TRNG H NNG LM TP.

H CH MINH
KHOA MI TRNG V TI NGUYN
---H I---

BO CO
MN KHOA HC MI TRNG
TI:

RNG V TM QUAN TRNG

CA RNG

GVHD: TS. L Quc Tun

Thc hin: Nhm 11
1. Nguyn Th Tng Hnh 09141127.
2. Trn Th Ngc Yn

11140966

3. inh Vn Quang

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4. L Nguyn Vn

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5. Bi Minh Tng

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6. Lng Minh Diu

11157056

7. on Nht Ninh

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8. Nguyn Th Thi Hin

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MC LC
t vn .................................................................................................................. 4
I-Khi nim v phn loi ........................................................................................... 5
1.Khi nim ............................................................................................................... 5
2.Phn loi ................................................................................................................. 5
2.1. Theo chc nng .................................................................................................. 5
2.1.1. Rng sn xut .................................................................................................. 5
2.1.2. Rng c dng ................................................................................................. 6
2.1.3. Rng phng h ................................................................................................ 6
2.2. Theo tr lng .................................................................................................... 8
2.2.1. Rng giu ........................................................................................................ 8
2.2.2. Rng trung bnh ............................................................................................... 8
2.2.3. Rng ngho ...................................................................................................... 8
2.2.4. Rng kit ......................................................................................................... 8
2.3. Sinh thi .............................................................................................................. 8
2.4. Da vo tc ng ca con ngi ....................................................................... 10
2.4.1. Rng t nhin .................................................................................................. 10
2.4.2. Rng nhn to .................................................................................................. 12
2.5. Da vo ngun gc ............................................................................................. 12
2.5.1. Rng chi ........................................................................................................ 12
2.5.2. Rng ht .......................................................................................................... 13
2.6. Rng theo tui .................................................................................................... 13
2.6.1. Rng non ......................................................................................................... 13
2.6.2. Rng so .......................................................................................................... 14
2.6.3. Rng trung nin ............................................................................................... 14
2.6.4. Rng gi .......................................................................................................... 14
3.Tm quan trng ca rng ........................................................................................ 15
3.1. Mi trng .......................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1. Kh hu ............................................................................................................ 15
2

3.1.2. t ai .............................................................................................................. 16
3.1.3. Ti nguyn khc ............................................................................................... 17
3.1.4. a dng sinh hc ............................................................................................. 17
3.2. Kinh t ................................................................................................................ 19
3.2.1. Lm sn ............................................................................................................ 19
3.2.2. Dc liu ......................................................................................................... 22
3.2.3. Du lch sinh thi ............................................................................................... 23
3.3. X hi ................................................................................................................. 24
3.3.1. n nh dn c ............................................................................................... 24
3.3.2. To ngun thu nhp ......................................................................................... 24
4. Phn b .................................................................................................................. 25
II- Tnh hnh pht trin rng Vit Nam ................................................................... 26
1.Hin trng ............................................................................................................... 26
2. Nguyn nhn .......................................................................................................... 26
3. Kt qu ca cng tc qun l rng hin nay ca nc ta. ...................................... 29
III. nh hng pht trin v qun l rng bn vng ................................................ 29
1. Th no l qun l rng bn vng .......................................................................... 29
2. Cc yu t qun l rng bn vng .......................................................................... 30
2.1.Cc chnh sch v php l ................................................................................... 30
2.2.Sn xut lm sn bn vng .................................................................................. 33
2.3. Bo v mi trng .............................................................................................. 34
2.4. Con ngi v gio dc ........................................................................................ 35
2.5. Yu t khc ......................................................................................................... 36
IV. Kt lun ............................................................................................................... 37
Ti liu tham kho ..................................................................................................... 38

T VN
Ti Vit Nam, nhng nm u th k XX, che ph ca rng nguyn sinh vo
khong 70%, gia th k cn 43%, n nhng nm 1979 - 1981 ch cn 24% (Vin
iu tra quy hoch rng). Nhng ng vt qu him nh t gic trc y phn b vi
mt cao sut dc di Trng Sn t Ty Bc n Min ng Nam B m nay ch
cn khong 6 n 7 c th loi mt sng (Rh. sondaicus) tn ti trong mt qun th
nh Ct Tin, Lm ng (IUCN); trong hn 10 nm tr li y, 4 loi ng vt, 5
loi thc vt hon ton bin mt.
Rng c xem l l phi xanh ca th gii gip iu ho kh hu, cn bng sinh thi cho
mi trng. Rng lm du bt nhit ca lung kh nng ban ngy ng thi duy tr
c m. Rng cn b sung kh cho khng kh v n nh kh hu ton cu bng
cch ng ho carbon v cung cp oxi. Tuy nhin, vi tnh trng rng ngy cng suy
gim th thin tai nh hn hn, l lt xy ra vi tn xut v cng ngy cng tng
gy ra nhng thit hi nghim trng. Dc theo chiu di t nc t H Giang, Tuyn
Quang, Yn Bi, Lo Cai n Thi Nguyn, H Ni, Hu, Si Gn, Cn Th, C
Mau...thit hi vt cht l 11.600 t ng, cht v mt tch 415 ngi (2007). Nm
2008, ch 6 thng u nm thit hi l 814 t, ring th H Ni vi trn lt lch s
thng 11 ngp chm trong nc thit hi vt cht hn 3.000 t ng, 20 ngi
cht.
Trc thc trng vn nhm t ra l Rng v tm quan trng ca rng
gip con ngi c ci nhn ng ng v vai tr ca rng v nhng li ch m rng
em li.

I-Khi nim v phn loi.

1.Khi nim
Rng l qun x sinh vt trong cy rng l thnh phn ch yu. Qun x
sinh vt phi c din tch ln. Gia qun x sinh vt v mi trng, cc thnh phn
trong qun x sinh vt phi c mi quan h mt thit m bo khc bit gia hon
cnh rng v cc hon cnh khc.

Hnh 1. Rng t nhin (nh minh ha)

Nm 1930, Morozov a ra khi nim: Rng l mt tng th cy g, c mi
lin h ln nhau, n chim mt phm vi khng gian nht nh mt t v trong khi
quyn. Rng chim phn ln b mt Tri t v l mt b phn ca cnh quan a l.
Nm 1952, M.E. Tcachenco pht biu: Rng l mt b phn ca cnh quan a
l, trong bao gm mt tng th cc cy g, cy bi, cy c, ng vt v vi sinh vt.
Trong qu trnh pht trin ca mnh chng c mi quan h sinh hc v nh hng ln
nhau v vi hon cnh bn ngoi.
Nm 1974, I.S. M l khp cho rng: Rng l s hnh thnh phc tp ca t
nhin, l thnh phn c bn ca sinh quyn a cu.
2.Phn loi
2.1. Theo chc nng
2.1.1. Rng sn xut
Rng sn xut: L rng c dng ch yu trong sn xut g,lm sn, c sn

Hnh 2. Rng cao su Xun Sn.

Ngun:http://www.panoramio.com/photo/26812237

2.1.2. Rng c dng

Rng c dng: L loi rng c thnh lp vi mc ch ch yu bo tn
thin nhin, mu chun h sinh thi rng ca quc gia, ngun gen sinh vt rng,
nghin cu khoa hc, bo v di tch lch s, danh lam thng cnh phc v ngh ngi du
lch kt hp vi phng h bo v mi trng sinh thi.

Khu d tr sinh quyn Ct B

2.1.3. Rng phng h
Rng phng h: L rng c s dng ch yu bo v ngun nc, bo v
t, chng xi mn, chng sa mc ha, hn ch thin tai, iu ha kh hu, bo v mi
trng.
-

Rng phng h u ngun: Rng ni pht sinh hoc bt ngun nc to

thnh cc dng chy cp nc cho cc h cha trong ma kh, hn ch l l,
chng xi mn, bo v t.
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Gm nhng rng c sn trong t nhin, ch yu l rng hn giao gm nhiu tng,

khng u tui, mt dy, cy c r su, bn, chc.

Hnh 3. Rng phng h u ngun (nh minh ha)

- Rng phng h ven bin: c thnh lp vi mc ch chng gi hn, chn ct bay,
ngn chn s xm mn ca bin, chn sng ln bin, chng st l, bo v cc cng
trnh ven bin.

Hnh 4. Rng ngp mn ven bin C Mau

Hnh 5: Rng phng h (nh minh ha)

-Rng phng h bo v mi trng sinh thi: Nhm mc ch iu ha kh hu, chng
nhim mi trng trong cc khu dn c, khu th, khu du lch.
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Hnh 6: Rng chng nhim mi trng khu dn c

(nh minh ha)
2.2. Theo tr lng
2.2.1. Rng giu
Tr lng rng trn 150 m/ha.
2.2.2. Rng trung bnh
Tr lng rng nm trong khong (100-150) m/ha.
2.2.3. Rng ngho
Tr lng rng nm trong khong (80-100) m/ha
2.2.4. Rng kit
Tr lng rng thp hn 50 m/ha
2.3. Sinh thi
- Kiu rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i
- Kiu rng kn rng l hi m nhit i
- Kiu rng kn l cng hi kh nhit i
- Kiu rng tha cy l rng hi kh nhit i
- Kiu rng tha cy l kim hi kh nhit i
- Kiu rng tha cy l kim hi kh nhit i ni thp
- Kiu trng cy to, cy bi, cy c cao kh nhit i
- Kiu trung bi gai hn nhit i
- Kiu rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i ni thp
- Kiu rng kn hn hp cy l rng, l kim m nhit i ni thp
- Kiu rng kn cy l kim m n i m ni va
- Kiu qun h kh lnh vng cao
- Kiu qun h lnh vng cao

Hnh 7: Rng kn thng xanh ma m nhit i

Vn Quc gia Kon Ka Kinh

Hnh 8: Qun h lnh vng cao

Ngun:lichsuvn.info

Hnh 9: Rng kn hn hp cy l rng, l kim m nhit i

Vn Quc gia P Mt, Ngh An

Hnh 10: Rng tha cy l rng hi kh nhit i

o C Lao Chm- Qung Nam
2.4. Da vo tc ng ca con ngi
2.4.1. Rng t nhin
L rng c sn trong t nhin hoc phc hi bng ti sinh t nhin.
- Rng nguyn sinh:l rng cha hoc t b tc ng bi con ngi, thin tai;
Cu trc ca rng cn tng i n nh.

Hnh 11: Rng nguyn sinh Khe R- Bc Giang

- Rng th sinh: l rng b tc ng bi con ngi hoc thin tai ti mc lm
cu trc rng b thay i.

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Hnh 12: Rng th sinh dc Ty Nguyn (nh minh ha)

- Rng phc hi: l rng c hnh thnh bng ti sinh t nhin trn t mt
rng do nng ry, chy rng hoc khai thc kit.

Hnh 13: Rng Vm St Cn Gi

- Rng sau khai thc: l rng qua khai thc g hoc cc loi lm sn khc.

Hnh 14: Rng c khai thc (nh minh ha)

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2.4.2. Rng nhn to

L rng c hnh thnh do con ngi trng, bao gm:
-Rng trng mi trn t cha c rng;
-Rng trng li sau khi khai thc rng trng c;
-Rng ti sinh t nhin t rng trng khai thc.
Theo thi gian sinh trng, rng trng c phn theo cp tui, ty tng loi cy
trng, khong thi gian quy nh cho mi cp tui khc nhau.

Hnh 15: H i Li cng rng nhn to

Huyn M Linh, thnh ph H Ni.
2.5. Da vo ngun gc
2.5.1. Rng chi
L rng c trng bng chi thn, chi r hay chi gc. Ch p dng cho cc
loi cy c kh nng m chi mnh. Mt s rng p dng phng thc ny:

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Hnh 16: Rng Bch n

Hnh 17: Rng Sa-mu

Nhng loi ny sau khi khai thc rng ln u tin th c th p dng phng chc
ny cho mt hoc hai lun k sau.
2.5.2. Rng ht
L rng c ngun gc ht, tin hnh ti sinh ht sau khai thc trong qu trnh
nui dng rng.
Rng ht c sc sng mnh, n nh, i sng di, cy g ln

Hnh 18: Rng ht (nh minh ha)

2.6. Rng theo tui
2.6.1. Rng non
Giai on pht trin ca rng t lc cy con hnh thnh, tn bt u giao nhau
(i vi rng trng) cho n lc cy mc n nh v chiu cao.

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Hnh 19: Rng mi pht trin (nh minh ha)

2.6.2. Rng so
Rng bt u khp tn, xut hin quan h cnh tranh gay gt v nh sng v
chiu cao gia cc c th cy g. Giai on ny cy g pht trin mnh v chiu cao
2.6.3. Rng trung nin
Rng khp tn hon ton, s pht trin v chiu cao chm li, c s pht trin
v ng knh. Rng thnh thc v ti sinh
2.6.4. Rng gi
Tr lng cy g t ti a. C mt vi cy g gi, cht. Tn cy tha dn, cy
rng vn ra hoa kt qu nhng cht lng khng tt

Hnh 20: Cy g ln (nh minh ha)

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3.Tm quan trng ca rng

3.1. Mi trng
3.1.1. Kh hu
Rng c tc dng iu ha kh hu ton cu thng qua lm gim ng
k lng nhit chiu t mt tri xung b mt tri t do che ph ca tn rng l
rt ln so vi cc loi hnh s dng t khc, c bit l vai tr ht sc quan trng ca
rng trong vic duy tr chu trnh carbon trn tri t m nh n c tc dng trc
tip n s bin i kh hu ton cu.

Hnh 21: Hin tng bng tan do s nng ln ca tri t.

Thc vt sng m ch yu l cc h sinh thi rng c kh nng gi li v tch
tr lng ln carbon trong kh quyn. V th s tn ti ca thc vt v cc h sinh thi
rng c vai tr ng k trong vic chng li hin tng m ln ton cu v n nh kh
hu.
Theo thng k, ton b din tch rng th gii lu gi khong 283 Gt (Giga
tn2) carbon trong sinh khi v trong trong ton h sinh thi rng l 638 Gt (gm c
tr lng cc bon trong t tnh n su 30cm). Lng carbon ny ln hn nhiu
so vi lng carbon trong kh quyn. Vi chc nng ny ca rng, hot ng trng
rng, ti trng rng v qun l bn vng cc h sinh thi rng c coi l mt trong
cc gii php quan trng trong tin trnh ct gim kh nh knh nu ra trong Ngh nh
th Kyoto tin ti mc tiu ngn nga s bin i kh hu ton cu v bo v mi
trng.

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3.1.2. t ai
Rng bo v ph nhiu v bi dng tim nng ca t: vng c rng
th dng chy b ch ng, ngn chn c nn bo mn, nht l trn i ni dc tc
dng y c hiu qu ln, nn lp t mt khng b mng, mi c tnh l ha v vi
sinh vt hc ca t khng b ph hy, ph nhiu c duy tr. Rng li lin tc to
cht hu c. iu ny th hin qui lut ph bin: rng tt to ra t tt, v t tt
nui li rng tt.

Hnh 21: Nng ng pht trin tt

Hnh 22: Nng ry mu m

Nu rng b ph hy, t b xi, qu trnh t mt mn v thoi ha d xy ra
rt nhanh chng v mnh lit. c tnh ni rng b ph hoang tr t trng mi nm
b ra tri mt khong 10 tn mn/ ha. ng thi cc qu trnh feralitic, tch t st,
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nhm, hnh thnh kt von, ha ong, li tng cng ln, lm cho t mt tnh cht
ha l, mt vi sinh vt, khng gi c nc, d b kh hn, thiu cht dinh dng,
tr nn rt chua, kt cng li, i n cn ci, tr si . Th hin mt qui lut cng
kh ph bin, i lp hn hoi vi qui lut trn, tc l rng mt th t kit, v t kit
th rng cng b suy vong.

Hnh 23: Vng t kh cn

3.1.3. Ti nguyn khc
Rng iu tit nc, phng chng l lt, xi mn: Rng c vai tr iu ha
ngun nc gim dng chy b mt chuyn n vo lng nc ngm xung t v
vo tng nc ngm. Khc phc c xi mn t, hn ch lng ng lng sng, lng
h, iu ha c dng chy ca cc con sng, con sui (tng lng nc sng, nc
sui vo ma kh, gim lng nc sng sui vo ma ma).
Rng c vai tr rt ln trong vic: chng ct di ng ven bin, che ch cho vng t
bn trong ni a, rng bo v bin, ci ha vng chua phn, cung cp g, lm sn,
Rng ni c tr ca rt nhiu cc loi ng vt:. ng vt rng ngun cung cp thc
phm, dc liu, ngun gen qu, da lng, sng th l nhng mt hng xut khu c
gi tr.
3.1.4. a dng sinh hc
Rng Vit Nam rt phong ph. Vi c trng v kh hu, c gi ma ng nam
thi ti, gi lnh ng bc trn v, gi t cao nguyn Ty Tng v sn ng dy
Hymalaya, gi ty nam t n Dng i qua em cc loi ht ging ca cc loi
cy di c n nc ta. V vy, thm thc vt nc ta rt phong ph.

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Mt s loi cy tr nn him c v c mt trong ni rng Vit Nam cy bao

bp Chu Phi, cy tay r qun Chu M.
Ngoi ra, vi c im sng ngoi, rng Vit Nam hnh thnh nn cc loi
cy c hu ring cho tng vng. C loi ch sng trong bn ly, c cy sng vng
nc mt, ng thi to nn cc tri cy rng c trng ch c ti vng . Mi
trng sng a dng v phong ph l iu kin ng vt rng pht trin.

Hnh 24: B tt

Hnh 25: Bm kh

Hnh 26: Cheo cheo Nam Dng

18

Hnh 27: Cng

Hnh 28: Hoa T Cu

Hnh 29: Hoa Quyn

V vy, rng khng ch l ngun cung cp nguyn vt liu cho xy dng cng
nghip, thc n cho ngi, dc liu, thc n chn nui m cn l ngun d tr cc
gen qu him ca ng thc vt rng.
19

3.2. Kinh t
3.2.1. Lm sn
Rng cung cp mt sn lng ln lm sn phc v nhu cu ca ngi tiu
dung.
T cc loi g, tre, na cc nh kinh doanh thit k to ra hng trm mt hng
a dng v phong ph nh trang sc, m ngh, dng c lao ng, thuyn b truyn
thng,.. cho ti nh hay dng gia nh hin i,
Ty vo c im tnh cht ca tng loi cy m chng ta c sn phm ph
hp. Chng hn g hunh, sng l, sao nh, bn, x vn di, ngm trong nc mn
khng b h n nn c lm vn cc loi thuyn i trn bin.

Hnh 30: Cy Sng l

G Lim, g Su l th g bn thin nin nn thng c dng lm nh cha,
cung in, ch ghp mng ch khng ng inh m vn gi c cng trnh hng th
k

Hnh 31: Cng trnh tam quan- Cha Nm

20

Mt s sn phm lm sn:

Hnh 32: Nh ca ngi

Hnh 33: Sn phm an lt ca ngi ng bo

Hnh 34: n mi

21

Hnh 35: n tranh

Hnh 36:Trang tr ni tht

Hnh 37: Trong du lch

3.2.2. Dc liu
Rng l ngun dc liu v gi. T ngn xa, con ngi khai thc cc sn
phm ca rng lm thuc cha bnh, bi b sc khe. Ngy nay, nhiu quc gia
pht trin ngnh khoa hc dc liu rng nhm khai thc c hiu qu hn na
22

ngun dc liu v cng phong ph ca rng v tm kim cc phng thuc cha

bnh nan y.

Hnh 38: Cy Kim giao c kh nng kh c

3.2.3. Du lch sinh thi

Du lch sinh thi l mt dch v ca rng cn s dng mt cch bn vng.
Nhiu d n pht trin du lch sinh thi c hnh thnh gn lin vi cc vn quc
gia, cc khu bo tn thin nhin, cc khu rng c cnh quan c bit. Du lch sinh thi
khng ch phc v nhu cu v mt tinh thn m cn tng them thu nhp cho dn a
phng. Thng qu , ngi dn gn b vi rng hn, tham gia tch cc hn
trong cng tc bo v v xy dng rng. Thm mt vn t ra v mi trng b nh
hng bi hot ng du lch v lm th no qun l mi trng ni chung v ca
cc loi ng vt

Hnh 40: Vn C Th c

23

Hnh 41: Vn Quc gia Cc Phng

Hnh 42: Khu du lch Cn Gi

Hnh 43: Vn quc gia U Minh H

3.3. X hi
3.3.1. n nh dn c
Cng vi rng, ngi dn c nh nc h tr t sn xut rng, vn cng
vi cc bin php k thut, c s h tng to ngun thu nhp cho ngi dn. Gip
dn thy c li ch ca rng, gn b vi rng hn. T ngi dn s n nh ni
, sinh sng.
3.3.2. To ngun thu nhp
Rng v sn phm t rng mang li thu nhp cho ngi dn.
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- Cy rng c dn khai thc lm nguyn vt liu. Thng qua hot ng mua

bn trao i gia dn v cc cng ty , i l, nh phn phi . Khng ch trong
nc, cc sn phm cn c xut khu ra th trng ngoi lm tng gi tr sn
phm. V vy, thu nhp ngi dn cng tng ln.
- Hot ng du lch c m rng l ngun thu nhp mi cho dn.
- Rng mang li thc phm, dc liu t nhin c gi tr cho con ngi.

Hnh 44: C vng U Minh H

Hnh 45: Khai thc mt ong t rng U Minh H

4. Phn b
Ba phn t din tch ca nc ta l rng. Rng to thnh nan qut Bc B,
rng trn dy Trng Sn, rng ven bin, rng trn cc hi o. Rng phn b khp
mi ni v c loi rng. Ty theo c im ca tng cnh rng m c s phn b
khc nhau. Cng ln cao, s phn b cc loi cy cng r nt. Chng hn nh rng phi
lao chy dc tt khp cc b bin. Rng nhit i hu ht phn b vng thp t
100m tr xung thp Nam B v t 600-700m min Bc. Rng cn nhit i l
min ni, min Nam cao 1000-2600m; min Bc 600-2400m. Rng rm phn b
25

gn ht c nc, nht l nhng vng thp v vng ni thp; nhiu rng rm nh Cc

Phng, Khe Choang, Qung La, Sa Pa, Hn B, Mng Phang hay T Phnh, Ngc
ng, . Cc rng kn vng cao thng ch yu min Bc, thy nhiu cc vng
o.

Hnh 46: Dy Trng Sn

II. Tnh hnh pht trin rng Vit Nam
2.1.Hintrng
Rng nc ta ngy cng suy gim v din tch v cht lng, t l che ph thc
vt di ngng cho php v mt sinh thi, din tch t ai ca nc ta (so vi
din tch dt t nhin) l i ni, kh hu nhit i m gi ma nn rng rt quan trng
trong vic cn bng sinh thi. Tnh n nm 2010 nc ta c tng din tch rng l
13.388.075 ha, trong rng t nhin l 10.304.816 ha v rng trng l 3.083.259 ha.
che ph rng ton quc l 39,5% (Theo Quyt nh s 1828/Q-BNN-TCLN ngy
11 thng 8 nm 2011)
Hin nay, nn ph rng nc ta n mc bo ng, ph rng theo cch
n gin nht lm nng ry, ph rng kim khong sn, ph rng ly g v
v vng nhng kiu tip tay vi phm php lut khc ang hy hoi l phi xanh ca
t nc.
Theo thng k ca cc kim lm vo 12/2009: c nc c 4145,74 ha rng b tn ph
2.2. Nguyn nhn
- p lc v dn s
-Do c ch th trng, gi c mt s mt hng nng, lm sn tng cao, nhu cu
v t canh tc cc mt hng ny cng tng theo nn kch thch ngi dn
ph rng ly t trng cc loi cy c gi tr cao hoc bun bn t, sang
nhng tri php.
26

-p ng nhu cu pht trin kinh t x hi trong tnh hnh mi, nhiu cng trnh
xy dng, ng x v c s h tng khc c xy dng gy p lc ln i vi
rng v t lm nghip, to mi trng thun li cho cc hot ng ph rng,
khai thc v vn chuyn lm sn tri php.

Hnh 47: Ph rng lm nng ry

Hnh 48: Ph rng ly g

Hnh 49: Ph rng o vng

27

- Ph rng v tnh gy chy rng cng vi tnh hnh thi tit din bin ngy
cng phc tp, kh hn ko di, bo l xy ra thng xuyn gy thit hi khng
nh ti ti nguyn rng.

Hnh 50: Chy rng KonTum

Hnh 50: Nng rng kh hn do nh hng ca bin i kh hu

- Cng tc ph bin, tuyn truyn, gio dc php lut v c ch chnh sch v
lm nghip cha c thc hin c hiu qu.
- Cc ngnh, cc cp chnh quyn, c bit l cp x nhn thc cha y, t
chc thc hin thiu nghim tc trch nhim qun l Nh nc v rng v t
lm nghip.
- Ch rng l cc doanh trng quc doanh, Ban qun l rng phng h v rng
c dng khng nng lc qun l, bo v din tch rng c giao.
- Cha huy ng c cc lc lng x hi cho bo v rng. Vic x l cc vi
phm cha kp thi, thiu kin quyt, cn c nhng quan im khc nhau ca
cc c quan chc nng mt s a phng. Trong khi lm tc ph rng, khai
thc g tri php vi th on ngy cng tinh vi, chng tr ngi thi hnh cng
v ngy cng hung hn. Nu khng x l kin quyt, nghim minh lm tc s
28

coi thng php lut v tip tc chng ngi thi hnh cng v vi mc ngy
cng ph bin hn.
- Lc lng kim lm mng, a v php l cha r rng, trang thit b, phng
tin thiu thn, lc hu. Ch , chnh sch cho kim lm cha tng xng vi
nhim v c giao.Cng tc o to, hun luyn nghip v, gio dc o c
phm cht cho i ng bo v rng nht l kim lm cha c coi trng ng
mc, cha c c s, vt cht cho vic o to hun luyn.
- C s vt cht cho cng tc bo v rng ht sc kh khn. T trng vn u t
ca x hi cho cng tc bo v rng khng ng k.
2.3. Kt qu cng tc qun l rng hin nay ca nc ta
- Nhn thc v rng ca ton x hi c nng ln;
- H thng php lut v qun l bo v rng v qun l lm sn ngy cng hon
thin ph hp vi thc tin, ch trng i mi v thng l quc t; ch
chnh sch lm nghip, nht l chnh sch v a dng ho cc thnh phn kinh t
tronglmnghip, chuyn hng pht trin lm nghip sang mc tiu tch cc
bo v rng t nhin hin cn, y mnh trng rng, khai thc sn phm t
rng trng v khai thc g t rng t nhin theo hng bn vng.
- Hiu lc v hiuqu cng tc qun l rng, nht l qun l quy hoch, chuyn
mc ch s dng rng, giao t, giao rng, kim k, thng k rng c
nng cao mt bc.
- Nh nc y mnh vic giao quyn s dng t, s dng rng, khon bo
v rng n nh lu dincc ch rng qua s thc y s tham gia ca cc
thnh phn kinh t trong qun l, bo v v pht trin rng. .
- Nh nc tng cng u t thng qua nhiu chng trnh, d n lm
cho cng tc qun l, bo v rng v qun l lm sn ngy cng chuyn bin
tch cc. Bn cnh , Tng cc Lm nghip phi hp vi cc n v lin
quan v cc nh ti tr quc t nhm xy dng c ch ti chnh mi, bn vng
nhm khuyn khch qun l bo v v s dng rng bn vng.
III. nh hng pht trin v qun l rng bn vng
1. Th no l qun l rng bn vng
QLRBV l qu trnh qun l nhng lm phn n nh nhm t c mt hoc
nhiu hn nhng mc tiu qun l rng ra mt cch r rng, nh m bo sn
xut lin tc nhng sn phm v dch v mong mun m khng lm gim ng k
nhng gi tr di truyn v nng sut tng lai ca rng v khng gy ra nhng tc
ng khng mong mun i vi mi trng t nhin v x hi.
Theo Tin trnh Hensinki, QLRBV l s qun l rng v t rng theo cch
thc v mc ph hp duy tr tnh a dng sinh hc, nng sut, kh nng ti sinh,
sc sng ca rng v duy tr tim nng ca rng trong qu trnh thc hin v trong
29

tng lai, cc chc nng sinh thi, kinh t v x hi ca rng cp a phng, cp

quc gia v ton cu v khng gy ra nhng tc hi i vi h sinh thi khc.
Hay ni cch khc, QLRBV c hiu l ti nguyn rng v t lin quan phi
c qun l p ng nhu cu v cc mt x hi, kinh t, sinh thi, vn ha, tinh
thn ca th h hin ti v tng lai.

Hnh 51: Kim lm gim st rng

2. Cc yu t qun l rng bn vng
2.1.Cc chnh sch v php l
* Mt s quy nh v iu lut:
- Nh nc c cc chnh sch u t cho vic bo v v pht trin rng gn lin
vi cc hot ng kinh t - x hi; xy dng c s h tng; n nh v ci thin
i sng nhn dn min ni.
- Nh nc u t vic bo v v pht trin (BV&PT) rng c dng, phng h,
rng quc gia; ng thc vt qu him. Nghin cu v ng dng cc nghin
cu khoa hc, pht trin cng ngh v o to ngun nhn lc BV&PT rng;
xy dng h thng qun l rng; c s vt cht, k thut cng trang thit b cho
vic phng chng chy rng v sinh vt gy hi cho rng.
- Nh nc c chnh sch h tr vic bo v v lm giu rng sn xut; trng
cc cy g ln qy him, cy c sn; h tr xy dng c s h tng trong rng
nguyn liu v gip nhn dn t chc sn xut, ch bin v tiu th lm sn.
- Nh nc khuyn khch cc h gia nh, c nhn nhn t pht trin rng
vng t trng. Cc chnh sch u t, h tr vn; min v gim thu cho cc
h trng rng.
- Pht trin th trng lm sn trong v ngoi nc vi mt hng a dng v
phong ph.
*Quyn s dng v s hu:
30

- Thuc v c c nhn, h gia nh.

- c nh nc tha nhn v c php s dng n nh v c thi hn di
lu; tuy nhin, phi hon tr theo quy nh ca Nh nc.
- c hng thnh qu lao ng t t rng c giao.
- c nh nc h tr v mt k thut v p dng cc nghin cu khoa hc
theo cc d n; quy hoch, k hoch v chnh sch Nh nc bo v v pht
trin rng cng nh mang li li ch cho c nhn.
- Thc hin cc ngha v v ti chnh; quy nh v Lut bo v v pht trin
rng v cc quy nh khc ca Nh nc.

31

TIU CHUN QUC GIA QUN L RNG BN VNG

(Tiu chun FSC Vit Nam)
L mt t chc quc t hot ng c lp, Hi ng Chng ch rng (FSC)
c thnh lp nm 1993, vi nhim v thc y qun l rng ca th gii c hiu
qu v kinh t, x hi v mi trng.
V mi trng, m bo vic thu hoch cc sn phm g v ngoi g trong khi
vn duy tr c tnh a dng sinh hc, nng sut v qu trnh sinh thi ca rng.
V x hi, gip cho ngi dn a phng v ton x hi c hng li ch
lu di t rng v cung cp cc bin php khuyn khch mnh m ngi dn a
phng tun th k hoch qun l rng di hn v duy tr c ti nguyn rng.
Cn v kinh t, cc hot ng lm nghip c c cu, sp xp v qun l
c li nhun m khng cn to ngun thu t vic lm cn kit ngun ti nguyn,
cc h sinh thi hoc nh hng ti cc cng ng.
Tiu chun 1: Tun th theo php lut v Tiu chun FSC Vit Nam
Ch rng phi tun th tt c cc lut hin hnh ca Nh nc v nhng
hip nh v hip c quc t m Nh nc k kt ng thi tun th tt c
cc Nguyn tc v Tiu ch FSC
Tiu chun 2: Quyn v trch nhim s dng t
Quyn v trch nhim s dng lu di t v ti nguyn rng c xc
lp r rng, ti liu ha v v c cp giy chng nhn quyn s dng t.
Tiu chun 3: Quyn ca ngi dn s ti
Quyn hp php v theo phong tc ca ngi dn s ti v s hu, s
dng v qun l t ai, lnh th v cc ngun lc ca h phi c tha nhn
v tn trng.
Tiu chun 4: Quan h s ti v quyn ca cng nhn.
Nhng hot ng qun l rng c tc dng duy tr hoc tng cng phc
li kinh t x hi lu di ca cng nhn lm nghip v cc cng ng a
phng.
Tiu chun 5:Nhng li ch t rng
Nhng hot ng qun l rng c tc dng khuyn khch s dng c
hiu qu cc sn phm v dch v t rng m bo tnh bn vng kinh t v
tnh a dng ca nhng li ch mi trng v x hi.
Tiu chun 6: Tc ng mi trng
Ch rng thc hin bo tn a dng sinh hc v nhng gi tr ca a
dng sinh hc, ngun nc, t ai, cc h sinh thi v sinh cnh c th d b
tn thng qua duy tr cc chc nng sinh thi v tnh ton vn ca rng.
32

Tiu chun 7: K hoch qun l

Lp, thc hin v cp nht k hoch qun l ph hp vi phm vi v
cng hot ng lm nghip. cp c th nhng mc tiu qun l di hn
v bin php thc thi c th.
Tiu chun 8: Gim st v nh gi.
Thc hin kim tra v nh gi, tng ng vi quy m v cng ca
hot ng qun l rng, nh gi hin trng rng, sn lng lm sn, chui
hnh trnh sn phm, cc hot ng qun l rng v nhng tc ng mi trng
v x hi ca nhng hot ng .
Tiu chun 9: Duy tr nhng rng c gi tr bo tn cao.
Cc hot ng qun l rng cc khu rng c gi tr bo tn cao c tc
dng duy tr hoc tng cng cc thuc tnh ca nhng khu rng . Nhng
quyt nh lin quan n cc khu rng c gi tr bo tn cao lun c cn nhc
cn thn trn c s mt gii php phng nga.
Tiu chun 10: Rng trng
Rng trng c quy hoch v qun l ph hp vi cc Nguyn tc v
Tiu ch t 1 n 9 v Nguyn tc 10 v cc tiu ch ca n. Mc d rng trng
c th em li cc li ch v kinh t v x hi v p ng c cc nhu cu v
lm sn ca th gii, nhng nhng rng trng cng phi gp phn to iu
kin cho vic qun l tt cc khu rng t nhin, lm gim p lc ln rng t
nhin, gip phc hi v bo tn rng t nhin.
2.2.Sn xut lm sn bn vng
2.2.1. Cc i tng c php khai thc:
- Rng t nhin hn loi cha qua khai thc hoc qua khai thc nhng
c nui dng thi gian ca chu k khai thc.
+ Rng l rng thng xanh v na rng l: 90m3/ha (Thanh Ha tr ra)
+ Rng rng l, rng l kim trn 100m3/ha
+ Rng hn loi tre na: trn 50m3/ha (Thanh Ha tr ra)
-Rng t nhin hn loi t tui cng ngh.
-Rng ca h gia nh c giao qun l, bo v v hng li theo Quy nh
ca Chnh ph.
- Khu rng ngho cn c khai thc & trng li.
-Rng c chuyn ha thnh rng ging phi c s ph duyt ca c quan c
thm quyn.
-Khu c nh nc, c quan thm quyn cho php chuyn mc ch s dng.
2.2.2. Hnh thc khai thc
- Khai thc chn
- Khai thc trng
33

2.2.3. Lun k khai thc

- Rng l rng thng xanh, na rng l; l kim; rng g hn giao vi tre na l
35 nm.
- Rng rng l l 40 nm.
- Rng kinh doanh g tr m l 10 nm.
2.3. Bo v mi trng
Nhm bo tn a dng sinh hc; mi trng sinh thi : Hin php nc ta c
quy nh cc hnh vi b nghim cm (Trch Lut bo v v pht trin rng cn c
vo Hin php nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam nm 1992 c sa i,
b sung theo Ngh quyt s 51/2001QH10 ngy 25 thng 12 nm 2001 ca Quc hi
kha X, k hp th 10.)
1. Cht ph rng, khai thc rng tri php.
2. Sn, bn, bt, by, nui nht, git m ng vt rng tri php.
3. Thu nhp mu vt tri php trong rng.
4. Hy hoi tri php ti nguyn rng, h sinh thi rng.
5. Vi phm cc quy nh v phng chy, cha chy rng.
6. Vi phm cc quy nh v phng, tr sinh vt hi rng.
7. Ln, chim, chuyn mc ch s dng tri php.
8. Khai thc tri php cnh quan, mi trng v cc dch v lm nghip.
9. Vn chuyn, ch bin, qung co, kinh doanh, s dng, tiu th, tng tr, xut
khu v nhp khu thc vt rng, ng vt rng tri vi quy nh ca php lut.
10. Li dng chc v, quyn hn lm tri quy nh v qun l, bo v v pht trin
rng.
11. Chn th gia sc trong khu v nghim ngt ca khu rng c dng. trong rng
mi trng, rng non.
12. Nui, trng, th vo rng c dng cc loi ng vt, thc vt khng c ngun
gc bn a khi cha c php ca c quan nh nc c thm quyn.
13. Khai thc tri php ti nguyn sinh vt, ti nguyn khong sn v cc ti
nguyn thin nhin khc; lm thay i cnh quan thin nhin, din bin t
nhin ca cc loi sinh vt rng, lm nh hng xu n i sng t nhin ca
cc loi sinh vt rng; mang tri php ha cht c hi, cht n. cht d chy
vo rng.
14. Giao rng, cho thu rng, chuyn i, chuyn nhng, tha k, tng cho, th
chp, bo lnh, gp vn bng gi tr quyn s dng rng, gi tri rng sn xut
l rng trng tri php lut.
15. Ph hoi cc cng trnh phc v vic bo v v pht trin rng
16. Cc hnh vi khc xm hi n ti nguyn rng, h sinh thi rng.
17. S dng thuc ha cht: Trong qu trnh trng v khai thc rng, cc ch rng
m bo s dng cc loi thuc c trong quy nh nhm bo v mi trng
34

khng b nh hng bi cc ha cht c; ng thi n nh s pht trin ca

cy rng v ng thc vt rng.
Ngoi ra, rc thi l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm suy gim mi trng quan
trng. Do vy, qun l rc thi tr cn c a ln hng u. Khng ch bo v rng
ni ring m cn cho mi trng sng ca chng ta ni chung.

Hnh 52: Hn hn khin cy rng cht mn

2.4. Con ngi v gio dc.
Yu t con ngi l ci gc; l ci ngun ca mi vn . Gii quyt c ci
gc r th ci thn s pht trin. Do vy cn cho cng ng thy c tm quan trng
ca rng cng nh ca chnh bn thn h i vi ti nguyn rng& mi trng.
- Tuyn truyn gio dc cho ngi dn thng qua phng tin thng tin i
chng nh phim, nh, bo ch,

Hnh 53: Sch bo tuyn truyn

- Khuyn khch nng dn, ch s hu rng,..tham gia cc lp khuyn nng
c thm kin thc v trng v bo v rng theo quy nh ca php lut.
- M cc kha o to cho nhn vin lm cng tc qun l rng.

35

Hnh 54: Hi ngh : cng tc bo v rng

- Tham vn cho ngi ngho cch thu li ch t rng.
- Ngun nhn lc c yu cu chi ph cao thu ht s quan tm ca cng
ng
2.5. Yu t khc
- Ln cc k hoch ngn hn v di hn.
- La chn ging cy rng thc hin k hoch khi phc rng ngho nn kit
qu v trng rng mi trn t hoang.

Hnh55: Trng rng

- Qun l s dng ti ngyn t hp l.
- Qun l dch bnh, su hi cy rng: D on trc kh nng xut hin su v
mc thit hi trn c s xc nh mt qun th v phm vi lan rng; thi
gian gy h hi. lm c iu , cn c s hiu bit v cc nhn t nh
hng n su hi, thc vt b hi v bin i mi trng. T c xut cc
bin php k thut cng nh bin php sinh hc; ha hc; vt l v c gii
phng tr su bnh hi cy trng.
- Phng chng chy rng

36

IV. Kt lun
Vit Nam - ngay t nhng ngy u dng nc, H Ch Tch k sc lnh s
142/SL ngy 21/12/1949 quy nh vic kim tra, kim sot, lp bin bn, x l cc
hnh vi vi phm Php lnh bo v rng. C th ni l nhng ngun u tin ca
php lut qun l - bo v rng. K t n nay, cng vi s pht trin ca kinh t x hi, s xut hin vi vai tr ngy cng tng ca cc chnh sch cho u t pht trin
rng, ca h thng cc vn bn quy phm php lut qun l, bo v rng, s tham gia
vo cc cng c quc t... cng vi nhng bin php ch o thc thi quyt lit, c
th ca Chnh ph, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, cc cp chnh quyn l
biu hin r nt cho s cp bch .
Nhng n lc ca chng ta mc d t c nhng kt qu ng k, che
ph ca rng nhng nm gn y tng (t 24%/1981 ln 39,5%/2010) song ch yu
l rng trng, rng non. Rng giu, rng nguyn sinh tip tc b suy gim, b tn ph.
Nn khai thc, bun bn ng thc vt hoang d tri php lut vn din ra ngy cng
trm trng.
c th t c mc tiu che ph ca rng t khong 43% vo 2015v
tip tc tng nhng nm tip theo mt cch bn vng. Cn c nhng kho st, nghin
cu ton din, khoa hc cho mt chin lc bo v v pht trin rng vi s gp sc
ca nh khoa hc, nh qun l; cc t chc x hi, t chc quc t, thnh phn kinh t;
nhng ngi trc tip lm cng vic tha hnh php lut qun l, bo v rng
ng thi, cc chnh sch ca nh nc nhm h tr, tuyn truyn v gio dc
cho c cng ng v li ch, tm quan trng ca rng i vi nc ta ni ring v th
gii ni chung.

37

Ti liu tham kho:

1. Pham Minh Tho, 2005. Rng Vit Nam, nh xut bn Lao ng.
2. Lut gia Quch Dng, 2005. Tm hiu nhng qui nh mi v bo v rng v
pht trin rng, nh xut bn Lao ng.
3. Trn Vn Cn, Nguyn Huy Sn, Phan Minh Sng, Nguyn Hng Qun, Chu
nh Quang, L Minh Tuyn, 2006. Chng Qun l rng bn vng, Cm
nang ngnh lm nghip. Chng trnh h tr ngnh lm nghip v i tc, B
Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn.
4. Bin dch Ngc Th Mn, 2004. Sch hng dn Chng ch nhm FSC v qun
l rng. Chng trnh lm nghip WWF, chng trnh Vit Nam.
5. Quyt nh s 1828/Q-BNN-TCLN,11/08/2011, v vic cng b hin trng
rng nm 2010.
6. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%E1%BB%ABng
7. http://tintuc.xalo.vn/00747050457/10_loai_dong_vat_VN_gianh_quan_quan_th
e_gioi.html
8. http://www.scribd.com/doc/39030656/HI%E1%BB%86N-TR%E1%BA%A0NGR%E1%BB%AANG-%E1%BB%9E-VI%E1%BB%86T-NAM

38