Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1989
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
,
, .
,
.
( )
.""
. Hobbes J. Locke
""1776.
II("")
" " . . , ,
1986.
Digitizedby10uk1s
II.
, ,
, ,
, , , .
.,
' .
.
...
,
.;
'.""
. , .
,
, , ,
,
,
.;
,.
,
.
.
:
,.
;;;
...
. ' "" ,
;
,
' .
, ,
,.
, ,
, ,
.
.
.
,
,..,
,.
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
,,
. .
.
',
.
,
. :
',,
""
;
;;,
;,;
. , ,
.
.
,"
"(339).
,
.,.
: " , ' "
(348)."",
. , ,
.",
"(348).
',
, .
.
.
,,
,
.
.
,
,,
.
,
.
.
.,
.."
Digitizedby10uk1s
",",
" " ( 297).
. ,
.
,,
"" "" ,
,'
.
,
.
,
.
,,
.
"" ,
. .
"":"'
" (1275 ).
.
. .
,
, '
,
.
'
.
.
,
',15
. Hobbes 17 ,
.
Hobbes
.
.,Hobbes,.
,
, ,
. .
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
.
Hobbes,
, 18
Rousseau.HobbesGrotius
.
Rousseau " " 1762: "
.
,,;"
: " ,
.;
".
,
. ,
.,Rousseau,
.
()
.
.
.
. ' ,
.
,Rousseau,
18
.
.
.
.
18,
, :
"
',.
,,
, , ' '
(...). , '
, ,
''
:,
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
'.,',,
,''
. ' ,
'.'
(...) ' (...)
",
.
, , (...).
,
,'''','
,''','.
'',()".
",,",,".
, ,
.
,
,Rousseau.
19
.
, ,
""
"".
.
.
,
,
,
.
Hobbes
,
.'18
19.
, ,
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
.Hobbes,
, ,
Rousseau,
.
,
.
"".
,
..
,
.
,
, ,
.
,.
,
.
,
.
,'.
, , , ,
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
III.
1.
.
"", ""
.
""
.
.
, ; ..
.Parsons,,
""().
)
)
)
).
"" "" ,
,,.
,Parsons
"", "" . .
Parsons,
.
,
: ""
, .
"",
,.
,.
, ,
().
.
. ,
, .
,
. ,
.
,
"",
,.,,
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
""(
,,
).
,
(..
,).
,
.().
"",
,..
"",.
.
,
.
(' ),
. .
' .
.
( ),
, ("")
"",
,.
()(..
)
(.. ).
, .
.
, .
.
""(..,.).
2.
:"".
. Adam Ferguson,
""(1767),
(
"").
Digitizedby10uk1s
,.Smith,"
"(1776)..Smith,
,
,
,
.
,.
,
. .
.
Karl Marx " " (1845/46), "".
""
,
. W. Sambart Max Weber
.
"" ,
.
(Burg),
/ Brger, Bourgeois.
,,.
.
, ,
""
(,,,,
12 ). (
), ,
.
,,
.
, ,
, : ,
.(,.
).
.
(
)
' .
Digitizedby10uk1s
,"".
(MaxWeber"").
.
.
.
.
3.
Karl Marx W. Sombart Max Weber.
,
"".
1316
Marx""19
( ),
,
.
""
(
) ,
,
.
(
)16.
""
.
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
'
(
Digitizedby10uk1s
').
.
.'
.,,.
.
.
,
.
18 ,
,
,
.Karl
Marx ,
.
(""). ,
,.,,.
.
Marx,,
.
,
(.).
""
,
()'
.
, ' .
().
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
""
, .
(
)"".
4.
.
( ,
.) , .
.
,
, .
.
. ,
(..
"", ,
.).
() '
. ,
"" .
, 17 18
.
.
, ,
""
""
.
.;
(
).
(..,,,
;).
,
(. Filmer J. Locke 17
).""
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
1688 1789,
.
.
, .
.. ().
'
().
,
.
,
.
(),.
,()
.
17 ( ).
'(19)
.
.
.
,
.
,,.
(
),(
).
, .
,
""(
, ' ,
).
, ,
..
""
.'
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
"" ( ) .
,
, ,
.,
, ""
, ,
.
, , ,
. 18 Rousseau
,
.
.
.
.,
""
, , .
" " "
" ( ,
)
.
, ,
: 16 17
" ". (.
()).
18
(. Lessing ).
'
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
IV.
1..Hobbes
17 ,
,
.
,
( ) . ,
' ,
.,
,
,
(gentry). ,
,
, .
(
;) .
(OliverCromwell).
17 Thomas Hobbes
"Leviathan" (1651). ,
. Hobbes
,
. Hobbes 12 Leviathan
""
.
,.
Hobbes , .
" ". , Hobbes,
.
,
.
""(.
Digitizedby10uk1s
"").
.,
Hobbes"""",
(
) ,
.
Hobbes
,
,(Leviathan).
,
(,
,).
Hobbes "",
.
()
,
."""
",""
. ,
,Hobbes()
(.
Hobbes ).
.(
(
), ). Hobbes
,
.
2.John
Locke
17,""(GloriousRevolution)(1688)
,.
,
.13
,
.BillofRights1689,
'
(petitions) , ,
.
,
. Whigs,
Digitizedby10uk1s
. Whigs
, (
).17
,'.
Torries
,
( , , ). Torries
Stuarts,
.
.RobertFilmer:"Patriarcha.A
defenceofthenaturalpowerofKingsagainsttheunnaturallibertyofthepeople(1680).'
, Divine
RightofKings.
.
,.
WhigsJohnLocke:TwoTreatisesofGovernment:
In the former, The False Principles and Foundation of Sir Robert Filmer, and his Followers, are
detectedandoverthrown.TheLatterisanEssayconcerningthetrueoriginal,extent,andEndofCivil
Government. ' ,
,.
.
,
, , ' .
.
,.
, ,
.
,commonlaw
. , Locke,
gentry.
,
,
, .
(,,'
, ).
(),
, () ,
,
.,17,
.
3.
, 17 .
, .
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,,
.
(Tiers Etat) . '
(171574), (AncienRegime)
,
.
,
.
.
.(1748)(EspritdesLois),
, ,
,
, ,
,
(). " "
.
,"",
,
. : ,
, ,
.
,
.
.
' . .
. 17
.
.,
,
. ,
().
.
",
".
( )
.
,
.
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
().,
.
. ,
, ()
,().
( , . VI) " "
,
.,
, .
:"
.:.:
(...):.
,.
,".(3,.1).
;
(),
.
.
.
,
(). ,
,,
,
.
, ,
, " " (, . 36,
, . 47) . (
,
).,ResPublica,
Republique.
( , ,
),(2,.6),
, . Republique,
/,.
()(
). ' Republique
.
, ,
,,.
, (
) (
) . ,
,.
( 3,
.4):
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
.
,
,
,.
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
.
" " ( 3, . 6)
.
, .
.
( , , ,
).
, , .
.
,
, .
(, , ),
.
,
. "
".
.
,
(),(Sieyes,Rousseau).
,
,
"".
. 1789
""
. .
"".
1791 , "
".,""
().
. ("") , republique,
Digitizedby10uk1s
"".
1789:
.
..
. .
, .
.
. .
4..ImmanuelKant
17,
,
.
"",,
,(
"",..).
(1648),250
. , 16
,(16181648),
19 ,
. , ,
, . , (
) .
.
,
.
, , ,
, ,
,.
.
"",
(respublica).
,
.
"".
.
(formaregiminis)(formaimperii)
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
.
(..
),,
,
,()
. , ""
"".,
,.
, ,
.
(,,,
)."",
, , ,
,,
,..
;
, ,
,
"". " ,
". , ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
( , Stnde)
"",
, . ,
,
,
.
,
,.
gentry 18
,
,.
(. . . , . , "", .
,.128.),.
,
( ), ,
,
. "
",.,
"".
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
,
.
.
.
,,.
,
( " " ,
). ,
, .
:
"",,
(. "
: ").
.
"",""
" ", (
).
, " ".
. (
, , , ,
).
(.. ,
), ,
(
"").
" ",
(. "", . 135 .).
" ", (' ",
,,").,
.
*,,
. ' ,
,
,,.
,
,"",
.,,
(..).
."",.137,""
(1,9),.
Digitizedby10uk1s
()
.
,
.
,
.
.
,.
,
,.
5.Tocqueville
17
. , , Hudson,
,17.,
,.
, .
18 , ,
(No Taxation without
Representation). 4 1776,
" " Jefferson.
,
. ,
. ,
,,
,,,
. Locke
Whigs.
,
1787,'(
) (
)
.
A. Hamilton, ,
.
Jeferson ,
. Jefferson '
.
()Jackson.
Hamilton
Digitizedby10uk1s
.'.
(selfinterest).
selfinterest(Publicgood).Hamilton
, . "", ,
"",.,
.
.,,,
.Locke
.
Jefferson"
" (1776). Jefferson
(17841789).
,
.
.
.
Locke,
,
" " Rousseau.
Jefferson,,
.
Hamilton
Jefferson.
1781,
1787(Hamilton,Madison,Washington)
Veto
.19
,
,
, ""
, .
"
'60.
.
AncienRgime().'
.
,:"(...)
,,
, "
("...",.41).
Tocqueville.,
,
(" ")
,,.
,,,
(."..."
,"",.24.).
""("",.34)
.
(
, , )
, Tocqueville,
, ,
.
Tocqueville
."
" : ,
, , .
,
.
,(..
,
*).
Tocqueville
.
("...",.82.).
.
Washington,
( ,
, )
,
,.Tocqueville
()
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
Montesquieu Rousseau,
,
.
,Tocqueville
.
,
. "
'(
.. ),
,,,"".
,
" (.93). Tocqueville
"""".
.
""(Hamilton),
,,
. , , (
Jefferson)
. Tocqueville
.,
, "" ""
. Tocqueville
,
.
,
.
, ,
Tocqueville ' ,
.,,
'
.
, ,
.,
,
, ,
.
Tocqueville " "
, ,
, .
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
,,
, " "
.
,
,.
,
. , ,
Tocqueville, ,
, , .
,
,,
.
Tocqueville.,
,.
. "
, " (. 120).
(
""Rousseau),
.
(
),
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
Tocqueville
. Tocqueville
' , ,
,
.
,
.
,
.',Tocqueville
, ,
. ,
. Tocqueville
,
'.
Digitizedby10uk1s
V.
1.
,
,
.
'
.,
,,,
Rousseau .
, ( Hegel
, , ,
( ) , ).
.,.
, , ,
, . ,
(.MaxWeber),
.:
,
()
,
.
,
, .
(.MaxWeber).,
,
,
(Locke,Tocqueville).
.
18 ,
.
.Smith,
. A. Smith
,
,,,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,.,
,,
, .
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.,
,
;
, ,
, ;
,("")
,
,,
,
( )
(..,.30).
,
.
Rousseau, ,
1688(""),
,
. 19
.
. Rousseau
, ,
.
: ; ; ;
.Rousseau
""
(. C. Schmitt). "" ,
' ,
;
,
"",C.Schmitt,""
,
.
,
,
,
. ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
(.. ) .
, , ,
, .,
..
,
.
,
"". Guizot (17871874).
,
(JusteMilieu)."
" ,
, "".
:,
,(..Prelot,G.
Lescuyer.458.C.Schmitt).
,
,
( , ""
) .
,
19,
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
(..
),
, ,
.
(
,
.Smith).,"",,
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
2..
19 ,
,
J.Bentham,JamesMillJ.S.Mill.
18.
, 1760 " ",
,
,
.
, ,
.
19 o
,
.1832,
(TorriesWhigs
), .
( 1838),
, ,
. 19
(1868).
"" .
"" ,
,
.
Hutcheson :
.
,
, ,
;
(..
)
,
,
.,,
,
.
19 ,
,..J.Austin.Austin
.
,()
.
. O Hobbes. ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
(Hobbes).
.Smith
,
' ,
.
,
.,,
.
. ,
Bentham,
, (. . , "
", . "", 1984, . 276 .). Bentham
,
",".Bentham
,
. , ,
,
()
. Bentham
,
.
Bentham, o James Mill,
. " " J. Mill
.
,
,(J.Mill,AnEssayonGovernment,VI,
VII, VIII). J. Mill
, ,
,
.().
J.S.Mill(18061875)JamesMill,
.
. J.S. Mill , Bentham,
,,.
',
, .
,
.
J.S. Mill
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
"
".
J.S.Mill,"",
.
, ,
,
(..,
,).J.S.Mill
,
, .
,
.
",,,
,
".
,
( J. S. Mill
Tocqueville
).
,
. J.S. Mill
(,
). ""
" ",
.
(
).
.
J.S.Mill
. J.S. Mill "
"
,,,
,
.
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
,
.
J.S.Mill,,
. ,
,
,
,
.
3.
,
,"
"(
),
..SmithD.
Ricardo,o(1821)
(1.1817)
.
,
OwenGodwin.
Ricardo,
(,,,).
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
19 , ,
.,
, , '
.
,,
,,,
, , ,
,
(..
Digitizedby10uk1s
) (
).
,
.
,
. '
,
,
, . ,
, , ;
,
,,;
, ,
, ,
,
,;
,
.,,
"" , ,
, , "". ,
Robespierre Jefferson,
.
,
.
Jefferson Robespierre
,
.,,
.(
,,,,"").
.
Babeuf,
. Babeuf ,
()
1796,19
, .. Blanqui (. .
.,.8.).
,
.
, 1789 ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
.
(..Duverger,Institutions,.433.).1848,
, ,
.
. '
, (Louis Blanc). '
"" ,
.
,
.
L.Blanc
.,
. , L. Blanc
.
.
4.
1840 1850,
,
.
:
-
().
().
,,
, ,
(
),
,
().
1840, ,
,.
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
:
""
.
,.
L.
Feuerbach, " " (Wesen des Crhstenismus, 1841)
,"",
.
. , ,
. ,
,,
,
. ,
, ,
..
, ""
.,
( )
,
, ,
,.
,(""
"").
" " ,
.,
.
,.
" " ,
.
. ,
.
" ", 1845/46,
"""".
,
(."",,.73.).
.,
, (),
. "
,,
. , ,
' ,
"(,.75).
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
.
" ". , ,
. ,
.
. ,
A priori ( ,
),
. "
" ( , . 78).
""
,
.
.1843,"
",
. ,
, ,
. ,
,,,,.
.
,
: "
. ". ,
"" , "" ,
. ,
. , , (
),
. "" ( ) "" , , . (.
,...64).
, ,
().
.(
).,
( ) (
). 1843,
.
,
(,""),(
,),
.
,1843.
, "" ,
, ,
(,.123).
Digitizedby10uk1s
" ",
.
.,
,
.(),
.
, ,
,,
. ,
,
(, ),
. , ,
(
),,
. ,
(),
,
.""
.
,
" ",
.,
, , ' ,
.
, .
" "
.
,
.
1850,
,""(1859)""('1867)
Grundrisse, 1857/58. (
: " "
"").
,
,
.
,,
,
,.(.
,.,,.29.).,
,
,
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
. ,
, ,
.
(Grundrise, . 152162, . " ...", . 6374).
,
, ,
.
.
, ,
, ,
,
.,
..
,""
.
,
(
),(,
,)
.
,,
Rousseau.
8 '
.
(
,)
"",
.,
.
,,
. ,
,,.
,
,.
,
.
,
.
, n
n
,.
Digitizedby10uk1s
,,,
.
, ,
,',
.
,'
. ,
.
, 19 ,
,
. ,
1848,
,,
.
,
.,1848,
,,
,
.
,
" " (18 ).
, " ",
1848:,,
, .
,
,
Proudhon Blanqui,
,,
.
1871,
.
1848 1871,
.
""
,.,
,
. , , 1883
(.
(1875)) ,
""
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
VI.
.
.
,,,,
.
( Marx:
) .
.
. ,
.
ad hoc
.
.
19:
,
18(
19 ) .
, ,
(.Duverger).
, ,
19.
.
.
19
.
,
.
,
. " " A. Smith
()
( 1862).
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
.
(
).(18325%
)
.
,
, .
"" .
""
(
)
,(
).
(
)1920(.
1832, 1867, 1918
19).
, .
1848
.
.,,,1919,
.
,,
(. Duverger, . 398 .).
,.:
.
, '
.
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
( )
. 20
.
,
, '
( )
.""
' , '
,
()
19 20 .
,
,
,
.
,
. ,
(.. , ).
,
.
:
, .. ,
. .
.""
,
().
,,
, ,
.
.
19(Bismark)
.
.
18(,Rousseau)
Digitizedby10uk1s
20.
,
, " " (Franz
Neumann). ,
.
20,laissezfaire
(
),
,
.
,
,
, ,
(
).
.
, ..
.,
.
.
,.
.
, .
(
), . ()
. , ,
,(.).
,
,
.
,
.
.
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
,
.
,
"".
Digitizedby10uk1s
VII.
19
.
volont gnrale
.
, ,
.
" " .
,
"" ""
().
.
,
,
(,,).
.
,.
""
.""
.,,
.
1..
20 (
" " 1992).
. ""
,
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
""(,
,,,"").
""...
.
, "",
"" "" .
(
"").
"
" (.. , )
.
,
, (..
)
.
.
"" (
), ,
. ()
. , ..
"",
.
,
.
""
(. . , ). '
.
(
).
,
,
,.
, .
' , ""
("",
.
).
Digitizedby10uk1s
""'
,
.
"", ,
"" (..
"" (), ( )
.
'
(""),,
() ,
.
(
" ") .
',
.
,
.
,
""
.
,.,
.
,
(, ).
'.
,
() .
,
( , ..
).
(..
"" ,
,.).
"" (
) ,
. . , '
'
(
, "", ,
"""".*
"".
Digitizedby10uk1s
""."",
.
(
). ,
:
,,
.,
.
.
,
.
,,,
(
"" , ' ( . )
).
.
,
:
,
.
""
19,
.
, ' ,
.
(
"""
) , .
,
"".
.
',.
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
"", .
,
.
' "" ,
,
.
.
.
,
.
( )
"","
""".
,
( ),
.
(.
)
.
O .
(
,"",
).,,
, .
,
, .
("
").
,
,
, .
.
.',
"".
()
Digitizedby10uk1s
,.
""
""
.
(
).
2.Schumpeter
", " (1942) J. Schumpeter
Rousseau
.
Schumpeter
,,
(. 335 . ). ,
Schumpeter, volonte generale,
.
',(..),
,
( , ).
()
.
Schumpeter"
""",.
.
. "" volonte
generale. , ,
(338).
, "" . Schumpeter
.
, .
, (345 .).
(
).
.
.
, .
volonte generale (. 350 . . Marx
" ",
).
Digitizedby10uk1s
, ,
,
.
"" Schumpeter
XXII.
.
,.
, .
('""
) . .
. 359 ,
.
(,
Rousseau).
. ,
(
).
(,
) Schumpeter ,
(
).
Schumpeter
Schumpeter,
"" ""
:)Schumpeter
volonte generale " "
,..,,
/,
,.
.
,
.
volontegenerale,
.
, ,
.
.
Schumpeter(. 355)
Digitizedby10uk1s
volonte generale,
,
( "")
.
) Schumpeter
"",
(352).
"",
; Schumpeter
.
Schumpeter
volonte generale.
,
.
,
. Schumpeter
()"".
: "..
,.
.'
.
. ,
"(375).()..Schumpeter
""
, ,
,
.
Schumpeter Weber
(
,
).
Schumpeter
,
(
, ).
"", )
Digitizedby10uk1s
)
"".
(..
, ).
.
J.S.Mill.
:,
,.
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
1.LeviathanThomasHobbes
,,,
, . :
.
, ,
(,)
;
,',.
,
. Leviathan
, Civitas, ,
. '
,'
,,
.
,
.
.Saluspopuli:.
, .
. .
. ,
' ,
Fiat().,
.
,:
,.
,.
..
,.
,.
,,,
,.,
,
, .
, . '
,.NosceTeipsum,
().,,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
,
,
. , ,
, , , . , '
,
.
, , , , . ,
, , . . ' ,
, ,
,,'
,
.
,
,,,
.,.
, . ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
.
:
,
. ()
,,
. , ,
,
, .
.
.
,
,,,,,,
, , .
,
()
, ,
.
. , ,
, . ,
,.,
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
: , , . ,
:,. '
,
.
,
.
: , ,
, ,
, ,
. ' ,
, .
,
.
. ' , ,
, ,
,
,.
.
,
,
,
.
,
, , ,
, '
.
:
,
().
,
, .
' ,
, ' ,
.,
,
,,.
Digitizedby10uk1s
XIII
,
TN
.
. ,
.,
,'.
,
,
,,,
.
,
.
,
'',.
' ,
.
.,',.
,
.
.
.',
,
,',,
,.
:
.
,,,
,,.
.
. ,
,.
, ,
.
.
'
, . ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
,.
, .
.,
,
,
. , : ,
,,,,.
,.,,
.,,
,,.
.,,,
,
' , , ,
.
,,:
,
.
.
,
',.
,
.
, n .
, ,
.
, .
,,,,.,
',
,,.
Digitizedby10uk1s
XIV
,JusNaturale,
,, .
,
.
,
,,
,
,.
, Lex naturalis, ,
.LexJus,
,,.
,
,'.,
,
.
( ) ,
,,,
'
. , ' ,
,.
,,
,
. ' :
, ,
,
.
,,:
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
:
.
,
,:
, ,
,,
,
.
,
'.
,,.
,
',.
n
,
,
.,
, , , ,
. , ,
'.
,,.n
,
n.
.
, .
, ,
.
.
'.
,
,,
.
,,SineJure,
.
, ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,,
.,,
,,.
,,
, , ,
.
,,,
,.
,,
.
.
n,,
,
.
.
,,
.'
,'
.
,
, ,
,.,
,
,,.,
,
,,n
..
XVII
,
,,
,,
, ' ,
.,.,
(. 13),
, ,
(
1415).
Digitizedby10uk1s
, , , , .,
,,,,
,
, ,
,.
,'(
,),,
,
..
,
,
.
,',
.
,
, , ,
,.
, ,
'
.',.
n',
, ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, , ,
.
, .
, ,
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
,,
.
,
,..'.
, , ,
,
,,,,
.
,.
/.132
,
, ,
,
:,
,
,.,
'
.
.,
.0
,:
,
,.
,'',
Civitas.Leviathan,
,
.,,,
,
.
',0
,,,,
,,.
, , ,
. .
. 0
, .,
Digitizedby10uk1s
, .
'
.0'
'.
, . ,
.
2.TWOTREATISESOFGOVERNMENTTOYJOHN
LOCKE
(PETERLASLETT)
,,,
4.,,
,,.
,
,,
.
, , , ,
:,
, '
,,
,,,,
,,',
,.
5. , Hooker
, ,
,
,
.
,
,
,,
,
,,,
, ; '
',,
',
,''
,,
()',,
Digitizedby10uk1s
' ,
,,
Ecc.Pol.Lib.I.
6. , ,
,
, , ( )
' .
,,:,
, , , ,
, , ,
.,
( ) ,
, ,
, , ,
. ,
,,
,
,.
,,,,
, , ,
',,
, , , ,
.
7.,
, ,
,
,,,
.,
, ,
,
, .
, ,
,
.
8. , , ,
,
,
',n,
,
.,,
',.0,
, '
,
, : ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
'.,,
,,
, ,
, , ' ,
' ,
,,,
. , ,
.
9.:
,
,.
, ,
.',,,
., []
, .
, , '
,,:
,,
,
, '
'
.
10.,,
,
,,
,
,,,,
,.
, ,
,,
.
11. (
,
),
,,
,
,
' . ,
:,
, ,
,
,
:,
,
( ' )
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,,
, , ' ' ,
, '
, ,
,:',
, 1.
,
, , , 2
.
12. ,
.,;,
,
,,
.,
,
, ,
,','
, ,
'
,'
,
.
13. , .
, ,
,
.,,
,
.,,,,',
,
. ,
, ' ,
,
,,
' :
,,
,
,
,,
,,
,
;,,,
,.,6.
,.,14.
Digitizedby10uk1s
, ; ,
: K
,,'
.
14. . ,
;,
'
, , ,
' .
, ,
,
,
.
.
GarcilassoDelavega,,
' ,
, .
.
15. , ,
Hooker (Ecc. Pol. Lib. I, Sect. 10), :
,.,,
,,
,
, , ' ,
, ,
. , ,
, ' ,
.
.
16.
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
:
.
, ,
, ,
:
, ,
,
,
,,
Digitizedby10uk1s
, ,
.
17.
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
:
, ' ,
, . .
:
'
:,
.
,,'
,
:
, ' '
,.
18.,
,,
,
':,
,,
,,
, . ,
,.,
' ,
'.
19.
,,,
, , ,
, , , .
,
,.
,,
:
'
,.,,
,,
, :
,
,,
,,
,,
.
, :
Digitizedby10uk1s
,,,
,.
20. ,
,
,
:
,,
,,
, '
,
, ,
:
,
,
, ,
.,,
' , ,
,,
.bonafide,
,
, ,
.
21.('
,
,')
. , , ,
,
,.
, ,
, ,
.()
, (, , 27),
',:
, , ;
, ,
,.,
. , ; .
,,
, ;
,,
.
25. , , ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,,
:,
,
,,(,113,24)
.
,
: ,
,,
, ,
,
,
.,
,
(ofallthecommoners).
26.,
.
,',
. , ,
,,
' , '
, ,
,'
,''
.,,,
, , , ,
.,',
.
27.',
. '
.,,
'.,
, '
,.
,',
. ,
,'
,
.
28. ,
, .
.,;
;;;;;
, , ' .
' . ' ,
' , ,
.,',
,,
;, ;
Digitizedby10uk1s
,,'
.
,,
,,
. ,
(commoners). ,
,,'
,
.,
'.
29. (commoner)
,
,
.
,,'
;
, , ' ,
.
30. , ,
' , '
.
,
, ,
,,,
,
,,',
,'
. ,
.,
,
,,,
,.
31.,,
,.,',.
. 0 , ,
0 (
', 5,17), .
;"".
'.,',
, .
. ,
,
,
,
,
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
32.
',,
'.
, , ,
, . , ,
.,'
, , ,
, . 0 ,
,,
'.0
,.,'
, . ,
, , '
,,
.
33. , ,
,,
. , ,
.
,.
.
,,.
34.'
'
,.
, (
').,
,,
: , ,
,
,
, ' ,
.
35. , , ' ,
,
,,,
: , .
, .
,
. ' ,
, ,
:,
, .
,.,
, . ,
, . , n ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
, . . ,
, .
, '
.
36.
:
:
, ,
,,,,
( )
.
,
,
, , ,
. '
,,.,
,,
,
,',
, , , ,
,
, ' '
. ,
,
,,,,
.,,
, ,
,.,
',,.
,,
,
, ,
(),',
,,.
37.,,'
, ,
( )
,
'
,,,
, : , ,
,,
. , ,
, . ,
,
, ( )
,,,,
.,
',
'.,
Digitizedby10uk1s
, v
. ,
,.,
,,,
,;
,,,
,
, ,
','.,
,
,
,
' ,
.
38. : , ,
,
,,,,
.,
,
, , ,
. , ,
, , '
.
, ' ,
,
, ,
, , ,
,',
.,
, , '
,,,
,',
.,,
,
'.
,,,(.,',5)
.,
, (.,
',6).
39.,(Dominion),,'
, , '
,'
,
, ,
,.
Digitizedby10uk1s
40.,,
.,
'
',,
.
'
,9/10:,
,',.'
,,'
,99/100.
41.,
,,
, , . ,
,,
:,
.
42.,
, , ,
.,,
, , ,
,,
n . ,
, ,
,,,.
'
,
,
:
',
, ,
, , , ,
'.
,
.,
,..
.
43.,,
,,.
,',5,
, '
, , 1/1000.
,':'
:,
, ' , []
Digitizedby10uk1s
,.
,,,
,
,
' , , ,
,[],
,
,
,
, , ' ,
, , , , , , , , ,
,,,,'
, , ,
.
44. ' , ,
( , ,
)
,
,
.
45. , , , ,
, , , ,
, ' .
,,
: , , (
,),
,,
, (Private Men)
,,,,
,
,,,
,,,
, : ,
(
) ,
' , , ,
.
,.
46. ,
(Commoners)
' , ,
,.,
'
.,
,
( ) ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
':
,.
,'
.
, . ,
,'.
' , ,
. ,
, , ,
,
.,
,'
, , ,
,
'.
47. , ,
,,,
,
.
48.
,
. , ,
,,
, , , , ,
' , ,
,,:
, , , ,
, , ;
,,
,
, . , '
, ,
,,
,;
' ,
,,'
.
49.,,,,'
,.
, '
.
50.,,
,,,
,,,
,
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
' ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
, ,
, . ,
,.
51. , , , ,
,
, . ,
,
.,
,',
' .
,
,
'.
123. ,
, ,
, , ;
; '
, ,
,
.,',
,,
, .
,,
,,
,,
.
124.
, .
,.
, , ,
,
. ,
,
,,
.
Digitizedby10uk1s
125. , ,
. ,
,,
,
,,,
,.
126.,
, , .
[],
,.
127. , ,
,',.
.
,
,
,
.
,
,,'
, . '
,
.
128. , , ,
.
,
,:,
, ,
,'
,
.
, ,
.,
,,,
,.
129. , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
.
130.,,
(,
,)
Digitizedby10uk1s
, .
,',,
,
, ,
,:,
,.
131. , , ,
,,
,
(
), , ' ,
,
,
.,,
(Standing) ,
,
,
, ,
',
.
, ,
.
3.*
41776
,
',
,
.
:
[ ]
' ,
, ,
,
,,
,,'
. , ,
,
Jefferson.
,.
Digitizedby10uk1s
,
,
. , [
], ,
,
' ,
.
[ ]
.
[],
[
, ]
. ,
[
].
.
,
,''.
,
,
',.
,
,
.
[]
.
,,
,,,,
, , , ,
.
,
,
.
[][
]
.
[]
,.
Digitizedby10uk1s
[ ]
.
, , [ ]
.
.
, ,
()
,
, ,
[] ,
,
,()
.
,
[,
].
,,
.
,
,
.
,
,
,.
,
, ,
,[].
[
.
,
, ( ) ' ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
,
:
,
].
:
.
'
, [
.
,',
'
].
.
[ ].
['
:
,
: , , ,
,
:,
: ]
[]
[].
. ' [
,,'
,,
.
,
.
, '
.
',,
,,
, ,
. .
, , ]
[] ,
, ,
Digitizedby10uk1s
.
',,
,,
,
,
,
,
' , '
:,
],,
, , ,
,
.
,
, , , ,
.
:.
: The Portable Thomas
Jefferson,EditedbyMerrillD.Peterson,PenguinBooks,1979,.235241.
Digitizedby10uk1s