3872 Ewahyuni 301 ASMM English

09/02/2014
Mekanika Teknik Terapan

RC09 1341
Endah Wahyuni,
Wahyuni S.T.
S T (ITS),
(ITS) M.Sc.
M Sc (UMIST),
(UMIST) Ph.D
Ph D (UM)
endah@ce.its.ac.id, endahwahyuni@gmail.com, @end222
Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni
Syllabus
Review of Matrices
Structural Analysis
y of Matrix Methods
(ASMM)
Balok Menerus
Portal
Transformasi Sumbu Koordinat
Rangka Batang
Introduction of Finite Element Method

Application using SAP2000
09/02/2014
Materials
Books
Web personal dosen:
http://personal.its.ac.id/material.php?userid
=ewahyuni
Online courses
Books:
Structural Analysis: Using Classical and Matrix

Methods; Jack C McCormac; Wiley; 4 edition,
London 2006
The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.
Structural Analysis
RC Coates, MG Coutie, FK Kong
Chapman & Hall, London, 1997
Computer
p
Analysis
y of Structures
S.M. Holzer
Elsevier Science Publishing Co. Inc, London, 1985
SAP2000 Manual
09/02/2014
Evaluation
HW
ETS
EAS
Project
Quiz
= 10%
= 25%
= 25%
= 20%
= 20%
Note: Percentage can be changed according

to the results of student assessments
Review of Matrices
Definition: A matrix is an array of ordered numbers. A
general matrix consists of mn numbers arranged in m
rows and n columns, giving the following array:
a11
a
A 21
.
a m1
a12
a 22
.
am2
... a1n
... a 2 n
... .
... a mn
It is usual to use a generic symbol for the element, the

lower case letter corresponding to the capital used for
the matrix
09/02/2014
Matrix Addition
Two matrices A and B can be added if they
have the same number of rows (m) and
columns (n)
It is possible to be able to write:
Ax + Bx = (A+B) x
If C = A+B, then crs= ars + brs
Subtraction is treated as negative addition
Multiplication by scalar
To multiply a matrix by a scalar quantity, each

element of the matrix is to be multiplied by
the scalar, that is
k [ars] = [(k ars)]
09/02/2014
Special matrices
Row Matrix
If the matrix consists only of elements in a single row. For
example, a 1 x n row matrix is written as:
A=[a
[ 1 a2 ... an]
Column Matrix
A matrix with elements stacked in a single column. The m x 1
column matrix is
a1
a
A 2
.

am
Square Matrix
When the number of row equals the number of columns
Unit (or identity ) matrix

Is a square matrix, where all elements are zero
except on the principal diagonal and there they are
units.
It is readily verified that
A I = A, and IA = A
and I . I = I2 = I
Consequently for n any positive integer
Consequently,
In = I
10
09/02/2014
Diagonal Matrix,
of which unit matrices are particular cases, have
important properties. For instance:
u 0 0 a
0 v 0 d
0 0 w g
a
d
b
e
h
b
e
h
c ua
f vd
k wg
uc
vf
wh wk
ubb
ve
c u 0 0 au bv cw
f 0 v 0 du ev fw
k 0 0 w gu hv kw
A transpose matrix
A Matrix may be transposed by interchange its
rows and columns. The transpose of the matrix
A is written as AT
a11
a
A 21
.
am1
11
a12
a22
.
am 2
... a1n
... a2 n
... .
... amn
a11
a
AT 12
.
am1
a21
a22
.
am 2
... an1
... an 2
... .
... anm
A symmetric matrix
We can verify that AT = A
12
09/02/2014
Inverse Matrix
The inverse of matrix A is denoted by A-1.
Assume that the inverse exists, then the elements of
A-1 are such that A-1A=I and AA-1=I
Determinant of a matrix
A determinant is a square array of numbers
enclosed within vertical bars
a11
a21
an1
a12
a22
... a1n
... a2 n
an 2
.
... anm
13
Find the determinant then the inverse matrices

for the matrices below:
3 5
A
1 2
2 3
1
B 2 1 2
1 2 1
14
09/02/2014
Structural Analysis of Matrix Methods
Matrix Method of Structural Analysis is a method to analyze

the structure with the help of the matrix, which consists of:
stiffness
tiff
matrix,
t i displacement
di l
t matrix,
t i and
d force
f
matrix,
t i by
b
using the relationship:
{P}= [K]{U}
dimana :
{ P } = force matrix
[ K ] = stiffness matriks
{ U } = displacement matriks
One of the ways used to solve the above equation, namely

by using the stiffness method.
On the stiffness method, the unknown variable is

the amount of: deformation node of structure
(rotations and deflection) is certain / sure. Thus the
number of variables in the stiffness method similar
to the degrees of uncertainty of kinematics of
structure.
The stiffness method is developed from the node

point equilibrium equations written in: "Stiffness
Coefficients" and "Displacement
Coefficients
Displacement of nodes that are
not known.
15
16
09/02/2014
Types of Element
Spring elements
Truss elements (plane & 3D)
Beam elements (2D &3D)
Plane Frame
Grid elements
Plane Stress
Plane Strain
Axisymmetrics elements
Plate
Shell
17
Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

Degrees of freedom which is owned by a
structure.
Each type of element will have a certain amount
and kind of freedom.
Commonly referred to as 'activity' of the joint
18
09/02/2014
To be able to form a structure stiffness matrix, it is

necessary to determine the 'active' ends of the elements.
Note : 0 = not active; 1, 2, 3, ., =active
Example
1
1
2
2
DOF : 2
19
20
10
09/02/2014
21
Metode Kekakuan Langsung

(Direct Stiffness Method)
matriks kekakuan
U1, P1
U3, P3
1
U2, P2
U4, P4
P1
P2
P3
P4
{P} =[K]{U}
gaya
K11
K12
K13
K14
U1
K21
K22
K23
K24
U2
K31
K32
K33
K34
U3
K41
K42
K43
K44
U4
perpindahan
22
11
09/02/2014
P1 = K11 . U1 + K12 . U2 + K13 . U3 + K14 . U4

Kesetimbangan gaya di arah U1
P2 = K21 . U1 + K22 . U2 + K23 . U3 + K24 . U4
P3 = K31 . U1 + K32 . U2 + K33 . U3 + K34 . U4
P4 = K41 . U1 + K42 . U2 + K43 . U3 + K44 . U4
Jika U1 = 1
dan
P1 = K11 ; P2 = K21 ;
Lihat Gambar (a)
23
U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :
P3 = K31 ;
P4 = K41
Jika U2 = 1 dan
U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :
P1 = K12 ;
P2 = K22 ;
P3 = K32 ;
P4 = K42
Lihat Gambar (b)
Jika U3 = 1
dan
P1 = K13 ;
P2 = K23 ;
Lihat Gambar (c)
U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :
P3 = K33 ;
P4 = K43
Jika U4 = 1
dan
P1 = K14 ;
P2 = K24 ;
Lihat Gambar (d)
U2 = U3 = U4 = 0 , maka :
P3 = K34 ;
P4 = K44
24
12
09/02/2014
U1 = 1
P1 = K11
P2 = K21
P3 = K31
P4 = K41
U2 = 1
P1 = K12
P2 = K22
P3 = K32
P4 = K42
U3 = 1
P1 = K13
P2 = K23
P3 = K33
P3
P4 = K43
U4 = 1
P1 = K14
P2 = K24
P3 = K34
P4 = K44
25
26
13
09/02/2014
27
Matrix kekakuan:
kekakuan:
K11
K12
K13
K14
K21
K22
K23
K24
K31
K32
K33
K34
K41
K42
K43
K44
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
Matriks Kekakuan
Gambar
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
(a)
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
(b)
6 EI
L2
(c)
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
(d)
28
14
09/02/2014
P1+A=0
P2-A=0
=E(u2 u1)/L
Jika pada batang bekerja gaya aksial :
K11 =
L, EA
P2-EA (u2-u1)/L=0
EA
L
K21 =
U1= 1
K12 = -
P1+EA (u2-u1)/L=0
U2,P2
U1,P1
K22 =
EA
L
EA
L
EA
L
U2= 1
U2, P2
EA / L EA / L
EA / L EA / L 1
1
U3, P3
1 1
K EA
L 1 1
U1, P1
U5, P5
u1 P1 U4, P4
2
u2 P2
U6, P6
29
For beam with 6 dof

2
5
1
30
15
09/02/2014
Stiffness Matrix with Axial Loads

Matriks kekakuan elemen dengan melibatkan gaya aksial :
K
6x6
EA
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
EA
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
EA
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
EA
L
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
2 EI
L
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
31
Procedure to solve a problem
Calculate Structure DOF

Create the stiffness matrix of element [ki]
Create the objective matrix
Create the stiffness matrix of structure [Ks]
Where [Ks]=[ki]
Calculate the value of action received by the
structure {Ps}
Calculate {Us}=[Ks]-1 {Ps}
For each element, specify {ui}
Forces of element: {pi}=[ki]{ui}+{freaksi}
32
16
09/02/2014
Example
Sebuah balok statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar
q
L, EI
L, EI
Menentukan keaktifan ujung-ujung elemen

0
2
2
Menentukan matriks tujuan

0
DOF : 2
0
0
2
Matriks kekakuan struktur
2 rotasi
[ Ks ] 2 x 2
Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen :
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
33
Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen :

Elemen 1
0
K1
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
12 EI
- 3
L
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
2x2
12 EI
L3
2 EI
L
Matriks Tujuan { T1 } = { 0
[ K1 ] =
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
1 }T
34
17
09/02/2014
Elemen 2
0
K2
1
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
12 EI
L3
4 EI
L
2 EI
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
6 EI
L2
2x2
12 EI
L3
[ K2 ] =
6 EI
L2
2 }T
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
35
Matriks Kekakuan Global Struktur
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
[ Ks ] =
2x2
4 EI
L
4 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
8 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan

hubungan :
{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us }
{ Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
dimana :
Us
deformasi ujung-ujung aktif
Ks
kekakuan struktur
Ps
gaya-gaya pada ujung aktif elemen akibat beban luar (aksi)

36
18
09/02/2014
Untuk contoh di atas, maka :

q
Ps
1
q L2
12
1
q L2
12
1
q L2
12
1
q L2
12
Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ]-1
[ Ks ] =
[K
Ks ]-11 =
8 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
- 2
4
L
=
8
28 EI - 2
1
L 4
8 . 4 - 2 . 2 EI - 2
- 2
8
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
Us
Us
4
L
28 EI - 2
L
28 EI
Us
- 2
8
1
q L2
12
1
q L2
12
37
38
1
1
q L2 - q L2
3
6
1
4
q L2
q L2
6
6
3 q L3
168 EI
Rotasi di joint 2
5 q L3
168 EI
Rotasi di joint 3
Deformasi untuk masing-masing elemen
Elemen 1
Elemen 2
U1
U2
U11
U12
U13
U14
U21
U22
U23
U24
0
0
0
3 q L3
168 EI
0
3 q L3
168 EI
0
5 q L3
168 EI
19
09/02/2014
Reaksi akibat beban luar :

q
1
q L2
12
qL
2
0
=
1
q L2
12
qL
2
1
q L2
12
0
PR1
PR2
qL
2
0
0
qL
2
1
q L2
12
39
Gaya akhir elemen :
Elemen 1 :
P1 =
{ P1 } = [ K1 ] {U1}+ { PR1 }
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6
qL
56
2
q L2
56
6
qL
56
P1
4
q L2
56
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
3 q L3
168 EI
+
0
0
3
qL
28
1
q L2
28
3
qL
28
2
q L2
28
40
20
09/02/2014
Elemen 2 :
P2 =
{ P2 } = [ K2 ]{U2} + { PR2 }
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
2 EI
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
32
qL
56
4
q L2
56
P2
24
qL
56
qL
2
6 EI
L2
3 q L3
168 EI
0
5 q L3
168 EI
4 EI
L
1
q L2
12
qL
2
1
q L2
12
16
qL
28
2
q L2
28
12
qL
28
41
Free Body Diagram :

1
q L2
28
2
q L2
28
2
q L2
28
3
qL
28
3
qL
28
12
qL
28
16
qL
28
Menggambar gaya-gaya dalam :

16
qL
28
Bidang D :
3
qL
28
Bidang M :
3
qL
28
12
qL
28
2
q L2
28
+
1
q L2
28
42
21
09/02/2014
Example 2
43
44
22
09/02/2014
45
Free Body Diagram :

1
q L2
28
2
q L2
28
2
q L2
28
3
qL
28
3
qL
28
12
qL
28
16
qL
28
Menggambar gaya-gaya dalam :

16
qL
28
Bidang D :
3
qL
28
Bidang M :
3
qL
28
12
qL
28
2
q L2
28
+
1
q L2
28
+
46
23
09/02/2014
Contoh 2
47
48
24
09/02/2014
49
50
25
09/02/2014
Example 4
51
52
26
09/02/2014
53
54
27
09/02/2014
55
Portal 2D
Sebuah portal statis tak tentu seperti pada gambar
P
B
C
2
EI
1
1
L
EI
DOF = 2
A
L/2
L/2
Deformasi aksial
diabaikan
[ Ks ] 2 x 2
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
56
28
09/02/2014
Elemen 1
K1
=
2x2
0
4 EI
L
1
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
1
4 EI
L
2
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
[ K1 ] =
2x2
4 EI
L
1 }T
Elemen 2
K2
=
2x2
4 EI
L
2 EI
L
[ K2 ] =
2x2
2 }T
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
57

[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
4 EI
L
[ Ks ] =
2x2
4 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
8 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan

hubungan :
{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us }
{ Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
dimana :
Us
deformasi ujung-ujung aktif
Ks
kekakuan struktur
Ps
gaya-gaya pada ujung aktif elemen akibat beban luar (aksi)
58
29
09/02/2014
Untuk contoh di atas, maka :

P
1
PL
8
1
PL
8
Ps =
1
PL
8
1
PL
8
59
-1
Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks
]
[ Ks ] =
[ Ks ]-1 =
8 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
1
L 4
8 . 4 - 2 . 2 EI - 2
- 2
L
=
8
28 EI
4 - 2
- 2 8
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks -1] { Ps }
L 4 - 2
Us =
28 EI - 2 8
1PL
8
1
PL
8
60
30
09/02/2014

U11
Elemen 1
U1
0
=
U12
3
112
P L2
EI
U21
3
112
P L2
EI
5
112
P L2
EI
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
Us
4
- 2
L
28 EI
- 2
8
1
P L
8
1
P L
8
Elemen 2
U2
=
U22
Us
L
28 EI
Us
1
1
q L2 q L2
3
6
1
q L2
6
3
112
5
112
4
q L2
6
P L2
EI
Rotasi di joint B
P L2
EI
Rotasi di joint C
61
Reaksi akibat beban luar :

P
1
PL
8
1
PL
8
Gaya akhir elemen :

Elemen 1
P1
4 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
P1
{ P1 } = [ K1 ] + { PR1 }
3
P L
56
6
P L
56
3 P L2
112
EI
+
0
Hasil perhitungan
hanya momen saja
62
31
09/02/2014
Elemen 2
P2
{ P2 } = [ K2 ] + { PR2 }
4 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
3 P L2
112 EI
5 P L2
112 EI
6
q L2
56
P2
1
PL
8
1
PL
8
3
q L2
28
Hasil perhitungan
hanya momen saja
=
0
63
Free Body Diagram :

17
P
28
6
PL
56
6
PL
56
9
P
56
0
9
P
56
9
P
56
17
P
28
Dihitung lagi
11
P
28
Bidang D :
3
PL
56
9
P
56
Dihitung lagi
17
P
28
Bidang M :
17
P
28
11
P
28
6
PL
56
9
P
56
Bidang N :
9
P
56
11
PL
56
3
PL
56
17
P
28
64
32
09/02/2014
Contoh 2
P
B
EI
2
1
4
L
EI
A
L/2
DOF = 3
1
L/2
2
2
DOF = 3

[ Ks ] 3 x 3
[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
0
65
Elemen 1
0
K1
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
12 EI
- 3
L
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
[ K1 ] =
2x2
12 EI
L3
-
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
-
6 EI
L2
2 }T
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
66
33
09/02/2014
Elemen 2
K2
=
2x2
2
4 EI
L
3
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
3 }T
4 EI
L
2 EI
L
[ K2 ] =
2x2
2 EI
L
4 EI
L

[ Ks ] = [ K1 ] + [ K2 ]
[ Ks ] =
1
12 EI
L3
2
6 EI
- 2
L
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
3x3
2
4 EI
L
3
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
67
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
8 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
0
Ps
1
PL
8
1
PL
8
68
34
09/02/2014
Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ]-1

28 L3
EI
24 L2
EI
[ Ks ]-1 =
12 L2
EI
24 L2
EI
48 L
EI
12 L2
EI
24 L
EI
24 L
EI
60L
EI
Jadi : { Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
28 L3
EI
24 L2
EI
Us =
12 L2
EI
Us
24 L2
EI
48 L
EI
12 L2
EI
24 L
EI
24 L
EI
60L
EI
3 P L3
128 EI
0
1
PL
8
1
PL
8
Dilatasi di joint B
10 P L
128 EI
7 P L2
128 EI
Rotasi di joint B
Rotasi di joint C
69
Elemen 1
U1
U11
U12
3
128
6
128
U13
U14
U2 1
Elemen 2
U2
=
U2 2
P L3
EI
P L2
EI
6 P L2
128 EI
7 P L2
128 EI
70
35
09/02/2014
Gaya akhir elemen :

Elemen 1
{ P1 } = [ K1 ] + { PR1 }
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
- 2
L
3 P L3
128 EI
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
6 P L2
128 EI
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
12 EI
3
L
6 EI
- 2
L
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
P1
12 EI
L3
12 EI
L3
P1
3
PL
64
3
PL
64
Elemen 2
P2
{ P2 } = [ K2 ] + { PR2 }
4 EI
L
2 EI
L
2 EI
L
4 EI
L
6 P L2
128 EI
7 P L2
128 EI
6
PL
128
P2
3
q L2
64
=
0
71
1
PL
8
1
PL
8
Hasil perhitungan
hanya momen saja
72
36
09/02/2014
Free Body Diagram :

3
PL
64
35
P
64
3
PL
64
35
P
64
29
P
64
Dihitung lagi
Bidang M :
3
PL
64
3
PL
64
29
PL
128
35
P
64
3
PL
64
Bidang D :
35
P
64
73
29
P
64
Bidang N :
35
64
Copyright:
Dr Endah Wahyuni
74
37
09/02/2014
Deformasi aksial diabaikan
75
76
38
09/02/2014
77
78
39
09/02/2014
The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file.
79
80
40
09/02/2014
81
Transformation of Coordinates
2
2
U2, P2
u2, p2
u1, p1
U1, P1
u3, p3
U3, P3
Koordinat Lokal dan Global

3
u1
u2
u3
U1
-S
U2
U3
C = cos
S = sin
82
41
09/02/2014
Atau dapat ditulis :
u = U
Dimana :
-S
C = cos
S = sin
Untuk transformasi sumbu sebuah titik dengan 6 dof dapat ditulis :

u1
u2
u3
u4
u5
u6
U1
U2
U3
U4
U5
U6
[u] = [R] [U]

R = matriks rotasi
83
Transformasi sumbu juga berlaku untuk gaya :

p = P
P = -1 p
-1 = T
P = T p
P1
P2
P3
P4
P5
P6
p = k u
P = RT p
T
= R k u
p1
p2
p3
p4
p5
p6
[ P ] = [ R ]T [ p ]
R = matriks rotasi
u = R U
P = K U
K = RT k R
= RT k R U
K
84
42
09/02/2014
Matriks kekakuan elemen untuk 6 dof :
6x6
EA
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
EA
L
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
EA
L
-
12 EI
L3
6 EI
L2
6 EI
L2
2 EI
L
EA
L
6 EI
L2
12 EI
L3
2 EI
L
6 EI
L2
12
6L
-12
6L
6L
4L2
-6L
2L2
-12
-6L
12
-6L
6L
2L2
-6L
4L2
6 EI
L2
4 EI
L
85
Dimana :
=
EI
L3
A L2
I
[ K ] = [ R ]T [ k ] [ R ]
86
43
09/02/2014
[K]=[R]T [k][R]
C -S
0
K
C
0
=
C
-S
0
0
1
12
0
-
0
0
6L
C6L
S0
-S
S 2 C
4L
-12
-6L
2
6L
2L
-12
6L
-6L
2L2
12
-6L
C
0
-S
-6L
87
g2
g4
-g1
-g2
g4
g3
g5
-g2
-g3
g5
g6
-g
g4
-g
g5
g7
g1
g2
-g4
g3
-g5
0
0
4L2
g1
g6
Dimana :
g1 = ( C2 + 12 S2 )
g5 = 6 L C
g2 = C S ( - 12 )
g6 = 4 L2
g3 = ( S2 + 12 C2 )
g7 = 2 L2
g4 = - 6 L S
88
44
09/02/2014
Sebuah portal seperti gambar, dengan menggunakan transformasi sumbu

hitunglah gayagaya-gaya dalam yang bekerja
E
A
I
L
L=
=
=
=
=
30.000 ksi
5 in2
50 in4
10 ft
10 ft 1
q = 1,68 k/ft
M = 14 kft = 168 kin
2
L = 10 ft
0
1
2
Sumbu Global
DOF
[ Ks ] 3 x 3
Sumbu Lokal
0
2 1
3
2
2
0
2 5
6
89
Matriks transformasi batang :

Batang 1
= 270o
cos 270o = 0
sin 270o = -1
= 270o
x
-S
-1
2
x
Batang 2
= 0o
cos 0o = 1
sin 0o = 0
= 0o
2
x
3
-S
90
45
09/02/2014
R1
-S
R2
-S
-1
-1
=
C
-S
0
=
C
-S
91
Matriks kekakuan system struktur

Elemen 1 :
1 =
EI
30.000 . 50
3
(10 . 12) 3
L1
1 =
A L1
I
5 . (10 . 12)
50
= 0,87
2
= 1.440
C = 0 ; S = -1
{ T } = { 0 0 0 1 0 2 }T
0
g1
K1
0
g2
0
g4
1
-g1
0
-g2
2
g4
g3
g5
-g2
-g3
g5
g6
-g4
-g5
g7
g1
g2
-g4
g3
-g5
g6
-g4
92
46
09/02/2014
K1
1
g1
2
-g4
3
0
-g4
g6
g1 = ( C2 + 12 S2 )
= 0,87 [ 0 + 12 (-1)2 ] = 10,44
g4 = - 6 L S
= -0,87 . 6 . 120 (-1)
g6 = 4 L
= 0,87 . 4 . 120
= 626,4
= 50.112
Sehingga :
K1
10 44
10,44
-626,4
626 4
-626,4
50.112
93
Elemen 2 :
2 =
EI
30.000 . 50
3
(10 . 12) 3
L1
2 =
A L1
I
5 . (10 . 12)
50
= 0,87
2
= 1.440
C = 1 ; S =0
{T}= {1 0 2 0 0
1
g1
K2
3 }T
0
g2
2
g4
0
-g1
0
-g2
3
g4
g3
g5
-g2
-g3
g5
g6
-g4
-g5
g7
g1
g2
-g4
g3
-g5
g6
g4
g4
K2
g7
1
g1
2
g4
3
g4
g4
g6
g7
g4
g7
g6
94
47
09/02/2014
g1 = ( C2 + 12 S2 )
= 0,87 [ 1.440 . 12 + 12 (0)2 ] = 1.252,8
g4 = - 6 L S
= -0,87 . 6 . 120 (0)
= 0
g6 = 4 L2
= 0,87 . 4 . 1202
= 50.112
g7 = 2 L2
= 0,87 . 2 . 1202
= 25.056
Sehingga :
K2
KS
1.252,8
50.112
25.056
25.056
50.112
1.263,24
-626,4
-626,4
100.224
25.056
25.056
50.112
95
Matriks beban :
8,4
q = 0,14 k/in
0
168 kin
168 kin
168 kin
8,4
0
PS
168
0
{ Us } = [ Ks ]-1 { Ps }
{ Ps } = [ Ks ] { Us }
US
US
-1
1.263,24
-626,4
-626 4
-626,4
100 224
100.224
25
25.056
056
168
25.056
50.112
0,00095
Defleksi horizontal di 2
0,00192
Rotasi di 2
-0,00096
Rotasi di 3
96
48
09/02/2014
Displacement masing-masing batang (koordinat lokal)
u1
u2
u11
-1
u1
u1
u1
-1
0,00095
u1
0,00095
u16
0,00192
0,00192
u21
0,00095
0,00095
u2
u2
0,00192
u2
u2
-0,0096
-0,0096
u24
0
=
0
0,00192
=
0
97
98
Gaya akhir batang :

Elemen 1 :
{ P1 } = [ k1 ] { u1 } + { 0 }
0
1,193 k
1,193 k
47,512 kin
P1
3,959 kft
=
-1,193 k
-1,193 k
95,620 kin
7,968 kft
Elemen 2 :
{ P2 } = [ k2 ] { u2 } + { Faksi }
1,19 k
1,19 k
-7,8 k
-7,8 k
-95,84 kin
P2
-7,99 kft
=
-1,19 k
-9 k
168 kin
-1,19 k
-9 k
14 kft
49
09/02/2014
1,193
Free body diagram :

0
1,193 k
3,959
+
7,968 kft
1,193
7,99 kft
q = 1,68 k/ft
14 kft
1,193 k
1,19 k
7,8
1,19 k
2
9k
7,8 k
3,959
+
1,19
1,19
7,99
14
99
TRANSFORMASI SUMBU
PADA BIDANG MIRING
MEKANIKA TERAPAN
50
09/02/2014
CONTOH SOAL
A = 50 cm2
E = 2,1
, . 106 kg/cm
g 2
I = 2100 cm4
DOF : 4
[Ks] 4 x 4
MATRIX TRANSFORMASI
BATANG
= 45
Cos
C = 0.707
0 707
Sin = 0.707
1 =
-S
0.707
0.707
-0.707
0.707
51
09/02/2014
MATRIX TRANSFORMASI
BATANG
= 0
Cos
C =1
Sin = 0
2 =
-S
Matrix kekakuan sistem struktur
Batang 1
g1
g2
g4
-gg1
-gg2
g4
g3
g5
-g2
-g3
g5
g6
-g4
-g5
g7
g1
g2
-g4
g2
g3
-g5
-g4
-g5
g6
[K1] =
[k1] =
g1
g2
-g4
g2
g3
-g5
-g4
-g5
g6
= EI/L3 = 5,773
= AL2/I = 4286,44
52
09/02/2014

g1
g2
g3
g4
g5
g6
g7
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
( C2 + 12 S2 )
C S ( - 12 )
( S2 + 12 C2)
- 6 L S
6LC
4 L2
2 L2
g1
[k1] =
g2
-g4
g2
g3
-gg5
-g4
-g5
g6
Batang 2
[K2] =
g1
g2
g4
-gg1
-gg2
g4
g2
g3
g5
-g2
-g3
g5
g4
g5
g6
-g4
-g5
g7
g1
g2
-g4
g2
g3
-g5
-g4
-g5
g6
g4
EI/L3 =
=
3,528
= AL2/I = 5952,381
[k2] =
g5
g7
g1
g2
g4
g4
g2
g3
g5
g5
g4
g5
g6
g7
g4
g5
g7
g6
53
09/02/2014
g1 = ( C2 + 12 S2
)
g2 = C S ( - 12 )
g3 = ( S2 + 12 C2
g4
g5
g6
g7
=
=
=
=
[k2] =
g1
g2
g4
g4
g2
g3
g5
g5
g4
g5
g6
g7
g4
g5
g7
g6
- 6 L S
6LC
4 L2
2 L2
Persamaan kesetimbangan
{Ps} = [Ks] {Us}
[ks] = [k1] + [k2] =
33403,7
12334,4
103,907
12334,445
12446,036
1,933
105,84
103 907
103,907
1 933
1,933
768 526
768,526
176 4
176,4
105,84
176,4
352,8
[Ps]
=
-11,25
-5,208
5,208
54
09/02/2014
Jika {Ps} = [Ks] {Us} ; maka {Us}

0
-11,25
-5,208
5 208
33403,7
12334,4
103,907
12334,445
12446,036
1,933
105,84
103,907
1,933
768,526
176,4
105,84
176,4
352,8
5,208
{Us}
0.00073
{Us} =
-0.0018
-0.0118
0.0211
Displacement tiap batang pada

sistem koordinat GLOBAL
U11
U1
{U1
}
U13
0
=
U14
Us1
0,00073
U1
Us2
-0,0018
U1
Us3
0,0118
5
6
{U2
}
U21
Us1
0,00073
U22
U2
Us2
-0,0018
0 0018
Us3 =
0,0118
U2
U24
U25
U2
Us4
0,0211
55
09/02/2014

sistem koordinat LOKAL
{U1}
U11
0.707
0.707
U1
-0.707
0.707
U13
U14
U15
{U1}
U1
0,00073
00.00076
00076
0.707
0.707
-0.707
0.707
-0,0018
-0.0018
0,0118
-0.0118

sistem koordinat LOKAL
{U2}
U21
U22
U2
U24
U2
U2
{U2}
0,00073
0,00073
-0,0018
-0,0018
0,0118
0,0118
0,0211
0,0211
56
09/02/2014
Gaya Batang
{p1} = [k1] {U1} + {f1}
{p1}
5,773
4286,44
4286,44
18.8
12
25,46
-12
25,46
-1.58
25,46
72,01
-25,46
36
-2.19
=
4286,44
4286,44
0.00076
-12
-25,46
12
-25,46
-0.0018
1.58
-5,46
36
-25,46
72,01
-0.0118
-4.64
-18.8
Gaya Batang
{p2} = [k2] {U2} + {f2}
{p1
}
3,52
8
5952,38
1
5952,38
1
0,00073
12
30
-12
30
30
100
-30
30
50
5952,38
1
5952,38
1
-12
30
12
30
-30
50
30
100
-0,0018
0,0118
0
0
0,0211
15,33
6.25
7,16
5 208
5,208
+
4 58
4,58
=
15,33
6.25
5,34
-5.208
57
09/02/2014
Gambar Bidang M, N, D
RANGKA BATANG
In the Truss Construction (KRB), the calculation of

element stiffness matrix [K] is based on two dimensions
off th
the ttruss case. Forces
F
th
thatt works
k jjustt ttension
i and
d
compression axial only, is the moment and latitude force is
not available.
Note the picture: a bar elements with area of A and
modulus of elasticity of E is constant. The calculation of
stiffness elements containing only element of A, E and
f
four-point
i t coordinates,
di t namely:
l xi,i xj,j yii and
d yj.j
116
58
09/02/2014
117
118
59
09/02/2014
119
120
60
09/02/2014
Example:
A truss structurewith arrangement as shown in the

figure as follows:
10t
3
2t
600
2
4m
With area of A = 20 cm2
Modulus of elasticity : 2 x 106 kg/cm2
Question: Calculate the internal forces and deformation shape

121
122
61
09/02/2014
123
124
62
09/02/2014
125
126
63
09/02/2014
127
128
64
09/02/2014
129
130
65
09/02/2014
131
132
66
09/02/2014
133
134
67
09/02/2014
135
136
68
09/02/2014
137
138
69
09/02/2014
139
140
70
09/02/2014
141
y,v
j
c = cos
j
qj
cui
pj
ui
qi
pi
x,u
g Batang,
g, dengan
g sudut
Elemen Rangka
Elemen Rangka
g Batang
g setelah
pada bidang xy
perpindahan titik ui > 0, titik lain tetap
142
71
09/02/2014
Pertama, harus menghitung :
L=
- x i y j - y i
2
C = cos =
x j - xi
S = sin =
y j - yi
L
L
Perpendekan aksial cui menghasilkan gaya tekan aksial

AE
F =
cu i
L
Dimana : x dan y merupakan komponen dari ;

pi = - pj = Fc
qi = - qj = Fs
Komponen ini menghasilkan kesetimbangan statis, sehingga diperoleh :
pi
C2
qi
CS
AE
L
-C2
ui =
pj
qj
-CS
143
Hasil yang sama juga akan diperoleh dengan cara memberikan perpindahan pada vi,
uj, dan vj, dimana gaya bekerja sendiri-sendiri. Dan jika 4 dof dengan nilai tidak nol
bekerja bersama-sama, dan dengan superposisi masing-masing elemen matriks
kekakuan, dapat dihitung sebagai berikut :
AE
=
L
C2
CS
-C2
-CS
CS
S2
-CS
-S2
-C2
-CS
C2
CS
-CS
-S2
CS
S2
144
72
09/02/2014
Hubungan matriks kekakuan dengan gaya dapat ditulis sebagai berikut :

[K]{D} ={F}
AE
L
C2
CS
CS
-CS
-CS
-C
-CS
-S
-C2
-CS
-S
pi
ui
vi
qi
=
CS
uj
pj
CS
vj
qj
Untuk kasus khusus :

1. Jika nilai = 0, sebagai batang horizontal, matriks kekakuan elemen [ K ] 4 x 4
Hanya berisi 4 komponen yang tidak bernilai nol, yaitu :
k11 = k33 = -k13 = -k31 =
AE
L
AE
L
-1
-1
0
145
1. Jika nilai = 90, sebagai batang vertikal, matriks kekakuan elemen [ K ] 4 x 4

Hanya berisi 4 komponen yang tidak bernilai nol, yaitu :
k22 = k44 = -k24 = -k42 =
AE
L
AE
L
-1
-1
146
73
09/02/2014
Sebuah Konstruksi Rangka Batang dengan luas A

dan Modulus Elastisitas E yang sama, seperti
pada Gambar
L
4
L
5
v
u
2
L
Hitunglah matriks kekakuaan masing-masing elemen
147
Perumusan untuk mencari nilai matriks kekakuan elemen dengan sudut :
AE
L
C2
CS
-C2
-CS
CS
S2
-CS
-S2
-C2
-CS
C2
CS
-CS
-S2
CS
S2
Batang 1, 2 dan 3 merupakan batang horizontal, sehingga = 0o

Maka : [ K1 ] = [ K2 ] = [ K3 ]
K1
AE
L
-1
-1
148
74
09/02/2014
Batang 4 dan 6 merupakan batang diagonal dengan sudut = 60o

Dimana :
C = cos 60o = 0,5

S = sin 60o = 0,866
Maka : [ K4 ] = [ K6 ]
K4
AE
L
0,250
0,433
-0,250
-0,433
0,433
0,750
-0,433
-0,750
-0,250
0 250
0 433
0,433
0 250
0,250
-0,433
0 433
-0,433
-0,750
0,433
0,750
Batang 5 dan 7 merupakan batang diagonal dengan sudut = 300o

Dimana :
C = cos 300o = 0,5

S = sin 300o = -0,866
Maka : [ K5 ] = [ K7 ]
K5
AE
L
0,250
-0,433
-0,250
0,433
-0,433
0,750
0,433
-0,750
-0,250
0,433
0,250
-0,433
0,433
0,750
0,433
-0,750
[K]10X10 =
[K]10X10 =
A.E
0.335
0.128
-0.250
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.085
-0.128
0 000
0.000
0.000
3.35E-01 1.28E-01
1.28E-01 1.92E-01
-2.50E-01 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00
-8.53E-02 -1.28E-01
-1.28E-01 -1.92E-01
0.00E+00 0.00E+00
0.00E+00 0.00E+00
0.128
0.192
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.128
-0.192
0 000
0.000
0.000
-2.50E-01
0.00E+00
6.71E-01
0.00E+00
-2.50E-01
0.00E+00
-8.53E-02
1.28E-01
-8.53E-02
-1.28E-01
-0.250
0.000
0.671
0.000
-0.250
0.000
-0.085
0.128
-0
0.085
085
-0.128
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
3.84E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
-1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.384
0.000
0.000
0.128
-0.192
-0
0.128
128
-0.192
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-2.50E-01
0.00E+00
3.35E-01
-1.28E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-8.53E-02
1.28E-01
0.000
0.000
-0.250
0.000
0.335
-0.128
0.000
0.000
-0
0.085
085
0.128
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-1.28E-01
1.92E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
-0.128
0.192
0.000
0.000
0 128
0.128
-0.192
-0.085
-0.128
-0.085
0.128
0.000
0.000
0.421
0.256
0 000
0.000
0.000
-8.53E-02
-1.28E-01
-8.53E-02
1.28E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
4.21E-01
2.56E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2.56E-01
3.84E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-0.128
-0.192
0.128
-0.192
0.000
0.000
0.256
0.384
0 000
0.000
0.000
149
0.000
0.000
-0.085
-0.128
-0.085
0.128
0.000
0.000
0 421
0.421
0.000
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-8.53E-02
-1.28E-01
-8.53E-02
1.28E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
4.21E-01
0.00E+00
0.000
0.000
-0.128
-0.192
0.128
-0.192
0.000
0.000
0 000
0.000
0.384
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
3.84E-01
150
75
09/02/2014
[K]7X7 =
6.71E-01
0.00E+00
-2.50E-01
-8.53E-02
1.28E-01
-8.53E-02
-1.28E-01
1.81E+00
2.85E+00
1.09E+00
-1
[K] 7X7 = -1.68E+00
1 68E+00
1.94E+00
1.46E+00
1.67E+00
0.00E+00
3.84E-01
0.00E+00
1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
-1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
-2.50E-01
0.00E+00
3.35E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-8.53E-02
1.28E-01
2.85E+00 1.09E+00
-4.26E+00 2.92E+00
2.92E+00 4.12E+00
6 31E+00 -2.24E+00
6.31E+00
2 24E+00
-7.28E+00 2.59E+00
-1.25E-01 1.94E+00
-2.15E+00 4.48E-01
-8.53E-02
1.28E-01
0.00E+00
4.21E-01
2.56E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
0.00E+00
2.56E-01
3.84E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
-1.68E+00
6.31E+00
-2.24E+00
-3.61E+00
3 61E+00
6.12E+00
1.12E+00
3.34E+00
-8.53E-02
-1.28E-01
-8.53E-02
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
4.21E-01
0.00E+00
-1.28E-01
-1.92E-01
1.28E-01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
3.84E-01
1.94E+00 1.46E+00
-7.28E+00 -1.25E-01
2.59E+00 1.94E+00
6 12E+00 1.12E+00
6.12E+00
1 12E+00
-5.77E+00 -1.30E+00
-1.30E+00 3.03E+00
-3.86E+00 -2.24E-01
{D} = [K] {R}
-1.43E+04
-5000
2.13E+04
0
0
151
-1
Matriks Beban { R }
{R}7X1 =
1.67E+00
-2.15E+00
4.48E-01
3 34E+00
3.34E+00
-3.86E+00
-2.24E-01
1.94E+00
{D}7X1 =
-1.46E+04
-3.15E+04
3.64E+04
6.23E+02
1.07E+04
152
76
09/02/2014
Matriks {D} Global
Matriks Gaya Dalam
0.00E+00
F1H
-0.02
F1V
2500.00
0.00E+00
1.43E 04
-1.43E+04
2.13E+04
[D]10X1 =
-1.46E+04
0.00E+00
-3.15E+04
3.64E+04
6.23E+02
1 07E+04
1.07E+04
[F]12X1 =
F2H
0.00
F2V
-5000.00
F3H
0.00
F3V
2500.00
F4H
0.00
F4V
0.00
F5H
0.00
F5V
0.00
153
77

3872 Ewahyuni 301 ASMM English

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3872 Ewahyuni 301 ASMM English

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

09/02/2014

Mekanika Teknik Terapan

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Introduction of Finite Element Method

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Structural Analysis: Using Classical and Matrix

Note: Percentage can be changed according

It is usual to use a generic symbol for the element, the

Subtraction is treated as negative addition

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

To multiply a matrix by a scalar quantity, each

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Unit (or identity ) matrix

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Find the determinant then the inverse matrices

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Structural Analysis of Matrix Methods

Matrix Method of Structural Analysis is a method to analyze

One of the ways used to solve the above equation, namely

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

On the stiffness method, the unknown variable is

The stiffness method is developed from the node

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Degrees of Freedom (DOF)

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

To be able to form a structure stiffness matrix, it is

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Metode Kekakuan Langsung

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

P1 = K11 . U1 + K12 . U2 + K13 . U3 + K14 . U4

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Jika pada batang bekerja gaya aksial :

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

For beam with 6 dof

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Stiffness Matrix with Axial Loads

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Procedure to solve a problem

Calculate Structure DOF

Menentukan keaktifan ujung-ujung elemen

Menentukan matriks tujuan

Matriks kekakuan struktur

Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen :

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Membuat matrik kekakuan elemen :

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Matriks Kekakuan Global Struktur

Untuk mendapatkan deformasi ujung-ujung aktif struktur, maka digunakan

deformasi ujung-ujung aktif

gaya-gaya pada ujung aktif elemen akibat beban luar (aksi)

Untuk contoh di atas, maka :

Menghitung invers matrik kekakuan global [ Ks ]-1

Copyright: Dr Endah Wahyuni

Deformasi untuk masing-masing elemen

Reaksi akibat beban luar :