l Coase. Theo nh l Coase, ngoi
ng mi trng c th c gii quyt thng qua thng lng ring gia
nhng ngi sn sng chi tr gim nhng mi nguy hi v mi trng v
nhng ngi sn sng chp nhn cc khon bi thng cho vic gim hot ng
m to ra cc gnh nng mi trng.
PES gp phn nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v gi tr ca dch v
h sinh thi , ci thin sinh k bn vng cho nhng ngi cung cp dch v v
nng cao cht lng cuc sng cho ton x hi. Ngoi ra, c ch PES cn gp
phn hnh thnh th trng gi c cho cc dch v sinh thi thng qua vic lng
gi cc gi tr ca h sinh thi, quan h mua bn trao i gia ngi hng li t
h sinh thi (ngi mua) v ngi cung cp dch v h sinh thi (ngi bn),

22

Hunh Th Mai, Ban Qun l ti nguyn nc v a dng sinh hc, Chi tr dch v h sinh thiGii php bo tn a dng sinh hc,
http://hieuanh.com.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126:chi-tr-dch-v-h-sinh-thaigii-phap-bo-tn-a-dng-sinh-hc&catid=1:tin-tc,
23
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payment_for_ecosystem_services

32

t hnh thnh th trng chi tr dch v sinh thi v to ra ngun ti chnh bn

vng duy tr v bo tn cc chc nng dch v ca h sinh thi.
PES chia thnh 4 loi chnh: chi tr cho bo v rng u ngun
(watershed protection); chi tr cho cnh quan mi trng (landscape beauty); chi
tr cho bo tn a dng sinh hc (biodiversity); chi tr cho hp th cacbon
(carbon sequenstration).
Bng 2. Cc loi c ch chi tr cho dch v mi trng
C ch

c im

Cc khu rng u ngun cung cp rt nhiu dch v cho x

Chi tr cho bo v
hi bao gm kim sot xi mn t, duy tr cht lng nc
rng u ngun
v iu chnh dng chy ca nc. Nhng gi tr ny c th
(watershed
thu c thng qua nhiu c ch khc nhau nh thanh ton
protection)
trc tip hay cc loi ph s dng nc.
Du khch ti thm nhng cnh quan thin nhin p/nhng
khu bo tn, vn quc gia lu tr cc gi tr cnh quan v a
quan mi trng
dng sinh hc. Nhng gi tr ny c th thu c thng qua
(landscape beauty)
ph vo ca hoc tr tin cho quyn tip cn.
Chi tr cho cnh

Chi tr cho bo Ngi dn sn lng chi tr cho vic duy tr v bo tn a

tn a dng sinh dng sinh hc ca thin nhin.
hc
(biodiversity)
Chi tr cho hp Ti nguyn rng c chc nng sinh thi quan trng l hp th
th
cacbon cacbon. Ngh nh th Kyoto hn ch lng pht thi cacbon
(carbon
sequenstration)

to ra th trng mua bn giy php pht thi kh nh knh

thng qua C ch Pht trin sch (CDM).

Ngun: Nguyn Cng Thnh (2008)

PES c s dng rng ri cc nc trn th gii, c bit l cc nc
pht trin nh Mexico, Canada, cc nc Chu M La tinh, Costa Rica... PES
cng c pht trin v thc hin th im ti mt s nc chu nh
Indonesia, Philippines, Trung Quc, n , Nepal v Vit Nam. c bit l ti
33

Indonesia v Philippines c rt nhiu cc sng kin v PES lin quan n dch

v sinh thi ca rng u ngun.
Mt trong nhng chng trnh PES tin tin nht cho n nay c
pht trin trn o Lombok, Indonesia, c thc hin bi t chc Qu ng
vt hoang d quc t (World Wild Fund WWF) nhm bo tn cc khu rng
ca MiRinjani. Cc khu rng c vai tr rt quan trng, to ra 50.000.000
USD mi nm cho sn phm ngnh nng nghip ca khu vc, v cung cp nc
sinh hot tr gi 14 triu USD. ng thi cc hot ng du lch sinh thi to
thm ngun thu nhp cho ngi dn a phng. Mt nghin cu ca WWF cho
thy gn nh tt c 43 nghn h gia nh khu vc ny s ng chi tr khong
0,60 USD/thng cho cc hot ng lin quan n mi trng. Mc ch ca
chng trnh PES l s dng s tin thu c chi tr cho vic bo tn cc khu
rng u ngun ca sng Segara v ci thin iu kin x hi ca cng ng
xung quanh. n PES mang li nim hy vng ln nhm duy tr vic bo v v
qun l nhiu rng v li ch ca cng ng a phng v bo v mi trng t
nhin thng qua vic huy ng cc ngun ti chnh bn vng cho bo tn 24.
Kt qu thc hin chi tr dch v mi trng mt s nc bao gm:
Costa Rica, Mexico, Brazil 25.
Ti Costa Rica
Costa Rica thc hin n PES chnh thc bt u t nm 1996 vi vic
sa i Lut Lm nghip v a ra cc kinh nghim i vi cc hnh thc tr
cp trc tip cho ngnh lm nghip. n tp trung vo cc dch v mi trng
mang tnh ton cu bao gm bo tn a dng sinh hc v hp th cacbon. Tuy
nhin, n ny ch yu c ti tr bi ngun thu t thu trong nc i vi
vic s dng nhin liu ha thch. Ban u c bn hnh thc PES c nhn
tr cp l bo v rng, qun l rng, ti trng rng v trng cy. T nm 1997
24

http://www.worldwildlife.org/science/projects/ecosystemserv/item1987.html

25

Herman Rosa, Deborah Barry, Susan Kandel, and Leopoldo Dimas, 2004, Compensation
for Environmental Services and Rural Communities: Lessons from the Americas
34

n nm 2002, chng trnh c p dng trn hn 300.000 ha rng v tng s

tin thu c vt qu 80 triu USD, trong 70% s tin thu c s dng vo
vic bo v rng.
Ti Mexico
Ti Mexico, ngi dn bn a a phn sng ph thuc vo ngun ti
nguyn thin nhin, 80% din tch t rng thuc s hu ca cng ng a
phng. V vy, vic qun l ti nguyn Mexico p dng phng thc da
trn cng ng bao gm bo v a dng sinh hc, lu tr cacbon, du lch sinh
thi, mi trng v sn xut thn thin. Trong cc bang min nam ca Chiapas,
v d, hn 300 nng dn tham gia d n Scolelte vi hnh thc thanh ton trc
tip cho ngi dn khi h bo v rng gip tng thu nhp cho h. Ngi dn
cng c nhn nhiu u i i vi cc hot ng lin quan n kh nng thm
nhp th trng g v tch hp hp th cacbon vo sn xut c ph hu c hoc
cc sng kin sinh thi nng nghip khc.
Ti Brazil
So vi Mexico, cng ng bn x ti Brazil sng ph thuc rt ln vo
thin nhin, v vy hot ng sinh k ca ngi dn ni y gy p lc ln
n ti nguyn thin nhin. Nhng kinh nghim ca Brazil lin quan n vic
m rng v bo v quyn li ca cng ng da vo vic qun l v s dng
hiu qu ti nguyn thin nhin.
Cc khi nim truyn thng v bo v m khng c ngi tham gia ang
dn nhng ch cho quan im rng hn. V d, trong vn quc gia JAU - mt
di sn th gii v cng vin quc gia ln th hai ca Brazil - mc d c iu lut
chnh thc cm cc khu nh c trong cng vin quc gia. Tuy nhin, c s php
l ny nhm di di cng ng bn a vn c t lu i trong cng vin ny
khng c trin khai trn thc t do nh hng n cng tc bo tn
cng vin v cuc sng ca cng ng. m bo quyn, li ch hp php ca
cng ng v h tr sinh k cho ngi dn sng trong cc khu bo tn (nh cc
hot ng thu hoch cao su v cc sn phm g khc) th phi kt hp cc gii
35

php v php lut v kinh t. Theo quy nh ca nh nc Acre, v d, theo Lut

Chico Mendes, cc hip hi cao su s chi tr cho ngi dn mt khon tin
khong 0,20 USD/ kg cao su thu hoch nhm cng nhn vai tr qun l rng
ca ngi dn v duy tr dch v mi trng.
1.1.2 Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng
Giy php x thi l loi giy php cp cho cc n v sn xut, kinh
doanh, dch v, quy nh mi mt n v c th c php x thi n mt mc
nht nh ph hp vi tiu chun mi trng ti khu vc . Vic phn phi
giy php x thi thng da vo mc nhim hoc hin trng tc ng mi
trng ca tng doanh nghip, n v. Mt s n v, c s sn xut kinh doanh
mun thi ra lng thi ln hn lng thi cho php c quy nh i vi n
v, c s v mt s n v, c s sn xut kinh doanh c mc x thi thp
hn lng thi c php x theo qui nh. V vy, xut hin nhu cu mua bn,
trao i, chuyn nhng giy php x thi gia cc n v, c s sn xut kinh
doanh trong , ngi mua l cc n v cn giy php x thi cn ngi bn l
cc n v s hu giy php x thi v hnh thnh th trng mua bn giy php
x thi. Th trng ny vn hnh theo quy lut cung cu nh cc th trng
thng thng khc, tuy nhin hng ha giao dch trn th trng ny c bit
hn cc th trng khc, l vic mua bn cc chng ch hay giy php mang
mt gi tr nht nh vi gi c c nh ot theo ch quan, k vng v d bo
ca cc bn tham gia giao dch26, hay ni cch khc, gi c ca giy php x thi
c quyt nh trn quan h cung cu ca th trng.
Th trng mua bn, chuyn nhng giy php x thi cho php cc n
v, c s sn xut kinh doanh la chn cc phng n l mua thm giy php x
thi tip tc thi hay tm cch ci thin cht lng mi trng bng cch
gim thi, t to ra ng c khuyn khch cc n v, c s sn xut kinh
doanh, dch v hn ch hnh vi gy nhim mi trng. Thng qua vic mua

26

Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Gio trnh Kinh t qun l Ti nguyn v Mi trng, tr.427, Nh xut
bn Thng k.

36

bn, trao i giy php x thi cht lng mi trng vn c m bo ng

thi c ngi mua v ngi bn u c li.
Trong nhng nm gn y, vic s dng giy php pht thi c th
chuyn nhng nh l cng c chnh sch mi trng da trn th trng
c cc nh hoch nh chnh sch ngy cng quan tm. Chnh sch ny cng
ni ln nh mt cng c kim sot nhim hiu qu t nhng nm 1970.
Giy php pht thi c th chuyn nhng tr thnh mt phng php tip
cn mi trng ngy cng c chp nhn nhiu nc. Vic hnh thnh hn
ngch pht thi hoc tng giy php php thi ph hp vi kh nng ca mi
trng l cch thc hiu qu kim sot nhim v m bo c mc tiu
kinh t. Cng c ny p dng ph bin vi nc thi v kh thi ti cc nc
pht trin nh M, Thy in, Ba Lan v.v...
M, cc chng trnh SO2 ct gim c mt lng ng k kh thi
SO2 vi chi ph thp hn d kin v em li li ch v sc khe cho con ngi.
Lin minh chu u thnh lp mt chng trnh giao dch thng mi cho cc
kh nh knh v cc nc khc nh o, Nht Bn, Chile, Hn Quc v New
Zealand ang xem xt vic s dng cc chng trnh nh vy kim sot
nhim27..
Vic p dng giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng c cp
mt s nc nh sau:
Lin minh chu u17
K hoch thng mi kh thi ti Lin minh chu u (hoc EU ETS) l t
chc c nhiu quc gia ln nht v tham gia mua bn pht thi kh nh knh ti
cc nc trn th gii. Giy php pht thi c th mua bn l mt trong nhng
cng c chnh sch ca EU p ng mc tiu gim pht thi kh gy hiu ng
nh knh ra trong Ngh nh th Kyoto. Vic p dng mua bn giy php
pht thi thc hin t nguyn ti Vng quc Anh v an Mch, trong giai on
27

Mohamed Amine Boutaba, Olivier Beaumais, Sandrine Lardic, 2008, Permit Price Dynamics in the
U.S SO2 Trading Scheme: a Cointegration Approach - PRELIMINARY VERSION

37

1 vo u nm 2005 c 15 quc gia thnh vin ca Lin minh chu u tham gia,
cho n nay c 25/27 quc gia thanh vin EU tham gia. Cc chng trnh ct
gim CO2 c p dng vi cc nh my in v nh my cabon chuyn su v
bao gm gn mt na (46%) thnh vin ca EU phi ct gim. Giai on u
ca chng trnh ct gim pht thi CO2 cho php cc t chc tham gia giao
dch vi nhau v trong khon tn dng xc nhn thng qua Ngh nh th Kyoto
ca C ch pht trin sch.
EU ETS s lm tng lng pht thi c tnh t c trong hai nm hot
ng u tin l 50-100 MtCO2/ nm. Theo mt cng b t y ban chu u,
u nm 2008 Na Uy, Iceland, v Lichtenstein, gia nhp h thng thng mi
kh thi Lin minh chu u (EU ETS). B Mi trng Na Uy cng pht hnh
bn d tho K hoch quc gia phn b chng trnh mua bn pht thi cacbon
vi tng lng giao dch l 15 triu tn CO2, trong 8 triu tn CO2 c thit
lp bn u gi. Theo Bo kinh t ca OECD, mt cuc kho st ca Na Uy
nm 2010, cc quc gia cng b mc tiu t nm 2008 n nm 2012 l 10%
cc quc gia EU cam kt theo Ngh nh th Kyoto v ct gim c 30% so
vi nm 1990 vo nm 2020.
Ti Trung Quc28
Nm min ng Trung Quc, Giang T l mt tnh c nn kinh t tng
i pht trin v t chc qun l tng i hiu qu. Lng pht thi kh SO2
trong tnh l rt ln ln n 1,2 triu tn trong nm 2000 v gy hin tng
ma axit c tc ng nghim trng n khu vc. kim sot lng kh thi
SO2 v t tng s hn ngch TEC (1 triu tn) c qui nh bi Chnh ph,
Giang T p dng mt chng trnh mua bn pht thi nhm thc y hiu
qu gim pht thi SO2 trong ngnh in do y l ngnh gy pht thi SO2 ln
nht trong tnh.

28

OECD Headquarters, 2003, OECD Global forum on sustainable development: Emissions trading
concerted action ob tradeable emissions permits country - Implementing SO2 Emissions in China by
Jintian Yang and Jeremy Schreifels

38

Ti Nht Bn29
Thnh ph Tokyo ca Nht Bn tiu th nng lng rt ln v c ngnh
nng lng ng gp gi tr ln vo GDP. Tokyo tiu th nng lng nhiu
bng "ton b quc gia Bc u, v sn xut ra sn phm tng ng vi
GDP ca 16 t nc ln nht th gii". Giai on u tin ca chng trnh ct
gim pht thi kh nh knh ca Nht Bn n 2014, cc t chc tiu th nng
lng s phi ct gim lng kh thi cacbon xung cn 6%. T nm 2011,
nhng t chc hot ng x thi kh khng t x l hoc gim thiu kh thi ca
mnh s c yu cu mua cc chng nhn pht thi kh thi vt qu hoc bng
vi lng pht thi cho php, hoc bng cch khc l u t vo Giy chng
nhn nng lng ti to. Cc cng ty, t chc khng tun th s b pht
tin. Mc tiu di hn ca chng trnh ct gim pht thi kh l ct gim kh
thi cacbon ca th xung 25% t nm 2000 n nm 2020.
1.2 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo
v mi trng
1.2.1 t cc hon tr
t cc hon tr

30

l khon ph ph thm vo trong gi thnh sn phm

c kh nng gy nhim mi trng, ngi tiu dng cc sn phm ny phi tr

thm mt khon tin (t cc) khi mua hng nhm m bo cam kt sau khi tiu
dng s em sn phm (hoc phn cn li ca sn phm ) tr li cho cc
n v thu gom ph thi hoc ti nhng a im quy nh ti ch, ti s
dng hoc tiu hy theo cch an ton i vi mi trng. Nu thc hin ng,
ngi tiu dng s c nhn li khon t cc do cc t chc thu gom hon tr
li.
Cng c ny nhm mc ch khuyn khch ti s dng l rc thi, ti ch
li rc thi hoc x l rc thi mt cch an ton i vi mi trng. y l mt
trong nhng cng c nhm nng cao trch nhim bo v mi trng thng qua
29

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emissions_trading
Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Gio trnh Kinh t qun l ti nguyn v mi trng, tr. 429, NXB thng
k.
30

39

vic t cc, v hon tr cc sn phm hoc phn cn li ca sn phm cho cc

trung tm x l, ti ch, ti s dng.
Cng c t cc hon tr v h thng hon tr li nh sn xut (take back)
l cng c hiu qu trong vic to ra ng c lm gim pht sinh cht thi v
tng cng ti ch, ti s dng. t cc hon tr ph bin cc nc nh
Australia, o, Canada (Quebec, New Brunswick, British Columbia), Sc, an
Mch, Phn Lan, Hungary, Aixlen, , Hn Quc, Mehico, H Lan, Nauy, Ba
Lan, Thu in, Th Nh K, Hoa K
H thng ny ph hp nht i vi cc sn phm c th ti ch, ti s
dng. p dng ph bin i vi cc bao b (nhm, thu tinh, nha), bao b cha
thuc bo v thc vt, v t, lp v cc thng cha axit v.v... Phn ln nhng
h thng t cc hon tr da trn tinh thn t nguyn. Ph bin nht, mm
mng nht l p dng cho t cc hon tr chai v lon nc gii kht sau khi s
dng. Tuy nhin cng c nhng h thng t cc hon tr bt buc i vi
nhng cht thi nguy hi. Ti Mexico, c quy xe hi mi khng cho php bn
tr khi c quy c c tr li.
Cng c t cc hon tr c p dng u tin cho ti ch bao gi. Nm
1991, lut ng gi ca c ra i, yu cu nh sn xut thu hi v ti ch bao
b sn phm. Vic thu hi ny phi c gim st v bo co cho n v chc
nng v nhng kt qu t c theo nh k. Cc nh sn xut c c th
trnh vic t thu hi v ti ch bao gi khi doanh nghip m bo c nhng c
s ti ch hp php thu gom v ti ch bao b ca h - thng qua vic t nhn
hiu Green-Dot trn sn phm. i vi nhng cng ty nc ngoi mun a sn
phm ca h vo th trng nc c th hoc l phi nhn li nhng bao b v
tr mt mc ph thu gom, vn chuyn cao hoc l c th giao cho mt cng ty
no ca c ng gi sn phm vi chi ph rt ln.
Hin nay, h thng hon tr li nh sn xut cn c p dng cho cc
sn phm in t, xe t, du nht thi, sn thi, dung mi, nhin liu, thuc
bo v thc vt, lon nc gii kht, dc phm, cht lng d chy,
40

 B, cc nh sn xut nc gii kht s dng lon, chai khng th ti s

dng s phi tr mt khon thu sinh thi. M, tt c nhng lon nc gii kht
bn trn th trng i hi c mt h thng thu hi li v tr qu. Phn ln cc
bang ny cng yu cu cc nh phn phi tr khong 20% gi tr ca lon cha
nh mt phn ph x l.
u im ca h thng t cc hon tr l tng cng mc tiu bo v mi
trng, gim thiu vn CTR v vic thi b bng bin php chn lp, nng
cao t l thu hi ca cc chng trnh ti ch. Tuy nhin, cc chi ph s gia tng
i vi ngi tiu dng cng nh nh sn xut.
Ti Canada, h thng t cc hon tr c tn l h thng Encorp thu
hi c hn mt t chai l (nm 2009). Dng tin t v sn phm ca H thng
Encorp c minh ho trong hnh 2 sau y.

Hnh 2. Quy trnh thu hi chai l v dng tin trong h thng t cc

hon tr ca Canada 31

31

http://www.encorp.ca/ar2009/

41

H thng ny tit kim c nng lng thng qua h thng ti ch cc

vt liu thu hi ng thi gim thiu mt lng ln kh nh knh. Cc hot ng
ca Encorp nm 2009 gim c khong 137,000 tn CO2 thi ra mi trng
khng kh. S liu thng k ca chng trnh c trnh by trong (bng 3).

Hnh 3. S lng chai l thu hi thng qua h thng Encorp ca

Canada 32
Bng 3. Nng lng tit kim v CO2 gim thiu thng qua h thng
t cc hon tr Encorp33
Vt liu

% nng lng tit kim Lng CO2 gim thiu

c t vic s dng tng ng (tn)
nguyn liu ti ch cho
sn xut (%)

Nhm

93

79,724

Nha

86

21,551

Ti da/ ti hp

53

1,028

Thu tinh

34

26,526

Kim loi

82

1,036

Bao b nha tng hp

53

7,679

Tng
32
33

137,545

http://www.encorp.ca/ar2009/_pdf/encorp_AR_2009_page4.pdf
http://www.encorp.ca/ar2009/

42

1.2.2 K qu mi trng
K qu/ tri phiu mi trng34 l khon ti chnh m cc doanh nghip,
cc c s sn xut kinh doanh phi np/ t cc ti cc Ngn hng hay cc t
chc tn dng trc khi tin hnh cc hot ng c th gy nhim mi trng
nhm bo m cam kt v thc hin cc bin php hn ch nhim v suy
thoi mi trng. S tin k qu phi ln hn hoc xp x vi kinh ph cn
khc phc mi trng nu doanh nghip, cc c s kinh doanh gy ra nhim
suy thoi mi trng. Trong qu trnh thc hin u t v sn xut, nu doanh
nghip c cc bin php ch ng khc phc khng xy ra nhim, suy thoi
mi trng ng nh cam kt th s tin k qu c hon tr li cn ngc li
nu doanh nghip khng thc hin ng nh cam kt hoc ph sn th s tin
c rt ra khi ti khon ngn hng chi cho cng tc khc phc s c nhim.
V c bn, c ch thc hin ca k qu/ tri phiu mi trng tng t
nh h thng t cc hon tr, nhng c s can thip su ca Nh nc. Trong
lnh vc bo v mi trng, vic qui nh k qu nhm m bo ngha v bo v
mi trng i vi cc i tng gy nhim mi trng do Nh nc qui nh
bt buc. Ni k qu do Nh nc quy nh c th, thng l cc ngn hng
thng mi, kho bc Nh nc, ni cc i tng k qu c ti khon giao dch.
K qu/ tri phiu mi trng thng c p dng trong cc ngnh kinh
t d gy nhim mi trng trm trng nh: khai thc khong sn, xy dng
cc nh my tim n mc nhim mi trng caov l cng c kinh t cn
thit trong qun l mi trng, tc ng trc tip n vic thc hin trch nhim
BVMT ca doanh nghip thng qua vic khuyn khch h tm ra nhng bin
php thch hp nhm hn ch nhim, suy thoi mi trng nhn li s tin
k qu. Ngoi ra, k qu mi trng cn gip cho Nh nc khng phi mt
1 khon tin trong NSNN chi cho vic u t khc phc nhim, suy thoi mi
trng. y l mt cng c kinh t cn thit trong qun l ti nguyn mi

34

Nguyn Th Chinh, 2003, Gio trnh Kinh t qun l Ti nguyn v Mi trng, tr.431, Nh xut
bn Thng k.

43

trng, ng vai tr tc ng trc tip n thc hin trch nhim BVMT ngay
sau khi khai thc ti nguyn ca cc t chc, c nhn.
Sau y l mt s v d v k qu mi trng c p dng ti mt s
quc gia trn th gii:
Ti Quebec (Canada) 35
K qu mi trng c p dng trong ngnh khai thc khong sn ti
Quebec (Canada) t u nhng nm 1990. Theo quy nh ca B Ti nguyn v
B Mi trng Quebec trong Lut khai thc m th t ngy 9 thng 4 nm 1995,
bt k c nhn tham gia khai thc m hoc iu hnh h thng khai thc phi
trnh k hoch phc hi v mt khon ti chnh m bo, chim 70% chi ph
phc hi khu vc khai thc. Cc doanh nghip khai thc m phi thc hin y
cc th tc v bo him ti chnh theo qui nh ca Chnh ph. Khon ti
chnh ny c th dng tin mt, tri phiu, sc, hoc chng nhn m bo u
t. Khon tin hay bo him c k qu vi B Ti chnh phi ph hp vi cc
hot ng k qu cho ti khi chng nhn c thu hi li. Tuy nhin, khon bo
m ti chnh c th gim khi d n c xem xt li nu vic phc hi c
hon tt hoc khon m bo ti chnh c th tng nu ngi k qu thay i cc
hot ng khai thc. Bn hp ng k qu gia ngn hng v ch d n phi
m bo cc iu khon sau: (a) khng c nhn no c th thu hi hoc hon tr
m khng c s cho php ca B trng vi mc ch bo m cho cc k
hoch phc hi c thc hin y ; (b) B cn s dng mt phn tin bo
m chi tr cho cc hot ng phc hi cn thit. Khon tin k qu ph
thuc vo d n phc hi v tng ng vi 70% chi ph c tnh i vi vic
phc hi khu vc khai thc. Khon k qu c s dng cho khu vc phc hi
vi cc mc tiu: no vt lng h bao gm bn y v cnh quan h, dn dp
thi, cht thi khai thc, x l cht nhim trong nc h.

35

Ministre des Ressources naturelles du Qubec and the Ministre de l'Environnement et de la Faune
du Qubec, 1997, Guidelines for preparing a mining site rehabilitation plan and general mining site
rehabilitation requirements.

44

i vi cc d n thm d, khai thc ko di mt nm hoc t hn, th

khon k qu phi c thc hin trong 15 ngy ph duyt k hoch phc hi
vng khai thc. Nu cc d n ny ko di hn 1 nm th khon k qu phi
c chi tr hng nm vi ln chi tr u tin tng ng vi chi ph c tnh ca
vic phc hi c thc hin hoc s thc hin trong sut 1 nm . Mi
khon k qu hng nm phi chi tr tng ng vi chi ph phc hi c tnh
trong nm .
i vi cc d n khai thc m, khon k qu hng nm ca doanh nghip
c xc lp da trn thi gian thc hin d n. Doanh nghip s c xc lp
lch trnh k qu (ti a l 15 nm) mt ln ph duyt k hoch phc hi. Khi k
hoch c p dng, th ln chi tr khon k qu u tin trong 15 ngy ph
duyt k hoch phc hi. Khi cc hot ng khai thc ko di khng n 10
nm, khon k qu c th c tr hon v b sung vo khon chi tr hng nm
tip theo. Khng c tr hon khon k qu ny qu 2 nm. Khi cc hot ng
khai thc m ko di qu 10 nm, hai ln chi tr ti khon k qu lin tip c th
c tr hon nhng khng qu 3 nm.
Ti Philipine36
K qu mi trng cng c p dng trong lnh vc khai thc khong
sn ti Philipine. Theo Ngh nh sa i s 7942 nhm trin khai thc hin
Lut khai thc m nm 1995 ca Philipine, ti iu 13 qui nh v khon k qu
m ngi khai thc khong sn phi chi tr c thc hin d n c ni dung
nh sau: ngi k hp ng/ s hu giy php/ thu t s phi chi tr cho
Chnh ph mt khon tin t cc c gi tr ti thiu bng 5% gi tr th trng
ca ton b sn lng khong sn khai thc hoc cc sn phm ch bin khng
bao gm tt c cc loi thu khc. 10% khon tin trn v 10% doanh thu khc
nh qun l hnh chnh, v sinh, khai thc v cc ph lin quan khc c thu t
hot ng thm d, khai thc, pht trin v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn
36

http://mines2.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/implementing_rules_of_the_mining_act.p
df

45

khong sn cng vi khong sn d tr s c Chnh ph qun l nh mt qu

tn dng v s c k qu vo ngn qu ca Chnh ph phn phi cho cc d
n c bit v cc chi ph hnh chnh khc lin quan n thm d, khai thc, pht
trin v qun l mi trng khong sn.
Ti Australia37
T l tri phiu mi trng cc khu khai thc m pha ty Australia
ngy cng gia tng t u nm 2011, iu c ngha l chi ph thc hin cc
hot ng thm d v khai thc bang ny cng ang gia tng. T cui nm
1980, tri phiu mi trng c p dng ti Ty Australia nh l mt dng bo
him nhm m bo cho khu vc ny trnh khi cc nguy c v ti chnh trong
trng hp hot ng khai thc m tht bi trong vic phc hi mi trng sau
khi khai thc. Tri phiu mi trng c qun l bi Cc Mi trng ca B
m v du kh (DMP).
Cc ch khai thc khong sn phi m bo tun th cc qui nh v thm
d, khai thc v cho thu giy php khai thc theo Lut khai thc m 1975.
Khon tri phiu c c tnh bng cc tiu ch ti thiu do DMP ban hnh
nhm phn nh cc chi ph phc hi khai thc khong sn. Khon bo him khai
thc m thng thng c c tnh khong 25% tng chi ph phc hi, tuy
nhin theo kho st v p dng tri phiu mi trng ti Australia vo thng 11
nm 2006 cho thy khon chi ph ny chim 40 50% tng chi ph phc hi c
tnh. Chnh quyn Ty Australia can thip cho php mc ri ro ti chnh
cao hn lin quan n cc hot ng phc hi trong khai thc m so vi cc
bang khc. Vo gia nm 2008, do tc ng ca khng hong kinh t ton cu,
chnh quyn bang phi tr hon vic gia tng t l tri phiu h tr cc yu
t ti nguyn, v vy, n cui nm 2009, t l tri phiu mi trng tiu chun
c gi n nh. Trong iu kin nn kinh t vn cha c hi phc vo
cui 2010, chnh quyn vn duy tr vic tr hon ny.
37

http://www.claytonutz.com/publications/newsletters/energy_and_resources_insights/20100906/increa
se_in_environmental_bond_rates_for_wa_miners.page

46

1.2.3 Bi thng thit hi mi trng

Bi thng thit hi mi trng l cng c kinh t p dng i vi cc t
chc, c nhn c hnh vi gy tn hi n mi trng c quy nh trong php
lut. Theo TS. V Th Hnh (2007), hin nay, trn th gii, tn ti 2 quan im
lin quan n bi thng thit hi do lm nhim suy thoi mi trng:38
Quan im th nht, bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi
trng ch bao gm vic bi thng do nhng hnh vi gy nh hng n cht
lng mi trng (nh mi trng t, nc, khng kh....)
Quan im th hai, bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng
bao gm c vic bi thng do nhng hnh vi gy nh hng n cht lng
mi trng v nhng hnh vi gy nh hng n sc khe, thit hi v ti sn
ca c nhn. Thit hi i vi sc kho v tnh mng con ngi do c th hp
thu hoc b tc ng bi cc cht c hi dn n pht sinh cc bnh tt hoc tn
thng khc. Thit hi v ti sn nh do tc ng ca nhim ln mi trng
sng ca h sinh thi dn n s suy thoi, gim nng sut cy trng, vt nui,
thoi ho t
Ti mt s quc gia trn th gii nh Cng ho lin bang Nga, Nht Bn,
Australia, thit hi do nhim mi trng u c quy nh trong php lut
theo quan im ny. Thit hi i vi sc kho v tnh mng con ngi do c
th hp thu hoc b tc ng bi cc cht c hi dn n pht sinh cc bnh tt
hoc tn thng khc. Thit hi v ti sn nh do tc ng ca nhim ln mi
trng sng ca h sinh thi dn n s suy thoi, gim nng sut cy trng, vt
nui, thoi ho t Ngoi ra Australia, thit hi cn tnh n kha cnh vn
ho, tinh thn, do nhng tc ng ca cc hot ng gy nhim dn n s nh
hng n mi trng sng lm gim cht lng cuc sng, thay i cnh quan,
ph v vn ho bn a.

38

V Thu Hnh, 2007, Bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng, Tp ch khoa hc php
l s 3

47

Ty thuc vo cch thc xc nh thit hi do hnh vi vi phm php lut

gy nhim, suy thoi mi trng, cc nc u c quy nh c th v trch
nhim bi thng; phng php xc nh thit hi; c quan c thm quyn gii
quyt; c ch, trnh t, th tc gii quyt... Tuy nhin, thc t cho thy rng vn
xc nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng l vn khng n gin
ngay c nhng nc pht trin, nht l vn lng ha thit hi v mi
trng theo chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi thnh phn mi trng khi b
nhim, suy thoi; thit hi v vt cht tnh theo chi ph b mt, chi ph khc phc
hu qu ca thit hi, ci to mi trng...
Theo Chng trnh mi trng Lin Hip quc nm 2000 (UNEP), cch
thc xc nh thit hi mi trng c chia lm bn nhm bao gm: (1) To n
hoc cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc mi trng xc nh gi tr tn tht i vi
mi trng; (2) xc nh thit hi theo phng thc quy i mt khon tin c
nh; (3) Vin chc hnh chnh hoc chnh quyn a phng xc nh gi tr
thit hi; (4) cch thc khc.
Ti Italia v New Zealand thc hin cch thc thuc nhm 1, to n ng
vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh tn tht39. Trong trng hp khng th
xc nh c thit hi, s c to n quy i thnh mt khon tin ph hp
chi ph cho vic phc hi m ngi gy tn hi phi tr cho bn chu tn tht do
nhim, suy thoi mi trng40. Nhm cch thc th hai c p dng ph bin
cc nc Ty Ban Nha, Hungary, Mng C v cc nc chu M La tinh. Ti
Ty Ban Nha, gi tr ca mt loi ng vt c nh gi t 2500 peseta ln n
1,5 triu peseta (i vi cc ng vt c nguy c b tuyt chng nh gu, mo
rng Iberia); c nc ngt c gi t 100.000 n 500.000 peseta; ti Hungary,
ngi vi phm c th phi tr gp 10 ln gi tr ca nhng ng thc vt ang
c bo v c bit b hy hoi41 .Ti c v B s dng phng thc nh gi
39

Lut bo tn New Zealand, ngy 31/3/1987

iu 18 Lut s 349 ngy 8/7/1986 v vic thnh lp B Mi trng v cc quy tc i vi nhng
thit hi v mi trng.
41
V Thu Hnh, 2007, Bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng, Tp ch khoa hc php
l s 3.
40

48

thit hi khc l phng php Koch. y l phng php s dng ph bin

trong vic xc nh tn tht i vi cy ci, cc chi ph cn phi bi thng bao
gm chi ph mua cy mi thay th, trng v chm sc ban u, phng chng cc
nguy c bt gc, chm sc thng xuyn v tin li t s tin chi ph trn42.
Nht Bn, cng vi h thng ta n c thm quyn xt x cc hnh vi
vi phm php lut v mi trng (bng vic pht t, pht tin i vi c nhn v
php nhn) th cn c h thng cc t chc gii quyt tranh chp mi trng,
ng u l y ban iu phi tranh chp mi trng (EDCC). EDCC l c
quan c thm quyn thc hin cc chnh sch, gii quyt tranh chp mi trng.
EDCC c by thnh vin c Th tng b nhim vi s nht tr ca Ngh
vin (Quc hi). EDCC c th b nhim cc chuyn gia iu tra cc vn
v khoa hc, k thut khi cn thit, ng thi thnh lp cc y ban kim tra tnh
trng nhim cp tnh (PPECs). Cc y ban ny s tip nhn cc v kin mi
trng, thc hin cc th t v ha gii, phn x, xc nh thit hi trong cc
tranh chp....V vy, cc tranh chp mi trng c gii quyt nhanh chng
v chnh xc, m bo c quyn li ca ngi b thit hi.
Hay nh M, mt trong nhng cn c xc nh bi thng thit hi
do vi phm php lut v mi trng l doanh thu b thit hi, chi ph khc phc
thit hi. in hnh nh v trn du do gin khoan Deepwater Horizon trn vnh
Mexico ca Tp on Du kh Anh British Petroleum (BP) b n v chm thi
gian va qua, BP phi c trch nhim bi thng cho cc ch tu c, thuyn
vin, c nhn v doanh nghip b thit hi trong trong vic nh bt, kinh doanh
hi sn, thm ch i tng c bi thng cn bao gm c cc cng nhn mt
vic do Chnh ph ngng cp php khoan ging du mi, cng nhn dn du
trn b nh hng sc khe. ...
Hnh thc bi thng thit hi c th c thc hin bi cng ng a
phng v c th to ra s dn xp n tho gia cc bn. Bin php ny to ra
c hi cho ngnh cng nghip c th t vn ng tho hip vi cng ng v
42

Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc Php l- B T php, Trch nhim dn s do hnh vi gy thit hi v

mi trng, Bn tin Lut so snh, S 1/2004.

49

t ci thin qui trnh vn hnh ca mnh xanh, sch v nng sut cao hn. c
bit, bi thng thit hi c tim nng to ra cc tc ng tch cc n mi
trng, nu vic bi thng c thc hin tho ng s gip cho vic phc hi
tn tht mi trng v bo v cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin hiu qu. Ngoi
ra, cch thc ny to c hi cho vic duy tr s tin nghi v mi trng tt cho
cng ng trong khi cc hot ng khai thc vn c th din ra. iu xy
dng mi quan h tin tng vng chc gia cng ng v ngi sn xut. Cc
bn lin quan c th tho hip, chia s quyn li m bo cc gi tr v c
trng ca mi trng c bo tn. Hn th, bi thng thit hi khin nh sn
xut thn thin hn vi cc yu t mi trng thay v chng li n.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im trn, bi thng thit hi cng bc l
nhng nhc im nh vic xc nh thit hi v thi hnh bi thng trong thc
tin thc s rt kh khn. Qu trnh ny khng thch hp vi cc t chc quy m
nh hoc c nhn. Cch thc ny c th gy qu ti cho cc gi tr ca vic pht
trin ti nguyn. Trong mt s trng hp, bi thng thit hi c tim nng tr
thnh gii php thoi thc trch nhim v l gii php thay th cho cc bin
php trnh hoc phc hi cc nh hng mi trng. iu ny tri ngc vi
ni hm ca bi thng thit hi l nhm hn ch ti a hoc qun l cc hot
ng gy nh hng ti mi trng. Hn th, bi thng thit hi c nguy c
lm gia tng cc chi ph ca d n bi cc khon bi thng ca ngi tiu
dng. c bit, phng thc ny c th b lm dng nhm phc v cho li ch
ca mt s nhm ch cng nghip theo ch ngha c hi thay v n b cho
cng ng b thit hi. Mi trng tr thnh ti sn mang tnh th trng v vic
n b c th khng thch ng vi s hu hoi mi trng, v nhng vng
c bo v c th s khng c duy tr lu di. Trn thc t, mt s qu trnh
bi thng thit hi khng c thc hin r rng, c t chc tt v vt qu
thi gian quy nh. i vi cc d n c quy m ln v tc ng nghim trng
n mi trng, mc d bi thng thit hi cng c cp, nhng trong mt
vi trng hp cc gii php khng c thc hin dn n nguy c suy thoi

50

mi trng khng c gii quyt43. Di y l mt s v d v bi thng

thit hi do nhim mi trng mt s quc gia trn th gii:
Bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng ti Nht Bn44
T nm 1956, vnh Minamata, tnh Kumamoto ca Nht Bn b
nhim nghim trng bi du x cht thi c cha thu ngn t qu trnh sn xut
ca Cng ty Nippon Carbide, tin thn ca Cng ty Chisso. C ti Vnh cht
hng lot, v mt s loi ng vt trn cn nh ln, mo cng b cht do ri lon
thn kinh. Con ngi cng b nh hng bi ngun nc b nhim c ny.
Trung tm Chm sc sc kho Minamata tip nhn bnh nhn u tin mc
chng bnh do nhim ny gy ra, gi l bnh Minamata. Bnh gy ra do s
nh hng ca hp cht thu ngn n h thng thn kinh ca con ngi v
ng vt. Triu chng bnh biu hin nh t lit tay chn, gim th lc, mt tr,
bi lit, bt tnh v c th t vong. Tnh n thng 3 nm 2001 c 2.265 nn
nhn c xc nh l nhim bnh Minamata. Cn bnh ny cng c pht
hin khu vc dn c sng gn sng Agano, tnh Niigata vo nhng nm 1960.
Nguyn nhn gy bnh y cng l do nhim thu ngn bi c s sn xut
Kanose. Tnh n thng 3 nm 1999 c 690 ngi nhim bnh Chnh ph
Nht Bn tin hnh ng b cc bin php v kim sot nhim, tr gip
ngi dn, thc y iu tra, kho st nguy c nh hng ca cht nhim n
sc kho ngi dn sng quanh vng. Chi ph cho cc gii php ny v thit hi
gy ra rt ln. Vic p dng cng c bi thng thit hi h tr rt hiu qu
trong vic ci thin mi trng v cha tr cho ngi dn.
Cc chi ph thit hi c chia lm 3 phn bao gm chi ph thit hi v
sc kho, chi ph thit hi i vi ngnh ng nghip v chi ph thit hi nhim
vnh (chi ph dng cho no vt, chn lp bn lng nhim ti vnh). Nm 1973,
To phn quyt khon bi thng gc hng nm m Cng ty Chisso phi bi
43

Renee Murphy, The contribution of environmental compensation to the sustainable development of

resources, Harrison Grierson Consultants Limited

Nguyn Vn Ti, Nguyn Vn Huy, 2010, nhim mi trng ti Nht Bn - trng hp bnh
Minamata, tp ch mi trng s 10/2010, tr 59
44

51

thng cho cc bnh nhn Minamata l 1,184 t yn. Khon bi thng ny

phi c tr u trong 30 nm vi li sut 7% hng nm. Tng chi ph bi
thng thit hi trung bnh nm k t sau nm 1974, c tnh khon 7,671 t
yn/nm (tnh theo gi tr nm 1989). i vi khon chi ph bi thng thit hi
nhim vnh hng nm c c tnh khon 4,271 t yn/ nm. V khon chi
ph bi thng cho thit hi ng nghip hng nm khong 690 triu yn/ nm.
Tng thit hi hng nm do nhim gy ra cn phi bi thng khong 12,632
t yn (tnh theo gi tr nm 1989).
Khon chi ph ny so snh vi khon chi ph m cc cng ty phi b ra khi
s dng cc bin php kim sot nhim khng gy ra hu qu ch c 125
triu yn, th thc s l khon tin khng l. Bi hc ny cho chng ta thy r
vn mi trng cn c quan tm ng mc ngn chn nhng hu qu
khng th lng trc.
Bi thng thit hi Brazil45
Brazil, khi mt d n gy ra tc ng ng k n mi trng th mt
phn trong tng chi ph ca d n cn phi c np vo qu mi trng. Lut
lin bang s 9985 ngy 18 thng 7 nm 2000 v thnh lp H thng khu vc bo
tn thin nhin quc gia c quy nh d n phi chi tr ti thiu 0,5% tng kinh
ph ca d n vo qu bi thng mi trng khi cc d n gy ra tc ng ng
k n mi trng. Cc vn phng mi trng c trch nhim qun l nhng
khu vc c th (hoc vng) hoc khu vc bo tn c th c n b t d n
khi b tc ng. Nu bi thng c m bo th vn phng ny cng quyt
nh chnh xc s tin bi thng da vo mc tc ng v cc tiu ch ca
vn phng.
Theo Ngh nh s 4340 ngy 22 thng 8 nm 2002 nhm trin khai Lut
lin bang s 9985, khon bi thng thit hi phi c chi tr theo cc quy
nh sau (sp xp theo th t u tin):
45

http://www.unep.org/dec/onlinemanual/Enforcement/InstitutionalFrameworks/EconomicInstruments/
Resource/tabid/1016/Default.aspx

52

- Cng c cc vnh ai ca khu bo tn v cc hot ng khc lin quan

n lut t ai;
- Xy dng, sa i hoc thc hin quy hoch qun l;
- Chi tr cho cc thit b v phng tin cn thit thc hin, qun l,
gim st v bo v vng m v vng bo tn;
- Pht trin cc nghin cu cn thit nhm thit lp cc khu bo tn mi;
- Pht trin cc nghin cu cn thit qun l khu vc bo tn v vng
m.
Gn y, ti Brazil c nhiu cuc m phn, tho lun nhm thnh lp
Qu bi thng thit hi mi trng, y l s thay th cho vic cc nh pht
trin v cc t chc khc phi chi tr tr tin bi thng thit hi mi trng
nhng khng mun tham gia vo mt qu trnh th tc nh nc. Qu ny s
c ti tr bi tin tr bi thng, v khon tin ny s c chi tr cho vic
qun l, xy dng v ci to cc cng vin, khu bo tn, v cc khu vc bo v
khc. Qu c thnh lp da trn hai c s l nng cao hiu qu u t kinh
ph thc s mang li li ch khu vc bo tn v thc y vic thc thi php
lut. Ngn hng lin bang c trch nhim qun l qu. Tt c cc khon ng
gp cho qu s c cng khai trong cng ng m bo minh bch trong
qu trnh bi thng thit hi mi trng.
1.2.4 Nhn sinh thi ( Nhn mi trng)
T chc Tiu chun quc t (ISO) a ra khi nim:Nhn sinh thi l s
khng nh, biu th thuc tnh mi trng ca sn phm hoc dch v c th
di dng mt bn cng b, biu tng hoc biu trn sn phm hoc nhn
bao gi, trong ti liu v sn phm, tp ch k thut, qung co hoc cc hnh
thc khc.
y l mt dng cng c kinh t thng qua vic khuyn khch tiu dng
cc sn phm thn thin vi mi trng tc ng n nh sn xut trong vic
thay i quy trnh cng ngh nhm p ng c cc tiu ch mi trng, gim
53

thiu cc tc ng mi trng, gim tiu th nng lng, gim s dng nguyn

nhin liu u vo.... Nhn sinh thi khng nh uy tn ca sn phm v ca nh
sn xut, gip cho nh sn xut c th to dng hnh nh v c v th trn th
trng v nhng sn phm loi ny thng c sc cnh tranh cao v gi thnh
cng cao hn so vi cc sn phm cng loi khc. ng thi n cng thng tin,
gio dc cho ngi tiu dng v nhng tnh nng thn thin vi mi trng ca
sn phm, nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng.
Vo cui thp k 90, th trng hng ho m rng, tuy nhin cc nc
phng ty nhu cu bi thng, bo him v mi trng i vi cc sn phm
ngy cng gia tng do nhn thc ca ngi tiu dng c nng cao. Cng ng
quan tm hn ti vic chia s trch nhim bo v mi trng thng qua chi tr
cho cc hng ha t nguy hi n mi trng. Nhu cu ngi tiu dng i vi
cc sn phm xanh dn n nhiu dch v qung co xanh v cc chng
nhn sn phm. C rt nhiu hnh thc khc nhau ca cc chng nhn t ni
dung khng r rng nh thn thin mi trng hoc t nhin n c th, r
rng hn nh ti ch hoc khng cha photphat. Ban u hu ht cc quc
gia u khng c s kim sot i vi cc nh sn xut hoc nh kinh doanh i
vi cc chng nhn ca h. S gia tng nhanh chng ca cc chng nhn mi
trng khng c ngun gc r rng khin cho ngi tiu dng bi ri v hoi
nghi. ci thin tnh trng ny, cc Chnh ph mt s nc pht trin a
ra hng dn nhm quy nh cc chng ch mi trng ca nh sn xut hoc
kinh doanh v a ra nhng nh ngha c th i vi nhng chng nhn ny.
c l quc gia u tin a ra chng trnh nhn sinh thi c tn l
Chng trnh Thin Thn Xanh (Blue Angel Programme) vo nm 1978, y l
chng trnh hnh ng ca Chnh ph. Mi nm sau , Canada thnh lp
Chng trnh La chn Mi trng (Environmental Choice Programme). Sau
hn 30 chng trnh c thit lp. Hu ht cc chng trnh u c dng
ging nh c v Canada (Dng nhn sinh thi loi 1). Hn th, mt s
quc gia s dng nhn cnh bo c hi bt buc hoc nhn thng tin. Ph bin
54

nht l nhn cnh bo c hi vi sc khe ca cc sn phm thuc l v nhn

u lu xng cho i vi cc thuc c hi

46

. Nm 1989, ti M, chng

trnh Con du xanh (Green Seal) do mt t chc phi Chnh ph thnh lp,
chng trnh pht trin tiu chun sn phm bn vng da trn chu trnh sn
phm, dch v v cc cng ty v a ra chng nhn ca bn th ba cho nhng
sn phm p ng cc tiu ch trong tiu chun. Con du xanh c ch
ng xc nh v thc y tnh bn vng trn th trng, v gip cc t chc
c xanh hn47.
n nm 1991, T chc Tiu chun quc t (ISO) quan tm n
tng v nhn sinh thi ny v thnh lp Phn ban k thut ISO/TC207/SC2 v
nhn sinh thi nhm xy dng tiu ch chung mang tnh quc t.
Trong bi cnh , nm 1992 Nhn sinh thi Chu u (European
Ecolabel) c thnh lp cng vi mc tiu khuyn khch cc doanh nghip
cung cp cc sn phm v dch v thn thin vi mi trng. Biu tng bng
hoa c dn th im cho hai sn phm u tin l giy mng v cht ph
gia cho t48.
Trc s pht trin mnh m v a dng ca cc loi nhn sinh thi trn
th gii, nm 1994, Mng li nhn sinh thi ton cu (Global Ecolabelling
Network - GEN) c thnh lp. y l t chc phi li nhun vi mc tiu o
to, h tr cc thnh vin v cc chng trnh nhn sinh thi khc, cc bn lin
quan v ngi tiu dung thng qua vic ci thin, thc y v pht trin sn
phm dn nhn sinh thi trn ton th gii. T chc cng l u mi hp tc,
trao i thng tin v hi ha cc mi quan h gia cc thnh vin, to iu kin
tip cn thng tin v tiu chun nhn sinh thi trn khp th gii. GEN khuyn
khch tiu dng v cung cp cc sn phm, dch v mi trng n nay, t chc
GEN c 26 quc gia thnh vin.

46

Institute for Environmental Studies The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 1997,
Development of an eco-label certification programme for Hong Kong,
47
http://www.greenseal.org/AboutGreenSeal.aspx
48
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/

55

Nhn sinh thi ngy cng ph bin trn ton cu, c khong hn 40
chng trnh nhn sinh thi chnh thc c cng b hoc ang c xy
dng. Nm 2003, tng ny c Chnh ph cc nc a ra tho lun ti
Hi ngh thng nh Johannesburg v pht trin bn vng. Nhn sinh thi
thc s tr thnh mt h thng tiu chun k thut mang tnh bt buc, thng
nht quc t vi mc tiu m bo quyn li chung ca cng ng ton th gii,
to nn mi trng sinh thi bn vng, pht trin sn xut, nng cao cht lng
cuc sng thng qua vic cung cp y cc thng tin v c tnh mi trng
ca sn phm t nng cao nhn thc thay i hnh vi trong hot ng bo v
mi trng ca ngi tiu dng cng nh ngi sn xut.
Theo kt qu iu tra trn 340 nhn sinh thi ca 42 quc gia trn th gii
tnh n thng 11 nm 2009

49

, c n 58% chng trnh nhn sinh thi c

iu hnh bi cc t chc phi li nhun hoc v li nhun v ch c 8% chng

trnh do Chnh ph iu hnh.
Di y l s pht trin ca mt s chng trnh nhn sinh thi trn th
gii:
Nhn sinh thi Chu u:
Nhn sinh thi chu u c Hi ng B trng mi trng chu u
thng qua theo Quyt nh s 880/92 ngy 23 thng 3 nm 1992, bao gm cc
sn phm ty ra, giy, dt, cc sn phm trong nh v lm vn, thit b, cht
bi trn v cc dch v nh nh du lch. Trong khi nhn sinh thi chu u c
biu tng hnh bng hoa rt n gin, nhng cc tiu ch t ra rt cht ch.
Nhn sinh thi c cp cho mt sn phm hoc dch v khng ch da trn mt
yu t n thun m thng qua qu trnh nghin cu, phn tch tc ng ca sn
phm hoc dch v trong vng i ca n, bt u t khai thc nguyn liu th
trong giai on tin sn xut, n sn xut, phn phi v thi b. Mt s iu
kin sn phm hoc dch v cn t c nh: c s lng ln c bn trn th
trng, c t nht mt giai on trong ton b vng i c tc ng n mi
49

World Resources Institue and Big Room Inc, 2010, Global ecolabel monitor towards transparency

56

trng, c tim nng ci thin mi trng khi c tiu dng cng nh khuyn
khch nhu cu c cp nhn sinh thi ca nh sn xut hoc cung cp dch v.
Biu tng bng hoa ca nhn sinh thi chu u gip cc nh sn
xut, nh bn l v cung cp dch v t tiu chun tt, ng thi gip ngi
tiu dng c nhng la chn ng tin cy. y l mt phn trong k hoch hnh
ng trn qui m ln ca chnh sch Sn xut v tiu dng bn vng c
thng qua bi U ban chu u vo ngy 16 thng 7 nm 2008.
U ban chu u

Hi ng nhn sinh thi chu u

C quan c thm quyn

Ban Din n t vn

Hnh 4. C cu t chc ca Hi ng Nhn sinh thi chu u50

Nhn sinh thi chu u nhanh chng tr thnh mt thng hiu quc t.
Cc nh sn xut mun bn sn phm ca h trn khp th trng chu u
thc s nhn ra nhng li th cnh tranh m nhn sinh thi chu u mang li.
Sn phm mang logo hnh bng hoa c th c tip th trn ton Lin minh
chu u (bao gm 15 quc gia thnh vin) v 03 quc gia EEA (Na Uy, Iceland
v Liechtenstein).
n u nm 2010, c hn 1000 nhn sinh thi chu u c cp cho
26 chng loi sn phm, trong dch v du lch chim 37% tng s giy chng
nhn. v Php l hai quc gia c s ch s hu nhn sinh thi ln nht, vi
331 v 203 giy php tng ng. ng th ba l Ty Ban Nha v c vi hn
60 giy php.
50

Nguyn Hu Khi, 2005, Nhn sinh thi i vi hng ha xut khu v tiu dng ni a, NXB L
lun chnh tr

57

Hnh 5. S pht trin v s lng nhn sinh thi chu u c cp

t nm 1992 n 2010 (tnh n 30/7/2010)51
Mc d, chng trnh ny cha c s lng thng k v nhng kt qu v
s ci thin mi trng, song mt s sn phm c dn nhn sinh thi chu u
th hin r s gim thiu tc ng xu ti mi trng. V d, nm 1993, vic
pht thi cht Clo trong qu trnh lm trng bt giy gim t 175.000 tn xung
cn 10.000 tn, qu trnh sn xut giy gim 11% vic pht thi SO2, gim 21%
COD, gim 50% AOX. Sn phm sn c dn nhn gim 78% vic pht thi
kh CO, 58% NOX, 64% CxHx so vi sn phm sn cng loi52 .
Nhn sinh thi ca M (Con du xanh Green Seal) 53
Chng trnh Con du xanh l mt trong nhng chng trnh tin phong
trong vic thc y nn kinh t bn vng ti M. Nm 1989, Con du xanh
c thnh lp vi t cch l mt t chc phi Chnh ph c lp c mc tiu h
tr ngi tiu dng tm thy c nhng sn phm thc s xanh. Hin nay,
chng trnh ny cung cp tiu ch v hng dn cho cc nh sn xut, nh cung
cp dch v hng ti tnh bn vng trong sn phm v dch v. Con du xanh
c 30 tiu chun ban hnh cho hn 193 loi sn phm v dch v.
51

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/ecolabel/about_ecolabel/facts_and_figures_en.htm

52

Nguyn Hu Khi, 2005, Nhn sinh thi i vi hng ha xut khu v tiu dng ni a, NXB L
lun chnh tr, tr.100.
53

Nguyn Hu Khi, 2005, Nhn sinh thi i vi hng ha xut khu v tiu dng ni a, NXB L
lun chnh tr, tr.101

58

i tng tp trung u tin ca Chng trnh Con du xanh l ni

dung mua sm ca ngi tiu dng. Chng trnh xy dng cc hng dn mua
sm cho cng ng thng qua vic khuyn co v chng nhn cc sn phm
hoc dch v thn thin mi trng qua cc t ri, tp ch, qung co. Nhng
thng tin ny c thu thp vo bin son thnh Bo co la chn xanh pht
hnh hng nm. Sau , chng trnh tp trung hn vo cc t chc mua sm
bi tm nh hng rng ln ca cc t chc ny. c bit tp trung i vi cc
t chc nh nc t trung ng ti a phng nhm cung cp cc thng tin hu
ch v cc sn phm, dch v thn thin vi mi trng, t to ra s nh
hng ng k n cc chnh sch th trng. Hn th, chng trnh tc ng
ln n thc v xu hng tiu dng ca ngi dn cng nh cc nh sn xut
v cung cp dch v, to ra nhng chuyn bin tch cc trong vic gim thiu
nhim, bo v mi trng.
Chng trnh cng n lc hi ho vi mt s chng trnh nhn sinh
thi quc t nh nhn sinh thi chu u. Trong s cc chng nhn c cp,
Con du xanh cng c cp cho mt s nh sn xut nc ngoi nh Canada
(cng ty sn xut giy in, thit b v sinh v du my), Nht Bn (cng ty sn
xut h thng si m), Hn Quc (cng ty sn xut cc sn phm ty trng).
Hi ng Con du xanh

Chng trnh
i tc xanh

B phn t vn
mua sm

B phn t vn
thit k sn phm

U ban tiu chun

mi trng

U ban cc
bn

Sn phm, dch v

Hnh 6. C cu t chc ca Hi ng Con du xanh54

54

Nguyn Hu Khi,2005, Nhn sinh thi i vi hng ha xut khu v tiu dng ni a, NXB L
lun chnh tr, tr.102

59

Nhn mi trng ca Trung Quc:

Ti Trung Quc, t nm 1993, chng trnh Nhn mi trng (China
Environmental Labelling Program) c C quan Bo v Mi trng Quc gia
(State Environmental Protection Administration of China, vit tt l SEPA, nay
l B Mi trng) thng qua v tin hnh trin khai. S ra i ny xut pht t
yu cu thc tin v c rt kinh nghim t chng trnh Thin thn xanh
c v Nht Bn. V vy, chng trnh nhn mi trng Trung Quc tp
trung vo hai mc tiu nh hng th trng: (1) Nng cao nhn thc mi
trng ca cng ng v khuyn khch s tham gia ca cng ng nhm bin
khon tin tiu dng ca ngi dn tr thnh nhng l phiu cho s nghip bo
v mi trng; v (2) Tng cng nng lc cnh tranh th trng ca cc doanh
nghip Trung Quc thng qua vic sn xut nhiu hn v tt hn cc sn phm
xanh55.
n thng 5 nm 1994, y ban Quc gia Trung Quc v chng thc cc
sn phm c gn nhn mi trng (Chinas Certification Committee for
Environmental Product Labeling, gi tt l CCEL) chnh thc c thnh lp
vi t cch l bn th 3 i din cho Chnh ph. CCEL c chc nng bao gm
(1) u t cho s pht trin ph hp v kp thi ca nhn mi trng c trong v
ngoi nc; (2) xut phng thc v hng dn h thng chng nhn ca cc
sn phm dn nhn mi trng, (3) qung b nhn mi trng Trung Quc v
ci thin sn phm, gii quyt cc c nhn hoc n v sai phm, (4) thc y
hp tc quc t. U ban ny chu s gim st ca Vn phng Gim st Cng
ngh Quc gia Trung Quc 56. CCEL hot ng phi hp cng vi cc c quan,
b ngnh khc v bo co nh k cho SEPA v kt qu hot ng ca chng
trnh. SEPA cng thnh lp mt ban th k h tr CCEL hot ng tt (bao
gm c vic xem xt h s ng k, t chc nh gi v cho php s dng

55

Chinas Certification Committee for Environmental Product Labeling, 2003, Ecolabelling: Trade
Opportunities & Challenges World Trade Organization Public Symposium Challenges Ahead on the
Road to Cancun
56
http://www.sepacec.com/cecen/labelling/newpage/200510/t20051010_94152.htm

60

nhn)57. Nhn chung, cc tiu ch nh gi ca chng trnh thng l ch da

vo mt vi yu t quan trng nht v d nh t l s dng nguyn liu ti ch,
s dng t CFC i vi t lnh, xng khng ch, sn khng pha nc v pin
khng thy ngn.
Nm 2003, Chng trnh nhn mi trng ca Trung Quc ban hnh
gn 60 tiu chun chng nhn, trong 47 chng nhn n nay vn cn hp l.
Trn c s gim st cht ch, kim tra hng nm v loi b hiu lc cc chng
nhn i vi nhng sn phm khng cn m bo tiu ch ca chng trnh, t
nm 1994 n thng 5 nm 2003, c 527 doanh nghip vi 3.426 sn phm
c chng nhn mang nhn mi trng (bng 4) 58.
Bng 4. S liu thng k v thnh vin c cp chng nhn nhn mi
trng ca Trung Quc t nm 1994 n 200259
Nm

S thnh vin mi

S thnh vin b bi b chng nhn

1994

1995

10

1996

27

14

1997

41

22

1998

42

1999

49

2000

55

2001

97

2002

219

T nm 2001, s doanh nghip c dn nhn ca chng trnh mi nm

tng gp i. Ti cc tnh c kinh t pht trin nh Qung ng, Thng
Hi, Chit Giang, T Chu, Giang T, Sn ng, s doanh nghip c dn
57

Trung tm Mi trng v Pht trin Cng ng, 2009, Bo co c s khoa hc xy dng tiu ch
cp nhn xanh Vit Nam cho ba nhm sn phm: x phng, bng n compact, bao b
58
Chinas Certification Committee for Environmental Product Labeling, 2003, Ecolabelling: Trade
Opportunities & Challenges World Trade Organization Public Symposium Challenges Ahead on the
Road to Cancun
59
Chinas Certification Committee for Environmental Product Labeling, Ecolabelling: Trade
Opportunities & Challenges World Trade Organization Public Symposium Challenges Ahead on the
Road to Cancun, 6/2003

61

nhn mi trng chim a phn trong tng s doanh nghip ca c nc (vi 8

tnh c s doanh nghip chim 78% tng s doanh nghip). Tnh n thng 6
nm 2004, hn 800 loi sn phm t gn 700 doanh nghip c chng nhn
nhn mi trng Trung Quc, trong gi tr sn lng hng nm t khong
6 t nhn dn t60. Nhn mi trng thc s bng n quc gia ny.
Trn c s tch hp cc c quan chng nhn mi trng vi nhau, n
thng 9 nm 2003, Cng ty trch nhim hu hn lin hip trung tm chng nhn
mi trng (China Environmental United Certification Center Co., Ltd, vit tt
l CEC) thuc SEPA c thnh lp. Cng ty c chc nng y mnh thc
hin cc quy nh nhm ci thin k thut v cht lng ca cc chng nhn
c cp bi SEPA, m bo cc nhn mi trng c qun l, gim st cht
ch, hp tc vi CCEL trong vic ph bin v thc hin ng nhng quy nh
ca nhn mi trng. Vic ghi nhn mi trng c kt hp cht ch vi h
thng qun l mi trng, h thng qun l cht lng v h thng qun l an
ton lao ng v h thng cc tiu chun quc t ISO14020. y thc s l cng
c hiu qu nhm thc y pht trin sn xut v tng kh nng cnh tranh ca
cc sn phm Trung Quc trn th trng th gii61.
B Mi trng (SEPA)

U ban chng thc sn

phm dn nhn mi
trng (CCEL)

Cng ty trch nhim hu

hn lin hip trung tm
chng nhn mi trng
(CEC)

Hnh 7. C cu t chc cc c quan qun l nhn mi trng Trung Quc62

60

http://www.sepacec.com/cecen/labelling/achievements/200406/t20040629_94146.htm
http://www.sepacec.com/cecen/labelling/newpage/200510/t20051010_94152.htm
62
http://www.sepacec.com/cecen/labelling/newpage/200510/t20051010_94152.htm
61

62

Vic ra mt thnh cng ca nhn mi trng c hiu qu thc y s

hnh thnh v pht trin ca cc loi thc phm xanh ti Trung Quc, ci thin
hnh vi mi trng ca cc doanh nghip trong vic m bo cht lng sn
phm. Bn cnh , chng trnh h tr hng dn cng ng xu hng tiu
th lnh mnh cng nh pht trin kinh t xanh. c bit, chng trnh ng
gp ln cho s pht trin hi ho gia mi trng v kinh t. ng thi, nhn
mi trng ca Trung Quc cng to ra nh hng ng k trong v ngoi
nc, tch cc thc y thng mi quc t ca ngnh cng nghip dt may v
dn dn tr thnh tm h chiu xanh cho tiu dng v thng mi.
2. Cc cng c h tr i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng
ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng
Trong khun kh nghin cu ny, chng ti cp ti ba cng c h tr
l nh gi, lng gi, hch ton mi trng nhm thit lp cc c ch, chnh
sch QLMT ph hp vi nn KTTT.
2.1 nh gi, lng gi mi trng
Hng ha v dch v mi trng thng thng l nhng hng ha cng
cng, mt mc no vic khai thc v s dng loi hng ha ny bi
nhiu ngi khng lm nh hng n li ch ca nhau. Tuy nhin, hng ha v
dch v mi trng cng gii hn v kh nng chu ti, nu c qu nhiu ngi
s dng loi hng ha ny s dn n lm gim li ch ca ngi s dng. Cc
hng ha cng cng thng gp phi hin tng ngi n theo free riders
tc l con ngi u mun tiu dng hng ha ny nhng khng c ng c
chi tr cho vic duy tr chng. Con ngi u mong mun th hng cht lng
mi trng sng tt hn nhng khng mun chi tr cho vic ci thin mi
trng sng ca mnh v mong mun ngi khc chi tr thay cho mnh.
Hng ha v dch v mi trng thng l nhng hng ha khng c th
trng mua bn, trao i, khng c gi sn trn th trng lm thc o cho
vic nh gi, lng gi, v vy, rt kh xc nh c gi tr ch thc v tm
quan trng ca ca loi hng ha ny. Trong 3 chc nng c bn ca mi trng
63

bao gm cung cp ti nguyn, hp th cht thi, lm khng gian sng v to

cnh quan th ch c chc nng cung cp ti nguyn l c gi trn th trng, hai
chc nng cn li ch to ra gi tr nhng khng c gi c th trng. Chnh v
khng phn nh c y gi tr ca n nn s dn n hin tng khai thc
v s dng ngun ti nguyn thin nhin mt cch ba bi, gy cn kit ti
nguyn v lm nhim, suy thoi mi trng. V d nh mt cng vin quc
gia c xy dng bo tn mi trng thin nhin, em li nhng gi tr cnh
quan nhng nhng gi tr do cng vin mang li khng c phn nh trn
th trng. Hay nh, nhim khng kh, ting n do hot ng giao thng gy
suy gim cht lng mi trng nhng ph tn cho con ngi th b b qua v
khng c tnh n trn th trng.
T , dn n tht bi ca th trng, th trng khng th phn b ti
nguyn mt cch hiu qu, gy tn tht phc li x hi. Chnh v vy, cn phi
hnh thnh c ch, phng php nh gi, lng ha gi tr ca hng ha v
dch v mi trng. iu gp phn h tr cho cc nh qun l ti nguyn v
mi trng c th gii quyt c nhng tc ng ca tht bi th trng thng
qua vic o lng chi ph x hi cng nh c hi, ng thi c th a ra nhng
chnh sch phn b ti nguyn mt cch hp l.
Theo John Dixon (2008) a ra khi nim v nh gi mi trng nh
sau: nh gi mi trng l qu trnh lng ha cc hng ha v dch v mi
trng di dng tin t m hu ht chng u khng c gi th trng.
C th ni, nh gi mi trng l vic vn dng cc phng php k
thut lng gi cc gi tr kinh t ca hng ha v dch v mi trng, chng
hn nh cc li ch ca vic ci thin cht lng mi trng nc hay chi ph
tn tht khi s dng mt khu vc hoang d pht trin.
* C s, tin tin hnh nh gi, lng gi gi tr hng ha v dch
v mi trng da vo khi nim tng gi tr kinh t (TEV- Total Economic
Value).
Tng gi tr kinh t bao gm gi tr s dng v phi s dng. Gi tr s
64

dng l nhng li ch thu c t vic s dng ti nguyn, bao gm gi tr s

dng trc tip v gi tr s dng gin tip. Gi tr phi s dng bao gm gi tr
la chn, gi tr tn ti, gi tr k tha.

Hnh 8. S v tng gi tr kinh t63

TEV = UV + NUV + OV + EV + BV
Gi tr s dng trc tip (UV- Direct Use Value) l nhng sn phm hng
ha c th c khai thc, tiu dng hoc c hng th mt cch trc tip.
Gi tr s dng gin tip (NUV-Non Direct Use Value) l cc dch v do
ngun ti nguyn mi trng cung cp nh: hn ch xi mn, iu ha khng
kh, gi, nc
Gi tr la chn (OV- Option Value) l gi tr em li t vic lu tr, bo
qun cc hng ha, dch v s dng ti mt thi im trong tng lai.
Gi tr tn ti (EV- Existence Value) l gi tr m mt c nhn h tr cc
hng ha, dch v mi trng m bn thn h, con chu ca h v nhng ngi
khc hon ton khng trc tip s dng trong hin ti cng nh trong tng lai.
Nhng gi tr ny l nhng gi tr ni ti trong t nhin, tc l l gi tr nm
bn trong 1 ci g . Mt s cc gi tr tn ti lin quan n cc thuc tnh ca
h sinh thi nh: h tr cho vic bo v cc loi nguy cp, bo v mi trng
mi trng sng cho nhng loi ny.
Gi tr k tha (BV- Bequest Value) l gi tr xut pht t mong mun
63

John A. Dixon, 2008, Environemental Valuation: Chanllenges and Practices, a personal View.

65

bo v mi trng cho ngi thn, bn b cng nh cho tt c mi ngi khc

sng hin ti, v cho c th h tng lai h c th hng li t vic bo tn
mi trng.
* Cc phng php nh gi, lng gi gi tr hng ha v dch v mi
trng
Phng php liu lng p ng:
Mi trng s c s phn hi khi c s thay i no i vi mt nhn
t a vo mi trng nh: cht thi, nc thi S phn ng ny tng ng
vi mc thay i tng dn v lm thay i nng sut sn xut, sc khe sinh
vt v con ngi, t lm thay i gi tr kinh t.
Phng php ny c s dng xc nh gi tr kinh t ca nhng thay
i v sn lng, nng sut do tc ng ca mi trng. Phng php ny thit
lp mi tng quan gia tc ng ca mi trng v s thay i v sn lng,
nng sut. Nu tc ng mi trng c nh hng tch cc n sn lng (nh
ci thin cht lng nc) th nng sut tng, sn lng tng. Nu tc ng mi
trng c nh hng tiu cc n sn lng, sn lng gim (v d nh gim
nng sut cy trng hay sn lng nh bt c). Da trn gi v mc sn
lng c th quan st c trong th trng, phng php ny c th xc nh
c trc tip gi tr kinh t ca nhng thay i.
Phng php chi ph thay th (Substitue Cost Method): xem xt cc chi
ph thay th hoc phc hi nhng ti sn mi trng b thit hi v gi tr
cc chi ph ny o lng tc hi ca mi trng b ph hy (hay li ch ca vic
phc hi)64.V d nh tc ng ca nhim khng kh c nh hng n c s
h tng nh cu ng v nh ca. Trong trng hp nhim mi trng
nghim trng, nh ca, cu ng cn phi c bo tr v sa cha thng
xuyn hn. Chi ph cho vic bo tr, sa cha l mt phn trong nh gi kinh t
i vi nhim khng kh.
64

R. Kerry Turner, David Pearce and Ian Bateman, 1999, Environmental Economics: An Elementary
Introduction

66

Phng php chi ph phng nga (Preventive Cost Method) l phng

php dng xc nh chi ph phng nga (chi ph trnh nhng thit hi nhn
thy c). V d nh cc h gia nh c th mua thm thit b cch m bo
v gia nh khi nhim ting n. Khi con ngi sn lng tr tin nhm chng
li nhng nh hng c th xy ra trong trng hp mi trng b suy thoi,
nhng chi ph ny c th c s dng l c s tnh ton cc chi ph tn tht mi
trng gy ra. Cc chi ph mi trng thng l ch s nh hn chi ph thc t
(nu xy ra), v cc chi ph phng nga bao gi cng b hn ch bi mc thu
nhp.
Phng php chi ph c hi (Opportunity Cost Method): l phng php
khng nh gi trc tip gi tr ca mi trng m nh gi gin tip thng qua
nhng li ch b b qua hay b mt i khi la chn phng n ny m khng la
chn phng n khc, phng n c la chn khc c th tt hn phng n
chn.
Phng php chi ph du lch (Travel Cost Method) l phng php s
dng ng cu c lng gi tr cnh quan v vui chi, gii tr thng qua
thi gian v chi ph du lch. S sn lng chi tr ca ngi dn thm phc v
cho mc ch tham quan c th c c tnh da trn s lng cc chuyn i
m h c th tin hnh vi cc chi ph du lch khc nhau. iu ny cng tng
t nh vic c tnh s sn lng chi tr ca ngi dn i vi hng ha th
trng da trn lng cu cc mc gi khc nhau.
Phng php nh gi gi tr hng th (Hedonic Pricing Method) l
phng php c s dng c tnh gi tr ca mi trng n trong gi th
trng ca mt s loi hng ha dch v thng thng65. Phng php ny cho
bit, gi ca mt s mt hng (v d, ti sn, nh ca bay bt ng sn khc) c
th b nh hng bi cht lng mi trng, trong th trng bt ng sn b
nh hng nhiu nht. Gi nh c th b nh hng trc tip bi mt s cc yu
t nh gi t bi chn lp rc s c th thp hn gi t khu vc gn .
65

Nam Thng, 2010, Xy dng c s khoa hc v phng php lun lng ha gi tr kinh t cc
vn quc gia phc v cng tc qun l v pht trin bn vng.

67

Tng t, gi nh c th b nh hng bt li bi nhim khng kh. Trong

trng hp ny, s khc nhau gia gi cc ngi nh b nhim v ngi nh
khng b nhim khng kh c th c ly lm c s nh gi gi tr kinh t
i vi tc ng ca nhim khng kh.
Phng php nh gi ph thuc vo th trng gi nh (Contigent
Value Method - CVM)66 l phng php dng c lng gi tr mi trng
thng qua vic phng vn trc tip ngi dn mt cch ngu nhin v nh gi
ca h i vi hng ha cht lng mi trng v tr cn nh gi hay xem
xt. Phng php ny c s dng nh gi hng ho cht lng mi
trng, c th cho nhm gi tr phi s dng.
Phng php CVM c coi l mt phng php pht biu s thch v n
tin hnh phng vn trc tip ngi dn pht biu nhng gi tr m h a ra
ch khng phi l a ra nhng gi tr t nhng la chn c th nh cc phng
php php bc l s thch. Bng cch xy dng mt th trng o, ngi ta xc
nh c hm cu v hng ho mi trng thng qua s sn lng chi tr ca
ngi dn (WTP) hoc s sn lng chp nhn khi h mt i hng ho
(WTA), t trong mt tnh hung gi nh. Th trng khng c thc, WTP th
khng th bit trc. Mt khi tnh hung gi thuyt a ra tnh khch quan,
ngi tr li ng vi hnh ng thc ca h th kt qu ca phng php l
kh chnh xc. CVM c p dng cho rt nhiu yu t mi trng nh cht
lng khng kh, gi tr cnh quan, gi tr gii tr ca bi bin, bo tn cc loi
ng vt hoang d, hot ng cu c v sn bn, pht thi cht c hi
Phng php m hnh la chn (CM- Chocie Modelling)67 cng tng t
nh phng php nh gi ngu nhin (CVM) c s dng c lng gi tr
kinh t ca dch v mi trng v h sinh thi; c lng gi tr s dng cng
nh gi tr phi s dng.
Phng php CM cng phng vn ngi dn a ra nhng la chn

66
67

http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/contingent_valuation.htm
http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/contingent_choice.htm

68

da trn nhng tnh hung gi nh, tuy nhin CM khc so vi CVM v CM

khng phng vn trc tip ngi dn pht biu nhng gi tr ca h a ra
di dng tin t m thay vo , nhng gi tr ny c a ra t nhng la
chn gi nh hoc s nh i. Phng php CM phng vn i tng c
hi v pht biu s thch gia mt nhm cc c tnh, dch v mi trng ti
mc gi hoc chi ph c nhn nht nh vi nhm cc c tnh mi trng ti
mc gi v chi ph c nh khc. CM tp trung vo vic nh i gia cc kch
bn vi cc c tnh khc nhau. c bit, n rt ph hp vi vic a ra cc
quyt nh trong vic la chn cc phng n c tc ng khc nhau n ti
nguyn v dch v mi trng. V d, ci thin cht lng h s ci thin mt
vi dch v m h cung cp nh: cung cp nc, cu c, a dng sinh hc
nh gi, lng gi gi tr mi trng c p dng hu ht cc nc
pht trin, tuy nhin cng c ny vn cn ang l vn kh mi m i vi cc
nc ang pht trin.
Lng gi gi tr ca ti nguyn mi trng ni chung v gi tr ca cc
vn quc gia ni ring c tin hnh trn th gii t nhng nm 1970 ca
th k XX. Cho n nay, vic lng gi tng th hoc tng phn gi tr kinh t
cc vn quc gia tr nn ph bin ti cc nc pht trin v c cc nc
ang pht trin nhm phc v cho cng tc bo tn v s dng bn vng ti
nguyn ti cc khu vc ny. C th ni, cc kt qu ca vic lng ho kinh t
vn quc gia ngy cng tr thnh mt yu t u vo quan trng cho vic
hoch nh cc chnh sch bo tn. Th nht, thng tin gi tr kinh t gip cho
cc nh qun l tnh ton c li ch v chi ph ca cc phng n s dng ti
nguyn khc nhau, t la chn c phng n phn b ti nguyn thch
hp, mang li li ch ln nht cho x hi v cng ng. Th hai, vic tnh ton
gi tr kinh t gip cho vic l gii cc hng mc u t cho bo tn v li ch
chung ca x hi v n cho bit li ch bng tin ca cng tc bo tn. Th ba,
hin nay, chi tr cho cc dch v mi trng cng tr thnh mt c ch ph
bin ti nhiu quc gia, trong dch v mi trng t cc vn quc gia c vai
69

tr then cht. xy dng c c ch chi tr dch v th khng th b qua

c vic tnh ton gi tr cc dng li ch ca mi trng, t a ra cc mc
chi tr v c ch ph hp. Th t, lng ho gi tr cc vn quc gia s gip
cho qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch pht trin, c th l la chn phng n bo
tn hay cc d n pht trin. Ngoi ra, thng tin kinh t v gi tr vn quc gia
cng gp phn hon thin c s thng tin d liu ca vn, d liu ny nu
c cp nht thng xuyn s gip cc nh qun l c c thng tin y
v chnh xc v vn v nu khi c cc tai bin, nhim, suy thoi mi trng
xy ra th cc thng tin ny s rt hu ch gip xc nh c mc thit hi, t
a ra cc quyt nh qun l thch hp.
Theo Barbier (1997), hin nay trn th gii c ba xu hng lng ho gi
tr cc vn quc gia phc v qun l68:
Lng gi phn tch tc ng (Impact Analysis Valuation): c s dng
lng ho thit hi v suy gim chc nng v ti nguyn ca vn
quc gia khi c mt tc ng hay sc (shock) ca bn ngoi nh s c
trn du, nhim cng nghip.
Lng gi tng phn (Partial Valuation): c s dng lng ho gi
tr kinh t ca hai hay nhiu phng n s dng ti nguyn khc nhau ti
vn quc gia (v d nui tm, du lch, bo tn).
Lng gi tng th (Total Economic Valuation): c s dng lng
ho phn ng gp tng th ca ti nguyn cho h thng phc li x hi.
Ni chung, ty theo iu kin v yu cu qun l khc nhau m la chn
tng cch tip cn khc nhau, cc phng php lun v k thut lng gi gi tr
kinh t ca cc vn quc gia cng ngy cng tr nn hon thin hn, gip cho
vic nh gi kt qu c chnh xc hn, gp phn a ra cc quyt nh qun
l tin cy, hp l.
Kinh nghim th gii cho thy thng tin v gi tr kinh t ca VQG l mt
68

Nam Thng, 2010, Xy dng c s khoa hc v phng php lun lng ha gi tr kinh t cc
vn quc gia phc v cng tc qun l v pht trin bn vng.

70

yu t u vo quan trng cho vic qun l hiu qu cc vn. Mt trong nhng

nguyn nhn ca tnh trng ny l hin nay cha c cc d liu v gi tr kinh t
ca cc VQG. Cc quyt nh s dng ti nguyn thng ng trn quan im
c nhn v ch tnh n nhng li ch trc tip m VQG mang li cho c nhn
trong khi cc li ch tng th m VQG cung cp cho x hi thng b b qua
hoc nh gi thp. T cc quyt nh phn b s dng VQG thng khng
hiu qu, khng mang li li ch ln nht cho cng ng v x hi
bo v ti nguyn mi trng v hng ti pht trin bn vng cc
nh khoa hc trn th gii nghin cu cc phng php nh gi, lng gi tr
ca ti nguyn v mi trng t c th a ra gi tr ca ti nguyn ca
cng ng. Lng ghp cc gi tr ti nguyn vo cc phng n quy hoch
pht trin kinh t x hi m bo pht trin nhng vn i i vi bo v bn
vng ti nguyn mi trng. tin hnh vic nh gi gi tr ti nguyn v
lng ha thit hi cc gi tr kinh t ca mi trng trn th gii s dng ph
bin cc phng php sau: phng php chi ph c hi, phng php chi ph du
hnh, phng php nh gi ngu nhin, phng php chi ph thay th, phng
php nh gi gi tr hng th, phng php chi ph phng nga. Sau y l
mt s nghin cu v lng gi gi tr kinh t mi trng trn th gii:
Phng php chi ph du lch TCM c: nghin cu ca Ram K.
Shrestha, Andrew F. Seidl, Andre S. Moraes (2002) v c lng gi tr ca cu
c gii tr Brazil; Nghin cu ca Md Rumi Shammin (1999) v c lng gi
tr mi trng ca khu bo tn ng vt Dhaka; Nghin cu ca ChiaYu Yeh v Brent L. Sohngen (2004) v c tnh nhu cu gii tr; Nghin cu
ca Liam Carr and Robert Mendelsohn (2003) v nh gi gi tr ca rn san h
Great Barrier; Nghin cu ca Susan Menkhaus and Douglas J. Lober (1995) s
dng nh gi gi tr du lch sinh thi quc t ca rng ma nhit i Costa
Rica; Nghin cu ca Himayatullah (2003) v c lng gi tr ca cng vin
quc gia Ayubia; Nghin cu ca Pawinee IAMTRAKUL Doctoral Student,
Kazunori HOKAO Professor, Kardi TEKNOMO Lecturer (2005) v nh gi
71

gi tr ca cng vin quc gia Nht Bn.

Phng php nh gi ngu nhin (CVM) c nghin cu ca Charles
Kerchner, Roelof Boumans, and William Boykin-Morris (2008) v c tnh gi
tr ca dch v sinh thi sng Kol Salmon; Nghin cu ca Mattias Boman, Anni
Huhtala, Charlotte Nilsson, Sofia Ahlroth, Gran Bostedt, Leif Mattson, Peichen
Gong (2003) v p dng cc phng php nh gi ngu trong k ton Ti
Nguyn; Nghin cu ca Dario Bonato, Sandra Nocera, Harry Telser (2001) v
p dng phng php nh gi ngu nhin trong vn chm sc sc
khe: Mt nh gi kinh t bnh Alzheimer; Nghin cu ca William M.
Fontaa,b1, H. Eme Ichokua, Kanayo K. Ogujiubac and Jude O. Chukwuc (2007)
v p dng phng php nh gi ngu nhin nh gi vic nng cao qun
l cht thi rn: Dn chng t BangEnugu , Nigeria; Nghin cu ca Frederick
Blakemore, Allan Williams (2007) v nh gi gi tr ca mt bi bin Th
Nh K s dng CVM;
Phng php chi ph thay th: Nghin cu ca Katherine, Giovanni
Ruta and Maria Sarraf, World Bank (2005) v p dng phng php chi ph
thay th c tnh chi ph ca suy thoi mi trng; Nghin cu Cho Cho
San, Corazon L. Rapera(2010) v xc nh chi ph pht sinh ca t xi
mn bng phng

php chi

ph thay

th

H u

ngun

Inle,

Nyaung Shwe Township, Myanmar.

Phng php chi ph c hi: Nghin cu ca James L. Howard (1997)
v c tnh chi ph c hi cho cc h sinh thi bn vng.
Phng php nh gi gi tr hng th (HPM): Nghin cu ca
Aranzini, A.; Ramirez, J.; Schaerer, C.; Thalmann, P., (2008) v p dng
phng php HPM trong vic xc nh gi th trng nh ; Nghin cu ca
Matthew E. Kahn (2004) v nh gi gi tr mi trng khu vc Cross- City p
dng phng php HPM; Nghin ca ca V. Komarova (2009) v nh gi tc
ng ca nhim khng kh ti Moscow bng phng php nh gi gi tr
hng th; Nghin cu ca Khorshiddoust, A.M, (2009) v p dng HPM
72

c tnh mi quan h gia cc loi dch v, s nhim v gi nh ti cc khu

vc la chn ca Tabriz.
Phng php chi ph phng nga: Nghin cu ca trung tm Kinh t
sc khe, Khoa kinh t, i hc Chulalongkorn, Bangkok, Thi Lan v p dng
phng php chi ph phng nga trong vic nh gi chi ph sc khe thng qua
gnh nng bnh tt ca nhim nc Thi Lan; Sng kin qun l mi trng
ton cu- GEMI (1994) nghin cu hiu qu ca chi ph phng nga nhim
thng qua vic lng ghp chi ph mi trng vo trong quyt nh kinh doanh.
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh v cc quc gia trn th gii thc hin
cc nghin cu v lng ha gi tr kinh t cc khu bo tn t nhin:
Canada
Cc nh nghin cu xc nh gi tr tn ti trong d n xy p k v
h cha trn sng Alpha Creek thuc khu vc tho nguyn Canada nhm cn
bng ngun nc phc v dn c v nng nghip (Tilden D. Frehs J.,1997).
Phn tch ti chnh ch ra d n c li nhng khng tnh n cc tn tht v cnh
quan, gii tr, ni c tr ca ng vt hoang d cng nh s thay i kh hu.
Nghin cu ny lng ha gi tr ca nhng tn tht v mi trng nu tin
hnh d n. Kt qu ch r vic xy dng h cha lm thay i i dng
chy t nhin ca sng; lm bin mt mt s loi c, 11 hecta rng t nhin, 3
loi chim, 500 hecta t tho nguyn hoang d; xy dng c 600 hecta h
cha nc v to dng c 20 hecta m ly nc.
Nghin cu lng gi bi thng mi nm khong 59 la cho ngi
dn m nhng phng php lng gi khc khng th tm thy. Trong tnh ton
gi tr tn ti cu hi t ra l vic xc nh s lng ngi dn trong phm vi
nghin cu. Ngi dn cng sng xa dng sng th gi tr tn ti ca n i vi
con ngi cng nh. Trong phm vi nghin cu bao gm 20 ngn ngi dn
sng trong bn knh 90 pht i bng t n dng sng nu n b 59
la/ngi/nm th s tn tht ca gi tr tn ti chim 1,2 triu la/nm.

73

Chu Phi
Cc nh nghin cu cng dng phng php CVM c tnh gi tr
kinh t ca n s t ti vn quc gia Pilanesberg thuc pha Nam Chu Phi
(Vorhies D, Vorhies F, 1993). Kt qu cho thy mc sn sng chi tr bo
m iu kin sng v nui dng s t khong 63-67 ngn la/nm nh hn
rt nhiu so vi li nhun b sung khong 5-12 triu la/nm. Da vo nhng
kt qu chi ph v li nhun nhng cng ty du lch sinh thi u t cho
vn quc gia nhm bo tn loi s t. Li nhun thu c trong lnh vc du
lch sinh thi gip cho hiu qu kinh t ca vn quc gia tng ln gp nhiu
ln.
2.2 Hch ton mi trng
Ti Hi ngh thng nh v Tri t nm 1992 Rio de Janeiro, cng
ng doanh nghip khng ngng nng cao nhn thc v s cn thit phi t
ti hot ng kinh doanh bn vng v gim cc tc ng ti mi trng do cc
hot ng kinh doanh gy ra. Bn cnh , trong qu trnh tin hnh sn xut
kinh doanh cc doanh nghip phi i mt vi nhiu p lc trong ni b doanh
nghip, t Chnh ph, cc ngn hng, cc i th cnh tranh, cc hng bo him
v cng ng trong vic thit k sn phm, cc dy chuyn v dch v mng tnh
bn vng v c hiu qu kinh t - sinh thi69. Cc p lc ny i hi cc
doanh nghip phi quan tm n tc ng kinh t v tc ng sinh thi trong qu
trnh sn xut xy dng to lp th trng kinh doanh, p ng nhu cu ca
x hi v ngi tiu dng ngy cng cao.
Cc mc tiu ca chin lc hiu qu kinh t - sinh thi
- Gim cng s dng nguyn vt liu
- Gim cng s dng nng lng
- Gim thiu s pht thi cht gy nhim
- Nng cao kh nng ti s dng nguyn vt liu
69

Nguyn Ch Quang , 2002, C s hch ton mi trng doanh nghip

74

- Ti a ha vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn c th ti sinh

- Ko di tui th sn phm
- Nng cao cht lng dch v thn thin vi mi trng v h sinh thi
Cng c hch ton qun l mi trng (EMA) c xy dng u tin
ti Na Uy vo nhng nm 1970 v p dng ngy cng rng ri cc nc pht
trin. Trong u nm 1990, Ngn hng Th gii tin hnh nh gi EMA,
cung cp thng tin v tnh hnh p dng EMA trong cc doanh nghip, cc
phng php c s dng xy dng (Peskin v Lutz, 1990). Sau ,
EMA ngy cng c cng nhn nh l mt cng c kinh t hu ch, v c p
dng ngy cng ph bin trong nhiu hot ng c quc gia pht trin v ang
pht trin. Trong thp k qua, khi nim v cc kha cnh v k thut ca EMA
c xy dng, ngy cng hon thin v p dng trong qu trnh xy dng
cc chnh sch pht trin ca cc doanh nghip.
Hip hi K ton th gii (1998) a ra khi nim: Hch ton qun l
mi trng (Environment Management Accounting) l vic qun l cc hot
ng kinh t v mi trng trong qu trnh pht trin, thc hin cc quy trnh,
h thng hch ton lin quan n mi trng mt cch ph hp. N c th bao
gm cc bo co v kim ton mt s cng ty. Hch ton qun l mi trng
bao gm cc dng c th nh hch ton chi ph vng i ca sn phm, hch
ton chi ph y , nh gi li ch v lp k hoch chin lc v qun l mi
trng.
Hch ton qun l mi trng (EMA) c p dng da trn 2 cp :
+ cp vi m: Hch ton qun l mi trng c p dng ch yu
trong cc doanh nghip sn xut, kinh doanh xc nh chnh xc chi ph sn
xut thc ca doanh nghip v gi thnh ca mt sn phm gip cho doanh
nghip c th phn b li cc yu t trong qu trnh sn xut nhm em li hiu
qu kinh doanh cng nh bo v mi trng (ch yu l hch ton dng nguyn
vt liu- nng lng, vng i sn phm)
75

y l mt b cng c h tr nhn dng, thu thp, phn tch cc thng tin

v ti chnh v phi ti chnh cho ni b doanh nghip nhm ci thin hiu qu
hot ng kinh t v mi trng ca doanh nghip. Trn thc t, phn ln cc
doanh nghip u ch nhn dng c cc chi ph mi trng hu hnh chim
mt phn nh trong ton b cc chi ph mi trng (nh: chi ph x l mi
trng, cc loi thu, ph mi trng), cn cc chi ph mi trng b n i
nh: chi ph ca nguyn vt liu b bin thnh cht thi, chi ph nng lng, my
mc, nhn cng trong vic to ra cht thi th cha c nhn dng. Hch
ton qun l mi trng gip cho cc doanh nghip xc nh c r cc chi ph
mi trng trong qu trnh qun l, sn xut kinh doanh, bc tch c chi ph
mi trng thng b n i trong cc chi ph qun l hay chi ph sn xut. Thng
qua vic lng ghp cc yu t chi ph v thng tin mi trng vo trong nhng
ni dung khc nhau ca h thng hch ton kinh doanh ca doanh nghip, hch
ton qun l mi trng gip cho doanh nghip c th hch ton c chi ph
mi trng vo trong gi thnh sn phm, xc nh c doanh thu thc thu
c; t iu chnh chin lc kinh doanh nhm em li li nhun cao nht
cho doanh nghip m vn m bo c tiu chun mi trng, nguyn tc pht
trin bn vng.
Hch ton qun l mi trng doanh nghip c chia thnh 2 loi:
Hch ton qun l mi trng tin t (MEMA) bao gm: hch ton chi
ph mi trng; chi ph vn v doanh thu lin quan n mi trng; nh gi
hiu qu cc quyt nh chi ph mi trng lin quan; xc nh chi ph vng i
mi trng v nh gi sau u t ca d n ring l; ngn sch hot ng mi
trng tin t v ngn sch vn mi trng tin t; lp k hoch ti chnh di
hn v mi trng; xc nh chi ph mi trng ph hp; nh gi u t d n
mi trng tin t v d tr ngn sch cho vng i mi trng v nh gi mc
tiu.
Hch ton qun l mi trng phi tin t (PEMA) bao gm hch ton
dng nguyn vt liu v nng lng; hch ton tc ng chi ph vn mi trng;
76

nh gi cc tc ng mi trng ngn hn; nh gi kim k vng i sn

phm v nh gi sau u t ca d n u t mi trng phi tin t; qu trnh
d tho ngn sch nh nc phi tin t ca lung v qu vn; lp k hoch di
hn lin quan n mi trng phi tin t; cc cng c c thit k d bo tc
ng mi trng lin quan; nh gi u t mi trng phi tin t v nh gi
vng i ca d n c th.
+ cp v m: hch ton qun l mi trng c p dng trong phm
vi vng, quc gia, nh gi mc bn vng v mt kinh t - x hi- mi
trng, nh gi quy hoch pht trin ngnh, quy hoch pht trin kinh t- x
hi( ch yu l hch ton ti sn mi trng i vi cc ti nguyn thin
nhin)
* Nhng li ch khi p dng hch ton qun l mi trng:
+ Li ch mang li cho doanh nghip:
- Cung cp cc thng tin thc t v tt c cc loi chi ph lin quan n
mi trng (nh chi ph trc tip, chi ph gin tip, chi ph n, chi ph hu hnh)
v cc thng tin v tt c cc dng vt cht v nng lng; gip cho doanh
nghip c th xc nh c y tt c cc thng tin, cc chi ph thc ca
cng ty.
- H tr cho vic ra quyt nh trong ni b kinh doanh ca doanh
nghip nhm hng ti 2 mc tiu l ci thin hiu qu hot ng ti chnh v
hiu qu hot ng bo v mi trng.
- To ra nhng li th mang tnh chin lc cho cc doanh nghip. Khi
mt doanh nghip nm c y cc chi ph thc ca cng ty bao gm cc
cc chi ph mi trng b n i th doanh nghip c li th chin lc r rng
hn so vi doanh nghip khng xc nh c cc chi ph .
- Cung cp thng tin mt cch y cho cc c ng ca cng ty, cc
i tc kinh doanh, cc khch hng, cc bn lin quan lm hi lng v cng c
lng tin i vi doanh nghip.
77

+ Li ch mang li cho chnh quyn:

- Cng nhiu doanh nghip tin hnh hch ton qun l mi trng,
lng ghp chi ph v thng tin mi trng vo trong qu trnh sn xut, kinh
doanh th Chnh ph s mt cng t cc chi ph ti chnh, chnh tr v cc chi ph
bt buc khc bo v mi trng.
-

Hch ton qun l mi trng s gp phn tng cng hiu qu ca

cc chnh sch, quy nh hin hnh ca Chnh ph thng qua vic bc l cc chi
ph v li ch thc v mi trng ca cc doanh nghip.
- Chnh ph c th s dng cc d liu v hch ton qun l mi
trng d ton, bo co cc s o v ti chnh v mi trng cho cc bn lin
quan nh: cc i tc kinh doanh, cc ngnh cng nghip khc
- D liu v hch ton qun l mi trng h tr cho vic thit k cc
chng trnh, chnh sch ca Chnh ph.
- D liu v hch ton qun l mi trng c th c s dng cho
mc ch hch ton phm vi vng, quc gia
y l mt trong nhng phng php quan trng c chc nng h tr
cng tc qun l mi trng, tuy cn kh mi m, nhng ht sc cn thit trong
bi cnh ton cu ha hin nay khi p lc kinh doanh i hi cc doanh nghip
khng nhng ch ch trng n vic ti thiu ha cc chi ph sn xut m cn
phi ch n vn mi trng, s dng hp l cc nguyn liu u vo v
tng tun hon, gim thiu lng cht thi thi ra mi trng, hng ti mc
tiu kinh doanh bn vng. Do , cc nh qun l v hoch nh chinh sch cn
khuyn khch p dng cc phng php hch ton qun l mi trng vo trong
qu trnh qun l mi trng nng cao nhn thc v chi ph mi tng v
trch nhim mi trng, qua gin tip khuyn hch cc hot ng v bo v
mi trng.
Cng c hch ton qun l mi trng c p dng trong hu ht cc
hot ng ca cc quc gia c nn kinh t pht trin. Trn th gii nm 2001, c
78

khong 239.000 c s tham gia vo vic thc hin hch ton qun l mi
trng, trong cc nc c thu nhp cao chim 97.5%: cc nc Chu u
(80,6%); cc nc Bc M (11.9%); cn cc nc c thu nhp thp ch chim
khong 0.7%70.
Bng 5. T l (%) p dng hch ton qun l mi trng cc c s
phn theo vng (tng 239 c s) 71

Vng

Thu nhp
thp

Thu nhp

Thu

trung

nhp

bnh

cao

Tng

Chu Phi

0.0

0.1

na

0.1

Chu Thi Bnh Dng

0.7

0.8

5.5

7.0

Chu u

0.0

0.5

80.1

80.6

Chu M La tinh v

0.0

0.4

na

0.4

Caribe

na

na

11.9

11.9

Bc M

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.7

1.8

97.5

100.0

ng
Tng

Ghi ch: na c ngha l khng c d liu

Hu ht cc nc trn th gii, tin hnh hch ton qun l mi trng
di cc dng ch yu sau: hch ton ti sn, hch ton dng nguyn vt liu v
cc cht nhim (gm hch ton dng vt cht v hch ton dng tin); BVMT
v qun l cht thi.

70

Dick Osborn, Deborah Savage, Maria Fatima Reyes, Tigran Muradian,2002, Images effectiveness,
equity and effeciency in the difusion of Environmental Management Acounting,
71
Dick Osborn, Deborah Savage, Maria Fatima Reyes, Tigran Muradian,2002, Images effectiveness,
equity and effeciency in the difusion of Environmental Management Acounting,

79

Bng 6. Chng trnh hch ton mi trng ca cc nc trn th gii72

Cc nc

Hch ton
ti sn

Hch ton dng

nguyn vt liu v cc cht
nhim
Vt cht

Bo v Mi trng
v qun l chi ph ti
nguyn

Tin

Cc nc pht trin
Australia

Canada

an Mch

Phn Lan

Php

Nht Bn

Na Uy

Thy in

Anh

X
X

X
X
X

Cc nc ang pht trin

Botswana

Chile

Hn quc

Mexico

Moldova

X
X

Namibia

Philippine

Colombia
Costa Rica
Eu-15

72

Indonesia

Nam Phi

Glenn-Marie Lange, 2003, Policy Applications of Environmental Accounting

80

Hch ton qun l mi trng c p dng cho mi loi hnh sn xut,

kinh doanh ca doanh nghip nh: M, hch ton qun l mi trng c p
dng ch yu trong ngnh nng lng, ha cht; Nam Phi l ngnh cng
nghip m, c l ngnh cng nghip ru, bia, ngnh dch v, ngnh lm
nghip v ch bin g, Nht bn l cng nghip in t v cng nghip thc
phm, Thi Lan l cng nghip sa v ch bin thy hi sn; Philippin l cng
nghip m..
Ngoi ra, hch ton qun l mi trng bt u c ng dng trong
phm vi vng, quc gia nh gi mc bn vng v mt kinh t - x hi
nh mt s nc Chu u xy dng c h thng tch hp hch ton kinh
t v mi trng v ng dng vo trong thc t. M, an Mch, c p
dng hch ton qun l mi trng trong h thng ca chnh quyn nhm nng
cao hiu qu qun l mi trng trong chin lc pht trin bn vng.
Mt s v d in hnh v vic p dng hch ton qun l mi trng
mt s nc:
Hch ton mi trng ti Cng ty thc phm Bonlac Australia73
Cng ty thc phm Bonlac sn xut cc sn phm t sa nh b, pho mt
v sa bt. y l nh sn xut sa ln nht Australia, vi doanh thu hng
nm trn 1 t USD, v xut khu sang hn 50 quc gia trn th gii. Bonlac
thc hin cc gii php u t hiu qu v ci thin mi trng nh thay i cc
ha cht s dng trong qu trnh lm sch ca dy chuyn sn xut. Vic s
dng cc ha cht an ton v thn thin mi trng dn n s dng t axit hn
trong qu trnh lm sch, tit kim thi gian lm sch, rt ngn thi gian sn
xut v gim lng nc v in tiu th, kt qu l tit kim c 97,000
USD/nm so vi thi im ban u.
H thng thu gom, ti s dng cht thi cng c lp t thm thu
hi cc cht thi rn thi ra t qu trnh ra trong phng pho mt. Chi ph vn
73

http://www.ecomall.com/greenshopping/enviroaccount.html

81

ca cc hot ng ny l 30,500 USD v cc khon tit kim c 100.000

USD/nm, do thi gian hon vn t hn 4 thng.
Lng nc thi t b nhim cng c ti s dng nhm phc v cho
mc ch ti tiu cc vng ln cn. Gii php ny dn n lng nc thi
cn c x l gim 30%. Cng ty nhn thy vic gim thiu cht thi vo h
thng thot nc ny khng ch lm cho cc qu trnh sn xut hiu qu hn v
bo v mi trng, theo ng khu hiu ca cng ty Thc phm Bonlac thn
thin mi trng.
Hch ton mi trng ti cc cng ty ca n 74
n hch ton mi trng trong cc doanh nghip c lut ha
trong cc quy nh bt buc ca cc doanh nghip khi i vo hot ng. Hu ht
cc doanh nghip n cung cp thng tin v vn mi trng trong qu
trnh kinh doanh rt s si. Theo yu cu ca lut hin hnh ca n quy nh
cc doanh nghip phi chun b v k khai tt c cc thng tin v mi trng
lin quan n hot ng ca doanh nghip. B Mi trng n ban hnh
ch th hng dn v vic chun b v lp bo co hch ton mi trng. Vai tr
hch ton mi trng l hp phn ca hch tng th ca cc doanh nghip ti
n . Bo co hch ton mi trng bao gm cc ni dung thng tin chnh
nh sau:
- Nhng loi thit b c ci t v s dng kim sot nhim
- Cc bc thc hin tit kim nng lng
- Cc gii php thc hin tit kim nguyn liu
- Cc gii php tin hnh qun l nc thi v cht thi trong qu trnh
sn xut
- Cc gii php ci thin cht lng sn phm v dch v, qu trnh sn
xut, vv

74

Mukesh Chauhan, 2005, Concept of Environmental Accounting and Practice in India

82

Mt nghin cu kho st tnh hnh thc hin hch ton mi trng ca 80

doanh nghip trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau ca Tin s B. B. Padhan
v Tin s R.K. Bal cho thy cc cng ty nhn thc y cc yu cu v cc
thng tin hch ton mi trng v c phn nh trong bo co, tuy nhin tin
cy ca cc thng tin trong bo co cha cao. Kt qu ca bo co cho thy
m bo tiu chun trong hch ton mi trng, cc doanh nghip cn phi dnh
mt khon kinh ph tng i ln u t cng ngh thn thin vi mi
trng, chi ph thu cc chuyn gia mi trng, cng ngh t vn la chn cc
thit b, quy trnh qun l cc hot ng c lin quan n mi trng v lp bo
co hch ton mi trng ca doanh nghip.
Qua nghin cu ng dng hch ton qun l mi trng cc nc trn
th gii ta c th thy rng: Hch ton qun l mi trng l mt cng c rt
hiu qu, h tr c lc cho cng tc qun l mi trng hng ti mc tiu
kinh doanh bn vng, m bo cn i gia hiu qu kinh doanh v bo v mi
trng.
Hch ton ti sn mi trng mt s nc:
Cc phng php hch ton ti sn th hin nhng thay i trong c
phn theo thi gian v s suy gim ca ti nguyn thin nhin. Hch ton ti sn
c th cho thy nhng tc ng ca chnh sch ngun ti nguyn v c s
dng thc y s thay i chnh sch. V d, s suy gim a dng ngun c
ca Namibia k t nhng nm 1960 cho thy bc tranh tng th r rng
cc nh hoch nh chnh sch qun l cc hot ng nh bt c nguy hi.

83

Hnh 9. Sinh khi ca c tuyt, c mi cm v, c nga ti Namibia giai

on 1963-1999 thng qua hch ton (hng nghn tn)75
Tng t phng php hch ton v s suy gim (thit hi tch ly) cng
c xy dng cho khu vc rng Philippines, Brazil, Chile, Malaysia,
Indonesia, Australia, Canada v nhiu ca nhiu nc EU.
Cc ti sn c gi tr sn xut hoc khng c gi tr sn xut cng c p
dng cng c hch ton nh gi din bin qua cc nm Australia,
Botswana v Namibia (hnh 10).

75

Glenn Marie Lange, 2003, Policy Applications of Environmental Accounting

84

Hnh a: Australia

Hnh b: Botswana

Hnh c: Namibia

Hnh 10. Gi tr ti sn sn xut v khng sn xut Australia,

Botswana v Namibia76
cp vi m, hch ton qun l mi trng c th p dng cho mi
loi hnh doanh nghip hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch vv p dng
cho mi quy m cng ty t cc doanh nghip va v nh; cc doanh nghip ln
n cc doanh nghip a quc gia. Tuy nhin, hch ton qun l mi trng p
dng mi doanh nghip s khc nhau cn c vo mc tiu, loi hnh doanh
nghip, quy m cng ty. T , gip cho doanh nghip nhn dng v nh gi
chnh xc nhng thng tin ti chnh v mi trng theo yu cu ca tng doanh
nghip.
76

Glenn Marie Lange, 2003, Policy Applications of Environmental Accounting

85

Qua nghin cu ng dng hch ton qun l mi trng cc nc trn

th gii ta c th thy rng: Hch ton qun l mi trng l mt cng c rt
hiu qu, h tr c lc cho cng tc qun l mi trng hng ti mc tiu
kinh doanh bn vng, m bo cn i gia hiu qu kinh doanh v bo v mi
trng.
Hch ton qun l mi trng c th p dng cho mi loi hnh doanh
nghip hot ng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch vv p dng cho mi quy m
cng ty t cc doanh nghip va v nh; cc doanh nghip ln n cc doanh
nghip a quc gia.
Tuy nhin, hch ton qun l mi trng p dng mi doanh nghip s
khc nhau cn c vo mc tiu, loi hnh doanh nghip, quy m cng ty. T ,
gip cho doanh nghip nhn dng v nh gi chnh xc nhng thng tin ti
chnh v mi trng theo yu cu ca tng doanh nghip.
Qua nghin cu kinh nghim ca mt s nc trn th gii ta thy, hu
ht cc quc gia trn th gii, c bit l cc quc gia pht trin p dng a
dng cc loi cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng nhm thay i chi ph v
li ch ca cc hot ng c nh hng ti mi trng, ng thi tng cng
thc trch nhim ca cc c nhn, t chc trc vic gy thit hi cho mi
trng v sc khe cng ng nh: Thu/ph mi trng, qu mi trng, k
qu mi trng, t cc - hon tr, cta mi trng (giy php pht thi c th
chuyn nhng), tr cp ti chnh, nhn sinh thi, nh gi ti nguyn v lng
gi thit hi mi trng, chi tr dch v sinh thi v.v Tt c cc cng c kinh
t khi p dng trong qun l mi trng u nhm mc ch hn ch ti a cht
thi pht sinh ra mi trng, gp phn vo ngun thu ca ngn sch nh nc,
gim nh hng ca vic tiu th ti nguyn v nng lng, c bit l cc loi
ti nguyn khan him khng th ti to thng qua vic nh vo li ch kinh t
ca cc c nhn v t chc nhm thay i hnh vi tc ng i vi mi trng
theo hng tch cc trong qu trnh hot ng c tc ng ti mi trng.

86

Tuy nhin, mi cng c kinh t c nhng u nhc im ring trong qu

trnh p dng vo qun l mi trng. cc quc gia p dng thnh cng cc
cng c trong qun l mi trng trn c s c cc iu kin sau: Nn kinh t
pht trin theo c ch th trng thc s, tc l cc hng ha v dch v c
trao i ng vi cht lng v gi tr vn c v c tnh n yu t ch ph mi
trng trong qu trnh hnh thnh mc gi ca cc hng ha dch v theo quan
h cung cu; H thng chnh sch v cc quy nh php lut cht ch, r rng,
cho php kim sot v iu chnh cc hnh vi ca cc c nhn t chc hot ng
gy nh hng xu hoc c s dng cc thnh phn mi trng; Cc t chc
qun l mi trng ca t trung ng n a phng c t chc cht ch
kh nng thc thi cc quy nh Php lut v bo v mi trng ca Nh
nc; Cc quc gia phi c thu nhp bnh qun u ngi (GDP) cao c
ngun ti chnh u t cho cng tc qun l mi trng, ng thi cn tng
cng thc trch nhim, tinh thn t gic ca cc c nhn i vi cng tc bo
v mi trng cao.
Bn cnh cc u im v mt kinh t v hiu qu qun l mi trng khi
p dng cng c kinh t mang lai th thc t p dng cc cng c kinh t cng
gp rt nhiu kh khn bi tnh cht c th ca cc thnh t mi trng: Cc
yu t mi trng l cc ti sn kh xc nh v cht lng, gi tr tn ti (yu
t phi th trng); Lnh vc mi trng c tnh cht lin ngnh, a lnh vc v
a quc gia nn rt kh khn trong vic xc lp quyn s hu v xy dng c
ch chnh sch qun l; S bn vng v mt mi trng ph thuc rt nhiu vo
cc hot ng kinh t, x hi v s pht trin ca c ch th trng lun pht
trin, vn ng khng ngng
II. Thc tin trin khai cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng ti
Vit Nam
2.1 Nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh nc
Hin nay, Vit Nam cng xy dng c mt s vn bn quy phm
php lut quy nh v thu/ph mi trng trin khai p dng ph hp vi c
87

im kinh t- x hi ca Vit Nam. C th:

a) Thu mi trng
Lut thu bo v Mi trng c Quc hi kho XII thng qua v ban
hnh ngy 15 thng 11 nm 2010 v c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01 ngy 01
nm 2012. Lut thu BVMT quy nh c th danh mc 8 nhm i tng phnp
thu BVMT gm: xng, du, m nhn; than ; dung dch Hydor- cholorofluoro-carbon (HCFC); ti ni lng thuc din chu thu; thuc dit c thuc loi
hn ch s dng; thuc tr mi thuc loi hn ch s dng; thuc bo qun lm
sn thuc loi hn ch s dng; thuc kh trng kho thuc loi hn ch s dng.
- Cn c tnh thu: l s lng hng ha tnh thu v mc thu tuyt i.
- Phng php tnh thu: S thu bo v mi trng phi np bng s
lng n v hng ha chu thu nhn vi mc thu tuyt i quy nh
trn mt n v hng ha
+ S lng hng ha tnh thu c quy nh nh sau: i vi hng ha
sn xut trong nc, s lng hng ha tnh thu l s lng hng ha sn xut
bn ra, trao i, tiu dng ni b, tng cho; i vi hng ha nhp khu, s
lng hng ha tnh thu l s lng hng ha nhp khu.
+ Mc thu tuyt i tnh thu c xc nh khng ph thuc vo gi
ca sn phm chu thu m cn nhc da trn mc gy nhim mi trng
ca sn phm thuc din chu thu, nhm n gin, minh bch trong thc hin,
bo m n nh s thu NSNN (khng ph thuc vo s bin ng ca gi c).
Biu khung thu BVMT c p dng i vi tng nhm hng ha vi
cc mc thu tuyt i ti thiu v mc thu tuyt i ti a c quy nh
trong bng 6. Cc mc thu tuyt i ti thiu v ti a c xy dng theo
nguyn tc phn bit theo mc gy tc ng xu n mi trng hoc chi ph
khc phc hu qu do s dng hng ha gy ra. Ngoi ra, Biu khung thu ny
cn cn c vo mc thu hin hnh i vi ph BVMT. C th l, mc thu ph
BVMT i vi xng, du c ban hnh v trin khai thc hin trc theo
88

Ngh nh s 78/2000/N-CP ngy 26 thng 12 nm 2000 ca Th tng Chnh

ph v ph xng, du. Theo Ngh nh ny, i tng chu thu l cc t chc, c
nhn kinh doanh xng, du (nh nhp khu, sn xut, ch bin xng du) c
ngha v k khai, np ph theo quy nh ca php lut. Mc thu ph theo Ngh
nh ny, i vi xng l 500 ng/lt; i vi du diezel l 300 ng/lt v du
ha, du mazut v du m cha b thu ph.
Lut thu BVMT p dng i vi 8 nhm hng ha va mi ra i v
trong thi ti c hiu lc trong thc t. D bo trong thi gian ti, khi Lut thu
BVMT c hiu lc thi hnh s gp phn tng cng trch nhim v nng cao
nhn thc ca cc t chc, c nhn i vi hot ng bo v mi trng; khuyn
khch sn xut v tiu dng hng ha thn thin vi mi trng thng qua vic
lm tng gi cc sn phm, hng ha c kh nng gy nhim mi trng
kch thch v iu chnh cc qu trnh sn xut v tiu dng theo hng bo v
mi trng v gp phn tng ngun vn u t ci to mi trng.

89

Bng 7. Mc thu p dng i vi tng nhm hng ha77

Mc thu
n v
(ng/1 n
tnh
v hng ha)

TT

Hng ha

Xng, du, m nhn

Xng, tr etanol

Lt

1.000-4.000

Nhin liu bay

Lt

1.000-3.000

Du diezel

Lt

500-2.000

Du ha

Lt

300-2.000

Du mazut

Lt

300-2.000

Du nhn

Lt

300-2.000

M nhn

kg

300-2.000

II

Than

Than nu

Tn

10.000-30.000

Than an-tra-xt (antraxit)

Tn

20.000-50.000

Than m

Tn

10.000-30.000

Than khc

Tn

10.000-30.000

III

Dung dch
(HCFC)

IV

Ti ni lng thuc din chu thu

kg

30.000-50.000

Thuc dit c thuc loi hn ch s dng

kg

500-2.000

VI

Thuc tr mi thuc loi hn ch s dng

kg

1.000-3.000

VII

Thuc bo qun lm sn thuc loi hn ch kg

s dng

1.000-3.000

VIII Thuc kh trng kho thuc loi hn ch s kg

dng

1.000-3.000

77

Hydro-chloro-fluoro-carbon kg

1.000-5.000

Lut s 57/2010/QH12 ca Quc hi ngy 15 thng 12 nm 2010 v thu bo v mi trng

90

b) Ph mi trng
Ph bo v mi trng nh vo ch th gy nhim nhm mc ch thc
y cc i tng gy nhim gim thiu khi lng cht nhim thi ra v
ng gp mt phn ti chnh vo vic x l nhim mi trng. Hin nay, trong
lnh vc mi trng thc hin thu ph BVMT i vi nc thi, cht thi rn
v ph BVMT i vi khai thc khong sn.
*)Ph BVMT i vi nc thi:
Ph BVMT i vi nc thi c thc hin bt u t nm 2003 vi mc
tiu huy ng ng gp ti chnh khi phc mi trng v khuyn khch
gim thiu vic x cht nhim vo mi trng, s dng ngun nc sch mt
cch hiu qu. Ph BVMT i vi nc thi chia thnh 2 loi ph l: ph BVMT
i vi nc thi sinh hot, ph BVMT i vi nc thi cng nghip v c
quy nh trong cc vn bn sau:
- Ngh nh 67/ND-CP v thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi
c th tng Chnh ph k ban hnh t gia thng 6 nm 2003 v c hiu lc
t ngy 1/1/2004.
- Thng t lin tch 125/2003/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT hng dn thc hin
Ngh nh 67 gip cc a phng p dng ngay trong nm u tin.
- Thng t lin tch s 106/2007/TTLT/BTC-BTNMT sa i, b sung
Thng t lin tch s 125/2003/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT
- Ngh nh 04/2007/N-CP ngy 8/1/2007 v sa i, b sung mt s
iu ca Ngh nh 67/2003/ND-CP.
Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP c hiu lc t ngy 01/01/2004 l cng c
kinh t u tin c p dng Vit Nam theo nguyn tc ngi gy nhim
phi tr tin v th hin mt bc tin ht sc quan trng trong cng tc qun
l mi trng Vit Nam. Tuy nhin sau 6 nm thc hin, ph BVMT i vi
nc thi vn cn bc l nhiu bt cp. mc d t c nhng kt qu kh
tch cc nhng qu trnh thu v np ph nc thi Vit Nam xut hin nhiu
91

vn kh khn. S ph thu c thp hn nhiu so vi s ph c tnh ban u;

nhiu doanh nghip khng chp hnh cc quy nh qun l mi trng v np
ph nc thi, tnh trng nhim mi trng do nc thi gy ra ngy cng trm
trng... 78
Ph BVMT i vi nc thi sinh hot:
Vic thu ph nc thi sinh hot c thc hin vo thi gian u nm
2004, nhng qu trnh thc hin cn gp nhiu kh khn. Trc khi Ngh nh
s 88/2007/N-CP ra i, vic thu ph nc thi sinh hot gp nhiu kh khn
trong cch thu cng nh qun l s tin thu c. Tuy nhin sau khi ban hnh
Ngh nh s 88/2007/N-CP, vic thu ph nc thi sinh hot t nhiu
thnh tu ng k, t l thu ph nc thi t cao, c bit l cc thnh ph ln
trong c nc, t l t trn 85% 79. y l mt Ngh nh quan trng gp phn
thnh cng trong vic thu v qun l ph nc thi sinh hot hin nay, gp phn
thc hin tt qu trnh kinh t ha trong lnh vc nc (nc thi), c th l
nc thi sinh hot. S ph nc thi sinh hot thu c ln n 90%, c bit
mc thu cao nht trong c nc l thnh ph HCM, Hi Phng v mt s thnh
ph ln khc.
Hi Phng l thnh ph c t l thu ph nc thi sinh hot cao: Theo bo
co ca s TNMT Hi Phng, nm 2009 thnh ph thu c 3 t ng vi
mc thu ph 200 VN/m3.
Ph BVMT i vi nc thi cng nghip:
Mc d quy nh v vic thu ph nc thi cng nghip c nh nc
ban hnh Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP v c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/2004 nhng
trong qu trnh thc hin gp nhiu kh khn, v th hiu qu thu ph nc thi
cng nghip cn rt thp, cc nh qun l cn lng tng trong cch thu v tnh
ph, cc doanh nghip tm cch trn trnh v n ph. Theo thng k ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng, trc nm 2008 t l thu ph nc thi cng nghip trn
78
79

Nguyn Mu Dng, 2010, Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi cng nghip ca Vit Nam v Philippines
Tng cc Mi trng, 2009

92

c nc t t 15% n 20%. Theo bo co s b ca Cc Kim sot nhim

thuc Tng cc Mi trng, lng ph nc thi thu c, c chuyn v
trung ng (Qu Bo v Mi trng Vit Nam) c 3 ln vi tng s
khong 40,76 t ng, C th:
Bng 8. Tng ngun thu t ph nc thi c chuyn v
Qu Bo v Mi trng 80
Nm

Tng lng ph c chuyn v Trung ng

(Qu BVMT Vit Nam) (n v: ng)

2006

475.487.372

16/10/2008

25.842.365.973

23/12/2008

14.442.976.728

Sau 6 nm t chc thc hin Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP, mc d t

c nhng kt qu kh tch cc nhng qu trnh thu v np ph nc thi
Vit Nam xut hin nhiu vn kh khn. S ph thu c thp hn nhiu
so vi s ph c tnh ban u; nhiu doanh nghip khng chp hnh cc
quy nh qun l mi trng v np ph nc thi, tnh trng nhim mi
trng do nc thi gy ra ngy cng trm trng... Nm 2005, thu t ph nc
thi c nc ch c khong 75 t ng (12 triu USD) trong khi c nc c ti
300.000 doanh nghip vi mt t l ln khng p ng c tiu chun bo v
mi trng81
Lm th no nng cao kt qu v hiu qu cng tc thu, np ph nc
thi, qua gim thiu tnh trng nhim mi trng vn ang l cu hi c
t ra i vi c quan qun l mi trng ca Vit Nam
80

Cc Kim sot nhim- Tng cc Mi trng, 2010, Bo co thc trng trin khai cng tc thu
ph BVMT i vi nc thi ti Vit Nam
81

Vin Chin lc, Chnh sch, Ti nguyn v mi trng, Kinh t ho tng ng gp ca

ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng cho ngun thu ngn sch v GDP
93

n nay, cc ngnh chc nng vn cha c mt bo co hoc thng k c

th xc nh r lng ph nc thi thu c sau khi Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP
c hiu lc, ti cc a phng, c bit l cc a phng c nhiu khu cng
nghip, khu ch xut khng c bo co hng nm v lng ph thu c t nc
thi cng nghip. Mc thu ph nc thi qu thp nh hin nay (thp hn 30 ln
so vi cc nc pht trin) cha thc s gy p lc i vi cc doanh nghip
trong hot ng bo v mi trng. Theo Bo co ca Chi cc BVMT H Ni,
t nm 2007 n 2009 Chi cc nhn c hn 300 t khai v ph BVMT i vi
nc thi cng nghip v thc hin thm nh s ph BVMT cho cc c s
np t khai. Tng s c s c thm nh l 82 c s v tng s ph thm
nh v gi thng bo np ph nm 2009 gn 870 triu ng, nhng Qu BVMT
ch thu c cha ti 520 triu ng, nh vy s ph thu c ch t xp x
60% so vi s ph thm nh. Ti TP H Ch Minh sau gn 6 nm thc hin
thu ph nc thi sinh hot np ngn sch gn 560 t ng. Trong khi s
tin thu ph nc thi cng nghip t nm 2004 n nay khng ng k. Bnh
qun mi nm Chi cc thu hn 4 t ng, cao nht l nm 2009 thu c 9,3 t
ng tin ph BVMT i vi nc thi cng nghip. TP HCM c hn 30.000 c
s, doanh nghip phi np ph BVMT nhng ch c 958 doanh nghip ng ph,
s cn li khng tr hoc n dy da. Ti thnh ph Hi Phng, S TNMT cho
bit trong nm 2009 S tp hun hn 300 doanh nghip nhng s doanh
nghip thc hin k khai np ph mi khong 100 n v82
Ph BVMT i vi cht thi rn:
Ph BVMT i vi CTR c trin khai thc hin bt u t nm 2007 v
c quy nh c th trong cc vn bn sau:
-

Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP ca Chnh ph ngy 29 thng 11 nm

2007 v ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn;

Thng t s 39/2008/TT-BTC ngy 9 thng 5 nm 2008 ca B Ti

82

ng Tuyn, 2010, Ph BVMT i vi nc thi Vit Nam, thc trng v mt s kin ngh, Tp ch
Ti nguyn v Mi trng s 9 (95) thng 5/2010

94

chnh v hng dn thc hin Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP.

Theo , i tng chu ph BVMT l cht thi rn thng thng v cht
thi rn nguy hi c thi ra t qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v hoc
cc hot ng khc (tr cht thi rn thng thng pht thi trong sinh hot ca
c nhn, h gia nh). Mc ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn thng
thng pht thi t hot ng ca c quan, c s kinh doanh, dch v, c s sn
xut cng nghip, lng ngh di 40.000 ng/ tn; i vi cht thi rn nguy
hi di 6.000.0000 ng/tn.
Ph BVMT i vi cht thi rn l khon thu thuc ngn sch nh nc,
c qun l, s dng nh sau:
-

li mt phn s ph thu c cho c quan, n v trc tip thu ph

trang tri chi ph cho vic thu ph

Phn cn li l khon thu ngn sch a phng hng 100% (mt trm
phn trm) chi dng cho cc ni dung sau y: chi ph cho vic x l
cht thi rn m bo tiu chun mi trng, h tr cho vic phn loi
cht thi rn, u t xy dng cc bi chn lp, cng trnh x l cht
thi rn, s dng cng ngh ti ch, ti s dng, x l v tiu hy cht
thi rn.
Cn c vo cc quy nh ca php lut v iu kin thc t v x l, tiu

hy CTR a phng, U ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng

s xy dng mc thu ph p dng i vi tng loi CTR tng a bn, tng
loi i tng np ph ti a phng v xc nh vic qun l, s dng tin ph
cho ph hp trnh Hi ng nhn dn tnh quyt nh. S ph thu c mt
phn li cho c quan, n v trc tip thu ph trang tri chi ph cho vic
thu ph; phn cn li do ngn sch a phng hng 100% chi ph cho vic
x l CTR m bo tiu chun mi trng nh: t, kh khun, trung ha, chn
lp hp v sinh...; chi h tr cho vic phn loi CTR, bao gm c hot ng
tuyn truyn, ph bin nng cao nhn thc ca nhn dn trong vic phn loi
CTR ngay ti ngun; chi h tr u t xy dng cc bi chn lp, cng trnh x
95

l CTR, s dng cng ngh ti ch, ti s dng, x l v tiu hy CTR.

Hin nay, mt s th trin khai thc hin thu ph BVMT i vi
cht thi rn cn c Ngh nh 174/2007/N-CP v Thng t 39/2008/TT-BTC
v ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn. Cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc
Trung ng xy dng v ban hnh mc thu ph bo v mi trng i vi
cht thi rn p dng cho tng loi cht thi rn tng a bn, tng loi i
tng np ph ti a phng. Vic trin khai thc hin thu ph bo v mi
trng i vi cht thi rn v ph v sinh mi trng c coi l nhim v
quan trng ca a phng nhm tng ngun thu cho ngn sch a phng, gp
phn tng ngun kinh ph u t cho cc vn thu gom, vn chuyn, x l cht
thi rn; nng cao nhn thc v trch nhim ca cc t chc, c nhn trong vic
qun l, x l cht thi rn ng php lut; ngn nga, kim sot nhim do
cht thi rn pht sinh...C th, trong thi gian gn y, mt s tnh, thnh ph
nh: Thnh ph H Ch Minh, tnh B Ra Vng Tu, ng Nai, Sc Trng,
Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Ninh Bnh, Sn La... ban hnh mt s vn bn trin khai
vic thc hin Ngh nh ny vi mc ph di 40.000 ng/tn i vi cht thi
rn thng thng v di 6.000.000/tn i vi cht thi rn nguy hi. Tuy
nhin khon thu t ph v sinh, ph BVMT khng b p chi ph thu gom, x
l cht thi rn. Theo kt qu iu tra ca Cc Bo v mi trng nm 2008 ti
28 tnh/thnh ph, mi nm, cc cng ty Mi trng th chi ph khong
160.000 ng/tn tiu hu cht thi, vi mc thu ph khng qu 40.000/tn
nh hin nay th khng th thm ch l ch trang tri cho cc chi ph vn
hnh, duy tu v bo dng ca h thng hin ti c ch cha ni n vic phi
gp phn m bo cho nhu cu u t trong tng lai. Bn cnh , hin nay
cc a phng cng gp rt nhiu kh khn trong vic xc nh khi lng pht
thi cht thi m doanh nghip pht sinh, do cha c vn bn hng dn v
phng php v cng c thm nh chnh xc s ph ca doanh nghip. c bit,
i vi cc ngnh pht sinh CTR vi khi lng ln nh: ngnh luyn thp, du
kh, may mc... Cc hp ng thu gom x l CTR sinh hot ch yu l hp ng
thu khon theo thng vi mc tin c inh, v vy, khng th hin chnh xc
96

khi lng CTR pht sinh trn thc t.

Theo qui nh ti Ngh nh s 174/2007/N-CP, i tng phi np ph
BVMT i vi CTR l rt rng, ch tr c nhn, h gia nh pht sinh CTR
thng thng trong sinh hot ca c nhn, h gia nh, do , vic r sot cc
i tng phi np ph theo qui nh rt kh khn v cha thc hin y .
Ngoi ra, do cha xc nh chnh xc s ph phi np nn vic x l vi
phm i vi i tng c tnh khng thc hin k khai, np ph BVMT i vi
CTR rt kh xc nh. Cng tc ny cng gp kh khn do ngun nhn lc phc
v cho cng tc thu ph cn mng nn cha th tin hnh x l vi phm theo
quy nh, dn n tnh trng nhiu doanh nghip khng thc hin k khai np
ph hoc k khai np ph rt thp so vi thc t.
Ph BVMT i vi khai thc khong sn:
Ph BVMT i vi hot ng khai thc khong sn c thc hin bt u
t nm 2006, p dng i vi hot ng khai thc khong sn kim loi v phi
kim loi v c quy nh c th trong cc vn bn sau:
Ngh nh s 63/2008/N-CP ngy 13/05/2008 quy nh v ph bo v mi
trng i vi khai thc khong sn (thay th Ngh nh 137/2005/N-CP).
Ngh nh s 82/2009/N-CP sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh
s 63/2008/N-CP
Ngoi ra, hot ng khong sn cn c th thi cht thi rn c hi v
nc thi nguy hi cho nn cc doanh nghip khai thc ch bin khong sn cn
phi np ph thi cht thi rn theo Ngh nh 174/2007/N-CP v ph thi nc
thi nguy hi theo Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP
Theo Ngh nh s 63/2008/N-CP ngy 13/05/2008 quy nh v ph bo
v mi trng i vi khai thc khong sn quy nh cc i tng khai thc ,
si, ct, t, than, nc khong thin nhin, sa khong titan (ilmenit), kim loi,
qung apatt, du th, kh thin nhin, kh than v cc loi khong sn khc phi
np ph BVMT. Mc thu ph kh thin nhin, kh than l 50 ng/m3; ring kh
97

thin nhin thu c trong qu trnh khai thc du th (kh ng hnh) l 35

ng/m3. Ph khai thc qung khong sn khc ti a l 10.000 ng/tn.
Ph ny tp trung vo cc hot ng khai thc kim loi v phi kim vi 12
i tng phi chu ph bo v mi trng. Hin nay mc thu ph bo v mi
trng i vi khong sn c trnh by trong bng 9.
Thc t cho thy, cng tc thu ph bo v mi trng trong khai thc
khong sn lun l lnh vc gp nhiu kh khn, phc tp, v i tng phi np
ph thng tm cch ln trnh khng phi thc hin ngha v. Mt s doanh
nghip c cp giy php kinh doanh khai thc khong sn nhng cha thc
hin thu ph hoc c nhng n v khng thc hin k khai y . V d thnh
ph H Ch Minh n ngy 31/12/2008 c 1.045 doanh nghip khai thc khong
sn nhng a phng cha thu ph83, cc doanh nghip khai thc titan trn a
bn huyn Ph M, tnh Bnh nh mi nm np ph BVMT khong 3,5 t
ng, nhng nu cn c theo k hoch khai thc cc doanh nghip phi ng
n 16 t ng, cha k n vic trn thc t cc doanh nghip thng khai thc
ln hn rt nhiu s khai bo hoc theo sn lng trong k hoch khai thc ca
giy php84.
Nguyn nhn ca vic cc doanh nghip khai thc khong sn thng trn
trnh vic np ph bo v mi trng l do bin php ch ti cha hiu qu, d
nhiu chi cc, cc qun huyn c cn b n tng doanh nghip nhng cc
n v ly l do l cha hiu hnh thc k khai np ph ko di thi gian n
ph bo v mi trng. Bin php x pht mnh nht ang p dng vi nhng
trng hp c tnh khng ng ph bo v mi trng ang p dng ch l x
pht hnh chnh. Mc pht cao nht cng ch t 2 n 10 triu ng, thp hn
mc ph m doanh nghip phi np nn c nhiu trng hp doanh nghip chp
nhn np pht thay v np ph85

83

Cng vn ca Kim ton nh nc v Chi cc Bo v Mi trng, tm tt kt qu kim ton vic

qun l, s dng kinh ph s nghip mi trng giai on 2006 2008.
84

Bi Quang Bnh, 2010, Cu mi trng vng khai khong. http://www.vietnamnet.vn

85

Ngh nh s 150/2004/N-CP ngy 29 thng 7 nm 2004 Quy nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh
trong lnh vc khong sn

98

Bng 9. Mc thu ph i vi tng loi khong sn

n v
tnh

STT

Loi khong sn

1
a

p lt, lm m ngh (granit, gabro, hoa...)

Qung qu (kim cng, ru bi, saphia, emrt,
alexandrit, opan qu mu en, a dit, rlit, pyrp,
berin, spinen, tpaz, thch anh tinh th, crizlit, pan
qu, birusa, nfrit...)
lm vt liu xy dng thng thng
Cc loi khc ( lm xi mng, khong cht cng
nghip)
Fenspat
Si, cui, sn
Ct
Ct vng (ct xy t)
Ct thu tinh
Cc loi ct khc
t
t st, lm gch, ngi
t lm thch cao
t lm cao lanh
Cc loi t khc
Than
Than
Than bn
Cc loi than khc
Nc khong thin nhin
Sa khong titan (ilmenit)
Qung apatt
Qung khong sn kim loi
Qung mangan
Qung st
Qung ch
Qung km
Qung ng
Qung b xt
Qung thic
Qung cromit
Qung khong sn kim loi khc

b
c
d
2
3
4
a
b
c
5
a
b
c
d
6
a
b
c
7
8
9
10
a
b
c
d

e
g
h
i

99

Mc thu ti a
(ng)

m3

50.000

Tn

50.000

m3

1.000

m3

2.000

m3
m3

20.000
4.000

m3
m3
m3

3.000
5.000
2.000

m3
m3
m3
m3

1.500
2.000
5.000
1.000

Tn
Tn
Tn
m3
Tn
Tn

6.000
2.000
4.000
2.000
50.000
3.000

Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn
Tn

30.000
40.000
180.000
180.000
35.000
30.000
180.000
40.000
10.000

Ngoi ra, v pha c quan chc nng hin cn nhiu thiu st. ng k
nht l cc cng c phc v h tr cng tc thu ph vn cha y . Phn mm
v qun l thu ph cha c xy dng. Chi cc bo v mi trng, S Ti
nguyn mi trng cc tnh cng cha c trang b, xy dng c h thng
thng tin, qun l, theo di qu trnh thc hin vic k khai, np ph ca doanh
nghip. Do trong thi gian ti, cn phi c s phi hp gia cc c quan
qun l nh nc v cc a phng; tng cng cng tc ph bin, gio dc
php lut, nht l Lut Bo v Mi trng i vi cc t chc, c nhn phi np
ph bo v mi trng khi khai thc cc loi khong sn.
- Hon thin c ch qun l ti chnh, to ra cng c ti chnh hp l i
vi vic khai thc khong sn.
- Tng cng ph bin, gio dc php lut i vi cc t chc, c nhn v
quyn v ngha v bo v mi trng khi khai thc khong sn.
Nh vy, hin nay, Vit Nam mi ch c cng c ph BVMT c p
dng v trin khai trong thc t cn thu BVMT p dng i vi 8 nhm i
tng va mi c ban hnh v c hiu lc vo u nm 2012. V th, ngun
thu ch yu ca lnh vc mi trng ng gp vo trong NSNN v trong tng
sn phm quc ni GDP ch yu l ph BVMT (ph BVMT i vi nc thi,
ph BVMT i vi cht thi rn, ph BVMT i vi hot ng khai thc khong
sn).
Sau mt thi gian tin hnh trin khai p dng cng c ph bo v mi
trng, nhm cng c ny pht huy c tnh hiu qu va gp phn thay i
nhn thc v hnh vi ca cc t chc, c nhn trong vic gi gn v sinh mi
trng, nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng trong cng ng; ngoi ra, to ra
mt ngun ti chnh ng gp vo NSNN ti u t vo cc hot ng bo v
mi trng, hn ch, phng nga nhim, suy thoi v cc s c mi trng.
Tuy nhin, hin nay, ph BVMT mi ch t c mc tiu huy ng s ng
gp mt phn ca nhng i tng x thi vo mi trng m khng t mnh x
l cht thi; h tr chi ph cho vic lm sch mi trng tuy nhin ngun thu t
100

ph cn rt hn ch do mc thu ph cn thp v mi thu ph c mt phn nh

trong tng s cc doanh nghip gy nhim. Theo tnh ton ca B Ti Chnh,
ngun thu t ph cn rt hn ch, tng ngun thu t cc ngun ph BVMT nm
2008 l 1.224 t ng, nu tnh c s tin t thu ph xng, du 9.000 t
ng/nm th tng ngun thu t ph BVMT l 10.224 t ng86.
2.2. Nhm cng c to lp th trng
2.2.1 Chi tr dch v mi trng
Trong nhng nm qua, nh nc ta bc u xy dng cc c ch
chnh sch v chi tr dch v mi trng. u nm 2008, B Nng nghip v
Pht trin nng thn (MARD) xy dng chnh sch chi tr dch v mi
trng rng cho ngnh lm nghip. S ra i ca chnh sch ny nh du mt
bc cc k quan trng, khng n thun ch v chnh sch, m l s thay i
cn bn v mt nhn thc i vi gi tr ca h sinh thi. Ni cch khc, chnh
sch gip to ra th trng, thng qua dch v h sinh thi c nhn ra v t
to ra gi tr th trng ca h sinh thi.
B Ti chnh ban hnh Quyt nh s 03/2008/Q-BTC ngy
15/01/2008 V vic quy nh mc thu, ch thu, np, qun l v s dng ph
tham quan ti vn Quc gia Bch M v vn Quc gia Cc Phng. Ngy 10
thng 4 nm 2009, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s 380/QTTg v Chnh sch th im chi tr dch v mi trng rng v bc u c
trin khai th im ti mt s tnh t nm 2006-2009. Cc tnh thc hin th im
chi tr dch v mi trng rng theo Chng trnh bo tn a dng sinh hc khu
vc chu do B NN&PTNT phi hp vi T chc Winrock International;
Chng trnh mi trng trng im v Sng kin hnh lang bo tn a dng
sinh hc - Ngn hng Pht trin chu (ADB) bao gm: Lm ng, Sn La,
ng Nai, Ha Bnh, Bnh Thun, Ninh Thun v Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
Theo Quyt nh s 380/Q-TTg, i tng chi tr PES l cc nh my
thy in nm trn a bn, cc cng ty, chi nhnh cp nc, cc t chc, c
86

V ph bin v gio dc php lut, B T php, 2010, cng gii thiu Lut Thu Mi trng.

101

nhn kinh doanh cc loi hnh du lch v sn phm du lch trn a bn cc khu
rng c dng, khu rng phng h S tin thu c t vic chi tr trc tip
PES sau khi thc hin cc ngha v v ti chnh, ngi c chi tr c ton
quyn quyt nh u t vo vic bo v, pht trin rng... C th, l:
Ti Lm ng, ngi dn tham gia nhn khon bo v rng lu vc h
thy in a Nhim nhn c mc chi tr tin dch v mi trng rng l
290.000/ha/nm. Lu vc h thy in i Ninh l 270.000/ha/nm, bnh
qun mi h gia nh nhn khon t 15-20 ha, mi nm nhn c t 4-5 triu.
c 7 n v l cc c s sn xut thy in, sn xut v cung cp nc sch
cam kt thc hin vic chi tr tin dch v mi trng rng nm 2009 vi s tin
234,421 t ng.
Tnh Sn La, vng thc hin th im ch rng nhn c mc chi tr tin
dch v mi trng rng phng h l 126.219 ng/ha/nm, rng sn xut l
70.121 ng/ha/nm. Cc loi chi tr dch v mi trng rng gm: dch v iu
tit v cung ng ngun nc, dch v bo v t, hn ch xi mn, chng bi
lng lng h87
Mc chi tr dch v mi trng ca cc bn s dng dch v mi trng
rng n c vi ngi dn trc tip tham gia bo v pht trin rng, gp
phn n nh v ci thin i sng cho cc ch rng, h nhn khon. Tuy nhin
kh khn ln nht l vic tin hnh r sot din tch rng trn thc a giao,
cho thu hoc khon bo v cho cc t chc, h gia nh, c nhn, cng ng
dn c thn t nhiu nm trc y cha nm chc din tch rng, trng thi
rng n tng ch rng. Vic xc nh cc i tng c chi tr tin dch v
mi trng rng i vi tnh Lm ng c thun li bi cc ch rng ch yu l
t chc nh nc, cn tnh Sn La gp kh khn v s lng ch rng ch yu l
cc h gia nh.

87

Thy Vn, 2010, Chi tr dch v mi trng rng, mt chnh sch x hi mi, thit thc, ph hp vi mc
ch bo v rng v mi trng, Tp ch Ti nguyn v mi trng s 12 (98) thng 6/2010

102

Tnh n ht nm 2010, vic trin khai th im chi tr dch v mi trng

rng t c kt qu nh sau: tng din tch rng c xc nh chi tr
dch v mi trng rng trong giai on th im ti 2 tnh Lm ng v Sn La
l 607.930 ha. Tng s tin cc nh my thy in, cng ty cp nc v cng ty
du lch giai on 2009 2010 phi tr 432,112 t ng, tr 211,483 t ng,
cn n 220,629 t ng (ch yu l Cng ty Thy in Ha Bnh cha np
218,191 t ng). Phn ln s tin thu c c chi tr n 62 nghn h gia
nh l ch rng v h gia nh nhn khon bo v rng, trong ch yu l
ng bo dn tc thiu s88.
Gn y nht, Chnh ph ban hnh ngh nh s 99/2010/N-CP ngy
24 thng 09 nm 2010 v Chnh sch chi tr dch v mi trng rng. Trong
Ngh nh c quy nh r loi rng v loi dch v mi trng rng c tr tin
dch v mi trng rng (Ngh nh c hiu lc t ngy 01 thng 01 nm 2011).
Theo :
Cc tnh Lm ng v Sn La v cc i tng ang trin khai thc hin
chnh sch th im chi tr dch v mi trng rng quy nh ti Quyt nh s
380/Q-TTg tip tc thc hin th im n ht ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2010,
sau chuyn sang thc hin quy nh ca Ngh nh 99/2010/N-CP.
iu 4 ca Ngh nh 99/2010/N-CP c quy nh v loi rng v loi
dch v mi trng rng c tr tin dch v mi trng rng:
Rng c chi tr tin dch v mi trng rng l cc khu rng c cung
cp mt hay nhiu dch v mi trng rng, gm: rng phng h, rng c dng
v rng sn xut.
Loi dch v mi trng rng c quy nh trong Ngh nh ny gm:
a) Bo v t, hn ch xi mn v bi lng lng h, lng sng, lng sui;
b) iu tit v duy tr ngun nc cho sn xut v i sng x hi;

88

B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, Cng vn s 901/BNN-TCLN ngy 05 thng 4 nm 2011 ca B
Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn bo co Th tng Chnh ph v vic trin khai Ngh nh 99/2010/N-CP

103

c) Hp th v lu gi cc bon ca rng, gim pht thi kh gy hiu ng

nh knh bng cc bin php ngn chn suy thoi rng, gim din tch rng v
pht trin bn vng;
d) Bo v cnh quan t nhin v bo tn a dng sinh hc ca cc h sinh
thi rng phc v cho dch v du lch;
) Dch v cung ng bi , ngun thc n v con ging t nhin, s dng
ngun nc t rng cho nui trng thu sn.
Ngoi ra, cn mt s d n khc nh: T chc Bo tn Thin nhin Quc
t (IUCN) cn thc hin D n chi tr dch v mi trng - ng dng ti khu
vc ven bin. D n xy dng c ch chi tr cho hp th cc-bon trong lm
nghip, th im ti huyn Cao Phong, tnh Ha Bnh do Trung tm Nghin cu
Sinh thi v Mi trng Rng thc hin.
Hin ti, Vin Chin lc, Chnh sch ti nguyn v mi trng thuc B
TN&MT ang nghin cu ti khoa hc cng ngh Nghin cu c s l lun,
thc tin v xut c ch chi tr dch v mi trng t ngp nc Vit
Nam, vi mc tiu xut c ch chi tr dch v h sinh thi ph hp vi iu
kin Vit Nam, nhm bo tn v pht trin bn vng cc vng t ngp nc.
2.2.2 Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng
Giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng c p dng Vit Nam ch
yu i vi mi trng khng kh v c th hin trong vn bn sau:
Quyt nh s 130/2007/Q-TTg ngy 02 thng 8 nm 2007 ca Th
tng Chnh ph v mt s c ch, chnh sch ti chnh i vi d n u t
theo c ch pht trin sch.
Thc t cho thy, c hng nhng u i, nh u t d n CDM
gp rt nhiu kh khn. Nhng kh khn ny xut pht t quy nh ca php
lut. V d nh Lut Thu thu nhp doanh nghip khng quy nh vic hng u
i thu thu nhp doanh nghip cho cc d n CDM v do vy, nh u t

104

khng c hng nhng u i theo quy nh ca Quyt nh s

130/2007/Q-TTg.
Th tc c hng nhng u i rt phc tp. i vi cc nh u t
cng ngh vo Vit Nam thc hin cc d n c ch pht trin sch (CDM)
th c ch t ng p dng cho vic hng u i khng c, hng dn c th
v vic hng u i cng cha c. Tt c nhng kh khn nu trn dn n
vic cc d n CDM Vit Nam km hp dn v cnh tranh hn so vi cc
quc gia khc.
Ngoi ra mt kh khn m Vit Nam cng gp phi khi tip cn cc d n
CDM l thiu ch tiu pht thi nn kh nh knh (CO2 - mt trong cc loi kh
do hot ng ca con ngi pht thi vo kh quyn, gy bin i bt thng
ca kh hu thi gian gn y), c s cc doanh nghip so snh khi xy dng
d n gim pht thi nhm nhn c h tr ti chnh t cc nc pht trin.
Vic tnh ton pht thi nn xc nh mc gim pht thi CO2 v cc kh nh
knh khc khi xy dng cc d n CDM cho nhiu lnh vc rt kh khn, v kh
thuyt phc cc c quan trng ti quc t.
Ch trn c s tnh ton mc pht thi nn c c s khoa hc v c cng
nhn, cc doanh nghip mi tnh ton c mc gim pht thi kh nh knh m
h phn u so vi mc nn.
Hin nay vic mua bn, trao i CERs ti Vit Nam cn hn ch, do
nhng bt cp ca vic thc hin CDM nh ro cn v th tc hnh chnh, kh
tip cn cc u i, v thiu ch tiu pht thi nn,v.v.. cng nh thiu kinh
nghim, linh hot trong th trng CERs.
Th trng CERs cha pht trin. Ln u tin ti Vit Nam, 350.000
chng nhn gim pht thi (CERs) ca d n thu hi v s dng kh ng hnh
m Rng ng, tnh B Ra-Vng Tu c mang ra u gi ti H Ni
trong thng 5/2010, gi 1 CERs Rng ng t 13,5 euro bn cho Tp on

105

Du kh Nng lng Mercuria (Thy S))89

Tp on du kh Vit Nam (Petrovietnam Finance Corporation - PVFC)
k kt hp ng pht trin CDM cho hai d n Nh my sn xut Bio-ethanol
ti Ph Th v Dung Qut, thng nht v k kt hp ng cho hai d n khc l
D n thu gom kh ng hnh v Gaslift cho m Rng-i Mi ca PV GAS v
Nh my sn xut Bio-ethanol ti Bnh Phc ca Cng ty CP Nhin liu Sinh
hc ng Dng v Cng ty Itochu-Nht Bn.
Th trng CDM trn th gii ang hot ng kh mnh m nhng i
vi Vit Nam hnh thc mua bn CERs ny cn mi nn gi thnh cc CERs
cn kh r v tnh ri ro cng rt cao. Mt thc t m doanh nghip Vit Nam
cn tnh n l, khi cc quc gia pht trin thu hn ngch (quota) kh thi,
h s khng mn m mua thm. Lc , gi giao dch CERs trn th trng th
cp (th trng giao dch ca cc nc pht trin) s thp, dn ti gi bn CERs
ti th trng s cp nh Vit Nam cng gim theo.
2.3 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo
v mi trng
2.3.1 t cc hon tr
Hin ti Nh nc cha c quy nh c th v t cc hon tr, v h
thng t cc hon tr xut hin c tnh t pht trong mt s lnh vc. V d
trong lnh vc ung v nc gii kht: h thng t cc hon tr xut hin,
v d cc ca hng bn bia chai H Ni, nc gii kht ng chai Cocacola,
Fanta khch hng phi t cc mt khon tin (2000 ng cho 1 chai bia H
Ni) trc khi mang chai bia hoc nc gii kht mua v nh v s tin t
cc c tr li ch khi ngi mua tr cho ch ca hng v chai cn nguyn vn.
2.3.2 K qu mi trng
Vit Nam, cng c k qu mi trng hin nay ang c p dng ch
yu trong hot ng khai thc khong sn nhm m bo trch nhim phc hi
89

Kim Anh, 2010, u gi chng nhn gim pht thi m Rng ng, http://daukhi.vietnamnet.vn

106

mi trng trong khai thc ti nguyn. Mi trng khong sn l mt trong

nhng lnh vc thc hin kinh t ha kh sm nc ta vi nhng quy nh
v ph bo v mi trng v ci to phc hi mi trng trong qu trnh khai
thc khong sn theo lut khong sn nm 1996. Ngoi ra, K qu mi trng
trong khai thc khong sn cn c quy nh c th trong cc vn bn php
lut sau:
- Thng t lin B 126/1999/TTLT - BTC-BCN-KHCN&MT ngy 22
thng 10 nm 2009 ca B Ti chnh- B Cng nghip - B Khoa hc
Cng ngh v Mi trng hng dn vic k qu phc hi mi
trng trong khai thc khong sn .
- Quyt nh s 71/Q-TTg ngy 29 thng 5 nm 2008 ca Th tng
Chnh ph v k qu ci to, phc hi mi trng i vi hot ng
khai thc khong sn (thay th thng t 126/1999/TTLT - BTC-BCNKHCN&MT).
- Thng t s 34/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 31 thng 12 nm 2009 ca B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng quy nh v vic ph duyt, kim tra, xc
nhn D n ci to, phc hi mi trng v k qu ci to, phc hi
mi trng i vi hot ng khai thc khong sn. Thng t ny quy
nh chi tit mt s ni dung ca Quyt nh 71/2008/Q-Ttg ngy 29
thng 5 nm 2008 ca Th tng Chnh ph v k qu ci to, phc
hi mi trng i vi hot ng khai thc khong sn.
Theo quy nh, mi t chc, c nhn trc khi tin hnh khai thc
khong sn phi thc hin k qu ci to, phc hi mi trng ln u tin trc
khi khai thc 30 ngy. cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng cn c vo
c im, tnh hnh kinh t - x hi ca a phng ban hnh cc vn bn
hng dn thc hin Ngh nh ny nh: Bc Giang, Ph Th, Qung Ninh, Hi
Phng, Vnh Phc, Thi Nguyn, Qung Ngi, Ty Ninh
Song thc t, vic trin khai k qu mi trng cn tin hnh chm do
nhiu nguyn nhn nh doanh nghip cha h s k qu, hoc mt s a
107

phng cha c qu BVMT. V d Qung Ninh, cc d n ci to phc hi

mi trng i vi khai thc than ca cc doanh nghip thuc Tp on Cng
nghip Than v Khong sn Vit Nam lp v gi v S song n thng
1/2010 vn cha c ph duyt nn cha trin khai c vic k qu, nguyn
nhn bi pha S TN&MT cha c cn c ph duyt v B TN&MT cha c
hng dn c th. Mt khc, pha S TN & MT yu cu phi k qu ti Qu
mi trng tnh thun li cho cng tc qun l, gim st nhng qu ny hin
vn cha c thnh lp90.
Tnh n thi im ngy 01/03/2010, mi ch c 42 n v, cng ty khai
thc khong sn thc hin k qu khai thc khong sn ti Qu bo v mi
trng quc gia91. Tnh Ty Ninh tnh n thng 9/2009, ch mi c 7 doanh
nghip, c s v 1 c nhn khai thc khong sn thc hin k qu phc hi cnh
quan mi trng vi s tin 161 triu ng. Tnh Qung Ninh, theo ng Hong
Vit Dng - Chi cc trng Chi cc Bo v Mi trng thuc S Ti Nguyn v
Mi trng cho bit, n thng 02/ 2009, c 6 n v khai thc khong sn
thc hin k qu ti Qu Mi trng Vit Nam v 1 n v k qu ti Ngn
hng u t v pht trin Qung Ninh, tuy nhin vic k qu ca cc n v ny
cha c s v mt php l.
2.3.3 Bi thng thit hi mi trng
Quy nh ny c php lut ghi nhn ln u tin ti Lut BVMT nm
1993, theo t chc, c nhn gy tn hi mi trng do hot ng ca mnh
phi bi thng thit hi theo quy nh ca php lut. n nm 2005, Lut
BVMT (2005) cp mt cch r rng hn, cc quy nh v bi thng thit
hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng c quy nh t iu 131 n iu 135,

90

Bi
Quang
Bnh,
2010,
Cu
mi
trng
vng
khai
khong,
http://www.dmtcvn.com/news_detail.asp?nid=1&new=131
91
Qu BVMT Vit Nam, Kt qu hot ng ca Qu BVMT Vit Nam trong vic h tr ti chnh cho
cc d n bo v mi trng (n thi im ngy 01/03/2010)

108

Mc 2. Ngh nh cng qui nh nguyn tc tnh ton thit hi i vi mi

trng nh sau 92:
+ Vic tnh ton thit hi i vi mi trng cn c vo chi ph khc phc
nhim, suy thoi v phc hi mi trng ti ni xy ra nhim, suy thoi
t cc quy chun k thut v mi trng i vi cht lng mi trng nc;
mi trng t; chi ph phc hi h sinh thi v loi c u tin bo v v
bng hoc tng ng vi trng thi ban u.
+ Vic tnh ton thit hi i vi mi trng da trn cc d liu, chng
c c thu thp, c tnh thm nh theo quy nh
+ Thit hi i vi mi trng ca mt khu vc a l bng tng thit hi
i vi tng thnh phn mi trng khu vc a l .
Ngoi ra ti iu 624 B Lut Dn s (2005) c quy nh C nhn, php
nhn v cc ch th khc lm nhim mi trng gy thit hi th phi bi
thng theo quy nh ca php lut, k c trng hp ngi gy nhim mi
trng khng c li. Khc vi cc quan h php l khc c lin quan n bi
thng thit hi, trong lnh vc mi trng ngi lm nhim mi trng gy
thit hi thng phi thc hin ng thi c hai bin php: khc phc tnh trng
mi trng b nhim v bi thng thit hi v mi trng.
Tuy nhin, vic xc nh thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng l vn
khng n gin ngay c nhng nc pht trin, ni m l thuyt v lng
gi cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, cc yu t mi trng c nh hnh
v cng c93. Mt tnh trng kh ph bin trong lnh vc mi trng hin nay l
nhiu c nhn, t chc cng gy nhim mi trng v c quan qun l nh
nc v BVMT c trch nhim phi hp vi cc bn lin quan lm r trch
nhim ca tng i tng trong vic khc phc nhim v phc hi mi trng.
Trn thc t khng d dng xc nh chnh xc mc gy hi n mi trng
92

Ngh nh 131/2010/N-CP ngy 03 thng 12 nm 2010 v xc nh thit hi i vi mi trng,

iu 10.
93

Trung tm nghin cu Php lut & Chnh sch Pht trin bn vng Vin Chin lc, Chnh sch Ti nguyn
v Mi trng; 2010, Nghin cu tm tt v Bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng

109

ca tng i tng v trong trng hp ny php lut dn s tnh n gii

php cc i tng phi bi thng thit hi theo phn bng nhau. Do cha
m bo s cng bng trong p dng trch nhim bi thng thit hi v mi
trng m cc c nhn, t chc ch phi bi thng thit hi theo phn tng
ng vi mc gy hi khi h chng minh c mc m mnh gy thit hi
i vi mi trng.
Mt kha cnh khc cng cn phi xem xt l thi hn p dng trch
nhim bi thng thit hi. Thit hi phi c bi thng ton b v kp thi
tr thnh nguyn tc lut nh, song trong lnh vc mi trng, do gi tr ca
cc thit hi v mi trng thng rt ln v kh xc nh nn trong a s cc
trng hp vic p dng trch nhim bi thng ton b v kp thi cc thit hi
l iu kh c th thc hin c. B lut Dn s quy nh v thi hn khi kin
yu cu bi thng thit hi l 2 nm k t ngy quyn v li ch hp php ca
c nhn, php nhn, ch th khc b xm phm. Nhng trong lnh vc mi
trng, quyn v li ch hp php b xm hi khng hon ton trng kht vi
ngy pht sinh thit hi trn thc t v d nh thit hi i vi ngi b nhim
cht phng x, nhim ha cht c hi c th ko di nhiu nm, t th h ny
sang th h khc. y cng l mt kha cnh m cc nh qun l cn cn nhc
khi xy dng cc quy nh, thng t hng dn thc hin bi thng thit hi do
hot ng lm nhim, suy thoi mi trng.
T nm 1997 n nay, Vit Nam xy ra 50 v trn du ti cc vng
sng v bin ven b gy thit hi ln v kinh t cng nh nhim nghim trng
v lu di cho mi trng bin, 77% s c trn du trn hi phn nc ta cha
c bi thng hoc ang trong qu trnh gii quyt...94. gii quyt thc
trng ca s c trn du, cc c quan c thm quyn ban hnh mt s vn bn
quy phm php lut nh: Thng t s 2370-TT/Mtg ngy 22/12/1995 ca B
Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng hng dn tm thi v khc phc s c
chy xng du; Thng t s 2262/TT-MTg ngy 29/12/1995 Hng dn v khc
94

B ti nguyn v mi trng , 2008, Ti liu Hi tho quc t trao i kinh nghim trong pht trin,
ng ph, x l v khc phc nhim s c trn du trn bin

110

phc s c trn du; Quyt nh 129/2001/Q-TTg ph duyt quc gia v ng

ph s c trn du 2001-2010. Ngy 02/05/2005, Th tng Chnh ph tip tc
ban hnh Quyt nh 103/2005/Q-TTg v quy ch ng ph s c trn
du. Vic t chc ng ph c t chc 3 cp: cp c s (a phng - x l
trn du di 100 tn), cp khu vc vc (x l trn du t 100 - 2.000 tn) v
cp quc gia (x l trn du t 2.000 tn tr ln). Ngoi ra, ngy 17/06/2004
Cng c quc t v trch nhim dn s i vi thit hi do nhim du 1992
c hiu lc ti Vit Nam (International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil
Pollution Damage CLC 92). Trong cng c CLC 91 quy nh: (i) khi xy ra
nhim du th ch s hu ca tu khng ch phi n b thit hi do nh hng
n mi trng m cn phi n b cc thit hi v kinh t do nhim du gy
nn; (ii) mc bi thng ngoi cn c vo lng du trn cn cn c vo trng
ti ca tu (vi mc bi thng cao nht: 3,8 triu USD vi tu c trng ti di
5.000 tn, 76,5 triu USD vi tu c trng tu 140.000 tn tr ln), (iii) phm vi
khu vc b nhim c tnh bi thng bao gm c vng c quyn kinh t
thay v l ch trong phm vi lnh hi ca quc gia b nhim.
Vit Nam trong thi gian qua, cng xy ra v kin i bi thng thit
hi mi trng ca ngi dn do vic gy nhim mi trng nghim trng ca
cng ty Vedan. Cng ty Vedan l mt doanh nghip i Loan chuyn sn xut
cc mt hng nh: bt ngt, tinh bt, nc ng, xt (NAOH), axit. c nh
my sn xut ti Vit Nam ng ti huyn Long Thnh, tnh ng Nai. Trong
nhng nm va qua, cng ty x nc thi cha qua x l theo quy nh v c
cha rt nhiu cht c hi nh hng nghim trng n mi trng sng bn
ngoi, nht l dng sng Th Vi. Tng lng nc thi x ra sng Th Vi hn
4.000m3/ngy95. Vic x thi ca cng ty Vedan lm nhim lu vc sng
Th Vi, trong c mt on sng di trn 10km gi l dng sng cht. Ti
lu vc sng Th Vi, ngun nc b nhim hu c trm trng, c mu nu
en v bc mi hi thi c ngy ln m, c khi c thy triu. Theo kt qu kho
95

P. Thanh, Ph hoi mi trng: Cng ty Vedan Vit Nam s b x l mc cao nht,

http://dantri.com.vn/c25/s20-250862/pha-hoai-moi-truong-cong-ty-vedan-viet-nam-se-bi-xu-ly-muccao-nhat.htm

111

st ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, gi tr DO y thng xuyn di 0,5

mg/l, c ni ch 0,04 mg. Ngun nc b nhim dn n sn lng nh bt
thy sn ca ngi dn b gim ng k, v n cng nh hng nghim trng
n sc khe v i sng ca ngi dn sng trong khu vc . V vy, vic x
l vi phm php lut v bo v mi trng i vi cng ty Vedan phi tin hnh
kin quyt, trit .
Theo bo co ca Tng cc Mi trng, sau nhng vi phm gy nhim
mi trng nghim trng do Vedan gy ra i vi sng Th Vi, nh hng n
cuc sng hng chc nghn h dn, ngy 9/4/2010, tnh B Ra Vng Tu c
Cng vn yu cu Cng ty Vedan bi thng thit hi cho 1.255 h dn vi s
tin 53,619 t ng; ngy 1/6/2010, UBND thnh ph H Ch Minh yu cu
Vedan bi thng thit hi cho 839 h dn huyn Cn Gi vi s tin 45,74 t
ng; ngy 21/6/2010, UBND tnh ng Nai c Cng vn 4901 yu cu Vedan
bi thng thit hi cho nhn dn 4 x (thuc hai huyn Long Thnh v Nhn
Trch vi s tin 119, 581 t ng.
Theo vn bn bo co Th tng Chnh ph c Th trng B Ti
nguyn - Mi trng Nguyn Thi Lai k vo ngy 1/9/2010, th ngy
11/8/2010 Cng ty Vedan thng nht bi thng thit hi 100% s tin yu
cu bi thng cho ton b ngi dn ca 3 a phng b nh hng trn lu
vc sng Th Vi l gn 219 t ng. Trong , nng dn B Ra - Vng Tu
c bi thng hn 53,6 t ng, nng dn ng Nai l hn 119,5 t ng v
nng dn huyn Cn Gi (TP HCM) l hn 45,7 t ng. S tin bi thng ny
c chia thnh 2 t. t 1: 50% s tin c chuyn cho mi a phng
trong vng 7 ngy k t ngy k bin bn tha thun bi thng. t 2 s
chuyn t ngy 10 n ngy 14/1/2011 v c bo lnh ca ngn hng theo
quy nh.
Hin nay, cng ty Vedan ang phi tin hnh tng bc trch nhim bi
thng thit hi nhim mi trng do qu trnh hot ng sn xut ca cng ty

112

gy ra cho tng h dn sng 3 tnh Thnh ph H Ch Minh, ng Nai, B

Ra Vng Tu.
Ngoi vic bi thng thit hi nhim mi trng bng tin cho cc h
dn, th cng ty Vedan cn c cc bin php khc phc nhim mi trng nh:
ci to ton b h thng thu gom, x l nc thi m bo quy chun k thut
v cht thi theo quy inh, h thng thu gom v ca x nc thi phi c t
v tr thun li cho vic kim tra, gim st. C th ni, y l v vic bi
thng thit hi mi trng xy ra ln nht t trc n nay Vit Nam.
Bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng ti Vit Nam l vn
cn rt mi c t phng din l lun v thc tin. Chng ta mi ch c rt
c kinh nghim t thc tin t pht gii quyt cc v kin i bi thng thit
hi v sc khe, ti sn do nhim mi trng gy nn. y cng l mt vn
cc nh qun l ngnh mi trng cn lu trong vic xy dng v thc hin
cc cng c kinh t y mnh kinh t ha.
Hin nay trong mt s lnh vc khoa hc c lin quan nh x hi hc mi
trng, kinh t hc mi trng, khoa hc qun l v mi trng... cng c mt
s cng trnh nghin cu lin quan n trch nhim bi thng thit hi v mi
trng, nh: Xy dng phng php xc nh mc n b thit hi bi nhim
mi trng do hot ng sn xut, dch v gy ra do Trung tm k thut mi
trng th v khu cng nghip, trng i hc xy dng H Ni thc hin
nm 1999; Chnh sch qun l mi trng i vi vic gii quyt xung t mi
trng, lun vn cao hc chuyn ngnh chnh sch khoa hc v cng ngh ca
L Thanh Bnh; Nghin cu v gi tr kinh t ca Khu bo tn bin Hn Mun
(Economic valuation of the Hon Mun Marine Protected Area). Song nhn chung
cc cng trnh nu trn mi ch cp n cc gii php k thut, gii php kinh
t m cha cp n vic gii quyt bi thng thit hi v mi trng.
T gc nghin cu khoa hc php l, ch trch nhim bi thng
thit hi v mi trng cng bc u nhn c s quan tm nghin cu
ca cc lut gia, cng nh nhng ngi lm cng tc thc tin trong lnh vc
113

qun l mi trng. cc mc v phm vi khc nhau, c mt s cng

trnh v ti liu cp n vn ny, nh: Gio trnh Lut Mi trng ca
Trng i hc Lut H Ni (1999); ti Bc u nghin cu c ch gii
quyt tranh chp mi trng ti Vit Nam" do Cc Mi trng, B Khoa hc,
Cng ngh v Mi trng (nay l B Ti nguyn v Mi trng) phi hp vi
V php lut Dn s - Kinh t, B T php thc hin nm 2000; ti Trch
nhim php l dn s trong lnh vc mi trng" do Vin nghin cu Khoa hc
php l - B T php thc hin nm 2002; cc Bo co tng kt cng tc thc
tin gii quyt i bi thng thit hi do hnh vi lm nhim mi trng gy
nn ca Phng qun l mi trng cc tnh, thanh tra mi trng cc a
phng, Cc bo v mi trng; nhim mi trng bin Vit Nam - Lut
php v thc tin ca Tin s Nguyn Hng Thao; Lun n tin s lut hc ca
V Thu Hnh v Xy dng v hon thin c ch gii quyt tranh chp trong
lnh vc bo v mi trng ti Vit Nam; Bi thng thit hi v mi trng
thuc Chng trnh hp tc Vit Nam- Thy in v tng cng nng lc qun
l nh nc v t ai v mi trng...; Trch nhim bi thng thit hi do
hnh vi vi phm php lut mi trng gy nn- ti nghin cu khoa hc cp
trng, Trng i hc Lut H Ni...
Tuy nhin, cc cng trnh trn hoc mi ch l nhng nghin cu ban u
v ch tp trung vo mt hoc mt vi vn gii quyt yu cu bi thng thit
hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy nn hoc ch l nhng nghin cu mang
tnh l lun v c ch gii quyt tranh chp trong lnh vc bo v mi trng, nh
nghin cu c im c bn ca tranh chp mi trng, cc yu t cu thnh nn
c ch gii quyt tranh chp trong lnh vc mi trng v gii quyt mt s vn
mang tnh hc thut m cha c nhng nghin cu mang tnh ng dng
gii quyt cc yu cu v bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng
trn thc t, c bit l nghin cu quy trnh khi kin i bi thng thit hi
trong lnh vc mi trng, cng nh vai tr ca cc ch th tham gia vo qu
trnh gii quyt v vic.

114

2.3.4 Nhn sinh thi

Nhm thc y doanh nghip xy dng nhn sinh thi cho sn phm ca
mnh, nm 2009 Tng Cc mi trng khi ng: Chng trnh Nhn xanh
Vit Nam c trin khai trn phm vi ton quc t thng 3 nm 2009 nhm
mc tiu lin tc ci thin v duy tr cht lng mi trng sng thng qua gim
thiu s dng v tiu dng nng lng, vt liu cng nh cc loi cht thi sinh
ra do qu trnh sn xut, kinh doanh v tiu dng cc sn phm, dch v tiu
dng phc v i sng, d kin n nm 2011 s m rng trn ton quc v do
Tng cc Mi trng cp. Hng ho Vit Nam s c ghi nhn sinh thi theo
tiu chun ISO 14024.
Thc hin chng trnh cp nhn sinh thi, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
ban hnh cc vn bn:

Quyt nh s 252/Q-BTNMT ngy 05/03/2009 ca B trng B Ti

nguyn v Mi trng v vic ph duyt chng trnh cp nhn sinh thi

Quyt nh s 1492/Q-BTNMT ngy 13/08/2009 ca B trng B Ti

nguyn v Mi trng v vic thnh lp Hi ng T vn Chng trnh
cp nhn sinh thi

Quyt nh s 1907/Q-BTNMT ngy 12 thng 10 nm 2010 ca B

trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic ph duyt danh sch thnh
vin Hi ng T vn Chng trnh cp nhn sinh thi.

Quyt nh s 1906/Q-BTNMT ngy 12/10/2010 ca B trng B Ti

nguyn v Mi trng v vic ban hnh Quy ch lm vic ca Hi ng
T vn Chng trnh cp nhn sinh thi.

Quyt nh s 2322/Q-BNMT ngy 13 thng 12 nm 2010 ca B

trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic ph duyt tiu ch Nhn
xanh Vit Nam. Theo Quyt nh s 2322/Q-BNMT, ba sn phm c
ph duyt tiu ch nhn xanh gm: bt git, bng n hunh quang, bao
b nha t phn hu sinh hc dng gi hng khi mua sm.
115

Vic dn nhn sinh thi trn sn phm c th to ra mt s thay i tch

cc v ch ng n thc bo v mi trng ca ngi tiu dng bng cch
mua nhng sn phm gy t tc ng n mi trng, to ra nhu cu s dng sn
phm thn thin i vi cc nh sn xut.
ng thi uy tn ca nh sn xut c khng nh khi sn phm ca h
c dn nhn sinh thi, cc sn phm ny c sc cnh tranh cao v gi bn ra
th trng cng thng cao hn cc sn phm cng loi. Nh vy, nhn sinh thi
l cng c kinh t tc ng vo nh sn xut thng qua phn ng v tm l ca
khch hng v gim cc tc ng xu n mi trng.
2. 4 Cc cng c h tr i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng
ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng
2.4.1 nh gi, lng gi gi tr mi trng
Ti Vit Nam, vic lng ha ti nguyn v tc ng mi trng c
thc hin t nhng nm 90 ca th k XX. Tuy nhin cc nghin cu mi ch
mc quy m nh, hu ht mi ch nh gi c mt phn gi tr (gi tr du lch,
gi tr cnh quan) m cha nh gi c gi tr tng th.
Hu ht cc k thut nh gi gi tr mi trng c s dng ph bin
Vit Nam hin nay l k thut lng gi da theo gi th trng. in hnh nh,
nghin cu ca V Tn Phng (2006), Bi Dng Th (2006) s dng k thut
lng gi th trng nh gi gi tr ca cc loi rng, gi tr ca vic chuyn
i mc ch s dng t v tc ng thuc tr su ln sc kho ca con ngi
ti Vit Nam..
Ngoi ra, c mt s nghin cu v gi tr du lch nh: Nghin cu nh
gi gi tr du lch ca Vn quc gia Cc Phng (1997) ca Nguyn c
Thanh, nghin cu nh gi gi tr cnh quan VQG Ba B v khu du lch h
Thc B ca Trn Th Thu H v V Tun Phng (2005) s dng k thut
nh gi chi ph du lch (TCM).

116

Gn y, nh gi nhng phn gi tr khc trong tng gi tr kinh t,

cc nh nghin cu ca Vit Nam cng bc u nghin cu v p dng th
nghim cc k thut lng gi phc tp hn. Cc k thut ny da trn vic xy
dng th trng gi nh nh gi li ch ca ngi s dng ti nguyn khi
tham gia th trng, t a ra cc khuyn ngh v chnh sch. y l nhng
k thut kh phc tp v c s l thuyt v cc m hnh ton c lng.
Nghin cu nh gi gi tr gii tr, du lch ca du khch trong nc i
vi khu bo tn bin vnh Nha Trangca Phm Hng Mnh (2007). Nghin cu
s dng 2 phng php ch yu l phng php chi ph du lch v phng
php nh gi ngu nhin. Phng php chi ph du hnh theo vng (ZTCM)
c s dng xy dng ng cu v c lng gi tr gii tr du lch ca du
khch ti vnh Nha Trang. Phng php nh gi ngu nhin (CVM) cng c
s dng nh gi mc sn lng tr ca du khch cho vic bo v cnh quan
v ti nguyn mi trng ca vnh Nha Trang.Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, tng
li ch gii tr ca du khch trong nc i vi vnh Nha Trang l 23.281,281 t
ng v thng d tiu dng l 7760,427 t ng hng nm (nm 2007). Gi sn
lng tr ca du khch c tnh vo ph ph tin phng ti khch sn ca Nha
Trang cho 1 ngy m ngh l 7875 ng/ du khch/ m v tng mc sn lng
tr ca du khch xp x l 21,224 t ng.
Nghin cu ca Nam Thng v Jeff Bennett (2007) v s dng m
hnh la chn (CM- Choice Modelling) c lng gi tr t ngp nc
ng bng sng Cu Long. C th, nghin cu tin hnh nh gi li ch
ca vic ci thin khu t ngp nc vn Quc gia Trm Chim. Thng qua
vic s dng phng php CM, nghin cu tnh ton c tng s sn lng
chi tr ca ngi dn cho vic ci thin khu t ngp nc ny l t 1.8 2.3
triu USD96.

96

Thang Nam Do and Bennett, 2009, Estimating wetland biodiversity values: a choice modelling
application in Vietnams Mekong River Delta, The Economy and Environment Program for Southeast
Asia (EEPSEA).

117

Nhm mc ch xy dng c s khoa hc v phng php lun lng ho

gi tr kinh t cc quc gia, Vin Khoa hc qun l mi trng thc hin
nghin cu Xy dng c s khoa hc v phng php lun lng ha gi tr
kinh t cc vn quc gia phc v cng tc qun l v pht trin bn vng
(2009-2010). Nghin cu xy dng quy trnh nh gi tng gi tr kinh t ca
vn quc gia th im ti vn quc gia Tam o, t lng gi gi tr trc
tip, gi tr gin tip, gi tr phi s dng ca vn quc gia thng qua vic s
dng phng php gi th trng, phng php chi ph du lch TCM, phng
php nh gi ph thuc vo tnh hung gi nh CVM. Nghin cu tnh ton
c tng gi tr tng th m vn quc gia Tam o mang li c tnh khong
hn 22 t ng. Bn cnh vic xy dng c s khoa hc, phng php lun
lng ho gi tr kinh t cc vn quc gia cn phi xy dng c s v phng
php lun thng nht cho rt nhiu yu t ti nguyn. Kt qa nghin cu s gp
phn cung cp thng tin hu ch cho cc nh qun l thit k cc cng c
qun l ti hin trng phc v cho vic qun l v bo v bn vng cc ngun
ti nguyn.
b) Lng ho thit hi, tc ng do nhim mi trng, suy thoi mi trng
Theo quy nh ti iu 131 Lut BVMT (2005), c 2 loi thit hi do
nhim, suy thoi mi trng bao gm: (i) Thit hi i vi mi trng t nhin.
l s suy gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng, trong chc nng,
tnh hu ch ca mi trng. (ii) Thit hi v sc khe, tnh mng ca con
ngi, ti sn v li ch hp php ca t chc, c nhn do hu qu ca vic suy
gim chc nng, tnh hu ch ca mi trng gy ra.
Lut Bo v mi trng sa i nm 2005 nhn mnh tm quan trng ca
vic xc nh cc gi tr kinh t thit hi do nhim mi trng phc v cho
cng tc qun l. Tuy nhin trong nhng nm qua, mi ch c mt vi nghin
cu v lng gi gi tr thit hi do nhim mi trng, trong c bn tho
phng php lng gi kinh t cc tn tht mi trng sinh thi do s c trn
du i vi cc h sinh thi bin, ph hp vi mi trng Vit Nam do Tng
118

cc Mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng thc hin nm 2008.

Trong lnh vc nhim khng kh mi c mt trng hp thu thp, thng
k cc gi tr thit hi trc tip do nhim khng kh ti nh my in Ph Li,
c thc hin nm 1998 theo phng php thng k n gin. Do vy, khi xy
ra cc tranh chp hay khiu ni v mi trng rt kh xc nh c mc bi
thng thit hi (nu phi bi thng) cho bn chu thit hi do nhim khng
kh. Ngoi ra cn nghin nh gi thit hi sc kho do nhim khng kh ti
H Ni ca tc gi Nguyn Khnh Tuyn thc hin 2004. Nghin cu s dng
phng php lng gi c Ngn hng th gii WB tng hp v nghin cu
trong ti liu Estimating the Health Effects of Air Pollution, Bart Ostro, 1994.
Tc gi s dng m hnh ny c lng tng i v a ra c mt con
s c th v thit hi m nhim khng kh gy ra ti H Ni i vi sc kho
ngi dn, v nghin cu tnh ton tng chi ph do nhim khng kh gy ra
i vi sc khe ca ngi dn H Ni c tnh khong 647.629.499.261 ng,
tc l khong gn 650 t ng.
Bng 10. Kt qu tnh ton tng chi ph do hu qu v sc khe i
vi ngi dn Vit Nam
Hu qu sc khe
T vong

n v tnh

Trung bnh

Tng chi ph

Trng hp

982

587.219.862.069

RHA

Ngy

1.754

1.332.604.598

ERV

Ca

40.489

25.208.544

RAD

Ngy

8.406.500

39.777.883.142

Bnh hen suyn

Trng hp

393.205

1.566.793.471

Triu chng bnh

h hp

Trng hp

26.754.600

17.657.010.920

Vim ph qun
mn tnh

Trng hp

8.947

50.136.517

Tng

647.629.499.261

Ngun: Nguyn Khnh Tuyn, 2004

119

 phc v cho cng tc qun l nh nc, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng

y mnh vic nghin cu c s khoa hc v phng php lun lng ho
thit hi, tc ng mi trng bao gm mt s nghin cu sau:
Nm 2010, Vin Chin lc, Chnh sch, Ti nguyn v Mi trng - B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng thc hin ti khoa hc cng ngh: Nghin cu
c s l lun, thc tin v xut m hnh, quy trnh ph hp vi iu kin Vit
Nam v lng gi thit hi kinh t do nhim, suy thoi mi trng gy ra.
Nghin cu xy dng c h thng c s l lun v lng gi thit hi kinh
t do nhim suy thoi mi trng gy ra; v xy dng c quy trnh, m hnh
lng gi thit hi do nhim suy thoi mi trng gy ra ph hp vi Vit Nam
i vi mi trng nc v mi trng khng kh.
Ngy 01/03/2006 Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s
47/2006/Q-TTg v vic ph duyt n tng th v iu tra c bn v qun
l ti nguyn - mi trng bin n nm 2010, tm nhn n nm 2020 y
mnh cng tc qun l ti nguyn mi trng, kh tng thu vn bin Vit
Nam. Trong khun kh n, B TN&MT c giao thc hin d n iu
tra, nh gi mc tn thng ti nguyn mi trng, kh tng thy vn
bin Vit Nam; d bo thin tai, nhim mi trng ti cc vng bin; kin
ngh cc gii php bo v 2007-2011. Trin khai nghin cu trn, Cc Kim
sot nhim, Tng cc Mi trng c giao thc hin nghin cu Lng ha
tn tht ti nguyn mi trng bin do s c trn du thuc d n thnh phn 3
iu tra, nh gi, d bo nguy c s c trn du gy tn thng mi trng
bin; xut cc gii php ng ph nm 2009 2011.
Vin Khoa hc Kh tng Thy vn v Mi trng, B Ti nguyn v
Mi trng thc hin ti Nghin cu c s khoa hc v thc tin phc v
qun l v khi phc mi trng sau thin tai Nghin cu in hnh ti mt
a phng nm 2008-2009. ti nghin cu c s v thc tin nh gi
thit hi mi trng sau bo l v xy dng c Ti liu hng dn nh gi
thit hi mi trng sau thin tai bo l.
120

Trung tm T vn v Cng ngh Mi trng, Tng cc Mi trng thc

hin ti: Nghin cu, xy dng phng php lng gi kinh t ti nguyn v
mi trng phc v cng tc nh gi thit hi do s c trn du gy ra nm
2009. ti Nghin cu xy dng phng php lng gi kinh t ti nguyn
v mi trng ca mt s h sinh thi bin tiu biu ven b Vit Nam v th
im xc nh c tng gi tr thit hi do s c trn du khu vc Qung Nam.
Vin Khoa hc qun l mi trng - Tng cc Mi trng ang thc hin
nghin cu: Nghin cu p dng cc phng php lng gi thit hi do
nhim khng kh phc v cng tc xc nh bi thng thit hi v x l cc vi
phm v mi trng trong nm 2010 2011 v th im lng ho thit hi n
sc khe ngi dn sng xung quanh khu vc nh my trong phm vi 10km.
C th ni, vic hnh thnh m hnh, quy trnh nh gi gi tr ti nguyn
v lng ha nhng thit hi do nhim v suy thoi mi trng l mt nhu cu
bc thit. Cc kt qu nghin cu trn l c s B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
xem xt trin khai ng dng vo thc tin trong vic lng gi, lng ho ti
nguyn v mi trng, v phc v cng tc bi thng thit hi trong cng tc
qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng.
2.4.2 Hch ton mi trng
Hch ton qun l mi trng (EMA) c p dng nhiu doanh
nghip trn th gii, tuy nhin Vit Nam y vn l mt lnh vc kh mi m.
Hin nay, Vit Nam ch mi ang tin hnh d n EMA- SEA Hch
ton qun l mi trng cho cc doanh nghip va v nh ng Nam . D
n ny tin hnh 4 nc l: Indn xia, Philippin, Thi Lan v Vit Nam.
C quan ti tr D n l B hp tc v pht trin kinh t Cng ha
Lin bang c.
C quan qun l v iu hnh d n l T chc Xy dng v Nng
lng quc t (InWent)
Cc i tc chnh ca d n l: Trung tm qun l bn vng (CSM),
121

i tc khu vc l Hi bo v Mi trng Chu (ASEP) v cc

i tc phi hp cc quc gia.
D n tp trung vo vic chuyn giao kin thc v k nng hch
ton qun l mi trng cho cc doanh nghip v cc t chc lin
quan ti 4 nc ny nhm mc ch sau khi kt thc d n c th
nhn rng vic nghin cu v ph bin p dng hch ton qun l
mi trng ti cc doanh nghip khu vc ng Nam hng ti
hot ng kinh doanh bn vng.
D n gm 6 hp phn nh bao gm: Hi tho thng tin; D n
EMA in hnh ti cc doanh nghip; Xy dng ti liu o to; Hi
tho o to EMA v o to EMA qua my tnh; o to ging
vin EMA; Ph bin EMA.
Vit Nam, D n EMA phi hp cng vi trung tm sn xut sch
Vit Nam tin hnh thc hin d n. Trong 3 nm (2004-2006), d n t chc
9 kha o to cho 372 ngi l i din cc doanh nghip (lnh o, nhn vin
k ton, cn b k thut), i din cc c quan qun l khoa hc cng nghmi trng cc a phng, cc c quan t vn, cc vin nghin cu, cc trng
i hc ti H Ni, Hu, Nng, H Ch Minh. Trong 2 nm 2004-2005, d n
trin khai EMA cho 4 doanh nghip gm: 1 doanh nghip ch bin thc
phm (Hu); 1 doanh nghip sn xut bia Ph Yn; 1 doanh nghip ch bin
c ph ha tan Thnh ph H Ch Minh; 1 trang tri nui tm C Mau 97.
Qua cc kt qu nh gi cho thy, Hch ton qun l mi trng khng
chi p dng cho cc doanh nghip trong vic hch ton dng nguyn liu v
nng lng cng nh hch ton chi ph mi trng vo trong qu trnh qun l
v sn xut ni b ca cc doanh nghip m EMA cn s dng nh gi mc
bn vng v mt kinh t- x hi- mi trng ca m hnh kinh t; nh gi
quy hoch pht trin ngnh v quy hoch pht trin kinh t x hi.
97

Nguyn ng Anh Thi, 2006, Hch ton Qun l mi trng B cng c h tr doanh nghip ci
thin hiu qu hot ng ti chnh v mi trng, Tp ch Bo v Mi trng s 10/2006.

122

Ngoi ra, Vit Nam cng c mt s nghin cu p dng th nghim

cng c hch ton qun l mi trng cc doanh nghip, in hnh nh:
Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, trng i hc Bch Khoa H
Ni tin hnh nghin cu th nghim p dng hch ton qun l mi trng
ti cng ty Machino- Vit Nam. y l mt cng ty lin doanh vi Nht Bn
chuyn sn xut cc ph tng xe my. Da trn cc bo co ti chnh ca cng
ty, ton b cc chi ph v li ch mi trng (bng tin t v phi tin t) ca
cng ty c tin hnh phn tch da trn cng c hch ton chi ph mi trng.
Sau khi tin hnh EMA, th cc chi ph lin quan n mi trng ca cng ty
bao gm chi ph hin v chi ph n c lit k ra mt cch y bao gm: Chi
ph ti s dng; chi ph thu x l cht thi; ch ph x l nc thi (bao gm chi
ph vn hnh v sa cha cc b x l nc thi sn v nc thi m); chi ph
mi trng gin tip (gm chi ph v sinh cnh quan mi trng, chi ph khm
cha bnh lin quan n bnh ngh nghip, chi ph phng cha chy, chi ph
trang thit b lao ng..)

123

Bng 11. Cc khon chi ph mi trng cn c qun l ti cng ty

Machino 98
Mi trng

Loi chi ph mi trng

1. Chi ph vn hnh cc thit b x l bi v kh thi

2. Chi ph nghin cu cc gii php sn xut sch hn

Khng kh, kh
3. Chi ph o c mi trng lao ng lin quan
hu
4. Khu hao cc h thng qut ht, chp ht v cc h thng
dn kh ra thit b x l kh

Nc thi

Theo
di
x

1. Chi ph vn hnh h thng x l nc thi sn v m

2. Chi ph no vt mng, cng

3. Chi ph thu o c cht lng nc thi

4. Lng cho cng nhn v sinh lin quan n nc thi

5. Chi ph tp hun lin quan n nc thi

6. Chi ph khu hao h thng thot nc thi xung quanh nh
my v khu hao trm x l nc thi
1. Chi ph chuyn ch cht thi ti ni thu x l

Cht thi rn

2. Lng cho cng nhn t v sinh cng nghip: dn cht thi

ti cc phn xng v vn chuyn cht thi
3. Chi ph nghin cu cc bin php ngn nga cht
4. Chi ph khu hao xe vn chuyn cht thi

5. Chi ph bo dng xe ch cht thi

6. Gi tr mua nguyn vt liu u vo tr thnh cht thi

7. Tin bn ph liu

8. Tin tit kim c t vic ti s dng cc loi x rn, x bt

v phoi bn

1. Mua cy cnh
a dng sinh 2. Thu chm sc cy cnh
hc v cnh
3. Ci to cnh quan khu vc nh my
quan
4. Khu hao vn hoa cy cnh
98

Nguyn Th nh Tuyt, Nghin cu th nghim hch ton qun l mi trng (EMA) ti cng ty
Machino Vit Nam, Bo co hi ngh Khoa hc ln th 20- i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, 2006

124

Sau khi tnh ton cc chi ph mi trng, nghin cu tin hnh phn b li
cc chi ph lin quan trong qu trnh sn xut v phn b li c cu gi thnh sn
phm ca cng ty Machino. Qua nghin cu, gip cho doanh nghip thy r
c thc trng hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca mnh, thy r c nhng
chi ph mi trng pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut, t c nhng chnh sch
iu chnh, phn b li nhm nng cao hiu qu sn xut, c th trong cng tc
qun l chi ph mi trng kin ngh doanh nghip nn c s iu chnh trong
cng tc k ton, thnh lp mu bo co ring cho vic theo di kh thi, nc
thi, cht thi rn, cnh quan mi trng, ting n
Qua cc nghin cu th nghim, khng nh c kh nng ng dng
EMA cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Hin nay, vic p dng hch ton qun
l mi trng mi ang bc u th nghim p dng, cha c tin hnh
rng ri trong cc doanh nghip ca Vit Nam. Chnh v th, trong thi gian
ti cn c nhng c ch, chnh sch khuyn khch y mnh p dng m hnh
ny cho cc doanh nghip Vit Nam.
Qua vic nghin cu thc tin trin khai kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng
Vit Nam trong thi gian qua, cho thy vic thc hin ch trng kinh t ha
lnh vc mi trng vi mc tiu a mi trng tr thnh mt ngnh c lp
trong nn kinh t c ngha rt ln, to thm ngun thu ng gp ca ngnh cho
ngn sch v tng trng kinh t, gp phn chi u t gii quyt cc vn v
mi trng, ng thi gp phn thay i nhn thc v hnh vi ca t chc, c
nhn trong vic gi gn mi trng, nng cao nhn thc bo v mi trng trong
cng ng. Ch trng Kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng c tin hnh trn
thc t thng qua vic p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng.
Vai tr ca cc cng c kinh t c ghi nhn r trong cc quan im, ng
li, chnh sch ca ng v Nh nc ta. Cn c vo tnh hnh thc t, c im
kinh t x hi, c th ca hot ng qun l mi trng ti Vit Nam, mt s
cng c kinh t c trin khai p dng nh: thu/ph mi trng, k qu
mi trng, chi tr dch v mi trng, chuyn giao giy php x thi.Nhiu
125

vn bn quy phm php lut c ban hnh quy nh c th v tng loi cng
c kinh t gp phn h tr cho vic trin khai, p dng cc cng c kinh t ny.
Bn cnh cc kt qu t c, vic y mnh p dng cc cng c kinh t
Vit Nam cn rt hn ch. Cc quy nh p dng cng c kinh t cn thiu c s
khoa hc v thc tin, hiu lc thc thi cha co, s phi hp gia cc c quan
chc nng B/ngnh, chnh quyn a phng v cc doanh nghip cn hn ch.
Cc cng c kinh t mi ch p dng trn c s cc m hnh th im, hoc trong
phm vi hp cha c trin khai p dng trn din rng. Mt s cng c kinh
t gp phn to ngun thu cho NSNN cn thp, cha p ng c nhu cu ti
chnh ti u t cho cc hot ng BVMT. y mnh p dng cc cng c
kinh t ny, cn xy dng hnh lang php l y , ng b, cc th tc, trnh
t r rng, c th to iu kin cho cc loi cng c kinh t ang trin khai c
thc hin mt cch n gin, r rng, hiu qu. Trong thi gian ti nn tp trung
vo vic p dng hiu qu cc loi thu, ph mi trng tng ngun thu cho
NSNN, ng gp cho tng trng kinh t. Ngoi ra, cn nghin cu thm kinh
nghim ca cc nc trn th gii v mt s loi cng c kinh t khc trin
khai, p dng Vit Nam sao cho ph hp v hiu qu.
V c ch nh gi, lng gi gi tr mi trng, hch ton mi trng
cng l mt trong nhng ni dung quan trng gp phn y mnh kinh t ha
lnh vc mi trng, cha c hnh thnh. Hin nay, mi ch c mt vi nghin
cu th nghim cha c cc hng dn c th v quy trnh, phng php
nh gi nhng gi tr mi trng ny (c bit l nhng gi tr mi trng phi
th trng) cng nh lng ha nhng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi
trng. Hch ton qun l mi trng cha c p dng trong cc doanh
nghip, cng nh trong quy hoch pht trin kinh t x hi ca vng- quc gia.
V th, trong thi gian ti cn hnh thnh c c ch nh gi, lng gi, hch
ton mi trng c th p dng vo trong thc t, gp phn h tr cho cng
tc qun l mi trng hiu qu hn, ng b vi nn kinh t th trng c s
qun l ca Nh nc.

126

CHNG III. YU CU, GII PHP Y MNH KINH TH

HA LNH VC MI TRNG
I. Yu cu
Quan im ca ng ta v bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh
cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc lun c nhn mnh, xuyn sut qua
cc mc tiu, nhim v v qua tng thi k. Theo , pht trin t nc bn
vng cn phi c s kt hp cn i, hi ho gia ba ni dung: pht trin kinh
t, bo m tin b x hi v bo v mi trng. Bo v mi trng c xem
l ni dung quan trng, khng th tch ri trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t.
Phng thc qun l mi trng nc ta trong thi gian qua ch yu tp trung
vo s dng cng c iu hnh v kim sot (CAC) vi c s php l cao nht
v vng vng nht l Lut Bo v mi trng. Bn cnh , h thng php lut
cn bao gm cc vn bn di lut quy nh chi tit, c th v qun l v bo v
mi trng. Tuy nhin trc yu cu i mi, cng tc qun l v bo v mi
trng v ang biu hin nhiu bt cp, kh khn, tnh hnh nhim mi
trng gia tng, ngun thu t mi trng cho nn kinh t quc dn cn hn ch.
Trong bi cnh cng tc qun l v bo v mi trng i hi phi c nhng
thay i c bn trong c ch hot ng v phng thc iu hnh. Ch trng
thc hin kinh t ha trong lnh mi trng l mt ch trng ln, ph hp vi
qu trnh pht trin ca t nc, ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh
hng x hi ch ngha. y mnh kinh t ho ngnh mi trng cn phi m
bo nhng yu cu sau:
1. m bo h thng qun l ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng
Ti Vit Nam, vic thc hin kinh t ha phi c thc hin ng b vi
vic thc hin kinh t th trng theo nh hng x hi ch ngha m ng v
nh nc xc nh. Kinh t th trng l m hnh kinh t c thc hin c
ch th trng thng qua qu trnh mua bn, trao i v chu s chi phi ca mt
s quy lut nh quy lut cung cu, quy lut cnh tranh, quy lut gi tr thng d
v quy lut lu thng tin t. Trong nn kinh t th trng, gi c l yu t trung
127

tm, thng qua quy lut cung cu s iu tit hot ng ca th trng. ng v

Nh nc ta xc nh r xy dng nn kinh t th trng nh hng x hi
ch ngha, l nn kinh t m c s iu tit v m ca nh nc, vn hnh v
hot ng t hiu qu kinh t cao, m bo cng bng x hi. Vic p dng cc
cng c kinh t, cc cng c h tr, i mi c ch chnh sch qun l mi
trng ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng cng khng nm ngoi yu cu trn.
Trn c s nhng nguyn l ca kinh t th trng, chng ta a ra chnh sch
ph hp cng tc qun l mi trng c hiu qu hn. Cc cng c khc nh
cng c k thut, qun l, truyn thng cng c s dng h tr, gp phn
hon chnh, nng cao hiu lc, hiu qu qun l.
2. Pht trin bn vng lnh vc mi trng
Nh phn tch phn I, chng I, mi quan h tng tc gia kinh t
v mi trng l mi quan h thng xuyn, xuyn sut. l mi quan h
tng tc gia con ngi, x hi v t nhin. T thi k xa xa, con ngi
bit da vo t nhin, khai thc t nhin phc v cho tiu dng, sinh hot
thng ngy. Cuc sng hin ti c s phn cc ln v li sng, mc sng, tiu
dng, sn xut...Dn s th gii ngy cng tng, nhu cu v cc sn phm phc
v cho tiu dng gia tng c v s lng, chng loi, gy nh hng ti mi
trng, lm mi trng bin i theo hng tiu cc, tc dng xu ti h sinh
thi. Cc yu t mi trng ang b lm dng, s dng qu mc dn n tnh
trng nhim nghim trng. Do vy yu cu nng cao hiu qu qun l v mi
trng l yu cu cp thit. Vic nghin cu, kt hp nhiu cng c khc nhau
s gip gii quyt nhng vn mi pht sinh. Kinh t ho trong lnh vc mi
trng cn t c mc tiu bo v mi trng, m bo s pht trin bn
vng. S pht trin x hi phi va m bo pht trin kinh t va gii quyt
c cc vn mi trng t ra, ngn nga nhim. S pht trin kinh t
phi i i vi pht trin x hi, ngha l nng cao v ci thin cht lng cuc
sng.

128

3. To ngun thu cho ngn sch quc gia, nng tm ng gp ca

lnh vc mi trng i vi nn kinh t quc dn
Vic tng cng xy dng c ch, trin khai kinh t ho lnh vc mi
trng cn t c mc tiu tng thu ngn sch quc gia, gp phn nng cao t
l ng gp ca lnh vc mi trng ni ring v ngnh ti nguyn mi trng
ni chung trong qu trnh pht trin. Cng c kinh t v cc cng c h tr i
mi c ch chnh sch qun l mi trng ph hp vi kinh t th trng l
nhng chnh sch, bin php nhm tc ng ti chi ph v li ch ca nhng hot
ng thng xuyn tc ng ti mi trng, tng cng trch nhim, thc
ng thi tc ng ti hnh vi ca c nhn theo hng c li cho mi trng.
Vic thc hin hiu qu cc cng c ni trn gp phn thc hin tt hai nguyn
tc c bn c tha nhn l ngi gy nhim mi trng phi tr
tin v ngi hng li t mi trng phi tr tin
II. Gii php
1.

Nhm cc gii php chung

Bi hc kinh nghim t cc nc trn th gii cho thy u t sm cho

cng tc bo v mi trng s mang li li ch kinh t cao bi khon kinh ph
u t ban u nhm phng nga, hn ch nhim s thp hn rt nhiu so vi
kinh ph phi u t cho vic khc phc hu qu mi trng. thc hin tt
c ch trng y mnh kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng, cn thc hin ng
b cc gii php t c ch chnh sch, php lut n cc yu t nng cao nng
lc trin khai (c ch ti chnh, truyn thng, thanh tra, kim tra, x pht, cng
ngh x l mi trng).
Hon thin h thng vn bn php lut nhm trin khai ch trng
kinh t ho lnh vc mi trng
Tng cng cc gii php v php lut l mt trong nhng gii php quan
trng, cp thit gp phn y mnh thc hin kinh t ha. kinh t ha lnh
vc mi trng t c hiu qu ti u, c th l cc cng c kinh t pht huy
129

c hiu qu th cn phi c s thng nht trong h thng vn bn php lut,

trin khai, hng dn thc hin mt cch r rng v ng b ch trng kinh t
ho chung.
H thng vn bn php lut v bo v mi trng nc ta kh nhiu,
tuy nhin cn thiu ng b, mt s qui nh cha ph hp vi tnh hnh pht
trin ca t nc. c bit, h thng vn bn php lut v kinh t ho lnh vc
mi trng l cha nhiu v cha p ng kp thi vi nhu cu thc tin. Lut
Bo v mi trng 2005 l kim ch nam cho cng tc bo v mi trng, song
li cha cp nhiu n cc cng c kinh t v tnh hiu qu ca n trong qun
l mi trng. Mc d c lng ghp mt s cng c kinh t vo cc iu khon
trong lut, nhng ni dung cn m nht v thiu tp trung. Vi c s php l
cn thiu v cha ng b nh hin nay, cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi
trng cha c pht huy hiu qu nhm tng cng cng tc bo v mi
trng. n y mnh kinh t ho ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng nhm trin
khai Ngh quyt s 27/Q-CP ngy 12 thng 6 nm 2009 ca Chnh ph v mt
s gii php cp bch trong cng tc qun l nh nc v ti nguyn v mi
trng v trin khai thc hin Ngh quyt s 27-NQ/BCSTNMT ngy 02
thng 12 nm 2009 ca Ban cn s ng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v y
mnh kinh t ho ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng vn cha c ban hnh. Bn
cnh , mc d cc vn bn quy phm php lut quy nh v thu, ph i vi
nc thi, cht thi rn, khai thc khong sn... c ban hnh v trin khai
nhng qua thc tin p dng bc l nhiu bt cp. Cc vn bn hng dn r
rng, c th v i tng p dng, trnh t, th tc thc hin, ngha v, trch
nhim ca cc ch th lin quan cn thiu. Ngoi ra, c s php l nhm trin
khai cc cng c kinh t mi khc trn thc t nh t cc hon tr, chi tr
dch v mi trng, nhn sinh thi, giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng
v.v... v cc cng c h tr i mi c ch chnh sch vn cha c ban hnh.
Chnh v vy, nhim v cp bch hin nay l cn sm hon thin h thng
vn bn php lut v qun l mi trng ni chung v kinh t ho lnh vc mi
130

trng ni ring, sa i, b sung ban hnh mi cc vn bn php lut, c bit

cn sa i, b sung v xy dng cc iu khon v cc cng c kinh t trong
Lut Bo v mi trng 2005. Trn c s Lut Bo v mi trng 2005 cn tip
tc sa i, b sung v ban hnh cc vn bn hng dn c th.
Ci cch hnh chnh, i mi t chc b my qun l nh nc v mi
trng
B my qun l nh nc l yu t tin quyt m bo c tnh hiu
qu trong qun l mi trng ni chung v trin khai ch trng kinh t ho lnh
vc mi trng ni ring. Hin nay, b my qun l nh nc v mi trng
ca Vit Nam cn cng knh, chc nng nhim v phn tn cho nhiu b ngnh
khin cho qu trnh thc hin gp nhiu bt cp. T chc b my trong B
TNTM ni ring v cc b/ngnh ni chung cn chng cho v chc nng,
phm vi hot ng. Vic phn cp khng r rng gia cc n v dn n vic
n trnh, n y trch nhim. Vic n gin ha b my qun l, tp trung qui
v u mi chu trch nhim chnh trong qun l mi trng m bo cho b
my qun l gn nh l nhim v cp thit. Cn quy nh trch nhim, quyn
hn r rng gia cc cc B, ngnh trung ng v a phng, gia c nhn v
tp th, ng thi tng thm quyn v trch nhim c nhn nhm tng cng
trch nhim v hiu qu trin khai.
Nhm trin khai mnh m ch trng kinh t ho lnh vc mi trng ni
ring v ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng ni chung, cn n gin ha th tc
hnh chnh, ci cch theo hng "mt ca", mu ha cc vn bn hnh chnh,
giy t, cng khai cc th tc hnh chnh. i vi cc th tc hnh chnh nh k
khai, cp php, thu np thu, ph v.v cn phi c n gin ho, cng khai,
trnh rm r to iu kin thun li cho ngi thc hin, trnh tnh trng li
dng cc k h php lut phc v cho li ch c nhn. Gii php ny m bo
hn ch s sch nhiu, phin h v lng ph tin ca cho ngi dn, ng thi
tit kim ngn sch cho nh nc.

131

 Tng cng nng lc nghin cu, phn tch kinh t trong lnh vc mi
trng, pht trin i ng cn b qun l nh nc mi trng c kin
thc tng hp v kinh t, x hi v mi trng99
Bn cnh nhng gii php v php lut, h thng qun l th nhim v xy
dng i ng cn b c chuyn mn l mt trong nhng gii php quan trng,
cn phi thc hin sm. S lng cn b, cng chc, vin chc c o to
chnh quy v mi trng hin nay cn yu v thiu, c bit l cc cn b c
kin thc chuyn su v kinh t. Nng lc phn tch kinh t trong lnh vc mi
trng ni ring v ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng ni chung cn yu v yu t
kinh t trong cc chnh sch bo v mi trng cha c ch trng. Cha c
mng li cc chuyn gia kinh t h tr trong qu trnh hoch nh chnh sch
mi trng. V vy, tng cng nng lc cho i ng cn b qun l nh nc
v mi trng cn phi thc hin khn trng v mnh m.
Tp trung o to cn b trong lnh vc mi trng cc B, ngnh
Trung ng v cc cp a phng v kin thc chuyn ngnh mi trng, c
th l chuyn ngnh kinh t mi trng cung cp cho h nhng kin thc
tng quan v kinh t hc (kinh t vi m v kinh t v m); mi quan h bin
chng gia pht trin kinh t v mi trng; v cc k nng phn tch kinh t
cc nh qun l c th nhn nhn, phn tch, nh gi mi trng di gc
kinh t.
Bn cnh , cn huy ng thm s tham gia ca cc chuyn gia kinh t
vo cng tc qun l mi trng c th nh cng tc nghin cu, hoch nh,
xy dng cc chnh sch v mi trng. Cn c nhng gii php thu ht i ng
cn b, cng chc vi nhng chnh sch, ch u i.
Xy dng trung tm nghin cu chuyn v Kinh t Mi trng thuc
Vin Khoa hc qun l Mi trng lm u mi cho cc hot ng nghin
cu khoa hc v kinh t mi trng, h tr cho cc nh lnh o trong vic
hoch nh, xy dng cc chnh sch qun l mi trng di gc kinh t,
99

Ngh quyt s 27 NQ/BCSTNMT v y mnh kinh t ho ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng

132

ph hp vi bi cnh ca c ch th trng; kt hp mt cch hi ha gia li

ch kinh t v li ch mi trng trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t.
Tng cng cng tc nghin cu v tng bc trin khai p dng cc
cng c kinh t, cc cng c h tr khc trong qun l mi trng
H thng c s l lun v cc cng c kinh t v cc cng c h tr i
mi c ch chnh sch qun l mi trng ph hp vi kinh t th trng ng
vai tr quan trng trong vic xy dng cc c ch, chnh sch. Nh phn tch
trn, hIn nay, c mt s nghin cu khoa hc ca cc b, ngnh v lnh
vc ny tuy nhin cha c trin khai p dng trong thc tin. V vy, cn y
mnh vic hon thin cc nghin cu v trin khai th im cc kt qu nghin
cu nhm c rt kinh nghim nhn rng m hnh trn phm vi ton quc.
Thc hin ng b vic p dng cc cng c kinh t vi cc cng c hnh chnh
v k thut.
thc hin tt gii php ng b trn th cng tc nghin cu, nh gi
tim nng c hi ng gp ca lnh vc mi trng vo ngun thu ca ngn
sch v tng trng ca GDP l vic lm cp thit. Ngh quyt s 27NQ/BCSTNMT ngy 02 thng 12 nm 2009 ca Ban cn s ng B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v y mnh kinh t ho ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng
ch r bo v mi trng l thc o hiu qu v tnh bn vng ca hot ng
kinh t, c th hch ton ton din v y . Do vy, trc khi c nhng chin
lc pht trin, p dng rng ri, cng tc nh gi, d bo ng gp trong lnh
vc mi trng cn c thc hin kp thi, chnh xc, nghin cu v xem xt
kh nng p dng cc cng c trong iu kin thc t Vit Nam. Bn cnh
, cn phi tin hnh nghin cu, hc hi kinh nghim ca cc quc gia trn
th gii, v p dng c chn lc, ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam.
Cn y mnh nghin cu, p dng th im v xy dng c ch chnh
sch i vi cc cng c kinh t v cc cng c h tr i mi c ch chnh sch
cha c p dng ti Vit Nam nh: giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng
(cota nhim), t cc hon tr, nh gi, lng gi gi tr mi trng, hoch
133

ton mi trng v.v...

Tng cng tuyn truyn, gio dc nng cao nhn thc cho ngi dn
v bo v mi trng v ch trng kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng
Cng tc truyn thng, ph bin gio dc kin thc v bo v mi trng
ti Vit Nam cha hiu qu. Nhn thc ca ngi dn i vi vn kinh t ho
lnh vc mi trng ni ring v bo v mi trng cn cha cao. Tuy nhin,
y l gii php rt cn thit v hiu qu h tr cc gii php v chnh sch,
php lut c trin khai thnh cng, ng thi y mnh trin khai thc hin
hiu qu ch trng kinh t ho lnh vc mi trng. Cn y mnh tuyn
truyn, ph bin, gio dc nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng, v trch nhim
bo v mi trng v t gic thc hin nghim cc quy nh ca php lut nh
trong hot ng thu ph trong khai thc khong sn, ph bo v mi trng i
vi nc thi, cht thi rn, chi tr cc dch v mi trng v.v theo nguyn
tc ngi gy nhim phi tr tin, ngi hng li phi tr tin. Cn lng ghp
hiu qu hn ni dung bo v mi trng vo cc chng trnh gio dc tt c
cc bc hc, v ni dung o to cc c s dy ngh, cc c s kinh doanh.
Phi c chnh sch khen thng, k lut nghim minh i vi nhng cc c
nhn, tp th nhm to ng lc v pht huy vai tr ch o ca ngi dn trong
cng tc bo v mi trng ni chung v thc hin kinh t ho lnh vc mi
trng ni ring.
Tng cng u t, x hi ho cng tc bo v mi trng
Ti Ngh quyt 41/NQ-TW ca B Chnh tr ngy 15 thng 11 nm 2004
v bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha t
nc xc nh r trch nhim bo v mi trng ca Nh nc, c nhn, t
chc, cng ng, c bit l cao trch nhim ca cc c s sn xut v dch
v. Theo Ngh Quyt, Nh nc s to c s php l v c ch, chnh sch
khuyn khch c nhn, t chc v cng ng tham gia cng tc bo v mi
trng, hnh thnh cc loi hnh t chc nh gi, t vn, gim nh, cng nhn,
chng nhn v bo v mi trng, khuyn khch mi thnh phn kinh t tham
134

gia cc dch thu gom, vn chuyn, ti ch, x l cht thi v cc dch v khc v
bo v mi trng.
Lut bo v mi trng 2005 cp n kha cnh x hi ha hot
ng bo v mi trng trong ton b vn bn Lut v dch v mi trng c
qui nh ti iu 116 v pht trin dch v mi trng. Theo , trong lnh vc
thu gom, ti ch, x l cht thi, Nh nc khuyn khch t chc, c nhn thnh
lp doanh nghip, dch v gi gn v sinh mi trng thc hin hot ng gi
gn v sinh, bo v mi trng thng qua hnh thc u thu.
X hi ho bo v mi trng s huy ng ti a cc ngun lc trong x
hi, s gp phn trin khai ch trng kinh t ha lnh vc mi trng mt cch
hiu qu hn. V vy, cn phi xy dng cc c ch chnh sch u i khuyn
khch cng tc x hi ha bo v mi trng, khuyn cc doanh nghip, cc
thnh phn kinh t u t cho cng tc bo v mi trng.
Tng cng cng tc thanh tra, kim tra theo di v vic thi hnh cc
quy nh ca php lut v kinh t ho lnh vc mi trng
Cng tc thanh tra, kim tra ng vai tr quan trng trong vic c thc,
gim st, pht hin kh khn, bt cp v kp thi h tr cc c nhn, doanh
nghip v cng ng trong qu trnh thc hin cc quy nh php lut v thu,
ph v cc cng c kinh t cng nh cng c h tr khc. Cn nng cao cht
lng thanh tra, kim tra bng cc bin php nghip v, tng tn sut v bm st
a bn a phng. Cn xy dng cc nhm h tr bao gm cc cn b c
chuyn mn, cnh st mi trng v ngi dn a phng nm tnh hnh
thc hin ti a bn, kp thi pht hin vi phm v tr gip khi cn thit.
u t, ci thin thit b quan trc v cc thit b h tr trong qu trnh
trin khai kinh t ho mi trng
Cc d liu mi trng phc v trc tip cho cng tc trin khai cc cng
c kinh t nh thu, ph, hoch ton, lng gi. vv Cht lng d liu lun
phi c m bo chnh xc, cp nht v ng b. V vy, cc thit b quan
135

trc, phn tch v cc thit b h tr khc cn c trang b cho cc n v chc

nng ca a phng cng nh cc doanh nghip c th m bo c cht
lng d liu mi trng. ng thi, vic trin khai tnh ton v np thu, ph
bo v mi trng v cc chnh sch kinh t ho khc c thc hin d dng,
chnh xc, cng bng v hiu qu.
2. Nhm cc gii php c th
Trong bi cnh hin nay, trin khai thc hin ch trng kinh t ho
lnh vc mi trng, bn cnh nhng gii php chung nu trn, cn thc hin
nhng gii php trc mt l tp trung y mnh vic thc hin p dng cc
cng c kinh t nh thu mi trng, ph mi trng, nghin cu xy dng, to
lp mt th trng mi v mi trng lm tin p dng cc cng c kinh
t, nng cao trch nhim x hi trong bo v mi trng.
2.1 Tng cng hiu qu p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l
mi trng
2.1.1 Nhm cng c to ngun thu trc tip cho ngn sch nh nc
Vi tc pht trin nhanh chng ca cng nghip ho, hin i ho mi
trng sinh thi b tc ng nghim trng, nc thi sinh hot, nc thi
cng nghip, cht thi rn ngy cng gia tng c v khi lng ln thnh phn.
nhim mi trng ngy cng tr nn nghim trng hn. Tnh trng suy thoi
v nhim , ang v s l thch thc nghim trng ti mi trng v pht
trin kinh t Vit Nam. Theo c tnh ca cc chuyn gia nc ngoi, nu GDP
ca Vit Nam tng m khng c cc bin php ngn nga, phng chng nhim
mi trng th nguy c nhim s tng gp 3 n 5 ln. Trong thi gian qua,
vic p dng rng ri cc chnh sch v thu v ph mi trng thu c
nhng kt qu ng k. Cc khon thu t ph mi trng to thm ngun thu
cho ngn sch nh nc, gp phn chi u t gii quyt cc vn v mi
trng, ng thi nng cao nhn thc v thay i hnh vi ca cc t chc, c
nhn v cng ng. Cc quy nh u i thu i vi lnh vc mi trng
nng cao thc ca cc doanh nghip trong vic hn ch tc ng xu do hot
136

ng sn xut gy ra cho mi trng, t p dng cc gii php cng ngh sn

xut tin tin v cc gii php x l cht thi nhm hn ch nhim mi trng.
Thu ph bo v mi trng cng thc y doanh nghip nghin cu ng
dng cng ngh sch, s dng nguyn liu mi, thn thin vi mi trng, tit
kim ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v sn xut cc sn phm sch.
Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng kt qu t c vn cn tn ti nhng hn
ch, bt cp. Trong cc chnh sch v thu v ph hin nay, mc tiu bo v mi
trng mi ch l nhng mc tiu c lng ghp ch khng phi l mc tiu
chnh. Kt qu p dng cc loi thu, ph trong thc t cn hn ch, cha th
hin c mc ch ca vic p dng cng c ny.
Nm 2008 ngun thu t thu, ph bo v mi trng l 1.224 t ng.
Nu tnh c thu ph xng du 9000 t/nm th tng thu l 10.224 t. Nh nc
hng nm dnh 1% tng chi ngn sch chi cho s nghip mi trng. Trong
khi nhu cu ti chnh cho bo v mi trng l rt ln. Do vy nghin cu,
m rng v p dng cc loi thu, ph cn phi y mnh v phi c coi l
cng c i u trong vic ngn nga nhim, thay i hnh vi. Cc lnh vc
chng ta cn y mnh thu l nc thi, cht thi rn, khong sn, v cc
nhm sn phm khc nh xng du.....100

Thu bo v mi trng
Lut thu mi trng c ban hnh nhm nh vo i tng gy
nhim mi trng bo v mi trng, gp phn thay i nhn thc ca cng
ng, p ng yu cu pht trin kinh t ca t nc, xy dng h thng thu
ng b, ph hp. ngi dn c th hiu v thc hin Lut mt cch nghim
tc trong thc t cn trin khai tuyn truyn, hng dn c th, r rng nhng
ni dung cha c th trong lut
Lut thu bo v mi trng quy nh 8 nhm i tng phi np thu
BVMT gm: xng, du, m nhn; than ; dung dch HCFC; ti ni lng thuc
din chu thu; thuc bo qun lm sn hn ch s dng; thuc kh trng kho
100

T trnh ca Chnh ph v Lut thu mi trng.

137

loi hn ch s dng; thuc tr mi thuc loi hn ch s dng.

Cn c theo Lut thu BVMT th mc thu c tnh ton da theo cng
thc sau:
M = Qi *Ti
Trong :
M: Tng thu BVMT thu c.
Qi: S lng n v hng ha chu thu i ( i= 1,..,8)
Ti: Mc thu tuyt i quy nh trn mt n v hng ha i ( i= 1,..,8)
c tnh tng thu t thu mi trng n tnh nm 2015
Theo s liu thng k ca nhm nghin cu, tng thu t thu mi trng
tnh t thi im cui nm 2009 n 2015 s l 4.057.105 t ng (gi nh t l
thu thu t c 100%). S liu chi tit c trnh by trong bng 12.
Bng 12. Tng s tin thu mi trng thu c i vi mt s nhm hng
ha (d kin) vo nm 2015
TT

Tn hng

Sn lng

Thu sut ti a

Tin thu

(nm 2009)
1

Ti ni lng

80 t kg

50.000 VN/Kg

4.000.000 t ng

Xng cc
loi

14.000.000 tn

4.000VN/lt

= 56*1012 VN

=14* 106 tn

= 56.000 t ng

= 14* 109 kg
3

Than

30 triu tn

30.000 VN/ tn

= 900* 103 triu

ng
= 900 t ng

HCFC

3.000 tn

5.000 VN/kg

= 3* 106
5

Thuc bo
v thc vt

38.000 tn

Tng

= 15* 109 VN/kg

= 15 t ng

5.000 VN/kg

= 190* 109 VN/kg

= 190 t ng

4.057.105 t ng

Ngun: Tng hp v x l s liu

138

Nu mc tiu th trong vng 5 nm ti tng 10% th mc thu t thu mi

trng (vi gi nh t l thu thu t 100%) s l:
M 2015= 4.057.105 * (1+0,1)6 = 7.187.408,991 t ng

Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi
Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi nhm mc ch bo v mi
trng nc v hn ch lng nc thi cha qua x l thi ra mi trng, s
dng cc bin php nhm hn ch nhim, gp phn vo bo v mi trng.
Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP c ban hnh l cng c kinh t u tin c p
dng nc ta. Ngh nh ny ra i to iu kin thun li trong cng tc
bo v mi trng xong trong thc t cn gp nht nhiu kh khn. Theo nghin
cu ca Vin Khoa hc qun l mi trng trong ti Kho st nh gi
thc tin thi hnh Ngh nh 67/2003 N-CP v thu ph nc thi v gii
php hon thin, nhm nng cao hiu qu ca cng tc thu ph, ti
xut mt s gii php cn thc hin nh sau:
Th nht, i tng chu ph nc thi cn c p dng theo ngnh, c
bit l cc ngnh c nguy c gy nhim mi trng nc cao. Thc t cho
thy trong hu ht cc trng hp, s lng cc doanh nghip phi tr ph l qu
ln so vi nng lc ca cc S Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Vi nng lc hn ch
ca cc cp qun l, vic p dng ph i vi cc doanh nghip ln trong mt s
ngnh c th l tng i kh thi. lm c iu , trc ht cn xc nh
ngnh gy nhim chnh. Cc ngnh ny bao gm: sn xut giy, dt may, da
giy, ho cht, ch bin thc phm. Nghin cu gn y ca Ngn hng th gii
v nh gi v phn tch tc ng nhim do ngnh cng nghip ch bin, ch
to Vit Nam cho thy ch tnh ring 3 ngnh cng nghip (Bao b giy v ba
cc tng VSIC 2102 (VSIC l h thng m ngnh kinh t ca Vit Nam); Bt
giy, giy v ba cc tng VSIC 2101; sa v cc sn phm sa VSIC 1520)
ng gp hn 45% tng lng pht thi BOD ca ton ngnh cng nghip ch
bin. Tng t nh vy theo c tnh 3 ngnh (Phn bn v cc hp cht nit
VSIC 2412; st thp c bn VSIC 2710; v ho cht c bn tr phn bn v
139

cc hp cht nit VSIC 2411) to ra hn 40% tng lng kim loi nng pht
thi vo mi trng. tin cy ca nhng tnh ton ny c th cha hon ton
chnh xc nhng cho thy mt thc t l c mt s ngnh s to ra nhim
nhiu hn ngnh khc. Do vy, gim nhim mt cch ng k, Chnh ph
nn tp trung vo qun l mt s ngnh c tim nng gy nhim cao. Nh
c th gim bt gng nng ca cc c quan qun l trong vic trin khai thnh
cng cc cng c kinh t trn thc t. Gii php ny c cc doanh nghip la
chn u tin hng u trong phn xut ca phiu iu tra kho st do Vin
Khoa hc qun l mi trng tin hnh.
Th hai, cc ch tiu tnh ph nc thi ch nn p dng cho ch tiu
nhim COD, cc ch tiu khc (nu c) nn qui i v COD tng ng. Thc
t vic p dng ph nc thi cng nghip ti H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh
cho thy phn ln s ph thu c t 3 ch tiu BOD, COD v TSS. Cc ch tiu
ny thng c cc doanh nghip k khai, tng i d dng trong vic kim
tra v chi ph phn tch tng i thp. Mt khc, nng lc ca cc c quan qun
l trong vic kim sot kim loi nng l rt hn ch v chi ph cho vic phn tch
l tng i ln.
p dng thnh cng Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP, chng ti khuyn ngh
Chnh ph ch nn p dng ph BVMT cho ch tiu nhim COD. Cc ch tiu
khc (nu c) nn qui i v COD tng ng theo kinh nghim ca Trung
Quc. Vi trnh pht trin, trnh cng ngh v iu kin kinh t x hi
tng ng, kinh nghim ca Trung Quc tng i ph hp vi Vit Nam.
Th ba, cn xy dng h thng ph hai nc l ph c nh v ph bin i
nhm t mc tiu hn ch nhim v to ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc.
Mc tiu chnh ca vic p dng ph nc thi nhm (1) Nhm hn ch nhim
mi trng t nc thi, (2) s dng tit kim nc sch v (3) to ngun kinh
ph cho Qu Bo v mi trng thc hin vic bo v, khc phc nhim mi
trng. Trong 3 mc tiu trn, thay i hnh vi ca ngi gy nhim l mc
tiu quan trng nht, tip n l to ngun thu cho cng tc bo v mi trng
140

v s dng hiu qu ti nguyn nc. Tuy nhin thc t cho thy mc tiu to
ngun thu i khi c u tin hn cc mc tiu khc.
H thng ph hin hnh ca Vit Nam c xy dng ging nh h thng
ph nhim khng c ph c nh bt buc i vi cc doanh nghip. Ngh nh
67/2003/N-CP a ra mc ph ti a v mc ph ti thiu i vi cc cht
nhim qui nh. Vi h thng ph nh vy, mc tiu hn ch nhim v to
ngun thu rt kh t c. H thng ph 2 nc s gip gii quyt nhng tn ti
ca Ngh nh 67/2003/N-CP v t c 2 mc tiu trn
Philippines v Malaysia u rt thnh cng trong vic p dng h thng
ph 2 nc. Vit Nam nn hc tp kinh nghim m hnh ny. Trong , nc th
nht l ph c nh tng t ph hnh chnh, bt buc cho mi tng nhm to
ngun thu cho cng tc qun l; v nc th hai l ph nhim ng nht nh
theo mc pht thi khng ph thuc vo vic pht thi trong hay vt tiu
chun.
gim s lng cc doanh nghip phi gim st, cc c quan qun l nn
p dng ph c nh i vi cc doanh nghip va v nh. Cc doanh nghip
ln s phi chu ng thi 2 mc ph trn. Vic phn loi doanh nghip ln vi
doanh nghip va v nh c th theo cch phn loi thng thng v vn v lao
ng(Theo qui nh Doanh nghip va v v nh l cc doanh nghip c vn <
10t ng v s lng lao ng < 300 ngi ) hoc theo khi lng nc thi
trn c s kinh nghim ca Philippines (Theo qui nh ca Philippines cc
doanh nghip nh c khi lng nc thi < 30m3/ngy, cc doanh nghip va
c khi lng nc thi t 30-150m3/ngy, cc doanh nghip ln c khi lng
nc thi > 150m3/ngy).
Th t, xc lp mc ph ph hp nhm tng cng tnh rn e cc c s
sn xut c nguy c gy nhim mi trng nc. Mc ph cao c th to ng
lc mnh cho cc doanh nghip ct gim nhim nhng hiu qu v ngun thu
thng khng t c. Cc doanh nghip lun c xu hng tm cc gii php
x l nhim trnh phi tr ph cao. Tuy nhin, cng phi tha nhn vic p
141

dng mc ph cao ngay t u c th cho php thu c nhng kt qu v ci

thin mi trng nhanh hn. Mt khc, mc ph thp c th t to p lc v chi
ph cho cc doanh nghip ti cc nc ang pht trin nh Vit Nam, nhng li
tht bi trong vic ci thin cht lng mi trng. Cc quc gia khc trong khu
vc nh Trung Quc, Philippines v Malaysia u ang p dng mc ph
nhim cao hn nhiu so vi Vit Nam.
Vi trnh pht trin kinh t nh Vit Nam hin nay, vic p dng mc
ph hin ti l khng ph hp. Chng ti cho rng mc ph nc thi thch hp
i vi Vit Nam l khong 2000 ng/kg COD (tng ng vi mc ph ca
Trung Quc). Mc ph ny cng cn iu chnh tng dn sau mi chu k 05 nm.
Thc t cho thy mc lm pht thng lm mt i gi tr thc ca ph.
Tuy vy, iu chnh thng xuyn mc ph do nh hng ca lm pht l vic
lm khng kh thi. Do p dng h thng t iu chnh hng nm theo ch s
gi tiu dng l vic cn lm ngay nhm hn ch nh hng ca lm pht n
hiu qu ca cng c.
Th nm, S Ti nguyn v Mi trng phi l c quan chu trch nhim
chnh trong vic thu ph nc thi. Vic p dng Ngh inh 67/2003/N-CP trn
thc t cho thy c s trng lp v thiu r rng trong vic phn cng trch
nhim ca cc c quan qun l nh S Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Cng ty kinh
doanh nc sch v Ban qun l cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut trong vic
thu ph. Tuy nhin cn lu mc tiu u tin ca vic p dng cc cng c
kinh t l qun l nhim. Do vy c quan chu trch nhim chnh phi l S
Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Vic trin khai cng c ph bo v mi trng phi
nm trong h thng kim tra gim st thng xuyn. Cng ty kinh doanh nc
sch v Ban qun l cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut ch l cc c quan phi
hp nhm thc hin nhim v trn.
Do vic thu ph v qun l ph l trch nhim ca s Ti nguyn v Mi
trng, nn nht thit phi c mt b phn chuyn trch v vn ny. Kim
sot nhim bng cc cng c kinh t i hi kinh nghim qun l cng cc
142

kin thc v kinh t v mi trng. Tuy nhin h thng qun l mi trng cn

nhiu bt cp, c cu t chc qun l cn cha tng xng vi nhim v t ra.
Tnh chung trn c nc t l cn b qun l mi trng l 15 ngi trn 1 triu
dn, trong khi ti cc nc ln cn t l ny cao hn nhiu ln, v d nh
Trung Quc 20 ngi/1 triu dn, Thi Lan 30 ngi, Campuchia 100 ngi.
Cc S TN&MT cn xy dng chin lc v ci thin v nng cao cht lng
ngun nhn lc thc hin cc chc nng ca mnh.
Th su, cn duy tr phng thc thu ph da trn c s t k khai ca
doanh nghip v c s thm nh ca c quan qun l nh nc v mi trng.
Theo kt qu iu tra, 82,4% doanh nghip ng vi phng thc t k khai
nh hin nay. Vic thu ph nn tin hnh theo nm hoc 6 thng gim chi ph
hnh chnh v i li ca cc cn b thu ph. Thi gian lp t k khai, thm nh
kt qu, thng bo khon tin phi np v np ph nn ko di trong vng 01
thng m bo tnh kh thi.
Th by, s dng ngun thu t ph bo v mi trng hp l, ng ni
dung chi, tp trung vo cc vn mi trng trng im. Cn sa i qui nh
s dng ngun thu t ph bo v mi trng theo hng tp trung cho mc tiu
ci thin mi trng nc thng qua qu bo v mi trng Vit Nam.Theo
quan im kinh t, mt la t thu nhp mi trng nn c s dng vo
mc ch c th mang li li ch x hi ln nht. Mc d ngn sch Nh nc
cho s nghip mi trng thc hin theo ng ch trng trn 1% ngn sch
Nh nc v thc t mc chi cao hn. Theo d ton, tng chi Ngn sch bo v
mi trng nm 2010 l 6.230 t ng, trong c 5.250 t ng chi cho cc
a phng, 980 t ng chi cc B, ngnh Trung ng. Nhng trn thc t,
mc chi s nghip mi trng c 7.645 t, bng 127% d ton v nhiu hn
mc chi nm 2009 l 1.859 t ng; d ton chi nm 2011 l 7.250 t ng,
101

nhng nhn chung tng mc chi cn thp, khng p ng yu cu; thiu s

phi hp lng ghp chi s nghip bo v mi trng vi cc mc chi khc, dn

101

Bo co 16/BC-CP ngy 15/10/2010, Bo co trnh Quc Hi v tnh hnh thc hin ngn sch nh
nc nm 2010 v d ton Ngn sch Nh nc nm 2011

143

n tnh trng chng cho hoc b st, dn tri, lng ph. Kinh ph chi s nghip
mi trng cc b, ngnh, a phng cha c b tr , ng vi ni dung
chi, tp trung vo cc vn mi trng trng tm, trng im (hu ht cc a
phng b tr t 80%- 90% tng chi s nghip mi trng cho thu gom, vn
chuyn cht thi sinh hot), dn ti vic khng cn kinh ph thc hin cc ni
dung qun l mi trng khc theo quy nh. Bo co ca B Ti nguyn v
Mi trng cho bit chi cho s nghip mi trng Vit Nam mi t 1% tng
chi ngn sch t nm 2006, trong khi Trung Quc v cc nc ASEAN u t
cho mi trng trung bnh hng nm chim 1% GDP; cc nc ang pht
trin chim t 3% 4%. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ang ngh Quc hi
tng chi ngn sch bo v mi trng ln 1,5 - 2% Ngn sch Nh nc giai
on 2011 2015.
m bo ngun lc cho cng tc bo v mi trng trong bi cnh
ngun lc cn hn ch, cn sa i qui nh s dng ngun thu t ph bo v
mi trng theo hng tp trung cho mc tiu ci thin mi trng nc thng
qua qu bo v mi trng Vit Nam. Kinh nghim ca cc nc trn th gii
cho thy, cc khon thu ny nn c dnh ring u t tr li cho mi
trng: cho cc hot ng chng nhim ca bn thn cc c s np ph, hay
ti tr cc hot ng cng cng khc (v d xy dng nh my x l nc thi)
hay nng cao nng lc cho c quan qun l mi trng.
c tnh ngun thu t ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi tnh
n 2015
D kin trong thi gian ti s tin thu c qua ph nc thi, c bit l
nc thi cng nghip s l tng i ln. p dng cng thc tnh ph bo v
mi trng i vi nc thi cng nghip theo :

144

Trong :
TF l tng ph nc thi m c s SXKD phi np trong qu;
TFi l s ph nc thi phi np i vi cht gy nhim i (BOD,
COD,TSS...) trong qu;
Qt l tng lng nc thi thi ra (m3/qu);
Ci l hm lng cht gy nhim i c trong nc thi (mg/l);
Ri l mc thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi cng nghip ca
cht gy nhim i thi ra mi trng tip nhn tng ng (ng/kg).
c tnh thc hin da trn c s Quyt nh 1419/Q-TTg ngy
7/9/2009 ph duyt chin lc sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip n nm
2020 v Quyt nh s 1107/Q-TTg v vic ph duyt Quy hoch pht trin
cc khu cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2015 v nh hng n nm 2020
v d bo xu th h thng cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, , n nm 2020
u t ng b hon thin cc khu cng nghip hin c, thnh lp mi mt
cch c chn lc cc khu cng nghip vi tng din tch tng thm khong
20.000 ha - 25.000 ha; nng tng din tch cc khu cng nghip n nm 2015
khong 65.000 ha - 70.000 ha. Phn u t t l lp y cc khu cng nghip
bnh qun trn ton quc khong trn 60%.
Gi nh rng lng nc thi cng nghip do m rng quy m thi ra v
lng nc thi tit kim c do p dng sn xut sch hn cn bng v mc
nc thi gia tng trong thi gian ti khng ang k vi iu kin thc hin
nghim vic thu ph nc thi n nm 2015 th tng thu t ngun ny l 82,7 t
ng.

Ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn

Ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn p dng trit s gp phn
tng ng k ngun thu cho ngn sch. Do vy chng ta cn c nhng gii php
c th, ng b y nhanh cng tc ny.

145

Th nht, sa i, hon thin cc vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan

n ph bo v mi trng i vi CTR vi cc mc ph ph hp. Trong thi
gian ti cn hon thin h thng vn bn qui nh v vic ti ch, ti s dng
cht thi rn m vn bn php l cao nht l Lut ti ch cht thi rn.
Chnh sch thu ph i vi cht thi rn hin nay do Hi ng nhn dn
tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng quyt nh vic qun l, s dng tin ph
dn n ngun thu ngn sch b phn tn, tht thot, ngun vn quay vng ti
u t cho cng tc x l cht thi rn cng b phn tn, v khng ng k. Do
vy, cn sa i, b sung cc mc x pht cho ng, st vi tnh hnh thc t.
Xy dng ch ti x pht mnh nhm m bo tnh nghim minh ca php
lut. i vi cc ngnh pht sinh CTR vi khi lng ln, cn nghin cu, ban
hnh nh mc pht thi CTR thun li cho cng tc thu ph do trn thc t
vic xc nh chnh xc khi lng CTR i vi cc i tng ny gp rt nhiu
kh khn.
Th hai, cn p dng ph bo v mi trng i vi cht thi rn cho
nguyn liu u vo hay sn phm nhm khuyn khch ngi sn xut v ngi
tiu dng hn ch pht sinh cht thi. Hin nay, mc ph bo v mi trng i
vi cht thi rn c tnh da trn khi lng cht thi pht sinh ra mi trng.
y l hnh thc tnh ph n gin, p dng ch yu cho i tng l ngi s
dng. Tuy nhin, hnh thc tnh ph ny cha c tc dng khuyn khch i vi
cc nh sn xut thay i cng ngh to ra sn phm t pht sinh tht thi rn
hn. V d: cc bao b nhn mc sn phm sau khi s dng ch nh ph i vi
ngi s dng m cha tnh n ngi sn xut ra n. Do vy, i vi mt s
loi hnh sn xut c th, chng hn nh bao b nhn mc cn p dng ph bo
v mi trng i vi nguyn liu u vo hay sn phm u ra khuyn
khch cc n v sn xut thay i cng ngh sn xut ra cc sn phm t pht
sinh cht thi rn.
Th ba, xy dng vn bn hng dn c th v cng tc phn loi cht
thi c th p dng ph bo v mi trng ng. nng cao hiu qu thu
146

ph, c quan qun l mi trng cn phn chia cc loi hnh sn xut, kinh
doanh, dch v h thng cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn ngay t khu u
tin, nh: khu vc nh (h khng kinh doanh dch v); khu vc thng mi;
khu vc nh ngh; khu n ung; khu vc dch v; khu nghin cu v o to;
vn phng; rc y t; khu vc xy dng mi v ci to; khu vc dch v cng
cng; cc nh my x l nc cp, nc thi, l t cht thi sinh hot; khu
cng nghip...Mt trong nhng kh khn trong vic thu ph l rt kh
phn loi r u l cht thi rn nguy hi, u l cht thi rn thng thng.
Thc t cho thy trong Ngh nh 174 ch phn loi thnh hai i tng thu ph
l cht thi rn thng thng v cht thi rn nguy hi, tuy nhin gia doanh
nghip v c quan chc nng vn cn nhiu tranh ci trong vn ny. cng
tc thu ph din ra thun li, cc c quan qun l nh nc cn c nhng vn
bn hng dn c th v phn loi cht thi, i tng phi chu ph bo v mi
trng i vi cht thi rn.
Th t, tng cng kim tra gim st ca cc c quan qun l nh nc
cn kim tra gim st thng xuyn c hai bn: bn pht sinh cht thi ln bn
thu gom v x l cht thi nhm hn ch tiu cc trong vic thu ph.
Th nm, tng mc ph BVMT i vi CTR thng thng cho ph hp vi
thc t. Theo s liu thu thp c th chi ph x l cho 01 tn rc thi sinh hot
vo khong 14 USD, trong khi mc ph BVMT l 40.000 ng/ tn, ch bng
13% chi ph x l. Mc ph BVMT i vi CTR thng thng cn tng ln
m bo c th trang tri mt phn chi ph cho vic u t x l CTR thng
thng, gim bt gnh nng chi ph cho NSNN.
c tnh ngun thu t ph v sinh mi trng v ph bo v mi
trng i vi cht thi rn tnh n nm 2015
Vi nhng gii php tch cc trn, d kin ti nm 2015 thu ph bo v
mi trng i vi cht thi rn s c nhng chuyn bin tch cc. c tnh
ngun thu nh sau:

147

+ Ph BVMT i vi CTR
Theo Ngh nh 174/N-CP v thu ph BVMT i vi cht thi rn th
mc thu ph nh sau: di 40.000/tn i vi cht thi rn thng thng v
di 6.000.000/tn i vi cht thi rn nguy hi. c tnh ngun thu i vi
cht thi rn thng thng nh sau:
Theo Chin lc quc gia v qun l tng hp cht thi rn n nm
2015, tm nhn n nm 2050, tng khi lng cht thi rn cng nghip l 9,6
triu tn trong t l cht thi rn nguy hi khong 40% (tng ng l 3,84
triu tn), cht thi rn thng thng l 60% (tng ng l 5,76 triu tn).
Gi s, p dng mc ph 40.000 ng/tn i vi cht thi rn thng
thng vo nm 2015 v 6.000.000 ng/tn i vi cht thi rn nguy hi
Tng ph thu c t cht thi rn thng thng c tnh khong l:
9,6 * 106* 40.000 = 384* 109 VN = 384 t ng
Tng ph thu c i vi cht thi rn nguy hi c tnh khong:
3,84* 106 *6.000.000 = 23,04 * 1012 = 23.040 t ng
Nh vy, tng ph thu c i vi cht thi rn vo nm 2015 c tnh
khong 23.424 t ng

Ph bo v mi trng i vi hot ng khai thc khong sn

Thc trin trin khai Ngh nh s 63/2008/N-CP ngy 13/05/2008 quy
nh v ph bo v mi trng i vi khai thc khong sn bc l nhng bt
cp v i tng thu v mc thu ph. nng cao hiu qu trin khai cn sa
i, b sung mt s im sau:
Th nht, nng mc ph bo v mi trng i vi hu ht cc loi
khong sn. Mc thu ph nh hin nay l qu thp khng b p cho vic
hon tr, khc phc mi trng do cc hot ng khai thc gy ra nh mc thu
ph i vi lm vt liu xy dng l 1.000VN/tn; lm xi mng, khong
cht cng nghip l 2.000 VN/m3; ct xy l 3.000 VN/m3 v.v... Trong khi
148

, cc hot ng khai thc ny gy nh hng rt ln n mi trng xung

quanh. Do vy cc mc ph ny s phi nng ln trong thi gian ti c th b
p li cc chi ph v mi trng.
Th hai, v i tng chu ph: nhiu loi khong sn khc cn phi a
vo danh mc i tng chu ph mi trng, trong c hot ng khai thc
vng. Hin nay hot ng khai thc vng ang nm trong danh mc qung
khong sn kim loi khc vi mc thu l 10.000 ng/tn. Vi mc thu ny th
cha th hin c s cng bng, hp l vi cc loi khong sn khc. V hot
ng khai thc vng mang li li nhun cao, nhng i cng vi l nhng hu
qu nng n v mi trng do k thut khai thc th s, lc hu. gii quyt
s bt hp l trn, B Ti chnh cn trnh Chnh ph quy nh iu chnh vic
thu ph bo v mi trng i vi hot ng khai thc vng ln mc cao hn,
tng ng vi thu ph ca Mangan, ng mc 40.000-50.000ng/tn.
Th ba, hin nay n v tnh i vi cc loi khong sn l m3 v tn. Tuy
nhin thc t nhiu loi khong sn c tnh ton da trn c hai n v tnh
ny, dn n ngun thu c s khc nhau. V vy, Ngh nh s 63/2008/N-CP
ngy 13/05/2008 quy nh v ph bo v mi trng i vi khai thc khong
sn cn sa i quy nh v vic p dng n v tnh l tn hay m3 i vi tng
loi khong sn cho hp l nh i vi cc loi ...
Th t, khai thc tn thu khong sn nhm khng lm lng ph ti nguyn
ca quc gia. Hin nay Vit Nam cng c nhng quy nh v vic cp php
khai thc khong sn tn thu, p dng cng ngh, k thut khai thc, cam kt
ngn nga, gim thiu tc ng xu ti mi trng. Tuy nhin, nc ta cha c
quy nh no v ph bo v mi trng vi cc hot ng ny. Tn thu khong
sn trong nhiu trng hp li gy ra nhim mi trng rt nghim trng. Do
vy, Chnh ph cn c nhng s iu chnh, cng nh hng dn v thu ph bo
v mi trng i vi khong sn tn thu.

149

c tnh ngun thu t ph bo v mi trng i vi hot ng khai

thc khong sn tnh n nm 2015
Hng nm, sn lng khai thc khong sn ca Vit Nam lun gia tng, v
vy ngun thu t ph bo v mi trng i vi hot ng ny l rt ng k.
c tnh ngun thu ny, nhm nghin cu p dng cng thc tnh ton nh sau:
S tin thu c= Sn lng/nm * Mc ph
Trong danh mc cc loi khong sn phi chu mc thu ph mi trng,
nhm nghin cu xut nghin cu i vi 7 mt hng chnh, c sn lng
hng nm tng i ln. Kt qu d kin n nm 2015 nh sau:
Bng 13. S tin d kin thu c t thu ph BVMT i vi hot ng khai
thc khong sn vo nm 2015
TT
1

Loi khong sn

n v

Mc thu

Sn lng (d

S tin thu

(ng)

kin)/ nm

(t ng)

m3

lm xi mng,
a

khong cht cng

nghip, vt liu

m3

2.000

350 triu

700

m3

50.000

350 triu

17.500

xy dng
b

p lt, lm m
ngh

Trng thch

m3

20.000

1 triu

20

Si

m3

4.000

50 triu

200

Ct xy dng

m3

2.000

50 triu

100

Than

Tn

Than

Tn

15 triu

90

6.000

150

Nh vy, d kin n nm 2015 s tin thu t ph bo v mi trng vi

hot ng khai thc khong sn c t l 19.000 t ng.
Nh vy, d kin n nm 2015 s tin thu t ph bo v mi trng vi
hot ng khai thc khong sn c t l 19.000 t ng. T nhng d bo
trn, c th khi qut tng s tin thu c t ph bo v mi trng n nm
2015 nh sau:
Bng 14. Tng ngun thu t ph BVMT (d kin) thu c vo nm 2015
Loi

S tin thu c (t ng)

Ph nc thi

82,7

Ph cht thi rn

23.424

Ph trong hot ng khai thc khong

sn

19.000

Ph mi trng

42506,7

Ngun: Tng hp v x l s liu

2.1.2 Nhm cng c to lp th trng
Chi tr dch v mi trng
Hin nc ta cn tn ti nhiu bt cp v bo tn a dng sinh hc trong
cng tc lp quy hoch, lp cc d n u t. Cc d n c nh hng nht n
a dng sinh hc l cc d n thy in v cc d n khai thc khong sn,
nhng cha c quy nh no v vic thu ph phc hi do cc hot ng ny gy
ra. Kinh nghim th gii cho thy vic p dng chi ph ngi dng l gii php
thu li mt phn li ch trong vic s dng ti nguyn gip tng cng cht
lng qun l, dch v, chia s li ch t vic khai thc ti nguyn mi trng v
c bit tng ngun thu quan trng cho chnh ph.
Chi tr dch v h sinh thi c xem l c ch nhm thc y vic to ra
v s dng cc dch v sinh thi bng cch kt ni gia ngi cung cp dch v
ngi s dng dch v. Vit Nam c nh gi l quc gia c a dng sinh hc
151

cao trn th gii, vi nhiu h sinh thi trn cn, di nc, h ng, thc vt
c hu. Bn cnh nhng gi tr ln v mi trng, a dng sinh hc s c
nhng ng gp ln v mt kinh t nu bit khai thc, s dng hp l. Do vy,
bn cnh cc gii php chung, cn c nhng nghin cu, p dng c th pht
huy c gi tr ca a dng sinh hc, xy dng mt th trng mi v mi
trng nh sau:
Th nht, Chnh ph cn xem xt v ban hnh vn bn qui phm php
lut v chi tr dch v mi trng. Hin nay, mi ch c mt vn bn php lut
v vn ny l Quyt nh s 380/Q-TTg ngy 10 thng 4 nm 2008 ca Th
tng Chnh ph v chnh sch th im chi tr dch v mi trng rng v
thc hin th im. V vy, vic ra i vn bn lut qui nh v chi tr dch v
mi trng s l c s trin khai m rng cc d n chi tr dch v mi
trng th im thnh cng Vit Nam.
Th hai, tip tc th nghim v p dng rng ri c ch chi tr dch v
mi trng trong bo tn a dng sinh hc. Theo kinh nghim th gii, t vic
nghin cu, nh gi m hnh thnh cng ca chi tr dch v mi trng th Nh
nc ng vai tr quan trng trong vic iu tit cc d n, c bit trong vic
xy dng khung chnh sch, php lut, h tr ti chnh, k thut thng qua cc
chng trnh xc tin. Hin nay, Vit Nam mi ch p dng cng c ny i vi
h sinh thi rng, tuy nhin bn cnh cc h sinh thi ny, nc ta cn rt nhiu
h sinh thi khc cn bo tn c th p dng c nh bin, ni vi, h sinh
thi di nc v.v... Do vy, Chnh ph cn khn trng xy dng mt khung
quc gia v chi tr dch v mi trng v nhng hng dn chi tit c th c
ch thc hin trnh s trng lp.
Th ba, cn xy dng hng dn c th trin khai ni dung v vn
ti chnh cho vic bo tn v pht trin bn vng a dng sinh hc, dch v mi
trng lin quan n a dng sinh hc v bi thng thit hi v a dng sinh
hc. Ni dung ny c qui nh t iu 73 n iu 75 trong Lut a dng
sinh hc 2008, tuy nhin cha trin khai hiu qu do cha c vn bn hng
152

dn. Cn xy dng chnh sch c th lm c s cho cng tc bo tn v thu ht

nhiu thnh phn x hi cng tham gia bo tn v pht trin a dng sinh hc.
Hin ti ngun chi cho cng tc bo tn, pht trin bn vng a dng sinh hc,
cng tc iu tra c bn, phc hi h sinh thi... ch yu c chi t ngn sch
nh nc.
Th t, cn hc hi kinh nghim ca cc quc gia trn th gii nh thu
ph ti trng rng ca Indonesia (reforestation fee), p dng loi v trn gi
nhiu khu bo tn vi h thng gi khc nhau ti Costa Rica. Cu trc gi mi
v ngun thu tng gip chnh ph nng cp c s trang thit b ca cc khu bo
tn. Xem xt, nghin cu, p dng khi nim bi hon a dng sinh hc. Bi
hon a dng sinh hc to ra c ch tim nng cn bng tc ng ca nhng
d n/hot ng pht trin vi vic bo tn a dng sinh hc, s dng bn vng
cc thnh t v a dng sinh hc v chia s cng bng li ch gia cc bn lin
quan102. Hin nay vn thc thi chnh sch v nh gi tc ng mi trng
cn nhiu bt cp v c coi nh l mt th tc hnh chnh Vit Nam. Khi
m vic lng ghp ni dung bi hon a dng sinh hc thnh cng th yu cu
nh gi tc ng mi trng ca d n s i vo thc t, cc tc ng ca d n
n a dng sinh hc s c tnh ton v bi hon y . Khi Ngn sch
nh nc chi cho vic bo tn, phc hi a dng sinh hc s c ct gim103.
2.1.3 Nhm cng c nng cao trch nhim x hi trong hot ng bo v
mi trng
t cc hon tr
Cng c ny ch mi c p dng nh l ti Vit Nam, cha c xy
dng c ch, chnh sch c th. Vi nhng li ch v kinh t v mi trng m
h thng t cc hon tr em li th chnh ph cn xem xt v trin khai nhng
nghin cu, p dng th im trn qui m ln, v thit lp c ch chnh sch
p dng. Cn trin khai xc nh ngha v t cc i vi cc i tng tiu th
102

Chng trnh kinh doanh v bi hon a dng sinh hc-BBOP

103

http://www.agenda21.monre.gov.vn

153

sn phm m bao b hoc cht thi sau khi s dng c kh nng ti ch, ti s
dng hoc c nguy c nh hng ln ti mi trng. Mt s loi bao b, sn
phm sau khi s dng c c tnh kh phn hu trong t nhin hoc qu trnh s
dng phn tn, nh l kh thu gom tp trung v c kh nng nh hng nghim
trng ti mi trng nh thu tinh, nilon, du nhn, c quy, pin, bng n, sm
lp v.v... Ngha v t cc hon tr c th c a vo quy nh trong Lut
Bo v mi trng hoc cc quy nh v qun l cht thi. Mc t cc quy nh
mc va phi va to ra li ch cho ngi tr li cht thi ti ch, ti s
dng hoc x l, va m bo s bnh ng gia hng ho sn xut trong nc
v hng ho nhp khu v khng c km hm sc tiu th sn phm. Bn
cnh , phi thit lp mng li thu gom, chuyn giao cht thi v c ch chi
tr tin t cc thun li.
K qu mi trng
Bn cnh cc gii php chung cp phn trn, p dng hiu qu
cng c ny cn thc thi nghim ngha v k qu khi phc mi trng i vi
i tng c hnh vi khai thc khong sn. C quan qun l nh nc v
khong sn t trung ng ti a phng cn gim st cht ch hot ng khai
thc khong sn, c bit l pht hin x l nhng trng hp khc thc tri
php. i vi cc c quan qun l ti a phng (S Ti nguyn v Mi
trng) cn ra sot cc c s khai thc trn a bn v phn loi cc c s theo
tiu ch thc hin ngha v k qu mi trng. Cn a ra cc gii php kin
quyt i vi cc trng hp vi phm nh nh ch khai thc hoc thu hi giy
php khai thc.
Bi thng thit hi mi trng
i vi cng c kinh t ny, Chnh ph cn nhanh chng ban hnh cc
vn bn quy nh tiu ch lng ho thit hi do nhim mi trng lm c
s cho vic xc nh thit hi v bi thng nhm khc phc nhng kh khn
hin nay. Bn cnh , cn xy dng v ban hnh nhng vn bn hng dn th
tc, trnh t khiu kin v gii quyt bi thng thit hi cng ng c th
154

nm r v d dng thc hin khi chu thit hi, trnh tnh trng sch nhiu hnh
chnh, gy kh khn cho ngi b hi v to iu kin thun li cho i tng
gy nhim lch lut, trn trnh trch nhim.
Ngoi ra, i vi vic p dng trch nhim bi thng thit hi cn c cc
quy nh mang tnh cht linh hot hn. Theo lut quy nh th thit hi phi c
bi thng ton b v kp thi, song trong lnh vc mi trng, do gi tr ca
cc thit hi v mi trng thng rt ln v kh xc nh nn trong nhiu
trng hp vic thc hin l rt kh khn. V d nh ngi gy thit hi i vi
mi trng c th bi thng mt ln hoc nhiu ln trong khong thi gian ti
a mt s nm nht nh no k t ngy p dng trch nhim bi thng thit
hi.
Bn cnh , cng cn cn nhc n cc quy nh v thi hiu khi kin
yu cu bi thng thit hi. Theo b Lut dn s th thi hn ny l hai nm k
t ngy quyn v li ch hp php ca c nhn, php nhn, ch th khc b xm
phm. Song cng cn tnh n trong lnh vc mi trng, ngy quyn v li ch
hp php b xm hi khng hon ton trng kht vi ngy pht sinh thit hi trn
thc t. Thit hi i vi ngi b nhim cht phng x, nhim ha cht c hi
l nhng v d in hnh. Nn chng php lut mi trng cn hng ti vic
quy nh thi hiu khi kin gn vi ngy m thit hi thc t xy ra v cn c
khong thi gian di hn 2 nm.
Khi p dng trch nhim bi thng thit hi v mi trng, Vit Nam
cn xem xt n cc cam kt quc t v vn ny. V d nh quc t v trch
nhim dn s i vi thit hi do nhim du (International Convention on
Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage vit tt l CLC 92) v.v...
Nhn sinh thi
Hon thin h thng cc quy nh i vi vic thc hin v xy dng
chng trnh nhn sinh thi Vit Nam l v cng quan trng v cp thit hin
nay to lp hnh lang php l r rng cho qu trnh p dng. Ngoi ra cn tin
hnh trin khai mt s gii php sau:
155

Th nht, hon thit Lut v s hu tr tu v xu dng Lut Thng

hiu. Nhng quy nh trong cc Lut ny m bo bo h bn quyn i vi cc
b quyt cng ngh, cc gii php k thut thn thin vi mi trng, cc pht
minh sng ch gp phn gii quyt cc vn mi trng cp bch hin nay.
Bn cnh , m bo c thng hiu ca cc sn phm dn nhn sinh thi,
trnh tnh trng trng lp, tranh chp thng hiu.
Th hai, hon thin quy ch thc hin chng trnh cp nhn sinh thi
vi th tc, trnh t n gin, r rng, d thc hin.
Th ba, tng cng cng tc gio dc, ph bin nng cao nhn thc ca
ngi dn cng nh cc doanh nghip v cc sn phm thn thin vi mi
trng c dn nhn sinh thi. Vic nng cao thc ngi dn, thit lp xu
hng tiu dng xanh ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic to p lc th trng
ln cc doanh nghip, buc cc doanh nghip phi c cc gii php ci tin
cng ngh v cht lng sn phm p ng nhu cu th trng. tng cng
cng tc truyn thng cn lng ghp cc ni dung truyn thng v cc sn phm
dn nhn sinh thi trn phng tin thng tin i chng, v t chc cc chin
dch thi ua sn xut xanh, tiu dng xanh cho cng ng. Hnh thnh mn hc
chuyn ngnh v qun l mi trng theo tiu chun ISO 14000 v nhn sinh
thi vo cc trng i hc chuyn ngnh mi trng; o to cn b v lnh
vc ny.
Th t, Chnh ph cn c cc gii php h tr, tr cp, min gim thu
cho cc doanh nghip, cc sn phm dn nhn sinh thi to ng c khuyn
khch cc doanh nghip t nguyn tham gia chng trnh. Cc chnh sch nh
h tr v vn, m rng th trng, xc tin thng mi, cung cp thng tin, o
to i ng cn b, h tr t vn k thut, mi trng, h tr cc trang thit b
o lng v.v...

156

2.2 Cc cng c h tr i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng

ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng
Nhm cc cng c nh gi, lng gi
Th nht, nghin cu p dng m rng cc phng php khc nhau trong
nh gi gi tr mi trng, c bit l hai phng php s cp. Phng php s
cp bao gm cc phng php khc nhau nh: phng php chi ph du lch,
phng php nh gi hng th, phng php nh gi ngu nhin
Th hai, vic m rng p dng cc phng php ny i hi nhng kin
thc tng hp v l thuyt kinh t, m hnh kinh t, x l v phn tch s liu.
Do yu cu o to nhng chuyn gia trong tng lnh vc c th, c trnh
chuyn mn l rt cn thit.
Th ba, hin nay Vit Nam vic nh gi, lng gi ch tp trung vo
gi tr kinh t ca a dng sinh hc nh nh gi gi tr rng, cng vin, h sinh
thi Ngoi cc yu t trn th cc yu t mi trng khng kh, nc, t
cng rt cn phi c nh gi ng v .
Hch ton mi trng
Th nht, xy dng quy trnh v ti chnh mi trng, c c th ha
trong cc quy nh chnh thc. Hin nay cc yu t chi ph mi trng v cc chi
ph lin quan vn cha c th hin trong bng cn i ti khon k ton ca
cc cng ty, doanh nghip.
Th hai, tuyn truyn v p dng rng ri khi nim nng sut xanh v
sn xut sch hn trong cc doanh nghip, gp phn tit kim cc chi ph mi
trng trong sn xut. ng thi, cn hon thin vic xy dng h thng thng
tin mi trng, cung cp cc s liu cn thit cho doanh nghip.

157

KT LUN
Ch trng y mnh kinh t ha trong ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng
ni chung v trong lnh vc mi trng ni ring l ch trng ng v kp thi
m Ban cn s ng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ra. thc hin tt ch
trng trn, chng ta cn c cc nghin cu, iu tra kho st trong tng lnh
vc, hon thin h thng thu, ph ph hp, cng nh xy dng khung php l
ng b, y v kh thi qun l mi trng mt cch hiu qu, tc ng
vo chnh li ch ca cc ch th tham gia lm nhim mi trng trn c thay
i nhn thc hnh vi theo hng bo v mi trng.
Cn nghin cu v xy dng cc quy trnh p dng ph hp cc cng c
kinh t trong qun l mi trng v trin khai nghin cu v p dng mi cc
cng c kinh t pht huy hiu qu i vi vic bo v mi trng v gp
phn thu ngn sch nh: giy php x thi c th chuyn nhng, chi tr dch
v mi trng.. .

158

PH LC

159

Ph lc 1
BAN CHP HNH TRUNG NG

NG CNG SN VIT NAM

BAN CN S NG B TI NGUYN V

-------

MI TRNG
------S: 27-NQ/BCSTNMT

H Ni, ngy 02 thng 12 nm 2009

NGH QUYT
V Y MNH KINH T HA NGNH TI NGUYN V MI TRNG
I. T VN
Ti nguyn v mi trng c vai tr thit yu i vi con ngi, l nn tng
tn ti v pht trin ca x hi, ng gp quan trng cho ngn sch nh nc v
tng trng ca mi nn kinh t. Trong bi cnh ton cu ho, ti nguyn tr
thnh ngun lc khan him, l i tng tranh chp quyt lit gia cc nc;
mi trng b nhim, suy thoi nhanh, tr thnh vn ton cu, mi lo chung
ca ton nhn loi. V vy, cng tc qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng
c coi trng v c v tr c bit trong chin lc pht trin bn vng ca cc
quc gia trn th gii.
Nc ta ang trong qu trnh xy dng th ch kinh t th trng nh
hng x hi ch ngha, n lc tng trng nhanh v bn vng thu hp
khong cch tt hu so vi th gii. Qu trnh ny i hi phi c nhng thay
i c bn trong c ch qun l v phng thc iu hnh ca ton b nn kinh
t, tng khu, tng b phn, trong c ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng.
Tuy nhin, trc yu cu i mi, hi nhp quc t v xy dng ng b
th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha, cng tc qun l ti
nguyn v bo v mi trng cn bc l nhiu bt cp. Cc yu t th trng v
cc loi th trng v ti nguyn v mi trng hnh thnh, pht trin chm,
thiu ng b, vn hnh cha thng sut. Ti nguyn cha c coi l ngun
160

lc c bit quan trng, vai tr v gi tr ca ti nguyn cha c nhn thc

y , nh gi ng tm v ph hp vi cc nguyn tc, quy lut ca kinh t
th trng. Bo v mi trng cha c quan tm ng mc, cha c xem l
thc o hiu qu v tnh bn vng ca cc hot ng kinh t. Th ch qun l
ti nguyn v bo v mi trng chm c i mi, cn nng tnh hnh chnh,
bao cp, hiu lc qun l nh nc cha cao. ng gp ca ngnh ti nguyn v
mi trng cho thu ngn sch v pht trin kinh t - x hi cha tng xng vi
tim nng. Nhiu ngun ti nguyn cn b s dng lng ph, km hiu qu. Mi
trng nhiu ni b suy thoi nghim trng, li hu qu nng n v ko di.
Bo co ca Ban chp hnh Trung ng ti i hi ng ton quc ln th
X v Phng hng, nhim v pht trin kinh t - x hi 5 nm 2006 2010
ch r: Mi trng nhiu ni b nhim nng, nh hng nghim trng n
cht lng cuc sng. Ngun lc ca t nc cha c s dng c hiu qu,
ti nguyn, t ai v cc ngun vn ca Nh nc cn b lng ph, tht thot
nghim trng, nguyn nhn l do Chm i mi t duy, trc ht l t duy
kinh t; chm xy dng ng b th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi
ch ngha, ci cch hnh chnh cn chm v km hiu qu v cha c chnh
sch v gii php mnh huy ng v s dng tt nht cc ngun lc vo
cng cuc pht trin kinh t - x hi.
Xut pht t thc tin v nhn thc nh vy, thc y i mi c ch
qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng
nh hng x hi ch ngha, ch ng vn dng cc quy lut khch quan, kh
nng t iu tit ca kinh t th trng, tng cng p dng cc c ch, cng c
kinh t trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng, nng cao nng lc t
duy, nghin cu v phn tch kinh t trong ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng, Ban
cn s ng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ch trng y mnh kinh t ho
ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng vi cc quan im, mc tiu, nhim v ch yu
v gii php chnh sau y:

161

II. QUAN IM CH O, MC TIU V NHIM V

1. Quan im ch o
a) Thc s coi ti nguyn l ngun lc ngy cng khan him cn phi c th
trng ho, coi bo v mi trng l thc o hiu qu v tnh bn vng ca cc
hot ng kinh t, c th hch ton ton din v y pht trin bn vng
t nc;
b) Bo m s ng b v nht qun gia phng thc qun l ti nguyn v
bo v mi trng vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha;
c) i mi c ch, chnh sch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng v y
mnh ci cch hnh chnh l cc nhim v trng tm y mnh kinh t ha
ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;
d) Con ngi l trung tm, l nhn t quyt nh ca qu trnh y mnh kinh t
ho ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng, ch trng xy dng i ng cn b, cng
chc ca ngnh p ng yu cu v nhim v trong tnh hnh mi.
2. Mc tiu
Hon thin th ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng, thc y ngnh ti
nguyn v mi trng pht trin nhanh v bn vng, ng b vi tin trnh pht
trin th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha, nng tm ng gp
v v th ca ngnh trong nn kinh t quc dn, v mc tiu pht trin bn vng
t nc.
3. Nhim v
3.1. Cc nhim v chung
a) Nghin cu, lm r c s l lun, xc lp nguyn tc, phng thc thc hin,
mc tiu, cc nhim v trng tm, nhng gii php t ph v l trnh thc hin
y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng; xy dng h thng c s
d liu ng b v ti nguyn v mi trng;
b) Hnh thnh nguyn tc, phng php, c ch nh gi, lng gi, hch ton
162

ti nguyn v mi trng ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng nh hng x

hi ch ngha, thit lp h thng ti khon quc gia v ti nguyn v mi trng;
c) a dng ha ngun vn, nng hiu qu u t, tng cng ng dng cng
ngh thng tin, cng ngh vin thm trong iu tra c bn ti nguyn v mi
trng; hnh thnh c ch ti chnh qun l, khai thc v s dng thng tin, d
liu ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;
d) y mnh cng tc d bo xu th bin ng ti nguyn v cc vn mi
trng, cung - cu, cnh tranh, xung t v ti nguyn trn th gii v tc ng
n pht trin kinh t - x hi nc ta lm c s xy dng chin lc, chnh
sch, c ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng hp l v hiu qu;
) R sot, xut chuyn i cc c ch qun l mang tnh hnh chnh, bao cp
km hiu qu trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng sang c ch qun l
hiu qu hn da trn cc nguyn tc c bn ca kinh t th trng kt hp vi
y mnh ci cch hnh chnh theo hng minh bch v hiu qu;
e) Nghin cu, xy dng khung chnh sch v l trnh p dng cc cng c kinh
t trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng;
g) Nghin cu, xut khung chnh sch, c ch to ngun thu ngn sch t ti
nguyn v mi trng trn nguyn tc: Ngi s dng, hng li t ti nguyn
v mi trng phi tr tin, Ngi gy nhim mi trng v suy thoi ti
nguyn phi tr chi ph khc phc v ti to;
h) Thc y pht trin cc n v nghin cu, t vn, doanh nghip cung ng
dch v qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng p ng nhu cu trong nc,
tin ti m rng cung ng dch v ra nc ngoi; hnh thnh cc qu ti nguyn,
qu ti chnh h tr qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng ph hp vi c ch
kinh t th trng; y mnh sn xut hng ho mi trng; thc hin thng
mi ho thng tin, s liu v ti nguyn v mi trng;

163

i) Xy dng v p dng b tiu ch hiu qu kinh t - x hi - mi trng trong

qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng; pht trin phn tch chi ph - li ch
thnh cng c qun l nh nc v ti nguyn v mi trng.
3.2. Cc nhim v c th theo lnh vc
a) Lnh vc t ai
Nghin cu, xy dng c cu, nh mc s dng t hp l, tit kim, hiu
qu kinh t cao; nghin cu, r sot hon thin, i mi c ch qun l cc hot
ng iu tra, kim k, lp h s a chnh, chng nhn quyn s dng t,
quyn s hu nh v ti sn khc gn lin vi t, xy dng khung gi t,
nh gi t, lp quy hoch s dng t, giao t, cho thu t, thu hi t, bi
thng, h tr, ti nh c; hon thin c ch u gi quyn s dng t, u
thu cc d n c s dng t; pht trin qu t phc v mc ch cng ch,
iu tit th trng t ai v h tr ti nh c; pht trin dch v cng, thc
y ci cch hnh chnh theo hng minh bch v hiu qu; y mnh nghin
cu d bo v bin ng t ai, th trng, gi c t ai; nghin cu hon
thin, b sung cc c ch thu ngn sch t t ai; pht trin th trng quyn s
dng t, quyn s hu nh v ti sn khc gn lin vi t theo hng m
rng s tham gia ca cc i tng v ph hp vi c ch th trng; xy dng
n thng mi ha thng tin, s liu v t ai.
Sa i, b sung Lut t ai, nghin cu xy dng B Lut t ai theo
hng xc lp c ch qun l t ai, nh v cc ti sn khc gn lin vi t
ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha.
b) Lnh vc ti nguyn nc
Xc nh nc l loi ti nguyn c bit cn phi xc lp c ch cung
cu, chia s li ch ph hp vi kinh t th trng; nghin cu, r sot, i mi
c ch qun l hot ng iu tra, nh gi, kim k, cp php ti nguyn nc
ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; nghin cu to ngun thu t nc tng
ng gp ngn sch v ti u t bo v v pht trin ti nguyn nc; tng
cng p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l ti nguyn nc; nghin cu
164

xut tng thu sut ti nguyn nc, s dng cc loi thu, ph khc lin quan
n ti nguyn nc iu tit v m hot ng khai thc, s dng ngun nc
mt, nc di t theo hng tit kim v hiu qu.
Sa i Lut Ti nguyn nc theo hng xc lp c ch qun l ti
nguyn nc ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch
ngha.
c) Lnh vc a cht v khong sn
Khong sn l ti nguyn khng ti to, ang khan him dn, tr thnh i
tng c quan tm c bit trn phm vi ton cu, cn phi c qun l s
dng theo ch c bit ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; nghin cu sm
xc lp ti khon quc gia v ti nguyn khong sn; xy dng chin lc khai
thc, s dng ph hp vi tng giai on pht trin t nc, li ch quc gia
trn c s phn tch, d bo cung - cu trn th gii; nghin cu, r sot, i mi
c ch qun l hot ng kho st, thm d, cp php khai thc khong sn ph
hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; thc hin th im u thu khai thc khong
sn, tin ti p dng rng ri trn phm vi c nc; nghin cu hnh thnh cc
c ch to ngun thu t hot ng khong sn tng ng gp ngn sch v ti
u t cho kho st, thm d khong sn; nh gi khong sn theo c ch th
trng; s dng cc cng c thu ti nguyn, ph khai thc ti nguyn iu
tit v m vic khai thc v s dng khong sn hiu qu, tit kim, gim xut
khu th, thc y ch bin su khong sn; xy dng n thng mi ha
thng tin, s liu v a cht, khong sn ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng.
Sa i Lut Khong sn theo hng xc lp c ch qun l cc hot ng
khong sn ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha.
d) Lnh vc mi trng
Xc nh bo v mi trng l thc o hiu qu v tnh bn vng ca cc
hot ng kinh t; nghin cu i mi c ch qun l cc hot ng quan trc,
phn tch mi trng, lp v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng,
bo co nh gi mi trng chin lc, cng nhn, chng nhn v mi trng,
165

cung ng dch v mi trng ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; y mnh

nghin cu p dng cc cng c kinh t trong bo v mi trng; tip tc nghin
cu b sung, hon thin cc c ch thu ngn sch t cc hot ng lin quan n
mi trng; nghin cu th nghim, tin ti p dng cc c ch chuyn nhng,
trao i quyn pht thi; thc hin k qu phc hi mi trng trong khai thc
khong sn; xc lp cc nguyn tc, c ch th trng trong cng tc bo v mi
trng; th im, tin ti nhn rng cc m hnh p dng c ch chi tr dch v
h sinh thi; a yu t mi trng vo gi thnh sn phm; pht trin nhanh
ngnh kinh t mi trng; s dng cc cng c thu, ph mi trng iu tit
v m cc hot ng kinh t theo hng c li cho mi trng; xc lp c ch
lng gi mi trng, bi thng thit hi do nhim mi trng, suy thoi ti
nguyn gy ra ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng.
Nghin cu xy dng B lut Mi trng theo hng xc lp c ch qun
l v bo v mi trng ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x
hi ch ngha.
) Lnh vc kh tng thy vn v bin i kh hu
Thc y x hi ha hot ng quan trc kh tng, thy vn, khuyn khch
t chc, c nhn tham gia quan trc, chia s thng tin, s liu kh tng, thy
vn; r sot, i mi c ch d bo kh tng, thu vn ph hp vi c ch kinh
t th trng; tng cng nng lc d bo v phn tch kinh t v bin i kh
hu, cc tc ng ca bin i kh hu n pht trin kinh t - x hi; nghin cu
to ngun thu t quan trc, phn tch, d bo kh tng, thu vn tng ng
gp ngn sch v ti u t tng cng nng lc ngnh kh tng, thu vn; y
mnh pht trin cc d n theo c ch pht trin sch (CDM); nghin cu p
dng cc cng c kinh t trong vic thc y pht trin cc ngnh kinh t s
dng t cc bon; nghin cu th nghim cung ng dch v d bo thi tit, kh
hu, l lt v cc thin tai khc theo c ch cung - cu; xy dng n thng
mi ha cc sn phm, thng tin, s liu kh tng thy vn ph hp vi c ch
kinh t th trng.
166

Xy dng Lut Kh tng thy vn theo hng xc lp cc c ch qun l

hot ng kh tng thy vn ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng
x hi ch ngha.
e) Lnh vc o c v bn
Nghin cu, r sot, i mi c ch qun l hot ng o c v lp bn
ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; to ngun thu tng ng gp thu ngn
sch v ti u t tng cng nng lc o c v lp bn ; xy dng n
thng mi ha sn phm, thng tin, s liu v o c v bn ph hp vi c
ch kinh t th trng.
Xy dng Lut o c v Bn theo hng xc lp c ch qun l hot
ng o c bn ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi
ch ngha.
g) Lnh vc bin v hi o
Nghin cu, r sot, i mi cc c ch qun l hot ng iu tra c bn
ti nguyn v mi trng bin ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; y mnh
vic vn dng cc nguyn tc th trng, p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun
l tng hp v thng nht v bin v hi o; nghin cu to ngun thu t hot
ng trn bin v hi o tng ng gp ngn sch v ti u t tng cng
nng lc qun l tng hp bin v hi o; xy dng n thng mi ha cc
thng tin, s liu v ti nguyn v mi trng bin v hi o ph hp vi c
ch kinh t th trng.
Xy dng Lut Ti nguyn v Mi trng bin theo hng xc lp c ch
qun l tng hp v thng nht v ti nguyn v mi trng bin ng b vi
th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha.
III. CC GII PHP
1. Tuyn truyn, nng cao nhn thc v s cn thit, mc tiu, nhim v, gii
php y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng trong cc cp y

167

ng, chnh quyn, on th, ng vin, cn b, cng chc, vin chc, ngi lao
ng trong ton ngnh.
2. Tng cng nng lc nghin cu, phn tch kinh t trong ngnh ti nguyn v
mi trng; xy dng v pht trin i ng cn b qun l nh nc v ti
nguyn v mi trng c kin thc tng hp v kinh t, x hi, ti nguyn v
mi trng; b sung vo lc lng cn b lnh o ca ngnh cc cn b c
chuyn mn su, c kinh nghim nghin cu, phn tch kinh t.
3. Hnh thnh mng li chuyn gia, cng tc vin kinh t ca ngnh, phi hp
cht ch, huy ng s tham gia ca cc t chc, n v nghin cu, phn tch
kinh t trong v ngoi nc trong thit k, xy dng chnh sch, php lut v
qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng.
4. u tin cho nghin cu khoa hc, pht trin cng ngh v hp tc quc t v
kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng.
5. Tng cng u t, huy ng cc ngun lc trong x hi cho nghin cu,
trin khai cc nhim v, gii php y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v
mi trng.
IV. T CHC THC HIN
1. Phn cng thc hin
a) Cc cp u ng, chnh quyn, on th trong ngnh ti nguyn v mi
trng c trch nhim t chc tuyn truyn, ph bin, qun trit cc nguyn tc
ch o, mc tiu, nhim v v gii php y mnh kinh t ho ngnh ti nguyn
v mi trng n cc ng vin, cn b, cng chc, vin chc, ngi lao ng
trong ton ngnh.
b) V K hoch ch tr, phi hp vi Vin Chin lc, Chnh sch ti nguyn v
mi trng v cc n v lin quan xy dng trnh B trng ph duyt K
hoch hnh ng thc hin Ngh quyt.
c) Th trng cc n v trc thuc B, Gim c S Ti nguyn v Mi trng
trong phm vi, quyn hn ca mnh c trch nhim lp k hoch, chng trnh,
168

d n thc hin cc nhim v y mnh kinh t ho ngnh ti nguyn v mi

trng.
2. Gim st thc hin v nh gi kt qu
a) Cc U vin Ban cn s ng c trch nhim theo di, gim st vic thc hin
Ngh quyt ny theo cc lnh vc v a bn c B trng, B th Ban cn
s ng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng phn cng ph trch.
b) Th trng cc n v trc thuc B, Gim c S Ti nguyn v Mi trng
c trch nhim gim st vic thc hin Ngh quyt ti n v mnh v nh k
hng nm bo co ln c quan qun l chuyn ngnh cp trn trc tip tng
hp.
c) nh k hng nm, V K hoch ch tr, phi hp vi Vin Chin lc,
Chnh sch ti nguyn v mi trng v cc n v lin quan t chc nh gi
kt qu thc hin ch trng y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi
trng, lp bo co trnh Ban cn s ng B./.
Ni nhn:

TM. BAN CN S NG

- B Chnh tr ( bo co);

B TH

- Ban B th ( bo co);
- Vn phng Trung ng v cc Ban ca ng ( bo co);
- Ban cn s ng, ng on, ng y trc thuc
Trung ng ( phi hp);
- Cc tnh y, thnh y ( phi hp);
- Cc y vin Ban cn s ng, Ban chp hnh ng b
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ( thc hin);
- B th ng b, chi b, Th trng cc n v thuc B,
Gim c cc S Ti nguyn v Mi trng ( thc hin);
- Cng on B, on TNCS H Ch Minh B,
Hi Cu chin binh c quan B ( thc hin);
- Lu VPBCS, V KH, Vin CLCSTN&MT.

169

Phm Khi Nguyn

Ph lc 2
B TI NGUYN V

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

MI TRNG

c lp T do Hnh phc

-------

---------

S: 675/Q-BTNMT

H Ni, ngy 09 thng 4 nm 2010

QUYT NH
BAN HNH K HOCH HNH HNH NG CA B TI NGUYN V
MI TRNG THC HIN NGH QUYT S 27-NQ/BCSTNMT NGY
02 THNG 12 NM 2009 CA BAN CN S NG B TI NGUYN V
MI TRNG
B TRNG B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG
Cn c Ngh nh s 25/2008/N-CP ngy 04 thng 3 nm 2008 ca Chnh ph
quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B Ti nguyn
v

Mi

trng;

Cn c Ngh quyt s 27-NQ/BCSTNMT ngy 02 thng 12 nm 2009 ca Ban

cn s ng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic y mnh kinh t ha ngnh
ti nguyn v mi trng;
Theo ngh ca V trng V K hoch,
QUYT NH:
iu 1. Ban hnh km theo Quyt nh ny K hoch hnh ng ca B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng thc hin Ngh quyt s 27-NQ/BCSTNMT ngy 02
thng 12 nm 2009 ca Ban cn s ng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v vic
y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng.
iu 2. Quyt nh ny c hiu lc thi hnh k t ngy k.
Chnh Vn phng B, V trng V K hoch, Th trng cc c quan, n v
thuc B v Gim c S Ti nguyn v Mi trng cc tnh, thnh ph trc
thuc Trung ng chu trch nhim thi hnh Quyt nh ny./.
170

Ni nhn:

B TRNG

- Nh iu 2;
- Th tng Chnh ph ( bo co);
- Cc Ph Th tng Chnh ph ( bo co);
- Vn phng Trung ng;
- Vn phng Quc hi;
- Vn phng Chnh ph;

Phm Khi Nguyn

- Cc Th trng;
- Cng on B, on TNCS H Ch Minh B,
Hi Cu chin binh c quanB;
- Lu VT, V KH, H.

171

K HOCH HNH NG
CA B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG THC HIN NGH QUYT S
27-NQ/BCSTNMT NGY 02 THNG 12 NM 2009 CA BAN CN S
NG B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG V Y MNH KINH T
HA NGNH TI NGUYN V MI TRNG
(Ban hnh theo Quyt nh s 675/Q-BTNMT ngy 09 thng 4 nm 2010 ca
B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng)
Thc hin Ngh quyt s 27-NQ/BCSTNMT ngy 02 thng 12 nm
2009 ca Ban cn s ng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng v y mnh kinh t
ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng xy dng K
hoch hnh ng vi nhng ni dung ch yu sau:
I. MC TIU
1. Mc tiu tng qut
Hon thin th ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng ng b vi
tin trnh xy dng th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha nhm
tng cng v nng cao hiu qu qun l nh nc, pht huy tim nng, nng
tm ng gp v v th ca ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng trong nn kinh t
quc dn.
2. Mc tiu c th
- To s chuyn bin mnh m trong nhn thc v thng nht hnh ng ca cc
cp y ng, chnh quyn, on th trin khai thnh cng cc nhim v v gii
php y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng.
- Hnh thnh khung chnh sch tng th v hon thin cc cng c thc hin ch
trng y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng vo nhng nm
u v trin khai thc hin ng b cc chnh sch c th theo tng lnh vc
trong cc nm tip theo ca k hoch 5 nm giai on 2011 - 2015.
- Tip tc pht huy v i mi th ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng
trn cc nguyn tc c bn ca nn kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch
172

ngha, pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh, a dng ha ngun thu cho ngn sch
nh nc, gp phn pht trin bn vng t nc
II. NHIM V, GII PHP CHUNG CA NGNH TI NGUYN V
MI TRNG
1. Tuyn truyn, ph bin thng tin v ch trng y mnh kinh t ha
ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng
a) T chc nghin cu, qun trit quan im ca Ban cn s ng B v
ch trng y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng ti cn b,
cng chc, vin chc v ngi lao ng trong ton ngnh thng qua hnh thc
Hi ngh v truyn hnh trc tuyn;
b) S dng a dng cc knh thng tin v cc phng tin truyn thng, cc
lp tp hun ph bin mc tiu, nhim v chung, cc ni dung c th cho
tng lnh vc nhm nng cao hiu bit v ch trng kinh t ha cng nh cc
cng vic phi lm;
c) Khn trng xy dng v pht hnh cc n phm v Ngh quyt v K
hoch thc hin Ngh quyt.
2. y mnh cng tc nghin cu l lun, tng kt thc tin, ban hnh
khung chnh sch tng th v cc cng c thc hin ch trng y mnh kinh
t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng
a) Hnh thnh v pht trin cc nguyn tc, phng thc, mc tiu, nhim
v trng tm, gii php t ph v l trnh y mnh kinh t ho ngnh ti
nguyn v mi trng;
b) nh gi hin trng, tim nng v ngun lc ca ngnh ti nguyn v
mi trng cho thu ngn sch v tng trng kinh t;
c) Tin hnh phn tch chi ph - li ch ca cc chnh sch qun l ti
nguyn v bo v mi trng sau hn 20 nm i mi, xy dng b tiu ch
nh gi hiu qu kinh t trong qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng phc v
vic hoch nh chnh sch giai on mi;
173

d) Xy dng v ban hnh cc quy nh v nh gi, lng gi, hch ton

y , minh bch v thit lp h thng ti khon quc gia v ti nguyn v mi
trng;
) Thit lp cc m hnh, phng php d bo xu th bin ng ti nguyn
v cc vn mi trng;
e) Thit lp h thng cng c kinh t y , p dng hiu qu trong qun
l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng;
g) Xy dng v ban hnh khung chnh sch tng th y mnh kinh t ha
ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng.
3. R sot, i mi h thng c ch qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi
trng ph hp vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha, loi
b dn cc c ch bao cp, xin cho khng ph hp vi c ch kinh t th
trng nh hng x hi ch ngha
a) R sot, chuyn i cc c ch xin - cho, bao cp km hiu qu trong
qun l nh nc v ti nguyn v mi trng ph hp vi c ch th trng,
nh gi v nhn dng cc bt cp ca h thng chnh sch, php lut v ti
nguyn v mi trng;
b) R sot, xy dng, hon thin, ban hnh h thng chnh sch, php lut
v qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng ph hp vi th ch kinh t th
trng;
c) R sot, hon thin, i mi c ch thu, ng gp, np ngn sch nh
nc lin quan n ti nguyn v mi trng trn cc nguyn tc Ngi s
dng, hng li t ti nguyn v mi trng phi tr tin (BPP) v Ngi gy
nhim mi trng, suy thoi ti nguyn phi tr chi ph bi hon v ti to
(PPP) nhm nng tm ng gp ca ngnh ti nguyn mi trng cho ngn sch
nh nc;
d) Hnh thnh v pht trin cc loi th trng trong lnh vc ti nguyn v
mi trng; trc ht tp trung hon thin th ch th trng, xy dng h thng
174

cc quy nh, chnh sch thc y th trng t ai v bt ng sn, th

trng ti nguyn nc, th trng khong sn;
) y mnh qu trnh thng mi ho cc thng tin, s liu iu tra c bn
v ti nguyn v mi trng nhm p ng nhu cu ca c ch kinh t th trng
v tng ngun thu cho ngn sch nh nc.
4. y mnh ci cch hnh chnh theo hng minh bch v hiu qu
a) R sot, n gin ha hoc bi b cc th tc hnh chnh trong qun l
ti nguyn v bo v mi trng khng cn ph hp vi c ch kinh t th
trng;
b) Tip tc thit lp c ch phn cp v qun l vic phn cp v ti nguyn
v mi trng cho cc B, ngnh, a phng theo hng minh bch v hiu
qu;
c) Tip tc hon thin c ch mt ca i vi mt s cng vic lin quan
n cc th tc hnh chnh, tin ti thc hin i vi tt c cc loi cng vic c
lin quan n th tc hnh chnh thuc cc lnh vc do B qun l;
d) i mi v hin i ho nn hnh chnh; xy dng v trin khai k hoch
thc hin Chin lc ng dng v pht trin cng ngh thng tin ti nguyn v
mi trng n nm 2015 v nh hng n nm 2020; y mnh ng dng
cng ngh thng tin trong cng tc qun l nh nc v ti nguyn v mi
trng; tng cng ng dng cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh vin thm trong
iu tra c bn ti nguyn v mi trng; cc c quan qun l nh nc v ti
nguyn v mi trng cc cp thng xuyn t chc i thoi vi doanh nghip
v ngi dn thng qua nhiu hnh thc, trong c hnh thc giao lu trc
tuyn, tr li trc tuyn qua mng thng tin in t; kp thi x l cc vng
mc, kh khn ca doanh nghip v ngi dn lin quan n cc lnh vc thuc
phm vi qun l ca B;
) y mnh vic p dng h thng qun l cht lng theo tiu chun
TCVN ISO 9001:2008 vo hot ng ca c quan B v cc n v trc thuc
175

B; trin khai thc hin K hoch p dng h thng qun l cht lng theo tiu
chun TCVN ISO 9001:2008 vo hot ng ca cc n v trc thuc B giai
on 2009 - 2011.
5. a dng ho ngun vn v nng cao hiu qu u t cho cc lnh vc ti
nguyn v mi trng
a) Huy ng cc ngun u t t cc doanh nghip v nhn dn thng qua
cc chnh sch, c ch ph hp theo c ch th trng;
b) Hnh thnh cc qu ti nguyn, qu ti chnh h tr qun l ti nguyn
v bo v mi trng ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; y mnh sn xut
hng ho mi trng;
c) Thc y pht trin cc n v nghin cu, t vn, doanh nghip cung
ng dch v qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng p ng nhu cu trong
nc, tin ti m rng cung ng dch v ra nc ngoi;
d) Xy dng v ban hnh chnh sch cho cc nh u t nc ngoi tham
gia su rng hn vo th trng bt ng sn, th trng dch v mi trng v
cc th trng ti nguyn khc;
e) y mnh hp tc quc t, vn ng cc ngun vn nc ngoi di
nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, bao gm c vn vay h tr pht trin chnh thc
(ODA) v u t trc tip (FDI) cho cc lnh vc ti nguyn v mi trng.
6. Pht trin h thng t chc v ngun nhn lc
a) Tng cng ci thin c s vt cht k thut phc v ch trng y
mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;
b) Kin ton v nng cao nng lc h thng t chc b my qun l nh
nc v ti nguyn v mi trng t Trung ng n a phng;
c) i mi nng cao cht lng i ng cn b, cng chc, vin chc; xy
dng v thc hin quy hoch cn b theo hng nng cao nng lc t duy, phn
tch kinh t;
176

d) Xy dng chin lc pht trin h thng t chc v ngun nhn lc

ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng phc v y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn
v mi trng;
e) Xy dng v trin khai thc hin chnh sch thu ht, s dng v i ng
tho ng nhng chuyn gia gii, c kinh nghim, nht l v lnh vc kinh t ti
nguyn v mi trng trong nc v ngoi nc lm vic cho ngnh ti
nguyn v mi trng.
7. y mnh cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v ng dng cng ngh
a) Xy dng k hoch hot ng khoa hc v cng ngh v trin khai cc
ti, d n khoa hc v cng ngh v ti nguyn v mi trng giai on 2011
- 2015 theo hng tng cng hm lng nghin cu v phn tch kinh t;
b) Pht trin sn xut cc sn phm hng ha thn thin mi trng, hiu
qu kinh t cao p ng nhu cu th trng, tin ti ng vai tr l sn phm ch
lc trong ngnh cng nghip mi trng;
c) Cng c v tng bc hin i ho mng li quan trc ti nguyn v
mi trng; tng cng nng lc, thit b tng bc nng cao chnh xc
trong cnh bo, d bo cc hin tng ng t, sng thn, thi tit nguy him
nh bo, p thp nhit i, l qut, lt, st l t, hn hn...;
d) Tng cng s dng cng ngh thng tin nh gi tng hp ti
nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, a cht - khong sn; nh gi hin trng mi
trng; nh gi tc ng, gim st bin ng v tri t v d bo, cnh bo
trt t, l t, ng t, sng thn; xy dng c s d liu ngnh ti nguyn
v mi trng;
8. y mnh hp tc quc t trong ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng
a) Tng cng phi hp, trao i, kho st hc tp cc nc trn th gii v
kinh nghim qun l ti nguyn v bo v mi trng theo c ch kinh t th
trng;

177

b) Tip tc cng c v m rng cc mi quan h song phng v a

phng, xy dng chin lc hp tc, tng cng v nng cao hiu qu hp tc
quc t, tranh th ngun lc, ngun vn, cng ngh tin tin, kinh nghim qun
l v o to cn b cho ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng;
c) Tng cng iu phi v vn ng cc nh ti tr h tr cho vic xy
dng v hon thin khung php l v chnh sch tng th v y mnh kinh t
ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng.
III. MC TIU, NHIM V, GII PHP C TH CA TNG LNH
VC
1. Lnh vc t ai
1.1 Mc tiu
Hon thin, i mi c ch qun l t ai v bt ng sn; bo m cc
quyn v t ai v bt ng sn c vn ng ng b theo c ch th trng
v tr thnh mt ngun lc quan trng trong pht trin kinh t - x hi; xc nh
quyn s dng t l mt loi hng ha c bit, c nh gi theo c ch th
trng c s qun l v iu tit ca Nh nc, nng cao t trng ng gp ca
ti nguyn t cho ngn sch nh nc v tng trng kinh t.
1.2. Nhim v, gii php
a) Tip tc xy dng, hon thin h thng vn bn quy phm php lut v
qun l v s dng t, bo m tnh thng nht, y , kh thi ph hp vi
quy lut khch quan ca nn kinh t th trng, khc phc tnh trng vn bn
chng cho, kh p dng, trong :
- Tp trung, hon thin Lut sa i Lut t ai theo Ngh quyt s
31/2009/QH12 ngy 17 thng 6 nm 2009 v chng trnh xy dng Lut, php
lnh nm 2010 v b sung chng trnh xy dng lut, php lnh ca Quc hi
nhim k kho XII (2007 - 2011), trong t trng tm vo vn quy hoch,
k hoch s dng t, kinh t t, ti chnh t v cc vn khc c lin quan
theo Ngh quyt s 26-NQ/TW ngy 05 thng 8 nm 2008 ca Hi ngh ln th
178

7 Ban Chp hnh Trung ng ng kha X v nng nghip, nng dn, nng
thn;
- Hon chnh quy nh quyn s dng t thc s tr thnh hng ha, d
dng chuyn thnh vn u t thng qua quyn bo lnh, th chp, gp vn;
- Xy dng h thng chnh sch iu tit cc khon thu t t, m bo hi
ha li ch gia ngi s dng t, ch u t v nh nc.
b) R sot, hon thin, i mi c ch qun l cc hot ng iu tra, kim
k, lp h s a chnh, chng nhn quyn s dng t, quyn s hu nh v
ti sn khc gn lin vi t, xy dng khung gi t, nh gi t, lp quy
hoch s dng t, giao t, cho thu t, thu hi t, bi thng, h tr, ti
nh c.
c) Hon thin c ch u gi quyn s dng t, u thu cc d n c s
dng t; pht trin qu t phc v mc ch cng ch, iu tit th trng
t ai v h tr ti nh c; pht trin dch v cng, thc y ci cch hnh
chnh theo hng minh bch v hiu qu.
d) Tng cng cng tc nh gi, i mi h thng ti chnh t ai, khc
phc tnh trng gi t do cc a phng quy nh cha st vi gi chuyn
nhng quyn s dng t thc t trn th trng trong iu kin bnh thng,
m bo cng bng, nng cao hiu qu s dng ti nguyn t, c bit to c
ch thu ht mnh vn u t kinh doanh bt ng sn bng vn ca cc thnh
phn kinh t trong nc v nc ngoi.
) R sot, hon thin, b sung cc c ch thu ngn sch t t ai; y
mnh cng tc d bo v bin ng t ai, th trng, gi c t ai; xy dng
c cu, nh mc s dng t hp l, tit kim, hiu qu kinh t cao.
e) Pht trin th trng quyn s dng t, quyn s hu nh v ti sn
khc gn lin vi t theo hng m rng s tham gia ca cc i tng v ph
hp vi c ch th trng, y mnh thc hin gi giao t v thu t theo c
ch th trng.
179

f) Xy dng, trnh Chnh ph ph duyt v t chc thc hin Chin lc

pht trin ngnh qun l t ai Vit Nam giai on 2010 - 2020 v nh hng
n nm 2030 trong gn vi ch trng v kinh t ha t ai; xy dng v
ban hnh n thng mi ha thng tin, s liu v t ai.
2. Lnh vc ti nguyn nc
2.1. Mc tiu
Hon thin, i mi c ch qun l, bo m khai thc, s dng ti nguyn
nc hp l, tit kim, hiu qu ph hp vi kinh t th trng; nng cao t
trng ng gp ca ti nguyn nc cho ngn sch nh nc v tng trng
kinh t.
2.2. Nhim v, gii php
a) R sot, xy dng, hon thin h thng chnh sch, php lut v ti nguyn
nc ph hp vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha; xy
dng h thng ch tiu, tiu chun k thut nh gi tnh bn vng ca ti
nguyn nc, hiu qu s dng nc, hiu ch kinh t, x hi trong qun l, khai
thc, s dng, bo v v pht trin ngun ti nguyn nc;
b) R sot, i mi c ch qun l hot ng iu tra, nh gi, kim k, cp
php ti nguyn nc, c ch to ngun thu t nc ph hp vi c ch kinh t
th trng tng ng gp ngn sch v ti u t bo v v pht trin ti
nguyn nc; tng bc xc lp ti khon quc gia v ti nguyn nc;
c) R sot, hon thin, tng cng p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l ti
nguyn nc; tng thu sut ti nguyn nc, s dng cc loi thu, ph khc
lin quan n ti nguyn nc iu tit v m hot ng khai thc, s dng
ngun nc mt, nc di t theo hng tit kim v hiu qu;
d) Sa i Lut Ti nguyn nc theo hng xc lp c ch qun l ti nguyn
nc ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha;
) Xy dng v ban hnh Chin lc quc gia v ti nguyn nc n nm
2025 v tm nhn n nm 2050 theo hng xc lp c ch cung - cu, chia s
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li ch ph hp vi kinh t th trng, y mnh pht trin dch v ngnh nc;

e) Xy dng n thng mi ha h thng thng tin, c s d liu quc gia v
ti nguyn nc.
3. Lnh vc a cht v khong sn
3.1. Mc tiu
Hon thin, i mi c ch qun l cc hot ng a cht v khong sn
ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha, bo m
ngun lc khong sn c s dng hp l, tit kim, c hiu qu p ng yu
cu pht trin bn vng, n nh v lu di, ng thi gim thiu cc tc ng
n mi trng, nng cao t trng ng gp ca ti nguyn khong sn cho ngn
sch nh nc v tng trng kinh t.
3.2. Nhim v, gii php
a) R sot, hon thin xy dng v ban hnh h thng vn bn quy phm php
lut v a cht - khong sn; xy dng Lut Khong sn (sa i) theo hng
xc lp c ch qun l cc hot ng khong sn ng b vi th ch kinh t th
trng nh hng x hi ch ngha;
b) R sot, i mi c ch qun l hot ng kho st, thm d, cp php khai
thc khong sn ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng;
c) Tng cng cng tc nh gi khong sn, khc phc tnh trng gi khong
sn cha c tnh ng, tnh , cha st vi gi th trng, m bo cng
bng, nng cao hiu qu s dng ti nguyn khong sn, to ngun lc cho pht
trin kinh t - x hi. y mnh vic t chc thc hin th im u thu khai
thc khong sn, tin ti p dng rng ri trn phm vi c nc; hnh thnh cc
c ch to ngun thu t hot ng khong sn tng ng gp cho ngun thu
ngn sch v ti u t cho kho st, thm d khong sn; t chc y mnh
vic xc lp ti khon quc gia v ti nguyn khong sn;
d) R sot, hon thin, tng cng s dng cc cng c thu ti nguyn, ph khai
thc ti nguyn iu tit v m vic khai thc v s dng khong sn hiu
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qu, tit kim, gim xut khu th, thc y ch bin su khong sn;
e) Xy dng chin lc khai thc, s dng ti nguyn khong sn ph hp vi
tng giai on pht trin t nc, li ch quc gia trn c s phn tch, d bo
cung - cu trn th gii; xy dng n thng mi ha thng tin, s liu v a
cht, khong sn ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng.
4. Lnh vc mi trng
4.1. Mc tiu
Hon thin, i mi c ch qun l v bo v mi trng ng b vi th ch
kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha trn c s xc nh bo v mi
trng l thc o hiu qu v tnh bn vng ca cc hot ng kinh t; nng
cao ng gp t hot ng bo v mi trng cho ngn sch nh nc v tng
trng kinh t.
4.2. Nhim v, gii php
a) Tip tc r sot hon thin xy dng v ban hnh h thng vn bn quy phm
php lut v mi trng; thc hin xy dng B lut Mi trng theo hng xc
lp c ch qun l v bo v mi trng ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng
nh hng x hi ch ngha;
b) R sot, hon thin, i mi c ch qun l cc hot ng quan trc, phn tch
mi trng, lp v thm nh bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng, bo co
nh gi mi trng chin lc, cng nhn, chng nhn v mi trng, cung
ng dch v mi trng ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng;
c) y mnh p dng cc cng c kinh t trong bo v mi trng; tip tc b
sung, hon thin cc c ch thu ngn sch t cc hot ng lin quan n mi
trng; t chc th nghim, tin ti p dng cc c ch chuyn nhng, trao i
quyn pht thi; thc hin k qu phc hi mi trng trong khai thc khong
sn; th im, tin ti nhn rng cc m hnh p dng c ch chi tr dch v h
sinh thi; ng thi s dng cc cng c thu, ph mi trng iu tit v m
cc hot ng kinh t theo hng c li cho mi trng;
182

) y mnh hot ng nh gi, lng ha v hch ton mi trng, d bo

cung cu v xu th bin ng mi trng; t chc xc lp, hon thin v a yu
t mi trng vo gi thnh sn phm;
e) Xy dng, ban hnh v t chc thc hin Chnh sch pht trin ngnh kinh
t mi trng Vit Nam;
f) y nhanh tin ph duyt v ban hnh Ngh nh v bi thng thit hi do
nhim mi trng, suy thoi ti nguyn gy ra;
g) Tin hnh quy hoch, tng cng u t v nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca
h thng quan trc ti nguyn v mi trng quc gia. Thc y hp tc quc t,
p ng cc cam kt vi cng ng quc t v bo v mi trng;
h) y mnh cng tc tuyn truyn v x hi ho hot ng bo v mi trng.
Vn hnh h thng qun l thng tin, m bo cung cp thng tin cht lng
mi trng kp thi, chnh xc cho cng ng v cc cp qun l, tin ti xy
dng n thng mi ha thng tin, s liu v mi trng ph hp vi c ch
kinh t th trng.
5. Lnh vc kh tng thu vn v bin i kh hu
5.1. Mc tiu
Hon thin, i mi c ch qun l kh tng thu vn v bin i kh
hu ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha; hon
thin c ch ti chnh thch hp to iu kin nng cao nng lc, hiu qu v
tng ng gp t hot ng kh tng thu vn v bin i kh hu cho ngn
sch nh nc v tng trng kinh t.
5.2. Nhim v, gii php
a) Tip tc r sot hon thin xy dng v ban hnh h thng vn bn quy phm
php lut v kh tng thy vn v bin i kh hu; thc hin xy dng Lut
Kh tng thy vn theo hng xc lp cc c ch qun l hot ng kh tng
thy vn ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha;
b) Thc y x hi ha hot ng quan trc kh tng, thy vn, khuyn khch
183

t chc, c nhn tham gia quan trc, chia s thng tin, s liu kh tng, thy
vn;
c) R sot, b sung hon thin cc c ch to ngun thu t quan trc, phn tch,
d bo kh tng, thu vn tng ng gp ngn sch v ti u t tng cng
nng lc ngnh kh tng, thu vn; r sot, i mi c ch d bo kh tng,
thu vn ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng;
d) Tng cng nng lc d bo v phn tch kinh t v bin i kh hu; lng
gi cc thit hi do bin i kh hu gy ra; tng cng cng tc thng tin tuyn
truyn nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn v nguy c ca bin i kh hu v
nhng bin php thch ng, gim nh bin i kh hu;
e) Khuyn khch pht trin cc d n theo c ch pht trin sch (CDM); y
mnh p dng cc cng c kinh t trong vic thc y pht trin cc ngnh kinh
t s dng t cc bon;
f) Th nghim cung ng dch v d bo thi tit, kh hu, l lt v thin tai theo
c ch cung - cu ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng;
g) Xy dng v ban hnh n thng mi ha cc sn phm, thng tin, s liu
kh tng thy vn ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng.
6. Lnh vc o c v bn
6.1. Mc tiu
Hon thin, i mi c ch qun l o c v bn ng b vi th ch
kinh t th trng nh hng x hi ch ngha; nng cao ng gp t hot ng
o c v bn cho ngn sch nh nc v tng trng kinh t.
6.2. Nhim v, gii php
a) Tip tc r sot hon thin xy dng v ban hnh h thng vn bn quy phm
php lut v o c v bn , xy dng Lut o c v bn theo hng xc
lp c ch qun l hot ng o c bn ng b vi th ch kinh t th
trng nh hng x hi ch ngha;
184

b) R sot, b sung hon thin cc c ch to ngun thu t o c v bn

tng ng gp thu ngn sch v ti u t tng cng nng lc o c v lp bn
; ng dng cng ngh, thit b tin tin, hin i trong cng tc o c, thnh
lp bn nhm nng cao cht lng sn phm o c v bn ;
c) Xy dng v ban hnh n thng mi ha sn phm, thng tin, s liu v
o c v bn ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng.
7. Lnh vc bin v hi o
7.1. Mc tiu
Hon thin, i mi c ch qun l hot ng iu tra c bn ti nguyn
v mi trng bin ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng; nng cao hiu qu
hot ng trong lnh vc bin v hi o tng ng gp ngn sch v ti u
t tng cng nng lc qun l tng hp bin v hi o.
7.2. Nhim v, gii php
a) Tip tc r sot hon thin xy dng v ban hnh h thng vn bn quy phm
php lut v ti nguyn v mi trng bin, xy dng Lut Ti nguyn v Mi
trng bin theo hng xc lp c ch qun l tng hp v thng nht v ti
nguyn v mi trng bin ng b vi th ch kinh t th trng nh hng x
hi ch ngha. Trc mt xy dng v trnh Chnh ph Lut Bo v ti nguyn
v mi trng bin trong nm 2010; Ngh nh v phn cng, phn cp qun l
v iu tra c bn ti nguyn, mi trng bin; xy dng Chin lc quc gia v
qun l tng hp di ven b, Chin lc pht trin bn vng bin;
b) y mnh vic vn dng cc nguyn tc th trng, p dng cc cng c kinh
t trong qun l tng hp v thng nht v bin v hi o;
c) Nghin cu hon thin t chc cc n v s nghip iu tra c bn ti
nguyn v mi trng bin, ng thi i mi phng thc qun l hot ng
iu tra c bn ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng. Tng cng ng dng
cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh vin thm v h thng thng tin a l trong
iu tra c bn ti nguyn v mi trng bin, o.
185

d) R sot, b sung hon thin cc c ch to ngun thu t hot ng trn bin

v hi o tng ng gp ngn sch v ti u t tng cng nng lc qun l
tng hp bin v hi o; hon thin c ch qun l, khai thc d liu v iu tra
c bn v qun l ti nguyn - mi trng bin; xy dng c s d liu v ti
nguyn - mi trng bin trong nm 2011 bo m tnh h thng, ng b, hin
i, c tin cy cao phc v cho vic xy dng cc nh hng, ch trng v
pht trin kinh t bin "tin mnh ra bin v lm ch vng bin";
d) Xy dng v ban hnh n thng mi ha cc thng tin, s liu v ti
nguyn v mi trng bin v hi o ph hp vi c ch kinh t th trng.
IV. T CHC THC HIN
1. Th trng cc n v trc thuc B cn c Ngh quyt s 27NQ/BCSTNMT ngy 02 thng 12 nm 2009 ca Ban cn s ng B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng
v K hoch hnh ng ny xy dng thnh chng trnh, n trong k
hoch 5 nm 2011 - 2015 ca n v mnh v c th ha thnh cc nhim v k
hoch hng nm, trong quy nh c th tin thc hin, thi gian hon
thnh v phn cng ngi chu trch nhim tng phn vic c th.
2. Gim c cc S Ti nguyn v Mi trng cn c Ngh quyt s 27NQ/BCSTNMT ngy 02 thng 12 nm 2009 ca Ban cn s ng B Ti
nguyn v Mi trng v y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti nguyn v mi trng
v K hoch hnh ng ny xy dng chng trnh, k hoch ca c quan,
n v mnh v phi hp vi B ti nguyn v Mi trng trong qu trnh thc
hin.
3. nh k hng nm vo tun u ca thng 12, cc n v, t chc nu trn
nh gi, kim im tnh hnh thc hin Ngh quyt v k hoch hnh ng ny,
gi bo co bng vn bn v V K hoch - B Ti nguyn v Mi trng
tng hp.
4. V K hoch ch tr, phi hp vi Vin Chin lc, Chnh sch ti nguyn v
mi trng v cc n v lin quan chu trch nhim t chc theo di, n c,
186

kim tra, nh gi kt qu thc hin ch trng y mnh kinh t ha ngnh ti

nguyn v mi trng v nh k hng nm bo co trnh Ban cn s ng B.
5. Trong qu trnh t chc thc hin, nu thy cn sa i, b sung nhng ni
dung c th trong bn K hoch ny, cc n v trc thuc B, cc S Ti
nguyn v Mi trng ch ng phi hp vi V K hoch, bo co B trng
B Ti nguyn v Mi trng xem xt, quyt nh./.

187

DANH MC TI LIU THAM KHO

Ting Vit
1. Kim Anh, 2010, u gi chng nhn gim pht thi m Rng ng,
http://daukhi.vietnamnet.vn
2. Bo co 16/BC-CP ngy 15/10/2010, Bo co trnh Quc Hi v tnh hnh
thc hin ngn sch nh nc nm 2010 v d ton Ngn sch Nh nc nm
2011
3. B ti nguyn v mi trng, 2008, Ti liu Hi tho quc t: Trao i
kinh nghim trong pht trin, ng ph, x l v khc phc nhim s c trn
du trn bin
4. Bi Quang Bnh, 2010, Cu mi trng vng khai khong,
http://www.dmtcvn.com/news_detail.asp?nid=1&new=131
5. Cng vn ca Kim ton nh nc v Chi cc Bo v Mi trng, 2008,
Tm tt kt qu kim ton vic qun l, s dng kinh ph s nghip mi trng
giai on 2006 2008.
6. Cc Kim sot nhim- Tng cc Mi trng, 2010, Bo co thc trng
trin khai cng tc thu ph BVMT i vi nc thi ti Vit Nam
7. Nguyn Mu Dng, 2010, Ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi cng
nghip ca Vit Nam v Philippines
8. Lu c Hi, 2006, Cm nang qun l mi trng, Nh xut bn gio
dc
9. V Thu Hnh, 2007, Bi thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi
trng, Tp ch khoa hc php l s 3.
10. Lin Hip Quc, 2005, Bo co nh gi h sinh thi Thin nin k 2005.
11. Hunh Th Mai, Ban Qun l ti nguyn nc v a dng sinh hc, Chi
tr dch v h sinh thi- Gii php bo tn a dng sinh hc,
http://hieuanh.com.vn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126:ch
i-tr-dch-v-h-sinh-thai-gii-phap-bo-tn-a-dng-sinh-hc&catid=1:tin-tc,

188

12. Phm Hng Mnh, 2007, nh gi gi tr gii tr, du lch ca du khch

trong nc i vi khu bo tn bin vnh Nha Trang
13. Nguyn Ch Quang , 2002, C s hch ton mi trng doanh nghip
14. Nguyn Vn Ti, Nguyn Vn Huy, 2010, nhim mi trng ti Nht
Bn - trng hp bnh Minamata, Tp ch mi trng s 10/2010
15. Nam Thng, 2010, Xy dng c s khoa hc v phng php lun
lng ha gi tr kinh t cc vn quc gia phc v cng tc qun l v pht
trin bn vng.
16. Nguyn ng Anh Thi, 2006, Hch ton Qun l mi trng B cng
c h tr doanh nghip ci thin hiu qu hot ng ti chnh v mi trng,
Tp ch Bo v Mi trng s 10/2006.
17. ng Tuyn, 2010, Ph BVMT i vi nc thi Vit Nam, thc trng
v mt s kin ngh, Tp ch Ti nguyn v Mi trng s 9 (95) thng 5/2010
18. Nguyn Khnh Tuyn, 2004, nh gi thit hi sc kho do nhim
khng kh ti H Ni
19. Nguyn Th nh Tuyt, 2006, Bo co hi ngh Khoa hc ln th 20i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, Nghin cu th nghim hch ton qun l mi
trng (EMA) ti cng ty Machino Vit Nam
20. Trung tm Mi trng v Pht trin Cng ng, 2009, Bo co c s
khoa hc xy dng tiu ch cp nhn xanh Vit Nam cho ba nhm sn phm: x
phng, bng n compact, bao b.
21. Trung tm nghin cu Php lut & Chnh sch Pht trin bn vng, 2010,
Chin lc, Chnh sch Ti nguyn v Mi trng; Nghin cu tm tt v Bi
thng thit hi do nhim, suy thoi mi trng
22. Nguyn Hu Khi, 2005, Nhn sinh thi i vi hng ha xut khu v
tiu dng ni a, Nh xut bn L lun chnh tr.
23. Thy Vn, 2010, Chi tr dch v mi trng rng, mt chnh sch x hi
mi, thit thc, ph hp vi mc ch bo v rng v mi trng, Tp ch Ti
nguyn v mi trng s 12 (98) thng 6/2010

189

24. V ph bin v gio dc php lut, B T php, 2010, cng gii

thiu Lut Thu Mi trng
25. Vin Chin lc, chnh sch Ti nguyn v Mi trng, 2010, Kinh t
ha tng ng gp ca ngnh Ti nguyn v Mi trng cho ngun thu ngn
sch v GDP, http://isponre.gov.vn/
26. Vin Khoa hc qun l mi trng, 2010, Xy dng c s khoa hc v
phng php lun lng ha gi tr kinh t cc vn quc gia phc v cng tc
qun l v pht trin bn vng
27. Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc Php l- B T php, Trch nhim dn s do
hnh vi gy thit hi v mi trng, Bn tin Lut so snh, S 1/2004.
28. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_th%E1%BB%8B_tr%
C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng
29. http://www.agenda21.monre.gov.vn
30. http://dantri.com.vn/c25/s20-250862/pha-hoai-moi-truong-cong-tyvedan-viet-nam-se-bi-xu-ly-muc-cao-nhat.htm, P. Thanh, Ph hoi mi trng:
Cng ty Vedan Vit Nam s b x l mc cao nht

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Deardorff,

Economic

development, Deardorff's

Glossary

of

International Economics
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for the environment?
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Environmental Protection in Denmark, Ministry of Environment and Energy,
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5. Dick Osborn, Deborah Savage, Maria Fatima Reyes, Tigran Muradian ,
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Environmental Management Acounting.
6. ESCAP, 1999(c), Integrating Environmental Considerations into Economic
Policy

Making

Processes,

http://www.unescap.org/drpad/vc/orientation/M5_2.htm
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67, United Nations, New York
9. Herman Rosa, Deborah Barry, Susan Kandel, and Leopoldo Dimas, 2004,
Compensation for Environmental Services and Rural Communities: Lessons
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Myint and Anne

O.

Krueger,

2009,

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Encyclopdia Britannica.
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Environmental Taxes, http://www.jacses.org/en/paco/envtax.htm
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Practices, a personal View.
14. Ministre des Ressources naturelles du Qubec and the Ministre de
l'Environnement et de la Faune du Qubec, 1997, Guidelines for preparing a
mining site rehabilitation plan and general mining site rehabilitation
requirements.
15. Mohamed Amine Boutaba, Olivier Beaumais, Sandrine Lardic, 2008 ,
Permit Price Dynamics in the U.S SO2 Trading Scheme: a Cointegration
Approach - PRELIMINARY VERSION
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in India
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OECD Global forum on sustainable

development: Emissions trading concerted action ob tradeable emissions permits

country - Implementing SO2 Emissions in China by Jintian Yang and Jeremy
Schreifels
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sustainable development of resources, Harrison Grierson Consultants Limited
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Economics: An Elementary Introduction
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choice modelling application in Vietnams Mekong River Delta, The Economy
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towards transparency 2010
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l

193