()

2009

7 (EN
(EN 1997)

. , .

 7.1 ( EN 1997-1 )
1.
2
2.
3.
4
4.
5.

,
,

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

 6 :
:

:
( )
( )

 6 :
1. :
( GEO)
( GEO)
( EQU)

(
(
GEO)

1.1
Vd Rvd
Vd = .
,
, .

.
Rvd = ( ).

Rvd = (1/R) R (Fk , Xk)

R (Fk , Xk)
.


1997-1.

1.1
Vd Rvd
1997-1,
2* (DA-2*), :
E V ((Fk , Xk)

(1/
( R) R ((Fk , Xk)

V (F Fk , Xk)

(1/
( R) R ((Fk , Xk)

1 + R2 :
1 : F = = 1.35 1.50 R2 : R = 1.40

: FS = F R 1.40 x 1.40 = 1.96

1.2
:

Hd Rd + Rp;d
Hd =

(
(

)



.
.
Rd = .
Rp;d = , ..
(
).
,
2*
2 (DA-2
(DA-2*))

: d = E H (Fk , Xk)

d = H (F Fk , Xk)

1 ( .3) :
F = = 1.35 1.50

Rp;d

1.2
Hd Rd + Rp;d
Rp;d = Rp / R
R =1.40
1.40 ( .5)

Rp;d

Rd :
: Rd = (V k tan k) / R;h
: Rd = (Ac cu;k) / R;h
V k =
k = .

, ('cv;k),
(2/3 'cv;k) .
Ac =
cu;k =
R;h =

(
(
.5,
5

).
)

DA-2* : R;h = 1.1
: FS = F R;h 1.40 x 1.10 = 1.54

Edst

1.3 ( EQU )
Edst,d < Estb,d

dst Edst,k < stb Estb,k

Estb

Edst,d =

Estb,d =

2* (DA-2*).
.1 1997-1 :

: FS = dst / stb = 1.10 / 0.9 = 1.22

1.4

:
,

, , ,
.
, ,
11 1997-1,
.
,
3 (DA-3)

11

Rd > Ed
R ((F Fk , Xk / M) > (
( F Fk , Xk / M)

 :
( 2*, DA-2*)
: : = 3m , : L = 4m
: D = 1m
:
E (
): = 20 kN/m3
: ' = 28
: c' = 10 kPa

 :


( ) :
: Gk = 1800 kN
: Qk = 350 kN
: Gk = 360 kN
: Qk = 70 kN
: LGk = 0 kN
: LQk = 0 kN

(( )) : MG,k

G k = 1080 kNm
( L) : MLG,k = 0 kNm
( ) : MQ,k = 210 kNm
( L) : MLQ,k
LQ k = 0 kNm
( ) : qk = 0

 :

1. :
Ed = E (
( F Fk , Xk)
.3 .5

1997-1 ((
1

2*).
)
:
d = Vd = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 1800 + 1.50 x 350 = 2955 kN
( ) :
d = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35 x 360 + 1.50 x 70 = 591 kN
( ) :
Ld = G LGk + Q LQk = 0 kN
( ) :
d = G MG,k + Q MQ,k = 1.35 x 1080 + 1.50 x 210 = 1773 kN
( L) :
Ld = G MLG,k + Q MLQ,k = 0 kN

2. (
) :
Rd = (1/R) R (Fk , Xk)
1997-1

((

DA-2*)) :
( ) :
eBk = MBk / Vk = (1080+210) / (1800+350) = 0.6m
: eLk = MLk / Vk = 0
( B) :
tan (Bk) = B / V = (360+70) / (1800 + 350) = 0
0.20
20 Bk = 11.31
11 31o
( L) :
tan (Lk) = Lk / Vk = 0 Lk = 0
:
= 2 eBk = 3 2 x 0.60 = 1.80m
L = L 2 eLk = 4m
= L = 7.2 m2

2. (
) :
Rd = (1/R) R (Fk , Xk)

R = pu B L

(pu) :

1
pu = c N c sc ic + ( q + 1D ) N q sq iq + 2 B N s i
2
i
(' = 28) :

Nq = e tan' tan2 (45.+ '/2) = 14.720

Nc = (N
( q - 1) / tan ' = 25.803
2 803
N = 2 (Nq- 1) tan ' = 14.590
:
sq = 1 + (B' / L' ) sin ' = 1.2113
s = 1 0.3
0 3 (B'/L' ) = 0.8650
0 8650
sc = (sq Nq -1) / (Nq - 1) = 1.2267

2. (
) :
(iq , i , ic) :
m = mB = [2 + (B '/ L' )]/[1 + (B' / L' )] = 1.6897
iq = [1 H / (V + A
A' cc' cot ' ) ]m
i = [1 H / (V + A' c' cot ' ) ]m+1
ic = iq - (1 iq ) / ( Nc tan ' )

: V = pu B L
: H = V tan()

pu = c N c sc ic + ( q + 1 D ) N q sq iq + 2 B N s i
2
(iq , i , ic)
, pu ( ).
: iq = 0.6949 , i = 0.5602 , ic = 0.6727
: pu,k = pu = 588 kPa
: Rk = Vu,k = pu B L = 588 x 1.80 x 4 = 4233 kN
DA-2* :
Rd = Rk / R = Vu,k / R,v = 4233 / 1.40 = 3024 kN
(R,v) .5 ( R2
DA-2*) 1997-1.

2. (
) :

:
Vd Rd

Vd = 2955 kN 3024 kN = Rd

(FS)
:
FS = R / V = 4233 / (1800 + 350) = 1.97

: FSmin = F R = (1.35
(1 35 1.50)
1 50) x 1
1.40
40 1.40
1 40 x 1
1.40
40 = 1.96
1 96

3. :

Hd Rd + Rp;d

(( )
)
: Rp;d = 0.
( ) :
d = G Gk + Q Qk = 1.35
1 35 x 360 + 1.50
1 50 x 70 = 591 kN
,
( 2*) :
Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h
Vk = Gk + Qk =
k =
R;h = .5.
DA-2*, R;h = 1.1 ( R2).

3. :

Rd = (Vk tan k) / R;h

Hd Rd + Rp;d

Rp;d = Rp / R;e

Vk = Gk + Qk = 1800 + 350 = 2150 kN

,
()
('cv;k). : = 28 o, :
Rd = ( 2150 x tan(28) ) / 1.10 = 1039.2 kN

Rp;d = 0 / 1.40 = 0

: Hd Rd + Rp;d Hd = 591 1039.2 + 0

(FS)
: FS = Rk / Hk = ( 2150 x tan(28) ) / (360 + 70) = 2.66
: FSmin = F R = (1.35 1.50) x 1.10 1.40 x 1.10 = 1.54

2. :

(,
(

) .

.
(
).

(.. , ,
,
).
)
, (
).

 7 :
:
:
GEO : -

GEO :

STR : ,

GEO :
(.. )

Vd Rd
1997-1,
2* (DA-2*), :

V (F Fk , Xk)

1 + R2 :
1 : F = = 1.35 1.50 , R2 : R = 1.10

(1/R) R (Fk , Xk)

R =

R = R s + Rb

 ( Rk ) :
7
, ()
(n)
(n) (.
).

Rk :
1. (n) (..
)
2. (n)
3. (n)
4.
(fsu) (qbu)
: (4) ().
, (m)
(4) .

 1 : ( Ru,k )

((n))
*
* ((..

).

(..
cu qc )
(fsu) (qbu).
)
Ru. (n) Ru .
* =

Rsu = D f su z
i (i = 1,2, n) :

(fsu , qbu )

Rbu = Ab qbu

Ru = Rsu + Rbu
b
(Ru,mean) (Ru,min)
( ) :

Ru ,mean

1 n
= Ru
n i =1

Ru ,min = min {Ru }

 1 : ( Ru,k )

Ru ,k

Ru ,mean Ru ,mini
= min
,

4
3

, 3 4
n :

 2 : ( Ru,k )
.
n Ru :
(Ru,mean) (Ru,min)
( ) :

Ru ,mean

1 n
= Ru
n i =1

Ru ,min = min {Ru }

Ru ,k

Ru ,mean Ru ,min
= min
,

2
1

, 1 2
n
n :

10% ( 1)

 4 : ( Ru,k )

R :

R = Rs + Rb

(.. SPT, CPT, PMT)

/ (.. UU, CU, DS)

(.. cu , qc , N)

(fsu,k ) ( qbu,k ).

:

R=

{Rsu + Rbu } =

{ DL f

su ,k

+ Ab qbu ,k }

1997-1 : m = 1.30
m = 1.30 :
FS = F * R * m 1.40 x 1.10 x 1.30 = 2.0
: FS = (Rsu + Rbu) / V

Vd = Rd F V = (1/R) [ (1/m) (Rsu + Rbu) ]

:
. D=0.8m, L=15m.

(Vk)
.
80% (permanent) 20%
(transient).
: , = 18 kN/m3
: cu = 125 kPa
: , = 20 kN/m3 SPT N = 45

7,

fsu qpu.


DIN 1054 : 2005

 :
4

: m= 1.30
DIN 1054:2005

:
: , = 18 kN/m3
: cu = 125 kPa
: fsu = 45 kPa
:
,
, = 20 kN/m3
SPT N = 45

qc = 0.5 N = 0.5 x 45 = 22.5 MPa.

: fsu = 120 kPa qbu = 3.75 MPa

2* ((DA-2*)) :
:

Fd = G Pk + Q Qk = 1.35 (0.8Vk ) + 1.50 (0.2Vk ) = 1.38 Vk

:

Rsu,k =

D f su,k z

Rsu,k = (1/1.3) x [3.14 x 0.80 x (45 x 12 + 120 x 3)] = 1043.5 + 695.6 = 1739 kN
:

Rbu,k =

Ab = 3.14
3 14 x 0
0.8
82 / 4 = 0
0.5024
5024 m2

Ab qbu,k

Rbu,k = (1/1.3)
(1/1 3) x 0
0.5024
5024 x 3750 = 1449 kN

Ru ,d =

sR

Rsu,k +

bR

Rbu,k =

1
1
1739 + 1449 Ru ,d = 2898 kN
1.1
1 .1

Fd Ru ,d

1.38 Vk 2898 Vk 2100 kN

 :
(FS=2) :
:

Qsu = D f su z
z
Qsu = 3.14 x 0.80 x (45 x 12 + 120 x 3) = 1356.5 + 904.3 =
2261 kN
:

Qbu = Ab qbu

Ab = 3.14 x 0.82 / 4 = 0.5024 m2

Qbu = 0.5024 x 3750 = 1884 kN
: Qu = Qsu + Qbu = 2261 + 1884 = 4145 kN
: FS=2
: Qall / FS = 4145 / 2 = 2072 kN

 8 :
:
,
, .
(investigation tests),

/. ,
.
, :
1
1.

(suitability
(s itabilit tests)
2. (acceptance tests).
: ,
.

,

(proof load), Pp,

EN 1537:1999 (
) .

 :
:
. ,
.

EN 1537:1999 (
).

P = 1.25
1 25 k

Ek

().
,
(lock-off load) Po = (80-90%) k.

 :
Pd Ra;d
Pd = () .
(.. )
Ra;d = (Ra )
:

Ra;d = min { Ra;k / a , Rt;k / m }

Ra;k = (
).
/

a = , 3.3.4(1) A.12.
DA-2*, : R2, : a = 1.10
Rt;k = As y,k
y k =
, . As
, y,k

m = 1.15 ()
: Rt;d = Rt;k / m =

: FS = F a2 a 1.4 x 1.0 x 1.1 = 1.54

 ( Ra;k )
Ra;k :

.
.

(
(

).
(Ra;k) ,
(a)
: (n)
: (Ra,1), (Ra,2), (Ra,n) .
(Ra;k) :

Ra ;k

(R )

a , m mean

1
=
n

(Ra , m )mean (Ra , m )min

= min
,

a1
a2

R
i =1

a, i

(n) :
a1 =
a2 =

(R )

a , m min

1
1 20
1.20
1.20

= min Ra ,1 , Ra , 2 ,.... Ra , n

2
1 15
1.15
1.10

3
1 10
1.10
1.00

:

.

(
)
:
: PGk = 320 kN
: PQk =70 kN

: Pk = 320 + 70 = 390 kN
:
,
(
). ,

(Pk) ,
(.. ).

 () (Pd) :
, .
.3
1997-1):
Pd = G PGk + Q PQk = 1.35
1 35 x 320 + 1.50
1 50 x 70 = 537 kN
(Ra;k):

, :
Ra;k = d L fsu,k = 3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200 = 603.2 kN
,
:
Ra,1 = 640 kN, Ra,2 = 662 kN , Ra,3 = 700 kN.
: (Ra,m)mean = 667.3 kN :
(Ra,m)min = 640 kN.
, : a1 = 1.10 a2 = 1.00.

:

Ra ;k

(Ra , m )mean (Ra , m )min

,
= min
= 606.7 kN
a 2
a1

: Ra;k = 603.2 kN

 (Ra;d) :
Ra;d = Ra;k / a = 603.2 / 1.1 = 548.4 kN
(a) A.12.
DA-2*, R2, : a = 1.10.
(Ra;d
a d)
(Rt;d)
: Rt;d = Rt;k / m = ( As y,k ) / m
As

,, y,k

y k
m = 1.15
().

,
,
140 mm2 y,k = 1600 MPa.
: Rt;k = As y,k = 3 x (140 x 10-6) x 1600 = 0.672 MN = 672 kN, :
Rt;d = Rt;k / m = 672 / 1
1.15
15 = 584
584.3
3 kN
: Ra;d = 548.4 584.3 = Rt;d : Ra;d = 548.4 kN.

: Pd Ra;d
: Pd = 537 548.4 = Ra;d
(FS) :
FS = Rk / Pk = ( d L fsu,k) / (PG+PQ) =
= (3.14 x 0.12 x 8 x 200) / (320 + 70) = 603.2 / 390 = 1.55

 9 :

( , , )
, :
(gravity walls)
(embedded walls)
( )

:

:
()

 :

:
.
(GEO)
(
), , .
,
,
(wale)
(strut) .
(STR)
.
( GEO).
11 1997-1.
(hydraulic heave)
(piping). 10
1997-1.
,


.
-

.
- .

Rd > Ed

(( > )

E
E

.

.
, ,

((

, ).
(
DA-2* ).
,

,
( ).
,

DA-2* :
(
)

Rd > Ed

( > )

( ) / R > F ( ) F ( )
1.40 1.35 1.50
1.00

 1 :

H=6
6m

(,
)

B0

= 24
KN/m3
x0

hp

Pav

= 2/3

B/2

= 20 KN/m3
c=0
= 37.5

Pah

M
Pph 0

ha

q = 20 KPa

B/2

= 20 KN/m3
c = 10 KPa
= = 30

1. ( ).
2.

(GEO)
(
) : Ed < Rd
Ed = 1.35 Pah , g + 1.50 Pah ,q = 1.35 x 75.60 + 1.50 x 25.2 = 139.86 kN/m
Rd =

N tan ( ) + Pph

R
1

R = 1.10


1.40

: Ed < Rd 139.86 < 175.93 .

3. (EQU) : Edst,d < Estb,d

hp

ha

H = 6m

Edst =
.
1.10 () 1.50
()
Estb
tb = .
0.9 ( )

Edst,d < Estb,d 109.08 < 496.89

4. (GEO) : Ed < Rd

1
pu = c N c sc ic + ( q + 1D ) N q sq iq + 2 B N s i
2
H=6
6m

hp

ha

Vd = 454.29 1050.7 = Rd

 2 :

.

(D)

.

fill
a,h,q
fill
P
a,h,q
fill
P
ah g
a,h,g
fill

a,h,g

soil
p,h,g
P soil
p,h,g

soil
a,h,q
P soil
a,h,q

soil
ah g
a,h,g

P soil
a,h,g

1. GEO :

.

R
.

,
() 20%
.

((

q)
.

fill
a,h,q
fill
P
a,h,q
fill
P
ah g
a,h,g
fill

a,h,g

soil
ph g
p,h,g
P soil
p,h,g

soil
a,h,q
P soil
a,h,q

soil
a,h,g

P soil
a,h,g

D C :
1 35 x ( .
1.35
)
) + 1.50
1 50 ( .

) = ( .
q)

)) / 1.40
1 40

D=6m
(
, , R)
Rk = 1696 kN/m.

20%,
20%

, : D
= 1.20 * 6.0 = 7.20m

2. STR :

()
.
(
) ()
,

1. :

(
( g,k
g k)
2. ( + ) :
(g+q,k)
:
q,k = g+q,k - g,k
: d = 1.35 *g,k +1.50* q,k

(.. )

 10 :

UPL :

( lift)
(uplift)


.

(
).
HYD :

.

. ,

,
(boiling).
UPL

HYD

1. UPL ( )
: Vdst,d Gstb;d + Rd
G,dst Gdst + Q,dst Qdst G;stb (Gstb + R)
Vdst,d
, =

Gstb;d =
Rd = (.
(
) - ()

: FS = 1 / G;stb = 1 / 0
0.9
9 = 1.10
1 10

Rd

Vdst,d

 :
= 200 kPa
( ) G =150 kPa
Q =50 kPa ( ).
=12m
()
.

stb;d = G;stb stb;k = G;stb G = 0.9 x 150 = 135 kPa

udst;d = G;dst udst;k = G;dst (W H ) = 1.0 x 10 x 12 = 120 kPa
: udst;d stb;d 120 < 135 .

1. HYD ( )
: Sdst;d G
Gstb;d
Sdst;d =

HYD

Gstb;d =

Sdst,d

Gstb;d

: FS = G;dst G;stb = 1.35 / 0.90 = 1.50

 11 :
:

,



,

, (cut or buried
structures), .

,
3 (DA-3)

 3 (DA-3) :
:
(1) ( ),
)
(2) ( ),

(
, , )
.

 3 (DA-3) :
,
( : cd , d : cu;d)
(m), :

cd =

ck

M m

tan d =

M m

tan k

cu ;d =

cu ;k

M m

= 1.25
1 25 1.40
1 40

:
(1) : m = 1.1.
(FS) :
FS = m = 1.25 x 1.1 = 1.38
FS = m = 1.40 x 1.1 = 1.54
(2)

: m = 1.
1
(FS) :
FS = m = 1.25 x 1 = 1.25
FS = m = 1.40
1 40 x 1 = 1
1.40
40

 :
15 2:3 (:)
( ) :
: = 20 kN/m3 , () : c = 15 kPa
() : = 25 , : q = 20 kPa

qd = F q = 1.30 x 20 = 26 kN/m2

:
cd = c / 1.25
1 25 = 15 / 1.25
1 25 = 12 kPa
d = arctan (tan / 1.25) = arctan (tan 25 / 1.25 ) = 20.46o

 ( 3)

= 20 kN/m3
cd = 12 kPa
d = 20.46
20 46o

> 1.0, .

 :
1998-5 :
(1)
(F = = 1).
(2)

(()
(R) ( = R = 1).
((3))

(m)

.
.
(4) 2 DA-2
DA-2*
,

3 (DA
(DA-3)
3).
,

1. : FS = 1
2. : FS = 1.30
3. : FS = 1
4. : FS = 1
5. : FS = 1.1 ( )