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,

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(NOAA).

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. 50-100 , ,
,

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,
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82

4.
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. , , ,


, ,
;
. , ,
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1994,

,
.
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.
, 20 km,
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.

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.

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. ,
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, 30 1908, 6-10 km
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km2 . , ,
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, .

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,


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. ,

,
.
86

rahic, Andre, : ,
B
- , : , 2002.
, ., , 
: , 1999.
, , : , : Leader Books, 2000.
, , , :

Leader Books, 2001.
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legends, Chichester, UK: Springer, Praxis, 1999.
Jones, Barrie William, Discovering the solar system, Chichester: Wiley, c 1999.

Kippenhahn Rudolf, Discovering the secrets of the sun, Chichester: Wiley, 1994.
Lang, Kenneth R., Sun, earth and sky, Berlin: Springer, 1997.

, ., , , : , : , 2009.
Pecker, Jean Claude, The future of the sun, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992.
Phillips, Kenneth J.H., Guide to the sun, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.

, , : : ,
: . , 2006.

Tayler, Roger J., The stars: their structure and evolution, Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1994.

Taylor, Peter O., Hendrickson, Nancy L., Beginners guide to the sun, Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach,
1995.
Wentzel, Donat G., The restless sun, Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1989.
Whitehouse, David, The sun: a biography, Chichester, England: Wiley, 2005.

Woolfson, M. M., The formation of the solar system: theories old and new, London: Imperial
College Press; Hackensack, NJ: Distributed by World Scientific Publishing Co., c2007.
Zirker, Jack B., Journey from the center of the sun, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton

University Press, 2002.

87

ENOTHTA

17 James Usher (1580-1656),


,
, 23 4004
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,
Usher
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(17311802). ,
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,
, .
, , 24 1859. 1250 ,

,
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, Thomas Huxley (1825-1895),
.
, Huxley

.
,
150

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93

1859.

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. , Mendel ,
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94

;
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Alexander Oparin (1894-1980)
J. B. S Haldane (1892-1964) , ,
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, ,

.

-

97

James Watson.

Francis Crick.

98

Stanley Miller (1930-2007), Harold Urey (1893-1981).


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, ,
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, , .
1953,
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DNA,
.

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(416-360 Ma)
, . ,
.

107

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(Ron Blakey, NAU Geology).

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(359-299 Ma),
-

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,

109


110


(Ron Blakey, NAU Geology).

.

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(199-145 Ma) (145-65
Ma) .
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112


(23-2,6 Ma), ,
, ,
,

A
lters, Sandra; Alters, Brian, Biology: understanding life, Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley,
c2006.
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of California Press, 2009.
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geology, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice - Hall, 1998.
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Phoenix, 2005.
Dawkins, Richard, : , : 
/ , 2009.
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Futuyma, Douglas J., , : ,

1991.
Margulis, Lynn; Dolan, Michael F., Early life: evolution on the precambrian earth, Boston:

Jones and Bartlett, c 2002.
Margulis, Lynn; Sagan, Dorion, Acquiring genomes: a theory of the origins of species, New

York: Perseus / Basic Books, 2003.
Mayr, Ernst, , : ,

2001.
Mayr, Ernst, : , : , 2002.

Mayr, Ernst; Diamond, : : , 
, : , 2005.
Mayr, Ernst, : , 
, : , 2008.
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Hoboken, N.J. : Wiley, c2004.
Scott, Eugenie Carol, vs :

, : , c2009.
Stringer, Chris, Andrews, Peter, Homo : , :

Polaris, 2006.
Trotman, Clive, The feathered onion: creation of life in the universe Chichester, England:

Wiley, 2004.
Watson, James D. edt, Darwin: the indelible stamp: the evolution of an idea, Philadelphia;

London: Running Press, c2005.
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Webster, Stephen, , : , 2003, c2002.


113

114

ENOTHTA

;
, ,

. , , ,
, ,
. , ,
,
, , , ,



. , ,
,
,
.

,
,

, ,
,


, .
,
,
.

,
.

,
,
,
,
,

, .

1.

, 2,5
, , 3.500
.., .
,

. , .


Homo, ,
Homo Habilis ( ) Homo
Erectus ( ). 300.000 ,
.


.
(40.000-10.000 ..),
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,
.
, , ,

Homo
250.000 , 116


125.000 . 130.000
. ,
Homo
Homo Heidelbergensis ( ).
,
600.000-400.000
Homo Ergaster ( ). H
, ,
2,5 .


,
3,2
. , ,

. , ,
, ,
o Homo Sapiens,
130.000 . , ,

, ,

.

-,
,
, , .
.
-,
,
.
, ,
,
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. , , , , ,
. Homo Sapiens,
, -

Willendorf.

117

Homo, 200.000
. 100.000 ,
45.000
,
15.000 .
,
, , .

35.000 .
, .

30.000 .. Homo Sapiens. , ,
21.000-18.000 .. ,
-

. -
, 14.000 . ,
,
. , , , Lascaux ,
, 18.000-14.000
.. .
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Lascaux.




. , ,

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.
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.

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. , , ,
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, , .
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, ,
, . , ,
(1792-1750 ..)
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.

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Ibn al Haytham Alhazen. , , ,


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, 12 ,
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, 1315-17,
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, 40% . , 1453,
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(1398-1468) 15 ,
.

, ,
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,
.

,
.

129

,
. , ,
, ,
,
(1452-1519),
(1475-1564), (1483-1520),
(1445-1510) (1488-1576). Filippo Bruneleski (1377-1446),
,

. , ,

, , (1444-1514), (1484-1546) (1556-1629)


.

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,
.
1543
: De Humani Corporis Fabrica
( ) Andreas
Vesalius (1514-1564), , Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (
)
(1473-1543), .
,
, ,

, , .


,
,
. , ,
, .

131

, Andreas Cellarius (1596-1665).


, William
of Ockham (1288-1348). ,

,
,
, .

. ,
132



,

.

.
(1546-1601), ,
. , , 5
, ,

, .

, . De Nova Stella (
), , ( ),

, ,
,
. , ,


,

(1571-1630) . , , , ,
.
,
, 1600 , ,
,
. 1601,
, ,
.

, .

Astronomia Nova.

133

134

,
,
.
,
Astronomia Nova ( ) 1609. 10 , Harmonices Mundi ( ), ,

. ,
,

. , ,

, ,

, . 70 , .
, ,
17 , (1564-1642)

.
,
4
,

, . ,
,
,


,
. , ,
, ,
,

.
, ,
. , ,
, ,
,
.
, ,

.


,
. , ,
Giordano Bruno 1584
, , ,
,
16 . ,
1616

,
.


, 1790.

135

136

. 1632
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
,
.

. ,
,
,
. ,

,
,
,

.


. ,
(1643-1727),

( ),
. ,

, 1687,

,
,
. ,
.
, , , Hook
Leibniz, . ,

, :

, , .
,
,
,
, -

,

:
, .

, ., :
, , : , 2001.
Baynes, Norman H.,Moss, L. B., : , : , 1988.
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Cesarsky, Catherine, , :

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Crombie, Alistair Cameron, , : , 1989, 1994.
Drake, Stillman, , :

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Hawking, S. W., , : , 2006.Lloyd, G. E. R., :

, : , 2005.
Kaku, Michio, : 21 , : Anubis, 2000.
Kragh, Helge, : 20 , : , 2004.
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Lucie - Smith, Edward, & , : , 1992.
Magalhaes, Roberto Carvalho, : 
, : , 2006.
, , , : , 1990.
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, . , : - , 1995.
Ubaldo, Nicola, , : , c 2008.
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137

138




.

19
James Clerk Maxwell
(1831-1879) , ,
. ,
Nicolas Carnot (17961832), Benoit Clapeyron (1799-1864), Rudolf
Clausius (1822-1888) William Thomson,
Kelvin (1824-1907) ,
19 Albert Mickelson (1852-1931) Edward
Williams Morley (1838-1923) , ,
. , , .
, 20
. 1900
Max Planck (1858-1947)
, .
,
, -

,

, . 1921. , ,
Niels Bohr (18851962), Louis de Broglie (1892-1987), Werner
Heisenberg (1901-1976), Max Born (1882-1970)
Erwin Schrdinger (1887-1961). ,
, ,
- ,
.

:
. , 1905
, ,
, 10
.



, ,

139

Solvay, 1927, .
. Planck, H.A. Lorentz,
Einstein, Schrdinger, Pauli, Dirac, Compton, de Broglie, Born Bohr.

. ,
,

, .
,
.

20 , , , Alexander
140

Friedman (1888-1925) Georges Lematre (1894-1966),



, .


1920,
Vesto Slipher (1875-1969), 1929
Edwin Hubble. , -

,
,
. , ,
. ,

,
.
,
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935),
1898
, ,


.
Tsiolkovsky , Robert Goddard (18811945) ,
, .
Hermann
Oberth (1894-1989) Robert Esnault-Pelterie
(1881-1957).
Esnault-Pelterie, ,
, Sputnik 1 4 1957,

. 4 ,
Sputnik 1,
,

O Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

O Robert Goddard.

141

Yuri Gagarin
O .

Vostok 1, , 12
1961.
Kennedy
, ,

1960.
. 8 , 20 1969, Neil Armstrong (1930-)
Apollo 11,
:
,
. , , Apollo 17


. , ,
Apollo-Soyuz ( 1975),


.
400 ,

Neil Armstrong
.

142

,

, . 30
,

.
70,

, ,
, ,
. , ,

,
,

.

. , ,


, , .
20
, ,
,

. ,

,

.

143


. 1894, Albert
Michelson

. Max Born, 1928 , ,
6 . Steven Hawking, 1980
,
. ! ,
,
,

96%
.

144

;
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,

, , ,
.
...

, .

,
, 2,5 ,
, . : ,
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,

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, ,

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100
, , , 13,7 .
, ,
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,


. , ,
100 , o
,
,

.

.

;

145

; .

, . , .
,
, ,
,
,

,
. ; .
,

.

,
. .




... ... .

146

.

.







3D graphics programming



3D modeling




3D animation


Storyboard

&
.

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,
Full-dome technical support

Full-dome production assistants




Print illustration


3D animation & rendering software
HIVE 3D DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM
Computer graphics & 3D animation services
EYELEAD SOFTWARE

Full-dome services

Post-production video services
EYELEAD SOFTWARE

Post-production audio services
STARGAZER AUDIO


Bjorn Jonsson John Van Vliet
.



EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY
NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION

NASA, .



EYELEAD SOFTWARE
2011

147

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13,7 ,
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. 387 - 17564 . , . 210 9469600, fax: 210 9430171, e-mail:puplic@eugenfound. edu.gr, http://www. eugenfound.edu.gr

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