TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv1/RIPv2

MC LC
Li ni u
I. Tng qut .................................................................................................. 3
1.1. Gii thiu ......................................................................................... 3
1.2. nh ngha ....................................................................................... 3
1.3. Thut ton ........................................................................................ 4
II. Giao thc nh tuyn - RIP ..................................................................... 5
2.1. nh tuyn theo vct khong cch .................................................. 5
2.1.1. c im .............................................................................. 5
2.1.2. Vct khong cch................................................................ 7
2.1.3. Vn v cc phng php gii quyt lp vng ................... 8
2.2. Chi tit v giao thc nh tuyn RIP............................................... 16
2.2.1. RIP phin bn 1 .................................................................. 16
2.2.1.1. c im................................................................. 16
2.2.1.2. Cu trc bn tin ...................................................... 16
2.2.1.3. Cc b nh thi ..................................................... 17
2.2.1.4. Thit k RIPv1 ........................................................ 18
2.2.2. RIP phin bn 2 .................................................................. 19
2.2.2.1. c im................................................................. 19
2.2.2.2. Cu trc bn tin ...................................................... 20
2.2.2.3. Cc b nh thi ..................................................... 21
2.2.2.4. Thit k RIPv2 ........................................................ 21
2.2.3. So snh ............................................................................... 22
III. ng dng .............................................................................................. 23
3.1. Gii hn ......................................................................................... 23
3.2. Bo mt.......................................................................................... 25
3.3. ng dng ....................................................................................... 25
VI. Kt lun ................................................................................................ 26

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

LI NI U

tng kt kt qu hc tp sau nhng nm hc ca sinh vin ngnh mng my

tnh v tin vin thng, em c nhn chuyn tt nghip t 1 vi ti:
Giao thc nh tuyn RIPv1/RIPv2
Ni dung ca ti bao gm:
I. Gii thiu chung v giao thc v thut ton m giao thc s dng.
II . Nghin cu v giao thc thng tin nh tuyn. Ban u s ni qua v nh
tuyn theo vct khong cch. Sau s i chi tit v tng phin bn ca giao
thc thng tin nh tuyn.
III. Rt ra nhng u im, nhc im v bo mt ca RIP th RIP s c ng
dng u v ti so ng dng .
Trong ti ny mc d em c gng hon thnh ti ny mt cach
tt nht. Tuy nhin, khng th khng c nhng thiu st. Em rt mong nhn
c s gp , ch bo ca cc thy c gip em hon thnh ton b chuyn
tt nghip ny.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

GIAO THC NH TUYN RIPv1/RIPv2

I. Tng qut
1.1. Gii thiu
Ngy nay, mt lin mng c th ln n mc mt giao thc nh tuyn khng
th x l cng vic cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ca tt c cc b nh tuyn.
V l do ny, lin mng c chia thnh nhiu h thng t tr (ASAutonomous System). H thng t tr l mt nhm cc mng v b nh
tuyn c chung chnh sch qun tr. N i khi cn c gi l min nh
tuyn (routing domain). Cc giao thc nh tuyn c s dng bn trong
mt AS c gi l giao thc nh tuyn ni min IGP (Interior Gateway
Protocol). thc hin nh tuyn gia cc AS vi nhau chng ta phi s
dng mt giao thc ring gi l giao thc nh tuyn ngoi min EGP
(Exterior Gateway Protocol). Routing Information Protocol (RIP) c thit
k nh l mt giao thc IGP dng cho cc AS c kch thc nh, khng s
dng cho h thng mng ln v phc tp.
Hin nay c nhiu giao thc nh tuyn ang c s dng. Tuy nhin
trong phn ny ta ch trnh by v giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP
(Routing Information Protocol).
RIP xut hin sm nht vo thng 6 nm 1988v c vit bi C.
Hedrick trong Trng i hc Rutgers. c s dng rng ri nht v tr
thnh giao thc nh tuyn ph bin nht trong nh tuyn mng.
RIP chnh thc c nh ngha trong hai vn bn l: Request For
Comments (RFC) 1058 v 1723. RFC 1058 (1988) l vn bn u tin m t
y nht v s thi hnh ca RIP, trong khi RFC 1723 (1994) ch l bn
cp nht cho bn RFC 1058.

1.2. nh ngha

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn min trong c s dng cho cc h thng t

tr. Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn thuc loi giao thc nh tuyn khong
cch vct, giao thc s dng gi tr o lng l s bc nhy (hop
count) trong ng i t ngun n ch. Mi bc i trong ng i t
ngun n ch c coi nh c gi tr l 1 hop count. Khi mt b nh tuyn
nhn c 1 bn tin cp nht nh tuyn cho cc gi tin th n s cng 1 vo
gi tr o lng ng thi cp nht vo bng nh tuyn.

RIP c hai phin bn:

RIP phin bn 1 RIPv1 (RIP version 1): RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn
phn lp, khng c thng tin v mt n mng con v khng h tr nh tuyn
lin vng khng phn lp CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), chiu di
bin ca mt n mng con VLSM (Variable-length subnet mask). RIPv1 s
dng a ch qung b. RIPv1 c xc nh trong RFC 1058 "Routing
Information Protocol" nm 1988.
RIP phin bn 2 RIPv1 (RIP version 2): RIPv2 l giao thc nh tuyn
khng phn lp, c thng tin v mt n mng con v h tr cho CIDR,
VLSM. RIPv2 s dng a ch a hng. RIPv2 c xc nh u tin trong
cc RFC sau: RFC1387 "RIP Version 2 Protocol Analysis" nm 1993,
RFC1388 "RIP Version 2 Carrying Additional Information" nm 1993 v
RFC1389 "RIP Version 2 MIB Extensions" nm 1993.

1.3. Thut ton

RIP s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vct khong cch DVA (Distance
Vct Algorithms)
Thut ton Vct khong cch: L mt thut ton nh tuyn tng thch
nhm tnh ton con ng ngn nht gia cc cp nt trong mng, da trn
phng php tp trung c bit n nh l thut ton Bellman-Ford. Cc nt

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

mng thc hin qu trnh trao i thng tin trn c s ca a ch ch, nt k

tip, v con ng ngn nht ti ch. M t hnh thc thut ton ny nh
sau:
Gi thit
r l nt ngun, d l nt ch
Cdr l gi thp nht t nt r ti ch d
N rd l nt tip theo ca r trn ng ti d
crs l gi ca lin kt t r ti s
DVA gi thit gi ca tuyn lin kt c tnh cng gi v dng.

Tnh ton
Bng nh tuyn trong mi nt r c khi to nh sau:
Crr = 0;
s : s N rd th Crs = ;
Crd(r, d, Nrd) l tp cc gi ca con ng i t nt r ti nt d qua nhiu
nht (s -2) nt trung gian.
+) Bc s =1 : Crd(r, d, 1) = Csd(d,1)= csd , Nrd r
+) Bc s >1 : Crd(d, Nrd) = Min[Min[Crd(r, d, s )], Crd(r, d, s -1)] , d
r

Mt khi node r nhn c thng tin vct khong cch ((d, Csd),) t
nt s, r s cp nht bng nh tuyn tt c cc ch ti d trong tp cha s.
Nu ( Csd + crs < Crd hoc Nrd = s) th (Crd = Csd + crs v Nrd = s).

II. Giao thc nh tuyn - RIP

2.1. nh tuyn theo vct khong cch
2.1.1. c im
nh tuyn theo vct khong cch thc hin truyn bn sao ca bng nh
tuyn t b nh tuyn ny sang b nh tuyn khc theo nh k. Vic cp

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

nht nh k gia cc b nh tuyn gip trao i thng tin khi cu trc mng
thay i.
B nh tuyn thu thp thng tin v khong cch n cc mng khc, t
n xy dng v bo tr mt c s d liu v thng tin nh tuyn trong
mng. Tuy nhin, hat ng theo thut ton vct khong cch nh vy th b
nh tuyn s khng bit c cu trc ca ton b h thng m ch bit c
cc b nh tuyn ln cn kt ni trc tip vi n.
Khi s dng nh tuyn theo vct khong cch, bc u tin l b nh
tuyn phi xc nh cc b nh tuyn ln cn ca n. Cc mng kt ni trc
tip vo cng giao tip ca b nh tuyn s c khong cch l 0. Cn ng
i ti cc mng khng kt ni trc tip vo b nh tuyn th b nh tuyn s
chn ng no tt nht da trn cc thng tin m n nhn c t cc b
nh tuyn ln cn. V d nh hnh 1: b nh tuyn A nhn c thng tin v
cc mng khc t b nh tuyn B. Cc thng tin ny c t trong bng
nh tuyn vi vct khong cch c tnh ton li cho bit t b nh
tuyn A n mng ch th i theo hng no, khong cch bao nhiu.

Bng nh tuyn
A

Bng nh tuyn
B

Bng nh tuyn
C

Hnh 1: Khong cch ca cc b nh tuyn n cc mng.

Bng nh tuyn c cp nht khi c cu trc mng c s thay i. Qu
trnh cp nht ny din ra tng bc mt t b nh tuyn ny sang b nh
tuyn khc. Khi cp nht, mi b nh tuyn gi i ton b bng nh tuyn
ca n cho cc b nh tuyn ln cn. Trong bng nh tuyn c thng tin v

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

ng i ti tng mng ch: tng chi ph cho ng i, a ch ca b nh

tuyn k tip.

2.1.2. Vct khong cch

Thut ton vct khong cch (hay cn gi thut ton Bellman Ford) yu
cu ca mi b nh tuyn gi mt phn hoc ton b bng nh tuyn cho
cc b nh tuyn ln cn kt ni trc tip vi n. Da vo thng tin cung cp
bi cc b nh tuyn ln cn, thut ton vct khong cch s la chn
ng i tt nht.
S dng cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch thng tn t
ti nguyn ca h thng nhng tc ng b gia cc b nh tuyn li
chm v cc thng s c s dng chn ng i c th khng ph hp
vi nhng h thng mng ln. Ch yu cc giao thc nh tuyn theo vect
khong cch ch xc nh ng i bng cc bc nhy v hng i n ch.
Theo thut ton ny, cc b nh tuyn s trao i bng nh tuyn vi nhau
theo nh k. Do vy loi nh tuyn ny n gin l mi b nh tuyn ch
trao i bng nh tuyn vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn ca mnh. Khi nhn
c bng nh tuyn t cc b nh tuyn ln cn, b nh tuyn s ly con
ng no n mng ch c chi ph thp nht ri cng thm khong cch ca
mnh vo thnh mt thng tin hon chnh v con ng n mng ch vi
hng i t chnh n n ch ri a vo bng nh tuyn, sau b nh
tuyn ly bng nh tuyn gi i cp nht tip cho cc b nh tuyn k
cn khc.

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

Hnh 2: Chuyn bng nh tuyn

2.1.3. Vn v cc phng php gii quyt lp vng
2.1.3.1. Vn lp vng
a. Khi nim
Khi mng ch b li m vn c gi tin chuyn ti. Nhng v mng ch b li
nn gi tin khng th chuyn ti ch ca n c do vy n s chuyn ht
mng ny n mng khc (do c nhng mng xa mng ch vn cha bit
mng ch b li nn n vn ngh l n vn c ng ti mng ch m gi tin
mun chuyn ti) c nh th v s khng dng li gi l lp vng. Hin
tng ny s khng dng cho n khi no c mt tin trnh khc ct t qu
trnh ny.

b. Qu trnh xy ra lp vng
nh tuyn lp c th xy ra khi bng nh tuyn trn cc b nh tuyn cha
c cp nht hi t do qu trnh hi t chm (Trng thi hi t l tt c cc
b nh tuyn trong h thng mng u c thng tin nh tuyn v h thng
mng v chnh xc).

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

Hnh 3: Hin tng lp vng

Trc ht Mng 1 b li, tt c cc b nh tuyn trong h thng mng
u c thng tin ng v cu trc mng v bng nh tuyn l chnh xc. Khi
chng ta ni cc b nh tuyn hi t. Gi s rng: B nh tuyn C
chn ng n Mng 1 bng con ng qua b nh tuyn B v khong cch
ca con ng t b nh tuyn C n Mng 1 l 3 (hop).
Ngay khi Mng 1 b li, b nh tuyn E lin gi thng tin cp nht cho
b nh tuyn A. B nh tuyn A lp tc ngng vic nh tuyn v Mng 1.
Nhng b nh tuyn B, C, D vn tip tc vic ny v chng vn cha bit v
Mng 1 b li. Sau b nh tuyn A cp nht thng tin v Mng 1 cho b
nh tuyn B v D. B nh tuyn B, D lp tc ngng nh tuyn cc gi d
liu v Mng 1. Nhng n lc ny b nh tuyn C vn cha c cp nht
v Mng 1 nn n vn nh tuyn cc gi d liu v Mng 1 qua b nh
tuyn B.
n thi im cp nht nh k ca b nh tuyn C, trong thng tin cp
nht ca b nh tuyn C gi cho b nh tuyn D vn cha c thng tin v
ng n Mng 1 qua b nh tuyn B. Lc ny, b nh tuyn D thy rng
thng tin ny tt hn thng tin bo Mng 1 b li m n va nhn t b
nh tuyn A lc ny. Do b nh tuyn D cp nht li thng tin ny vo
bng nh tuyn m khng hay bit nh vy l sai. Lc ny, trn bng nh
tuyn, b nh tuyn D c ng ti Mng 1 l i qua b nh tuyn C. Sau

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

b nh tuyn D ly bng nh tuyn va mi cp nht xong gi cho b

nh tuyn A. Tng t, b nh tuyn A cng cp nht li ng n Mng
1 lc ny l qua b nh tuyn D ri gi cho b nh tuyn B v E. Qu trnh
c tip tc xy ra b nh tuyn B v E . Khi , bt k gi d liu no gi
ti Mng 1 u ti b gi lp vng t b nh tuyn C ti b nh tuyn B ti
b nh tuyn A ti b nh tuyn D ri ti b nh tuyn C.

2.1.3.2. Cc phng php gii quyt lp vng

Lp vng c th gii quyt bng cc phng php sau: nh ngha gi tr ti
a, ng ct ngang, ngn nga, cp nht tc thi, thi gian gi chm.
Sau y ta i chi tit vo tng phng php:
a. Trnh nh tuyn vng lp bng nh ngha gi tr ti a
Vic cp nht sai v Mng 1 nh trn s b lp vng nh vy hoi cho n khi
no c mt tin trnh khc ct t qu trnh ny. Tnh trng nh vy gi l
m v hn, gi d liu s b lp vng trn mng trong khi thc t Mng 1
b ngt.
Vi khong cch vct s dng thng s l s lng hop th mi b nh
tuyn chuyn thng tin cp nht cho b nh tuyn khc, ch s hop s tng
ln 1. Nu khng c bin php khc phc tnh trng m v hn, th c nh
vy ch s hop s tng ln n v hn.
Bn thn thut ton theo nh tuyn theo vct khong cch c th t sa
li c nhng qu trnh lp vng ny c th ko di n khi no m n v
hn. Do trnh trnh trng li ny, giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong
cch nh ngha gi tr ti a.
Bng cch ny, giao thc nh tuyn cho php vng lp ko di n khi
thng s nh tuyn vt qua gi tr ti a. V d nh hnh 4 di, khi thng
s nh tuyn l 16 hop ln hn gi tr ti a l 15 hop th thng tin cp nht
s b b nh tuyn hy b. Trong bt k trng hp no, khi gi tr ca
thng s nh tuyn vt qua gi tr ti a th xem nh mng khng th

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

m c.

Hnh 4: Trnh vng lp bng nh ngha gi tr ti a

b. Trnh nh tuyn vng lp bng ng ct ngang
Mt nguyn nhn khc gy ra lp vng l b nh tuyn gi li thng tin nh
tuyn m n va nhn c cho chnh b nh tuyn gi nhng thng tin
. Sau y l cc bc gy ra lp vng:
B nh tuyn A gi mt thng tin cp nht cho b nh tuyn B v D
thng bo l Mng 1 b ngt. Tuy nhin b nh tuyn C vn gi cp nht
cho b nh tuyn B l b nh tuyn C c ng n Mng 1 thng qua b
nh tuyn D.
Khi b nh tuyn B ngh l b nh tuyn C vn cn ng n
Mng 1 mc d con ng ny c thng s nh tuyn khng tt bng con
ng c ca b nh tuyn B lc trc. Sau b nh tuyn B cng cp
nht cho b nh tuyn A l c ng mi n Mng 1.
Khi b nh tuyn A s cp nht li l n c th gi d liu n Mng
1 thng qua b nh tuyn B. B nh tuyn B nh tuyn n Mng 1 thng
qua b nh tuyn C. B nh tuyn C nh tuyn n Mng 1 thng qua b
nh tuyn D. Kt qu l bt k gi d liu no n Mng 1 u ri vo vng
lp ny.
C ch ng ct ngang s trnh c tnh hung ny bng cch: Nu b

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

nh tuyn B hoc D nhn c thng tin cp nht Mng 1 t b nh tuyn A

th chng khng gi thng tin cp nht v Mng 1 cho b nh tuyn A na.
Nh , c ch ng ct ngang lm gim c cp nht thng tin sai v
gim bt vic x l thng tin cp nht.

Hnh 5: Trnh lp vng bng c ch ng ct ngang

c. Trnh nh tuyn vng lp bng vic ngn nga (route poisoning).
Route poisoning c s dng trnh xy ra cc lp vng ln v gip cho
b nh tuyn thng bo thng l mng khng truy cp c na bng cch
t gi tr cho thng s nh tuyn (chng hn l s lng hop) ln hn gi tr
ti a.
V d nh hnh 6 di: Khi Mng 5 b ngt th trn bng nh tuyn b
nh tuyn E gi tr hop ng n Mng 5 l 16, gi tr ny c ngha l Mng
5 khng truy cp c na. Sau b nh tuyn E cp nht cho b nh
tuyn C bng nh tuyn ny, trong ng n Mng 5 c thng s hop l
16 c gi l route poisoning. Sau khi b nh tuyn C nhn c cp nht
th b nh tuyn C s gi tr li thng tin ny cho b nh tuyn E. Lc ny
ta gi thng tin cp nht v Mng 5 t b nh tuyn C v b nh tuyn E l
poison reverse. B nh tuyn C lm nh vy tc l n gi thng tin route
poisoning ra tt c cc ng m n c.

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

Tm li, route poisoning c ngha l khi c mt con ng no b

ngt th b nh tuyn s thng bo v con ng vi thng s nh tuyn
ln hn gi tr ti a. C ch route poisoning khng h gy mu thun vi c
ch ng ct ngang. C ch ng ct ngang c ngha l khi b nh tuyn
gi thng tin cp nht ra mt ng lin kt th b nh tuyn khng gi li
nhng thng tin no m n va nhn t ng lin kt . By gi, b nh
tuyn vn gi li nhng thng tin nhng vi thng s nh tuyn ln hn
gi tr ti a. Th kt qu vn nh vy (tc l tt c nhng thng tin m gi v
mng b li s b huy b). C ch ny gi l ng ct ngang kt hp vi
poison reverse.

Khi Mng 5 b ngt, b nh tuyn E s dng route poisoning bng cch t

gi tr 16 ln bng nh tuyn cho bit Mng 5 ny khng n c na.
Hnh 6: Trnh vng lp bng route poisoning
d. Trnh nh tuyn vng lp bng cp nht tc thi
Hot ng cp nht bng nh tuyn gia cc b nh tuyn ln cn c thc
hin theo chu k. V d: c sau 30 giy RIP thc hin cp nht mt ln. Ngoi
ra cn c c ch cp nht tc thi thng bo v mt thay i no trong
bng nh tuyn. Khi b nh tuyn pht hin ra c mt thay i no trong
cu trc mng th n lp tc gi bn tin cp nht cho cc b nh tuyn ln
cn thng bo v s thay i . Nht l khi c mt ng no b li
khng truy cp c na th b nh tuyn phi cp nht tc thi thay v i
n ht chu k. C ch cp nht tc thi kt hp vi route poisoning s m
bo cho tt c cc b nh tuyn nhn c thng tin khi c mt ng no

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b ngt trc khi thi gian gi chm kt thc.

C ch cp nht tc thi cho ton b mng khi c thay i trong cu
trc mng gip cho cc b nh tuyn c cp nht kp thi v khi ng
thi gian gi chm nhanh hn.
V d nh hnh 7 di: B nh tuyn C cp nht tc thi ngay khi
mng 10.4.0.0 khng truy cp c na. Khi nhn c thng tin ny, b
nh tuyn B cng pht thng bo v mng 10.4.0.0 ra cng S0/1. n lt b
nh tuyn A cng s pht thng bo ra cng fa0/0.
Mng 10.4.0.0 b li khng truy cp c

Vi c ch cp nht tc thi, b nh tuyn s gi bn tin ngay thng bo

s thay i trong bng nh tuyn ca mnh.
Hnh 7: Cp nht tc thi cho b nh tuyn ln cn
e. Trnh nh tuyn vng lp bng thi gian gi chm
Tnh trng lp vng n v hn c th trnh c bng s dng thi gian gi
chm nh sau:
Khi b nh tuyn nhn c t b nh tuyn ln cn mt thng tin
cho ta bit l mt mng X no khng truy cp c th b nh tuyn s
nh du vo con ng ti mng X l khng truy cp c v khi ng
thi gian gi chm. Trong khong thi gian gi chm ny, nu b nh tuyn
nhn c thng tin cp nht t chnh b nh tuyn ln cn lc ny thng bo
l mng X truy cp li c th b nh tuyn mi cp nht thng tin v
kt thc thi gian gi chm.
Trong sut thi gian gi chm, nu b nh tuyn nhn c thng tin
cp nht t mt b nh tuyn ln cn khc (khng phi l b nh tuyn ln
cn pht thng bo tin cp nht v mng X lc ny) nhng thng tin ny

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

cho bit c ng n mng X vi thng s nh tuyn tt hn con ng m

b nh tuyn c trc th n s cp nht thng tin ny v kt thc thi
gian gi chm.

Hnh 8: Thi gian gi chm mi b nh tuyn

Trong sut thi gian gi chm, nu b nh tuyn nhn c thng tin

cp nht t mt b nh tuyn ln cn khc (khng phi l b nh tuyn ln
cn pht thng bo tin cp nht v mng X lc ny) nhng thng tin ny
cho bit c ng ti mng X vi thng s nh tuyn khng tt bng con
ng m b nh tuyn c trc th n s b qua thng tin ny. C ch
ny gip cho b nh tuyn trnh c vic cp nht nhm nhng thng tin c
do cc b nh tuyn ln cn cha bit v mng X khng truy cp c.
Khong thi gian gi chm bo m cho tt c cc b nh tuyn trong h
thng mng c cp nht xong v thng tin mi. Sau khi thi gian gi
chm ht thi hn, tt c cc b nh tuyn trong h thng u c cp
nht l mng X khng truy cp c, khi cc b nh tuyn u c nhn
bit chnh xc v cu trc mng. Do , sau khi thi gian gi chm kt thc
th cc b nh tuyn cp nht thng tin nh bnh thng.

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

2.2. Chi tit v giao thc nh tuyn RIP

2.2.1. RIP phin bn 1
2.2.1.1. c im
RIPv1 l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch nn n qung
b (theo a ch 255.255.255.255) ton b bng nh tuyn ca n cho cc b
nh tuyn ln cn theo nh k. Chu k cp nht ca RIP l 30 giy. Thng
s nh tuyn ca RIP l s lng hop, gi tr ti a l 15 hop nu ln hn th
gi d liu s b hy b. Thi gian gi chm cho mt tuyn l 180 giy,
nu ln hn th tuyn ny coi nh l ht hn.
RIPv1 l gio thc nh tuyn c s dng ph bin v mi b nh
tuyn IP u c h tr giao thc ny. RIPv1 c ph bin v tnh n gin v
tnh tng thch ton cu ca n. RIPv1 c th chia ti ra ti a l 6 ng c
chi ph bng nhau (mc nh l 4 ng).
RIPv1 l giao thc nh tuyn theo lp a ch. Khi RIP b nh tuyn
nhn thng tin v mt mng no t mt cng, trong thng tin nh tuyn
ny khng c thng tin v mt n mng con i km. Do b nh tuyn s
ly mt n mng con ca cng p dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c
t cng ny. Nu mt n mng con ny khng ph hp th n s ly mt n
mng con mc nh theo a ch p dng cho a ch mng m n nhn c:
- a ch lp A c mt n mng con mc nh l 255.0.0.0
- a ch lp B c mt n mng con mc nh l 255.255.0.0
- a ch lp C c mt n mng con mc nh l 255.255.255.0
Do RIPv1 l mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch nn n s
dng c ch ng ct ngang chng lp vng.

2.2.1.2. Cu trc bn tin

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

Cc trng chc nng trong gi tin IP RIP:

Command: Cho ta bit gi tin l gi tin yu cu (Request) hay gi tin
tr li (Response). Gi tin Request s a ra yu cu cho mt bng nh tuyn
gi tt c hay 1 phn bng nh tuyn ca n. Gi tin Response c a ra
khi 1 b nh tuyn nhn c gi tin Request. Nhiu gi tin RIP c th c
s dng vn chuyn cho mt bng nh tuyn ln.
Version number: Ch ra phin bn RIP ang s dng. Trng ny dng
cc k hiu khc nhau ch ra cc phin bn khc nhau ang c s dng
trong mng.
Zero: Trng ny thc t khng s dng, n c thm vo cung
cp tnh tng thch v sau cho cc chun ca RIP. Trng ny c th c
thit lp mc nh gi tr 0.
Address-family identifier (AFI): Ch ra kiu a ch c s dng
cu hnh mng. Do RIP c thit k mang thng tin nh tuyn cho nhiu
cc giao thc khc nhau nn mi loi s c 1 nhn dng ring cho ta bit kiu
a ch m giao thc ang s dng. Gi tr AFI cho IP l 2.
Address: Ch ra a ch IP ca cc b nh tuyn.
Metric: Cho ta bit c bao nhiu bc lin mng (internetwork hop)
i qua trong hnh trnh n ch. Gi tr ny s nm trong khong 1 n 15
cho cc ng i cn hiu lc v 16 cho cc ng i khng th thc hin
c bi RIP.

2.2.1.3. Cc b nh thi
Nhng b nh thi ca RIPv1. h tr cho hot ng ca h thng,
RIP s dng 3 b nh thi bao gm: B nh thi nh k (periodic) iu
khin vic gi thng bo, b nh thi ht hn (expiration) qun l tnh hp l

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

ca mt tuyn v b nh thi thu lm rc (garbage collection) qung b li

ca mt tuyn:
B nh thi nh k: B nh thi ny iu khin vic qung b u
n cc thng bo cp nht. Mc d giao thc ch r mi b nh thi ny
phi c t l 30 giy, nhng cc m hnh ang hot ng hin nay thng
s dng mt s ngu nhin trong khong t 25 n 35 giy vi mc ch
trnh tnh trng qu ti trn mt lin kt mng khi tt c cc b nh tuyn gi
cp nht cng lc. B nh thi ny c m li. Khi t n gi tr 0, thng
bo cp nht s c gi v b nh thi li c thit lp li.
B nh thi ht hn: B nh thi ny qun l tnh hp l ca mt
tuyn. Khi b nh tuyn nhn c thng tin cp nht v mt tuyn, b nh
thi ht hn cho tuyn ny s c thit lp l 180 giy. Mi ln c mt cp
nht mi v tuyn ny b nh thi c t li. Trong trng hp bnh
thng th c 30 giy iu ny xy ra mt ln. Tuy nhin nu c trc trc trn
lin mng v b nh tuyn khng nhn c cp nht v tuyn ny trong
khong thi gian 180 giy, tuyn ny c xem nh l ht hn v gi tr
trng bc nhy ca n c t l 16, ngha l khng th n ch. Mi
tuyn u c b nh thi ht hn ca ring mnh.
B nh thi thu lm rc: Khi mt tuyn ht hn, b nh tuyn khng
loi b ngay tuyn ny ra khi bng nh tuyn. Thay vo , n tip tc
qung b tuyn ny vi gi tr o lng l 16. Cng lc , b nh thi thu
lm rc c t l 120 giy cho tuyn ny. Khi gi tr ca b nh thi ny
t ti 0, tuyn b loi khi bng nh tuyn. B nh thi ny cho php cc
ln cn bit v s khng hp l ca mt tuyn trc khi loi tuyn ra khi
bng nh tuyn.

2.2.1.4. Thit k RIPv1

Mt s iu cn nh trong thit k mng vi RIPv1 l n khng h tr VLSM
hoc CIDR. Lc a ch IP vi RIPv1 yu cu mt n mng con ging

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

nhau cho mi thc th mng IP, 1 mng IP bng phng. Gii hn s hop trong
RIPv1 l 15. V vy kch thc mng khng th vut qu s gii hn .
RIPv1 cng qung b bng nh tuyn ca n 30 giy mt ln. RIPv1 thng
c gii hn khi truy nhp vo mng ni m giao thc ny c th hot ng
lin kt vi cc my ch c thc hin nh tuyn.
Nh trong hnh 9, khi s dng RIPv1, tt c cc a ch trong mng phi
c cng mt n mng con.

Hnh 9: Cc a ch phi c cng mt n mng con.

2.2.2. RIP phin bn 2

2.2.2.1. c im
RIPv2 l bn c pht trin t RIPv1 nn n c cc c im nh
RIPv1:
- L mt giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch, s dng s
lng

hop lm thng s nh tuyn.

- Gi tr hop ti a l 15.
- Thi gian gi chm cng l 180 giy.
- S dng c ch chia r tng chng lp vng.
RIPv2 khc phc c nhng im gii hn ca RIPv1.
- RIPv2 c gi mt n mng con i km vi cc da ch mng trong
thng tin nh tuyn. Nh m RIPv2 c th h tr VLSM
v CIDR.
- RIPv2 c h tr vic xc minh thng tin nh tuyn.

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

- RIPv2 gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch a hng 244.0.0.9.

2.2.2.2. Cu trc bn tin

Bn tin IP RIPv2 cho php mang nhiu thng tin hn ngoi cc thng tin nh
trong bn tin IP RIP n cn cung cp mt c ch xc thc khng c h tr
bi RIP.
Mt s c tnh sau y l nhng du hiu ln nht c b sung vo RIPv2:
- S nhn thc ca dng tin truyn dn.
- H tr mt n con.
- a ch IP bc k tip.
- Bn tin a phng RIP-2.
Mt s h tr khc gm c s gia tng khi thng tin qun l v h tr cho
cc th ca b nh tuyn ngoi mng.
Cc trng chc nng trong nh dng bn tin IP RIPv2:
Command, Version number, AFI, Address, Metric: Chc nng ca
chung cng ging nh trong bn tin IP RIP.
Unused: C gi tr c thit lp mc nh l 0.
Route tag (Nhn ng i): Cung cp mt phng thc phn bit gia
b nh tuyn ni b (s dng giao thc RIP) v cc b nh tuyn ngoi (s
dng cc giao thc nh tuyn khc).
Subnet mask: Cha ng mt n mng con cho cc b nh tuyn.
Next hop: Cho bit a ch IP ca bc i tip m gi tin c th chuyn
tip.
Trong RIP phin bn 2, kiu bn tin xc thc c thm vo bo v
bn tin thng bo. Tuy nhin, khng cn thm cc trng mi vo thng bo.
Mc u tin ca thng bo s cha thng tin xc thc. ch r mt mc

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

cha thng bo xc thc ch khng phi l thng tin nh tuyn, gi tr hexa

FFFF c t trong trng AFI. Trng tip theo trong thng bo xc thc
l loi xc thc, dng nh ngha phng php s dng xc thc.
Trng cui cng trong thng bo xc thc l cha d liu xc thc. nh
dng ca bn tin xc thc nh sau:
1-octet

1-octet

2-octet 2-octet

command

version

unused

field

number

field

field

2-octet

16-octet

AFI

Authentication

Data

field

type

field

field

Hnh 10: Thng tin xc thc c thm trng AFI

Ngoi ra RIP phin bn 2 cn h tr pht a hng (Multicast) so vi phin
bn 1. RIP phin bn 1 s dng pht qung b gi cc thng bo RIP ti
tt c cc b nh tuyn ln cn. Do , khng ch cc b nh tuyn trn
mng nhn c thng bo m mi trm trong mng u c th nhn c.
Trong khi , RIP phin bn 2 s dng a ch a hng 224.0.0.9 pht a
hng cc thng bo RIP ti ch cc b nh tuyn s dng giao thc RIP trn
mt mng m thi.

2.2.2.3. Cc b nh thi
Nhng b nh thi ca RIPv2 cng ging nh RIPv1. h tr cho hot
ng ca h thng, RIP s dng 3 b nh thi bao gm: B nh thi nh k
(periodic) iu khin vic gi thng bo, b nh thi ht hn (expiration)
qun l tnh hp l ca mt tuyn v b nh thi thu lm rc (garbage
collection) qung b li ca mt tuyn

2.2.2.4. Thit k RIPv2

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

Mt s iu cn ghi nh trong vic thit k mng vi RIPv2 l n h tr

VLSM bn trong mng v CIDR tm tt nhng mng gn k bn kia.
RIPv2 cho php tm tt cc l trnh trong cng 1 mng. RIPv2 vn c gii
hn s hop l 16. V th kch thc mng khng th vt qu gii hn ny.
RIPv2 gi bng nh tuyn 30s mi ln n cc my gi a ch IP l
224.0.0.9. RIPv2 thng c gii hn khi truy nhp vo mng ni m giao thc
ny c th hot ng lin kt vi cc my ch c thc hin nh tuyn.
RIPv2 cng cung cp s xc nhn l trnh.
Nh trong hnh 11, khi s dng RIPv2, tt c cc i ch trong mng c
th c nhng mt n mng con khc nhau.

Hnh 11: Cc a ch c th c mt n mng con khc nhau.

2.2.3. So snh
a. Nhng im ging nhau:
L giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch.
S dng s hop lm thng s nh tuyn.
Chu k cp nht mc nh l 30 giy.
S dng thi gian gi chm chng lp vng, thi gian ny mc nh
l

180 giy.
S dng c ch ct ngang chng lp vng.
Nu gi d liu n mng ch c s lng hop ln hn 15 th gi d

liu

s b hy b.

Cng gi nhng thng tin sau v mi ch :

- IP address: a ch ca my ch hoc mng
- Gateway: Cng vo ra u tin m ng dn tin v ch

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

- Interface: Phn mng vt l m s dng n cng ra u tin

ng dn v ch

ca

- Metric : L s cho bit s hop n ch.

- Timer: L lng thi gian k t khi b nh tuyn cp nht ln
cui

cng.

b. Nhng im khc nhau:

Bng so snh nhng im khc nhau gia RIPv1 v RIPv2:
RIP version 1 RIPv1

RIP version 2 RIPv2

nh tuyn theo lp a ch.

nh tuyn khng theo lp a ch.

Khng gi thng tin v mt n mng C gi thng tin v mt n mng

con trong thng tin nh tuyn.
Khng h tr VLSM. Do tt c
cc mng trong h thng RIPv1 phi
c cng mt n mng con.
Khng h tr CIDR

con trong thng tin nh tuyn.

C h tr VLSM. Do vy cc mng
trong h thng RIPv2 c th c
chiu di mt n mng con khc
nhau.
C h tr CIDR.

Khng c c ch xc minh thng tin C c ch xc minh thng tin nh

nh tuyn.
Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn
theo a ch : 255.255.255.255

tuyn.
Gi thng tin nh tuyn theo a
a hng 224.0.0.9 nn hiu qu
hn.

Cng gi nhng thng tin ging nhau v ch nhng RIPv1 khng gi

c thng tin v mt n mng con cn RIPv2 gi c thng tin v mt
n mng con.
III. ng dng
3.1. Gii hn
3.1.1. Gii hn chung cho c 2 RIPv1 v RIPv2:
Mt iu bt li ca cc b nh tuyn khi dng RIP l chng kt ni
lin tc vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ca
chng, do to ra mt lng ti ln trn mng.

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

c tnh ca RIP l cc gi gii hn di 15 hop v bng nh tuyn

c trao i vi cc b nh tuyn khc khong 30giy/ln. Nu mt b nh
tuyn khng thng bo trong vng 180 giy, ng i qua b nh tuyn ny
c xem nh khng dng c. Cc vn c th xy ra trong lc to li
bng nh tuyn nu b nh tuyn ny c kt ni vi mt mng din rng
chy chm. Hn na, trao i cc bng lm mng thng xuyn qu ti, gy
tc nghn v cc tr hon khc.
Do RIP l giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch nn mi b
nh tuyn nhn c bng nh tuyn ca nhng b nh tuyn ln cn kt
ni trc tip vi n do vy b nh tuyn s khng bit c chnh xc cu
trc ca ton b h thng mng.
RIP s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vct khong cch. Nu c
nhiu ng n cng mt lc ti ch th RIP s chn ng c s hop t
nht. Chnh v vy da vo s lng hop chn ng nn i khi cn
ng m RIP chn khng phi l ng ngn nht v nhanh nht ti ch.
Khng dng cho nhng mng ln hay phc tp.
3.1.2. Nhng gii hn ringca RIPv1 v RIPv2
a. Nhng gii hn ca RIPv1:
Khng gi thng tin mt n mng con trong thng tin nh tuyn.
Khng h tr xc minh thng tin nhn c.
Gi qung b thng tin nh tuyn theo a ch 255.255.255.255 nn n
s gi ti tt c cc b nh tuyn ln cn (tc l khng ch c b nh tuyn
trn mng nhn c m mi trm trong mng c th nhn c).
Khng h tr VLSM (Variable Length Sunbet Masking - Subnet Mask
c chiu di khc nhau) v CIDR(Classless Interdomain Routing - Tuyn lin
vng khng phn lp).
b. Sang n phin bn 2 th RIPv2 gii quyt cc gii hn ca RIPv1:
C gi thng tin mt n mng con i km vi cc a ch mng trong
thng tin nh tuyn.

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

C h tr vic xc minh thng tin nh tuyn.

S dng a ch a hng 224.0.0.9 pht a hng cc thng bo
RIP ti ch cc b nh tuyn s dng giao thc RIP trn mt mng.
Nh c gi thng tin mt n mng con trn nn RIPv2 c th h tr
VLSM v CIDR.

3.2. Bo mt
Do c th khai thc nhng im yu trong bo mt ca RIP, do vy
chng ta xut mt cch bo v mi giao thc nh tuyn theo
khong cch vct mang tn l S-RIP (A Secure Distance Vector Routing
Protocol).
Nhng mc tiu ca S-RIP bao gm:
1. Ngn chn nhng b nh tuyn gi mo.
2. Ngn chn s gi mo quyn hn.
3. Ngn chn gian ln khong cch (c ngn v di). S gian ln c
th thc hin bi nhng nt ring l hoc nhng nt b gi mo.

3.3. ng dng
RIP c thit k nh l mt giao thc IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol l
giao thc nh tuyn ni min) dng cho cc h thng t tr AS (AS
Autonomouns system) c kch thc nh, RIP ch p dng cho nhng mng
nh, khng s dng cho h thng mng ln v phc tp. Bi v :
RIP s dng giao thc nh tuyn theo vct khong cch thng tn
t ti nguyn h thng nhng tc ng b gia cc b nh tuyn li chm
m i vi 1 mng ln hay phc tp th li gm nhiu b nh tuyn nn RIP
khng ph hp vi nhng h thng mng lp v phc tp.
RIP gii hn s hop ti a l 15 (bt k mng ch no m c s hop
ln hn 15 th xem nh mng khng n c). S lng 15 hop s khng
khi mun xy dng mt mng ln.

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

Khi cu trc mng thay i th thng tin cp nht phi c x l trong

ton b h thng, nn iu ny s thc hin rt kh i vi mng ln v s rt
r gy ra hin tng tc nghn trong mng.
Do s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vct khong cch nn c tc
hi t chm (Trng thi hi t l tt c cc b nh tuyn trong h thng mng
u c thng tin nh tuyn v h thng mng v chnh xc) do vy i vi
mng ln hay phc tp th s mt rt lu mi hi t c.

VI. Kt lun
Giao thc nh tuyn RIP l giao thc ra i lu nht trong cc giao thc nh
tuyn hin ti ang s dng. RIP l giao thc c tnh n nh, d s dng. RIP
s dng thut ton nh tuyn theo vct khong cch. RIP ch dng cho
nhng mng nh v h thng t tr nh.

TH VIEN IEN T TRC TUYEN

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Hong Trng Minh, Chng 1: Cc k thut nh tuyn c bn, Gio trnh

chuyn nh tuyn.
2. Hong Trng Minh, Chng 2: nh tuyn trong mng IP, Gio trnh
chuyn nh tuyn.
3. RFC1058: Hedrick, C., "Routing Information Protocol", RFC 1058, June
1988.
4. RFC1723: Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2 - Carrying Additional Information",
STD 56, RFC 1723, November 1994.
5. RFC1724: Malkin, G. and F. Baker, "RIP Version 2 MIB Extension", RFC
1724, November 1994.
6. RFC2453: Malkin, G., "RIP Version 2", STD 56, RFC 2453, November
1998.