GENERAL ENGLISH NOUNS Kinds of Nouns: ‘Common Nouns — They une names of people (e.2 rman), things (e.g. books), animals (eg. monkey) and places (church). Proper Nouns ~ They are special names of people eg. George things (eg. Financial Times). animals 4c, King Kong) and places (eg. Pais). proper noun begins with « Capital Letter Abstract Nouns — An abstriet noun isthe name of something that we can only think of a fel but can not see (e.2. friendship). Collective Nouns - They are names used fora nui: ber of people, things or animals together and treated as one. For example: a group of friends, a buneh of Fhananas, iter of puppies ‘Countable und Uncountable Nouns ~ Countable nouns are nouns whieh ean be counted (2. tees) Uncouatable nouns are nouns which eannot be counted. (e-. smoke). Masculine Gender used for all males. Example: boy, man Feminine Gender ~The feminine gender is wsed for all females, Example: girl, woman ‘Common Gender ~The common genders used ‘where the noun can be both male and female. Example: causin. friend, person, chil, student 4. Neuter Gender ~The neuter gender is used for ‘things which have no life or sex. Example: tble, chai, ‘Singular and Plural Nouns A noun that shovsonly fone person (e.z. a girl), thing (e.g. pencil), animal (eg. tiger) or place (e.g, market) is called a singular {A ncun that shows more than ene person (e.g) thing (e.g, pencils), animal (e.g tigers) oF place (2.2 markets) 1s caled a plural noun. Plural nouns are formed. ‘By adding “Ww nouns ending inch, ssh and Teach beaches peach peaches branch branches speech speeches, dich = ditches—watch watches boss bosses glass, glasses bus buses lens lenses chorus choruses pass pases frush brushes fish fishes bush ashes lash lashes ish dishes wish wishes ox boxes eax hoes fax faxes sik sixes fox foxes tx ues By adding ‘esto nouns ending in -0 bhutfalo— batfaloes potato. potatoes cargo cargoes mosquito oxqutoes echo echoes tomato tomatoes By adding‘ to nouns ending in 0, tajo banjos palo patos bamboo bamboos pioto photos radio video videos By replacing ‘swith ies baby abies lorry totieg fy flies navy navies hhohby hobbies puppy pues boy boys ey hes day days ty toys dookey donkeys turkey turkeys calf calves loaf aves half ales self selves lite fives wife wives By adding‘ to nouns ending inf oF chict hich hoof shen wart warfk reef reef gull gue rook eos By changing vvels. foot eet tows gose geese that Some nouns have same words for plural and i ae sircra aircraft music. musie rossroads cxossroods series series furniture furniture shop shea Exceptional plural, childen 08 oxen fries pserby —pasershy mowe mice rads rai ‘www.ibpsguide.comVERB ‘Verbs ute words Unat show aetion. Every sentence rust have a verb. A verb isnot always one werd. It may be made up of more than one word. Auxiliary verbs The words: a, are, was, and were are verbs. They ate forms ofthe verb “a be" They ate helping verbs called auitiany verbs. ihe subject ofa sentences singular, the verb mus, be siagular ihe subject of sentence is plural, the verb must be plural. The verb must agree with the wbject in umber. Examplesof ‘subjects’ and ‘verbs’ boing singular: “The man is steeping. She goesto the market ‘The student does his howework every day. The rain has arrived. “the, “student” and “rrain’ are known as subjects The subjects arcall singular-The verbs Ws", ‘goes’, ‘does’ and “has' ate all singular 10, Examples of “uubjeets' and "verbs" being pura: ‘The men ar sleping. They goo the market “The students do their homework every day. “The mains have arrived, ‘Men’, ‘they’ ‘students’ and ‘trains’ are known as subjects. The subjects ane all plural, The verbs ‘are’ “4a, “do” ad have” are all pra oo, Other singular and plural suhjecs that ake on singu- Ja and plural verbs ‘Suibjeets with words ike ‘each’, “every “any’s "no". “one” and ‘nobody’ take on the singular verbs, Examples: Euch student is given a pen. Every child is happy watching the show. Nobody is allowed 9 walk on the geass. ‘Uncounable nouns always take singular verbs, Examples: Rice is eaten in many counities. There soil on the floor. Salt i ade to make the food taste bet: Sulbjts with word ike “bsh’, al", “many, "some “several” snd “a number of take om 2 plural yesh, Examples: Borh of you have 10 come home early All of us ant to be happy. ‘Some of my friends are female, Two or more subjects joined by ‘an always take a plural verb. Examples: My brother and his fiends Hike co play football is father end mother are watching tele ‘Transitive and intransitive verbs The verb which needs am object to make its meaning «lear or complete i called a transitive verb. Example: Me feeds a cat. The word ‘a iscalled the object ofthe verb Yeeds" “The object cam be a nour or a pronoun ‘The inransitive verb does not need an ject bt the ‘meaning is clear or complete. Example: Heran. ‘The verb ran’ does not need an cbect. ‘She reacs every day. No object) He eats quickly. (No object) ‘The Finite verb “The finite verb changes with the subject, The subject, fs thepersan, thing, animal o place weretero, When the subject sin the first or second person o i plural, the verb does not change. When the subject isin the third person or is singular, the verb changes from. say, “eat” to “eats. The ver “et isa finite verb. Every sentence nist have a fete ver Other usage of verbs to remember: 1. When “and” is used to join nv nouns or pronouns together the ver is usually inthe plual amples: Beef mutton ace meat He and | were classmates 2. When we use ne nowns forthe seme person oF thing, he verb should be in the singular Examples; My fiend and classmate i very helpful Bread ane! buter hs ony foc 3. When we use rus nouns forthe same pervon, we useuhe antici "the" onl ance andthe yer should bein the singutar Example: The shopkeeper and owner ofthe shop irmy uncle. When weretertotworliffennr persons, we use the tric rice andthe verb rust be the ral Example: The shopkeeper and the owner ofthe shop are my acod friend. When ve ain renown and reat them asa wale the verbs in the singer Example: Bread and bate hisusal rea ast. 6 When anon isa quantity ee an anv itistueaed ‘a: whote and the verb xin the singular Examples:Ten kilometers isnot ong way to travel, Nowadays iy dollars isnot tt of money. Aver is sein diferent form as follow Simple Presemi Tense eat Simple Pus Tense ate Present Partciple seating Past Participle haseaten Future Tense will eat www.ibpsguide.com‘THE PRESENT TENSE ‘The Present Simple Used for a habitual oF repeated action, that for something that we do always, every day. often, usually, ete. Example: He plays football ow Sundays, Used for a general uth ora fact, tha is, for something tat is rue. Example: Night follows day: Used for something or an action happening Example: See how she walks. Used instead ofthe future tense Example: He arives tomorrow. Used instead ofthe past tens, to make some thing look more rea. Example: ‘The tiger comes; iteatehes the boy, Used instead of the present perfeet tense Example: We hear thatthe king is dead, ‘Used to introduce a quotation, that is, worepeat ‘words spoken or written by someone else Example: Shakespeare says: “Neier 4 bor ner nora lender be” ‘The Present Continuous Tense Used to show that somcthing is sill happen Ing. that is, an setion is still going on atthe time of speaking. It shows thatthe action is ‘not yet complete. Example; He is writing a eter, Used instead of the ature tease, We usually say the time when this future ction will take place Example: He is going to Japan next week, Used to use the phrase “is going which means “about to Example: Itis going torain {Used to show an aetion which happens many times, We often use ‘alvays' with this expres: Example: He isalways get ‘The Present Perfect Tense Used to show an action which has just been ‘completed or & past action when the time is ‘not mentioned. The action may be recent one for it may be one which happened long time ago. Example; ino trouble Ihave finished reading the book “There have been many changes in this country, ‘Used for an action that has been going on from the pas until nox, thats, something Lhat Jhappened inthe past but is going en sil Example: Ihave lived here for ten yeas, Used often with “ust, already’, “recent ‘never’. ‘ye and (in questions) with “ever Example: Thave already told them about the plan She has never replied to my ete. Have you ever beet to London’? Used often toansier questions which contain a yerbin the Present Perfect tense Example: Where have you been? Thave been to London to se the Queen. ‘What have you lose? Phave lost all 4. ‘The Past Perfect Continaous Tense Used foram action that had bsen going om in the past before another aetion occurred in the past. Example: ‘She had boon cooking when we visited her. ‘THE FUTURE TENSE ‘The Future Tense isused o show someaction orhap- pening in the future, Future Simple + ‘Going To" 1, Simple Future Tense is used to show future ‘action or that something wil happen inthe fx ture. Example: We will complete the work tomor- 2. “Going to" is used to express a future action that hos been planned in advance. Example: Weare going to Japan next week Future Continuous Tense is use toshow con- tinvous action at some Faure ie. Example: I shall be sing both of you tomorow. 4. Future Perfect Tense is use! fr ata ‘igh will have Finished by senne future time ‘or date which is mentioned or before anoth ‘setion has begun Example: shal have finished this eb by seven o'dlock [shall have finished this job by the S. Future Perfect Continuous Tense, “Thiscontinuous tse is forme with shall. have been’ + x present particle Example: [shall have been married for exactly ven years next Saturday. Exercise ‘Write the correet form of the verb in the brack- ets: 1) L---to the einema yesterday.(t0 20) 2) Peter =e 13 tomorrow (10 be) 3) My fiend-—- to music every evening.(1o listen) 4) They = theircar. It looks new azain-(toclean) 5) Listen! Mr Fonese---—= the piano (to play) 6) She m=» her left arm two Weeks ago (o break) 7) We veo a test now. (10 write) 8) Dann book this evening. (to ead) 9) Ken and Emily ofien-——=- lunch at school (to have) www.ibpsguide.com10) He msn his money. Sohhe can’t buy’ hamburger (to lose) Answers Tavent will be 3 fistens have cleaned S-isplaying 6, broke T.arewriting 8.isgoingoread 9, have 10. bas lost www.ibpsguide.comADJECTIVES An active is a word that tells us something about noun, thats, about person, an animal. thing oF place For example: She isa prey it A sirafe has a dong neck. “The table is round ‘That isanold temple. “There are various kinds of adjectives: 1. Amadjctive which tells us about the quality ‘ofthe noun Example: the Blu sky, «big house square table a cold morning. An adjective which tells us about the quatity ofthe noun Example: The roo has many animals The pen has not much ink le 3. Am adjective which tells us about the ‘owmership of the noan, Example: That is my dog Those ae their bicycles 4. Amadjective which peses question inn “interogatve’ manner Example: Which sehool do yo go to? Whose cars this? 5. Anaijective which specifies a noua, Example: This boy isa member ofthe club That gris my sists Adjectives which end ining’, c.g, an teresting fil, an amazing player, an an ‘noying habit, ‘Adjectives whieh end in ‘ed, 2, the damaged goods the escaped prisoners, im- proved version Comparison of adjectives ‘We se the Positive degree to compare eo equal For example: His house i sig cas my house. ‘We use the Comporarive degree vo compare hve mequal nouns. For example: His house is bigger hun my house ‘We use the Supertive degree w compe three or more Nowa For example: His bouse isthe biggest inthe neigh- bourhood, Positive Comparative Superlative bold bolder broke deep deeper deepest hear nearer nest Fich richer ichest tall taller tallest careful tore carefal most cared enjoyable rote enjoyable mont enjoyable Forgetul mote forgetful most forgetfal, iseful ore useful most useful wonderful yore wonderful most wonderful bad worse worst oad better best inte less feast Exercise Dick the correct words in the brackets. 1. My father isas (strong. stoner. strongest as his father 2. Shes prety, prec, premiest) than hor sister 3, You are not as (tal, taller, tallest) as your brother. 4. That pond isthe (shallow, shallower, shallowestyin this area, 5. Thathas tobe the (interesting, more interes ing, most interesting) film [have seen 6. Which university offers (the good, the beter, the best) dezree courses 7. This clown isnot as (funny Funnier funniest) asthe other one, Hes easly the (bad, worse, worst player i theteam. 9,” The seeond half ofthe play was (litle, ess, the at) interesting. wwwibpsguide.comADVERBS: ‘An axverb adds more to the meaning of a verb, an Adjective or another adverb. I called you fast night. (called=verb: last hightaadverh) Your dress is very beaut (beautfulzadjective: ver “The rain stopped quire sndenly. (sualdenly=adverd: qui ‘Types of Adverbs Adverb of Time ~ This shows wheir an action oF something is done or happens. Ih amssvers the ques- tion *When?* I iseither place atthe beginning or athe end of sentence Example: I phoned you yesterday 1 sawher walking along the river last week: ‘Adverh of Place ~ This shows where an action or ‘something is done or happens. I answers the ques ‘ion “Where?” Ivis placed alter the ver, Example Live her, He fell down. Adverb of Manner — This shows howan action or something is done. I answers the question “How” {is usualy placed jus after the verb. Example: She sleeps soundly He drives quick. Adverb of Degree or Quantity — This answers the ‘questions, "To what degree?” or “Howneh? "Wis usually placed before the adjective and the adverb. Example: [Lis too dark forusto see anything, Last night trained veryheavily Adverb of Frequency ~ This answers the question “How often?” Example: Hewill neverhave finished in time, We always g0 to school by bus. ‘Aftirmative Adverb (yes) and Adyerb of negation (No) Example: yes surely, certainly, indeed, by all ‘means, no, not at ell, by no means. Interrogative Adverb (Question) Example: When? Where? How? Why? How: ‘nucloften? Relative Adverbs when, were, hor why” These words are the sue in form as Interrogative ‘Adverbs; but they are not questions Example; The time wien he arrived, ‘The scone where the ecient weurred He knows how wo do it “The reason wh he lft ‘Comparison of Adverbs ‘Similar tothe comparison of adjectives. adverbs hhave thrce deprees of comparison ~ the Positive, the Comparative and the Supertarve. Most adverbs whith cena in fy" form the Comparative with more" and the Superlative with mast. Positive Comparative comfortably more comfortably ‘more happily most happily more kindly most kindly more loudly most loudly ‘more noisily most nosity Exercise ‘Choose the most suitable adverb to fll each blank: (angrily, enough, never, ouside, yesterday dow, last week, often, gui), azelysabways, just, nearly: onfie sumsually She left __for the university where she H doing a degree cours. 2 Wearestonding__his house waiting fr him, 3. He told us otto walk om the grass. 4 Lamnot strong tohelp him carry that box. 5. She willbe happy in that job, 6 ‘sow him walking to the church, 7. My father is___ lat for work. 8. He drove avoid being late 9. |__play badminton with my sister, 10, Thisis the place where he fll 11, Ietook two hours to get ore 12 Thy we vy fen. 13. Hehe —arong hands 1 Shehas complete her degre cure. 18. Thisdiiomary went in 2008, dnansrs Iyewerday outside angrily enough Sever Gast wocTrarely quickly 9.of- en YOdkwn. nearly alvays 1R.upusuully L4use cline www.ibpsguide.comTHE ARTICLES Definite Article — “The Indefinite Anicle *ACisused: Before a word which begins witha consonant Example: worn Before a singular, countable noun. Example: banana ‘When we mention something For the first time. Example: I sawa dog Before a word with a long sound of‘ ‘Example: a university. a uniferm, a useful book, a European, Before the word one. Example: 4 one-way street, 0! ‘one-eyed man, a one-year course, a cme-day holiday, etc “Ant is use: Before a noun which begins with a vowel Example: an apple. Before a word which begins with a vowel sound ora silent Example: an hour, an hones an, an be, an honor, ‘an honourable man. ete Before a singular, countable toun which begins with ‘vowel or silent", Example The" is ws 1, When the same thing or person mentioned ‘again, thats, a particular thing or person. Example: bought a orange. The orange is sweet 2 When there sony one such sing Example: che earth, she sua, she moon, 3. Before the names of famous buildings, ete. Example: The Eilfel Tower, The Great Wal of China. 4. When a singular noun isused wo point outa whole class race, group, ete Example: The bears strong animal Before the special names of rivers, sea, ‘oceans, mountain ranges, groups of islands, certain organizations. political parties, and countries such as the US.A.. the U.K. the USSR and the ULAE., The Nile. The Dead Sea, The Pacific Ocean. The Himalayss, The United Nations, The Republican Party, ew. 6. Before the names of holy oe important books. Example: The Koran, The Bible. 7. Before am adjective when the noun is under stood. Example: The poor need help, Articles are not used: 1, Before the name of a person: Example: [ama tan of Michael Jackson, (not A or The Michael Jackson) ‘or An tn orange 2. Before the name of a place, own, country ‘treet. oF rad, Example: Barcelona is a beautiful city. (not A oe The Barcelona) 3. Before names of materials, Example: Gold is found in Australi, (Wot A or The gold) 4, Before abstract nouns used ina general sense. Example: We love all beaut (not a beauty othe beauty) Exercise iM each blank with ‘a, ‘an’, the" or leaveit lank. 1 Helet home without informing anyone, 2. There is box of sweets on __ table, 3. Deyou need _ degree in Economies or degree in finance tobe a better manager? 4. When we arrived, she went straight to kitchen and started to prepare neal for us 3. Hehas cut an his Teg and__ bruise on___enin. 6. Mi Everest is___highest mountain in sword 7. Switch off air-conditioner please. Hhave cold 8. Weveached top of __hill daring afternoon 52 Do you like __ weather here? tsa i 10 day But As very cold at 10. atempt has been mad to collet funds tossart public ibraryin__toven where Hive Answers 2asthe 3aa duhea S.a,a the G.theathe7.ihe.a Sthe.a, the Vithe.te, 1O.an, a. the wwwibpsguide.comDirect Speech / Quoted Speech Saying exacily what someone his sid sealed rect speech (sometimes called quoted spoech) Here what person says appeurs within quotation marks "and should be word for word. For example: She sai, “Today's lesson is on presentations, oe “Taly's lesson ison presentations," she said Indirect Speech / Reported Speech Indireet speech (sometimes called reported speach), doesn't use quotation marks enclose whet the person sid anit doesn't have tobe word fir word. ‘When reporting speech the tense usually chnges This heeause when we use reported speech, were usually taking about a time inthe past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke inthe past) The verbs therefore usually have tobe in the pas te. Forexanple: Direct speech “T'm going tothe einem”, he sd Indirect speech He sad he was going to the cinema, ‘Tense change ‘Asa rule when you report something someone has said you go buck a tense: (the tense onthe lef changes tothe tense Indirect speech Past simple Shesaid, She sad it was cold, Present continuous Past continuous ‘She sid, “Ven teaching English online.” She said she was teaching English online Present perfect: Past perfect simple She said, “P've been on the web since 1999." She said she had been on the web since 1999. Present perfect continvows ast perfect continuous She said, “I've been teaching English for seven years.” She said sbe had been teaching, Enslish for seven years Past simple Past perfect She said, “Haught online yeserday.” ‘She ssi she hal taught online yesterday. Past continuous Past perfect continuous She said, "T'was teaching carlien” ‘She said she had been teaching cartier, Past perfect Past perfect She said, “The lesson had already started NOCHANGE - She sid the lesson had already started wher he when he artived." anived Past perfeet continuous Past perfect continuous She said, "Td already been teaching NO CHANGE - She said she'd already boen teaching for five for five minutes” minutes. Modal verb forms also sometimes change: Direct speceh, Indirect speech will woul She aid, T'l tach English online tomorzov"> She std she would teach English enlinc tomorrow. ean could She aid, “Lean teach English coline” > She said she ould reach English online. rust nad to ‘She said, "I must bave @ computer to teach English onlin » She said she had to have a computer to teach English onfine shalt should She said, "What shall we leu today” > She asked what we should learn today. may might She said, “May Lopen a new browser?” » She asked if she might open a new browser Note There is ao change 1; could, would, should, snight and ought to. www.ibpsguide.comDirect speech Indirect speech ‘might goto the cinema”, he said $e ssid he might go ‘You cam use the present tense in reported specc if you wat to say that something isi true je. my name has always been and will always be Leela so:= Direct speech Indirect speech ‘My name i Leela, she sid She said her nome was Leela. or She said her nome ie Leek ‘You cam also use the present (ens if you are talking about a future event Direct speech (exact quote) Indirect speech (not exact) ‘Next week's lesson ison reported speech, she Sid, She said next week's lesson is on reported speech ‘Time change the reported sentence contains an expression of time, you must change itv fic in with the time of reposting. For example we need to change words ike here and yesterday ifthey have different meanings atthe time and place of reporting ‘Today Lode speech “ny ts ison presetitions” She aid yesterday's ltvon was on presents, Expressions of time i reported on iferent day this (evening) that (evening) today > yesterday these (ays) > those ay) ow then (owock ago 2 Ge weck) bere las weekend dhe waekend before lst / he previous weekend here > thee next (nee) + the folwine(vesk) tcmorzow > thenesllowing day In addition if you report something that someone sid in a difleent place to where you heard t you must change the place there) tothe place (there). For exanple:- At work At home How long have you worked here?" She asked me how long I'd worked there, Frongun change In reported speceh, the pronoun often changes. For example: “Teach English online.” ‘She suid she teaches English Reporting Verbs Suid, od sn asked ate the most common verbs used in indirect speech. ‘We use asked to report questions: For example: Lashed Proma what time the esson started. ‘We use sold with an object. For example: Sasikala fold me she felt red, ‘Nate - Here me isthe objct ‘We usually use sad without an object. For example: Sophy said she was going t0 teach online. said js used with an object we must ince to For example: Rom said to me tha she'd never Been to Chin. ‘Note - We usually use told For example: Arana tole! me that she'd never been to China, There are many other verbs we ean use apart from said, fold and asked, These include ‘accused, admitted, advised, alleged, agreed, apologised, begged. boasted. complained, denied, explained, implied, invited, offered, ordered, promised, replied. suggested and though Using them properly can make what you say much more interesting and informative, For example: ‘He asked ne to come tothe party:= He invited me tothe party. He begyed me to came 10 the party. He ontered ne wo come t the party. He advised me wo come tothe party Hine www.ibpsguide.comHe suggested {should come tothe party. Use of *That’ in reported speech In reported spesch. the wor tha is often used. For exaaple: He told me th he lived in Germany However, shar is cptional For example: He wld me he lived jn Germany {Note -That is never used in questions, instead we often use if For example: He asked me if would come tothe party. Exercise Rewrite the following in the Reported Speech. 1. Resid, have eaten my lunch.” ‘She sid, "Tam doing a degree a the university” ‘The teacher said tothe clas, “Pay attention “My mother said to me, “Buy some bananas for My father said to me, “Don't waste your money." ‘She sid to me, “Where is the hospital My friend said to me, "Don’t be ate tomorrow He asked me, "When will he train arrive?” 9. His teacher said to him, “Try todo itby your self 10. She asked me, “What are your favorite online umes?” Answers 1. Hest that he had eaten his inch, 2 She sid that she was deg a degree atthe ‘The teacher told the elss to pay attention My mother told/asked me to buy some bananas My father told me not to waste ray money. ‘She asked me where the hospital is, My friend ashe me not to be kate tomorrows Fe sked me when the tran will urive His teacher tod him to try todo it by himself. ‘She asked me what my faverte line games SeNe ey ae www.ibpsguide.com‘Auxiliary verbs liar verb re seine ping verb fecau iy are bet fore many of i ane "The at me ulin wate tie ert b clr and w have For erampe the aia tod i teed task gorsonsin iheprt nd pasts tacper oe need fe ee proved peat Smut andl the pase forms The anary tohave sed inthe present and pas perfec tense Tiere er vane exams of he omen aur versie Do you like German foul? Does your mother speak English? ‘Did you come (0 school yesterday? Why we you talking? ‘You shouldbe listening to me! {was having a bath when you calle ‘A new road fs being built behind the school. ‘ave you done your homework? My father Aas never visited the USA. How long have you been living in Germany? By this time nest year Iwill have been learning English for 35 years! Auxillary Verbsate the verbs be. do, have, will when they are followed by another verb (ihe full verb) in ‘order to form a question, a negative sentenee, a ‘compound lense or the pasive. “The verb “be” “The verb be can be used us am auniiary and a full verb, As an auxiliny we use this verb for compound tenses and the passive voice, Note that be is an inregular verb: ‘Simple Present: am, helsheit is, weyouthey are ‘Simple Pu Unershe/it was, welyoultey were ast Participle: been ‘You can tell hatin the following sentences be is an auxiliary because itis fllowed by another verb (the fll verb). (For progressive forms use the ing” form. ff the full yerbs for passive voice, use the past participle ofthe full verb) Progressive Forms Present Progressive: He is playing football. Past Progress He was playing football. Present Perfect Progressive: He has bee plaving football, Past Perfect Progressive: He hod been playing football Passive ‘Simple Present/Past: “The house éwas built. Present/Past Perfect “The hoase hasihad been built. Future [: The house will be but “bo” as a full verb “The verb be can also be a ful verb, In this eas, its not followed by another verb. Ie s sed as ful verb, we do ‘not need an auxiliary in negative sentences or questions. positive sentence: They are fileen years old negative sentence: They are not fifteen yews old question: Are they fiteen yours old? “The verb “have’ “The verb have too, can be used beth asa auxiliary anil as a full verb, As an auxiliary we use this verb to form ‘compound tenses i active and passive voce. (Use the past participle ofthe Fall yerb,) ‘Compound Tenses - Active Vote Present Perfect Simple: He fas played foot Past Perfect Simple: He had played football Present Perfeet Progressive: He has bocn playing foetal. Past Perfect Progressive: He had been playing Foc, ‘Compound Tenses Passive Voice ‘Prosent/Past Perfect: “The house haw/had been boil. Note that have isan itegular verb, 00: ‘Simple Present: Vivelyoufthey have. heshe!it has ‘Simple Past: Vaeishevivwe/yoitbey had Past Purtieipes hud “nave in positive sentences ‘Asa full ver ave indiates possession In British English, however, we usually use hare got (have being the suxiliay, ‘gor the full verb). full verbs inavea ear. Thave gota car “have” In negative sentences and questions ‘When we use have as a fall verb, we must use the auxiliary doin negative sentences and questions. If we use have gol. however, we donot need another uuxiliary. ‘have 252 full verb: Ido not have a cat. Dot have a car? ‘ave as an auxiliary verb: have not gor a ea. Have | ota car? "The ver “will” ‘The verb wif can only be use as an auxitiagy. We use it to form tae fature tenses “The aunitiary verb “will” Future I: He wif aot play foetal. Future Ul He will have played foosball “The verb wil remains ihe same for all forms (n0 "for Bed person singular), The short form for negative sentences ts ‘wwwibpsguide.com‘eg: Lill he will ill net = L won't ‘The verb “do” “The verb do cam be both an auxiliary and a fill verb. As an siliary we use doin negative sentences and questions for most vetbs (except net for he, will, have gor and medal verbs) in Simple Present and Simple Past, (Use the infinitive of the full ver) “The auniliary “do” in negative sentences ‘Simple Present: He does aot play fotbal. He didnot play foosball “The auailiary “do in questions ‘Simple Present: Does he play football? ‘Simple Past: Did he play footall?” “The verb do is irregular: Vivelyoulthey do, hefshe/it does 1: Uelshefivweyoultbey did “The full verb “do? Asc fl verb we use din certain expressions. Hfwe want to {form negative sentences or questions using do a full verb, wwe need ancther do as an wsiiaey. positive sentence: She docs her homework every day, negative sentence:She doesn do her homework every diy ‘question: Dars she do her homework every day? ‘Sentences without the auxiliary “do” ‘nthe following cases, die auxiliary 49 not used in negative sentencesigusstons the full verb is “be” eg: Tam not angry. / Are yow oki? jesentence already contains another auxiliary (e-, have, be, wil) ‘eg; They aze not sleeping, / Have you heard that? the sentence contains modal verb (can, may, must, need, ‘ought to, shall, shoald) ‘eg, We need! not wait / Can you repeat that, please? the question asks for the subject of the sentence ‘eg: Who sings that song? (Other common auxiliary verbs are: will, should, would, can, rust might, may, could (These verbs are often called modal verbs) ‘Modal verbs Te tnodal verbs include car, must, may, might, wil, would should. They are used with other verbs to express abil obligation, posit. ad so on, Below isa list showing the ‘mos use! modals and their most common meanings Modal Meaning Example can toespress ability Lea speak a litle Russian, can co request permission Can L open the window? may 10 express possibility L may be home late may 10 request permission May | sit down. please? ust te express obligation I must go n0¥. ust (@ express strong belief She must be over 90 years old shouldre give advice would to reqrest or offer ‘You should stop smoking. Would you lke a cup of tex? would in if-semtences ‘Moai verbs are unlike other verbs. They donot change their form (spelling) and they have no infinitive oF participle (pastpresent). The modal ust and ean ned substitute verbs to express obligation or ability in the ifrent tenses. Here are some examples: Past simple Seccy Urn late. {had 0 finish my, ICL were you, would say rath vest Present perfect Sho’shad toretura to Korea at short Future ‘You'll have to work hari if you want tops the exams. Inftive 1 don’t want to have w go, Past simple couldn wasn’t able to walk until was 3 years old. Present perfect Vhaven"t been able to ls problem, Can you help? im not sare if wil be able to come to your party J would love 1 beable to play the Piano, Modals are auxiliary verbs. They do aot need an ‘addtional auxiliary in negatives or questions. For example: Must Tome? , oF: He shouldn't smoke Contacied ausiiaries ‘The auniliary verbs are very often contracted, For example, you can say 'm playing tennis tomorrovs, Instead of fam playing tennis tomorrw. The contracted form (which needs an apostrophe) is more likely to be sed in spoken language. “The short form iselFofien has two alternatives, which are equally usual and correct. For example: She's not going tothe dance She isn't going tothe dance. Thaven't seen him for ages. ve not seen him forages. * The full form is common in spoken langusge when the speaker wants to emphasize what she is saying. For example Why don’t you call him? Mave called him. do not want see him ag Future Infrtive www.ibpsguide.comWhen we tal about things that are generally oralvays ‘ue, we eam use: 7Wen/Unless plus a present form PLUS present simple or imperative Fy he gets there before me, ask him 19 wait, ‘When you fly budget aisline, you have 10 pay for your drinks and snacks. Unless you need more space, a small ear is big enough for one person. [Note that we ae not alking abouts specific event but ‘something wich is generally crus. In theoodition clause, wecan use variety of prescet forms Inthe result clause, there can only be the present simple oc imperative Eg. Ifyou visit London, goon the London Eye. ‘unemployment is rising, peopletend tostay in their present jobs, If you've done that. go and have oof. ‘When you go on holiday cake plemty of sun cream. II be very hot When I'm concentra s0 much noise. ‘When I've finished an article, always ask Kate to read ic through [Notice that “unless” means the same as if nor Eg. Unless heasks you politely, refuse todo any ‘mote work on the project. Unless prices are rising. it's not a good Unless you've been there yourself, you don’t really understand how fantastic itis. ‘The first conditional Weuse the First Coelitional that are likely to happen Eg. i wetake Job he'll be really pleased, Ifyou give me some money. I'l pay you back tomorrow. If they tell usthey want i, we" have t ittothem. Mary comes, she'll want vo drive “The “If clause can be used with diferent prevent forms. Eg. WI goto New York ugain, Pl buy you a souvenir from the Empire ate Building, talk about Fate events she hasn't hear the bad news yet, TH ell her "The “utacectause” ean conta “going to othe future perfect a well as “will Eg. If sce him, I'm going to tell him exactly how angry Lam, xe don't getthe contract, we'll have wasted alot of time and money “The “futreclouse" ean aso contain cher medal vers sch as “can and “must Eg. Ifyou goto New York, you mus! have the chheesccake in Lindy's Ihe comes, you ean get a lit honse with him Second conditional ‘The Second Conditional is used 10 tak about “impossible™ Fg. we were in London today, we would be able to goto the concert Hyde Park CT ha onions dollars, 1 give a tot wo charity there were no hungry people in this world, it would be mach beter place. everyone hd clean water to drink, there would bea fot less disease, [ote that afle 7 he/she fit we often use the subjunctive foem ‘were’ and not ‘was’. (Some poople think that "were {isthe only ‘correct’ form bat ther people think "as is ‘equally “correct” .) Eg, If she were happy inher job, she wouldn't be Joong for another one. If Lived in Japan, I'd have sushi every day. they were to enter our market, we'd have big problems, Note the form “IF were you! which is often used 10 give advice Eg. 1 were you, Pd Iook for a new place to live If vere you, I'6 go hack to school and get snore qualifications, ‘The Second Conditional situations, Eg. IL wentto China, I'd vsitthe Great Wall IW was the President, Pd reduce taxes. If you were in my position, you'd under [Note that the ehoice between the first and the second conditional isoten 4 question of the speaker's attitude rather than of fats Compare these examples. Joy thinks these things are possible, Peter doesn’t Joy — I Lwin the lottery, Fl buy a biz house, Peter ~ IF] won the letters I'd bay a big house Joy IFT get promoted, Ul throw a big party Peter — 11 got promoxed, I'd throw a big pary. Joy — If my team win the Cup, IN| buy ehampagne for everybody. Peier ~ If my team won the Cup, Pd buy champagae for everybody ‘ote that he “If clause’ can contain the past simple or the past continuous, Eg. fT was still working in Delhi I would commute by tain If she were coming, she would be here by ko used 1 talk about i they were thinking of selling. would want to buy. ‘Note thatthe rin eb “might ean coatain “would” “could or wwwibpsguide.comn. 1 would do LK had the chance 1 do it ag it ctferently [we met up for lunch, we could goto that ura. IPT spoke to him directly, I might beable to persuade him. ‘Also note that sometimes the “if elaus” i implied rather than spoken, Eg. What would { do without you? Cif you ‘weren't here”) Where would I get one at this time of night? (4F1 wanted one") He wouldn't agre. ‘Third conditional Weean use the Third Conditional to alk about “impossible” conclitons, impessible because they are in the past ane! we ‘exnot change what has happened. Eg. IF Thad worked harder at school, ! would have got better grades. IF had had time, 1 would have gone 1 see him. Bat didn’t have tine. i'w had bought that house, we would have the kitchen, [f we had caught the eater train, we would hhave got there on time but we were fate. ‘Notice thatthe main clause can contain “would “could” or “wig. Eg. Thad seen him atthe meeting, Twould have asked him, (But he hast there 0 didn't.) [had seen him at the moeting, I could have asked him. (But he wasn there so wasn’ possible.) Thad seem him atthe meeting. I might have asked him, (But I’ not sure, Perhaps ifthe ‘opportunity had arisen.) UT had paid more tention im elas, # would have understood the lesson, iT asked hin") bad toret Exercise Give suitable words tof 1) Ifyou like, you =~ for two days. 2) If === the film in the einema, { wouldn't have ‘watched ion TV again. 3) Ifthe paremis hought the at, their children 2 ‘ety happy: 4) Metal if you heat it 5S) He -—---- my e-mail if he'd been online yesterday evening, 6) They'd have been able to return the botle if theyensn the Labels 7) Ashe === up her roam, she must find the receipt. 8) What you hod « milion dollars. 9) Where would you live if you~ younger. 10) If you == fora litle moment, I'l tell the doctor you are here. Answers Teanstay -2,had'seen 3. would be expands 5. should have received G.hadn't en off 7. ties wp 9. were 10, wait S.would you do wwwibpsguide.comPRONOUNS ‘A Pronoun isa word that takes the place of « noun. It refers to person oF thing without giving the name “There are wo types of Personal Pronouns: (A) thase used as subjects: and (2) those used as objects, Personal Pronouns Singular Piucal Subject Subject Object Heron 1 We Us Person You You You MU Person He ‘They Them She ‘They Them u ‘They Them Reflexive Pronouns We use the Reflexive Pronoun when the action of the doer goes tuck (0 hime so that the Subject of the sentence isthe sume person as the object. Example: He as hort himself, Proncuns like ‘himself are called Reflexive Pronouns. ‘They always end in “sel * Reflexive Pronouns ‘Singular Plural Person Myself Ourselves TPerson Yourself Yourselves “Thicd Person Himself Themselves Herself Themselves self Themselves Relative Pronouns “The Relative Pronouns fake he place of Now or Pro nouns; and they are used to Join nwo sentences about the same person or thing Examples ofrelative pronouns: wh, whic at, whom ‘and whose. Tn most cases, we use who, wiase and tora to make ‘statements about people ‘We use who to join two sentences, Example: ~The ia isan artis. He drew tha picture.” “The man isan arist who drew tha picture.” We use whose to show possession or rela tionship. Example: “Thats my unele whose son is my cousin.” We use whic 0 thar in almost the sane way a8 we use who bat itreerstohiags, noe human beings. There is one other difference in the way we use who and vehi. Afier who we put a verb. After wich we can pat a ‘verb, a pronoun oF & noun. Example: That isthe camera which costs ffl dollars, “That isthe camera which he bought. That i the camn- cera which Johm kes. ‘We use hort o make a statement shout human be: ings. It isused in place of wio (a) when it isthe object. ‘of a verb or (6) when it comes alter a preposition. Example: (a)'The man hom they caught was sent to priscn, cb) The man ro whom you shoul speck is my uncle. Exercise the blanks with ‘which, ‘who’, ‘whom’ and 1 The boy. fathers deci. is my best friend 2. This isnot something we like todo. 3. Tharman, left leg was amputated, suffers from diabetes 4, Thethief, __ they caught, was sent tothe prison. 5. Our fiends, We invited to the party, arrived tather eal 6. Thegirl, __ broke the mirror. was scolded by her smosher 7. Thatismy uncle, car was stolen 8. Tharwoman, you saw, was my auntie. 9. Kangaroos, use their pouch fo arry their ba bis, are found in Australia, 10. ‘The policeman, brave man Answer T.whose 2.ihich 3.whose 4.whom S.chom 6.00 ‘Towhose Bawhom 9.wbich 10.ho. caught the thie is a very wwwibpsguide.comPREPOSITIONS. Prepositions are words placed before Nous and Pro- owns. They are used to show time, position and di- rection. Examples of Prepositions showing time: My binthday falls September, Most shops are closed on Sundy. ‘Thave an appointment at 9 o'clock Examples of Prepositions showing position ‘eis standing ar the door. The glassixon the table ‘The cat is sleeping under the chat Examples of Prepositions showing diretion ‘She got mio the tx, ‘The itl i walking fonrds her other, have to g0 0 town, Other examples of expressions using prepositions: “The picture wasddrawn by his brother She likes vo go out wih her fiends ‘They say 1 walk fk ry Father, Her parenis rive hers box of sweets. Expressions using Prepositions: good at Bet up fall of interested in lover at wake up get off involved in bodat lookup set off sendin poimtat cleanup beak off wrk in Sareal add up) finish off fin Fightagainst getinto ——turncn made of speak against cash into switeh on built of ole against jumpinto —geten a box of luminio —carryon half of fean against diveinto —putiton many of Exercise Fill in the blanks with these words: against, at, by, for, From, in, like, near, of, on, to, up, with. 1. She is dong a degree course a w 2. His ousers were washed the washing machine. 3. Wehad to climb slowly the il 4, His house looks __s temple. 5. How many ___ the members will join the tip? 6. Doa’tean that ladder the wal 7 don’t usually fel tired the morning. Have you heard anything him yet? 9. My house is quite to your schoo! 10, Put his___ your drawer and do Hot let anyone see i, Answer Ta 2by 3p Sof Gagainst Tin S.from sacar wwwibpsguide.com