| Case 8: Low DP and High 2-Furfural Content m SS Failed Phase 168 HV Winding |__155 LV Winding | 143 [ C2H2 co CO, | FAL ‘L490 97 573 4630. [ar 41 699 4892 [52 44 671 4606 ‘(Tas 343 819 5277_| 2036 Furanic compound content was probably higher but unit was ly | processed in 1983 and the insulation was wet - tend to yield _ lower concentrations Knowledge Is Power= 21Case 9: Bushing > Investigation * oil quality very poor | * probable leak | © extreme aging gradient _ > 1976 bushing failed after 20 years Sample ID of Bushing Paper Estimated Remaining} Insulation DP_|Life to DP of 200, % _ [Black paper, 2nd from 224 & outside layer of bushing Brown paper, center of 732 0 | |bushing [Brown paper with black edge| 485 a (top) close to condenser (inside of bushing) 22Case 9: Bushing Analysis iY Gas Concentration Hydrogen Methane Ethane Ethylene Acetylene Carbon Monoxide Carbon DioxideCase 9: Bushing Analysis oe SN Compound Concentration | (ug/L) | [S-Hydroxymethyl-2-furfural 196 Furfuryl alcohol <2 2-Furfural 11,858 2-Acetyl furan 149 _ [5-Methy!-2-furfural 215 Knowedge Is Power I ese cer tere Case 10: Relationship Between DP and aaDs Furfural Content — > Instrument Transformer, Combined CT/VT | > Failed but returned to utility storage for i unknown reason + Removed from storage for reuse * 12 years old * DC tests + indicated unit grounded + removed oil sample for analysis] Case 10: Relationship Between DP and 2-Furfural Content —— ae (Gas Concentration (ppm) | Hydrogen Not determined _ |Methane 7898 _ {Ethane 10880 | [Ethylene 14557 Acetylene 6511 _ [Carbon Monoxide 3604 Carbon Dioxide 3609 ‘Case 10: Relationship Between DP and \.2-Furfural Content _ | Compound Concentration (ug/L) _ [SHydroxymethyl-2-furfural 163 _ [Rurfuryl alcohol <1 | [2-Furfural 7561 | [2-Acetyl furan 536 _ [SMethyl-2-furfural 2768 25Case 10: Relationship Between DP and 2-Furfural Content Sample Location | Top , [Bottom 1052 > South American | > Battery of tests | > Free-breathing conservators > 58°C rise > Kraft 26Case 11: Dissolved Gas Anal: 1S Gas 5/29/96 i Hydrogen 28 | Oxygen 4/940 Nitrogen 52,100 | Methane 18 Carbon Monoxide 319 i Ethane 18 Carbon Dioxide 3,390 | Ethylene 8 Acetylene 0 | Total Gas 60,821 Combustible Gas 391 | Case 11: Oil Quality Data LT > Oil Quality Test | + IFT 18 + Neut, No. 0.26 | * PF at 100C 13.1% > Dissolved Metals = All <1 ppm | > 2-FAL 6838 ug/L > Phenols and cresols | - Knowledge ls Power 27Case 11: Bottom of the Windings 28Case 11: DP ES a Position DP Estimated Life to DP of 200, % HV Lead- 176 0 Cloth Wrap HV Lead- 339 39 Paper L IHV Winding-| §26 81 Paper Comparison om iz J oa 1000} 29Separation into Four Classes LS > Kraft paper insulation and free breathing conservator j > Kraft paper insulation and sealed system > DICY TU paper and sealed system > DICY TU paper and free breathing conservator j Knowledge Is Power Kraft Paper & Open System > 2-furfural accumulation rate < 50 ug/L/year = | Normal aging | > Chendong equation - average DP | > If estimating DP from 2-furfural content using ' Chendong equation: | 2800 Good condition | <8002400 Midlife < 400 Last third of life | > Values of 2-Furfural above > 1000 ug/L - Flag for further study ~ Knowledge Is Power 30_ Chendong Equation _ > Developed from small population of open conservator Chinese transformers | > Estimated DP = [(log of 2-FAL mg/L) - 1.5] -0,0035 | > 2-furfural accumulation rate < 25 ug/Liyear |= Normal aging > Use Chendong equation with caution - | average DP| TU Paper & Sealed System > 2-furfural accumulation rate < 20 ug/L/year for | normal aging _ > If estimating insulation quality from 2-furfural content Normal (if>5 years old) < 100 Midlife (examine rate) > 100 < 700 | Last third of life ? > 700 (Monitor Closely) 7 _ Precautions -_ _ > Kraft paper in open conservator usually provides | the best trending - higher amounts of furanic compounds usually formed |S Hard to tell if high concentrations are from small | amount of insulation heated to high temperature or a larger mass at lower temperature _ » Processing of transformer oil will alter | concentrations - sample before and after (a few months) processing to re-establish baseline Knowledge Is Power| Conclusions > Complementary tests * Degree of Polymerization + more than one location + small sample size = DGA - carbon oxides and their ratios * Furanic compounds + Accumulation: result of generation and degradation = The more specific the information known about the transformer, the better the diagnosis 33