B mn: Kt cu b tng ct thp Gch

Khoa Xy dng Trng i hc Kin trc H ni

Ti liu hc tp:
Gio trnh chnh:
1. Gio trnh kt cu BTCT phn 1: Cu kin c bn
2. Gio trnh kt cu BTCT phn 2: Cu kin nh ca
Ti liu tham kho:
1. TCVN 5574-1991 Kt cu BTCT tiu chun thit k
2. TCVN 356-2005 Kt cu BT v BTCT tiu chun thit k
3. Tiu chun ACI 318 M
4. L Vn Kim H hng, sa cha gia c cng trnh NXBHQG TPHCM
5. Vng Hch: S tay x l s c cng trnh

1. Thc cht ca b tng ct thp

1. Khi nim chung
B tng ct thp (BTCT) l mt loi vt liu xy dng phc hp do
b tng v ct thp cng kt hp chu lc vi nhau.
B tng:
Xi mng

dm (si)

Ct vng

Nc

B tng
Ct thp: L mt lng thp c t hp l trong BT
c im:
B tng: Chu nn tt, chu ko km
Ct thp: Chu nn v ko tt

Ph gia

Th nghim: Trn hai dm cng kch thc, cng ch to t mt loi BT

+ Khng t ct
+ C t ct thp:
thp:

a)

b)

b1
t

bt Rbt Dm

P=> Vt nt
nt lan dn ln pha trn

b
3

bt Rbt Dm

nt do CT chu, CT cn
P=> lc ko
tr s pht trin ca khe nt

P = P1 dm gy t ngt <=>
b<<<Rb
=> Lng ph kh nng chu lc ca BT

P =

P2 R ; R
b
b
s
s

Nu P => dm b ph hoi

P2 20P1
Nhn xt: Nh c ct thp m kh nng lm vic ca vt liu
c khai thc ht (b = Rbs = Rs). T kh nng chu lc ca
dm c tng ln (P2 20P1)

Nguyn nhn BT v CT kt hp lm vic c vi nhau:

- Gia BT v CT c lc dnh: nh n m ng lc c th truyn t BT
sang CT v ngc li.
+ Cng ca BT v CT c khai thc ht;
+ B rng khe nt trong vng ko c hn ch.
- Gia BT v CT khng xy ra phn ng ho hc. BT cn bao bc bo v
CT.
- BT v ct thp c h s gin n nhit gn bng nhau => ng sut
rt nh, khng ph hoi lc dnh.

2. Phn loi

. Theo phng php thi cng (3 loi)

a. BTCT ton khi (BTCT ti ch): Lp t ct thp; cp pha v
BT ti v tr thit k ca kt cu.

b. BTCT lp ghp: Phn kt cu thnh cc cu kin sn xut ti nh

my hoc sn bi. vn chuyn n cng trng, dng cn trc lp ghp
v ni cc cu kin ti v tr thit k.

c. BTCT bn lp ghp: Lp ghp

cc cu kin c ch to cha hon
chnh. t thm ct thp, ghp
cp pha, BT phn cn li vo
mi ni.

Theo trng thi ng sut khi ch to v s dng (2loi):

a. BTCT thng:
Khi ch to cu kin, ngoi ni ng sut do co ngt v gin n nhit
trong ct thp khng c ng sut.
b. B tng ct thp ng lc trc(BTCT LT):
Khi ch to, ngi ta cng ct thp nn vng ko ca cu
kin(BT c LT) nhm khng ch s xut hin v hn ch b rng
khe nt.

3. u nhc im, phm vi s dng ca BTCT:

1. u im:

- C kh nng s dng vt liu a phng (Xi mng,Ct, hoc

kim
thp
-Si),tit
Kh nng
chu
lc ln hn so vi kt cu gch v g; Chu c
ng t;
- Bn, tn t tin bo dng;

- Kh nng to hnh phong ph;

- Chu la tt. BTng bo v thp khng b nung nng nhanh n nhi

2. Nhc v bin php khc phc:

- Trng lng bn thn ln, nn vi BTCT thng kh vt c nhp
ln. Lc ny phi dng BTCT LT hoc kt cu v mng v.v..

- Cch m ,cch nhit km. Khi c yu cu cch m; cch nhit dng k

- Thi cng BTCT ton khi chu nh hng nhiu
vo thi tit
+ Dng BTCT lp ghp, na lp ghp;
+ Cng xng ho cng tc trn BT; vn khun v ct thp;
+ C gii ho cng tc BT (Cn trc, my bm BTv.v..)
- BTCT d c khe nt.
+ Dng BTCT LT;

4. Lch s pht trin ca BTCT:

Giai on pht minh v m mm trong thc tin

- Cui nm 1849, Lamcbot (Ngi Php) ch to mt chic thuyn

bng li st c trt t hai pha bng va xi mng
- c im: t ct st theo cm tnh vo gia chiu cao tit
din

2. Giai
on
nghin
lun
: nghin cu v cng BT, CT v
- Nm
1880
Php,cu
c l
bt
u
lc dnh gia BT v CT
- Nm 1886, k s Koenen kin ngh phng php tnh ton cu
kin BTCT
- u th k 20, xy dng c l thuyt tnh ton kt cu BTCT
theo ng sut
cho
php:
v
b

- Nm 1939, gio s Loleit (Ngi Nga) vi nhiu ngi khc nghin

cu tnh khng ng nht, khng ng hng, tnh bin dng n
hi do ca BT v a ra phng php tnh ton theo giai on ph
hoi:
kT ser T p

3. Giai on pht trin hin ti:

5. B tng:

Thnh phn, cu trc v cc loi B tng

Khi nim v cng ca b tng
Cng l kh nng chu lc trn mt n v din tch.
+ Cng chu nn (Rb)
+ Cng chu ko (Rbt) v.v
Cc phng php xc nh cng :

A
h

+ Phng php ph hoi mu th ( chnh xc cao).

+ Phng php khng ph hoi: Sng
A
Siu m; sng bn BT( p lm vin bi
ln b mt BT).
TN xc nh cng chu nn:
4a
A
* Mu c:
a
a
a= 10, 15, 20cm;
a
D = 16cm; h = 2D
a

* Mu ly t kt cu c
BT
Mu tr: h = 1 - 1,5D
D =5cm; 7,5cm;
* Th nghim:
10cm;
15cm. Nn (2 kG/cm2.s) n khi
mu b ph hoi.
P - Lc tng ng lc mu b ph
Bn nn

2
3
1
3
2

P
MPa
A
+ BT thng thng c: R = 5 30
MPa
+ BT cng cao:
R > 40
MPa
+ BT c bit:
R 80
MPa
Rbm

Th nghim Cng chu nn(Rb)

Cc nhn t nh hng n cng

ca mu
nh hng ca mt tip xc:
Khng bi trn

5
4

Bi trn

+ Kch thc mu nh th R R khng ph kch thc mu

m
m
Rblt
0,8 Rbhlp

m
m
Rblt
Rbhlp

Rkhng bi trn > Rc bi trn.

Khi nn BT n hng, lc ma st tc dng nh mt ci ai ngn cn s

n hng
(Rkhng bi trn > Rc bi trn) Tc dng ca ct ai trong ct;
Cng xa mt tip xc nh hng ca lc ma st cng gim
Quy nh bc ai trong ct;

nh hng ca tc gia ti:

Gia ti rt nhanh: R = (1,15 1,2)R

Gia ti rt chm : R = (0,85 0,9)R
iu kin tiu chun ca th nghim:
+ Khng bi trn mt tip xc;
+ Tc gia ti: 2kG/cm2.s
TN xc nh cng chu ko:
P

a)

Thi nghim Cng chu ko( Rbt)

P

A a

Rbt

N
MPa
A

Rbt

M kg
bh 2 cm 2

Rbt

2P
MPa
Dl

Nhng nhn t nh hng n cng ca BT:

+ Lng XM nhiu R cao (Hiu qu khng ln, lm tng
bin dng);
+ XM mc cao R cao;
+ Cp phi hp l; cng v sch ca ct liu cao R cao;
+ N/X R
+ Cht lng thi cng tt ( Trn, , m, bo dng tt) R cao.
+ S tng cng theo thi gian:

Dng XM Pooclng, ch to v bo dng bnh thng: R tng trong

28 ngy u;
Dng XM Puzolan: Thi gian tng cng ban u l 90 ngy.

+ nh hng ca mi trng:

t0 < 0; Kh hanh: Cng tng theo thi gian khng ng k b = 0

t0 > 0; W ln: Cng tip tc tng trong nhiu nm.
Dng hi nc nng bo dng BT cng nh dng ph gia tng cng
R rt nhanh trong vi ngy u, BT gin v R cui cng
thp hn b < 1

. Cng trung bnh v cng tiu chun

Cng trung bnh (Gi tr trung bnh ca cng ) Rm
T mt loi BT c n mu th v th nghim, c: R 1, R2,..., Rn
Rm

n
Cng tiu chun (Gi tr tiu chun ca cng ):

- Cng c trng: (cn gi l gi tr c trng ca cng ) l c

ng ly theo mt xc sut m bo quy nh no .

Vi BT: Cng c trng c xc nh theo xc sut m bo quy nh 95

Rch = 0,78Rm
- Cng tiu chun ca BT (v nn: Rbn ; v ko: Rbtn)

Rbn kc Rch

- kc : h s kt cu: = 0,7~0,8 tu thuc Rch , n k n s

kc vung).
1
lm vic ca BT (mu th khi
vi mu lng tr
Rbn v Rbtn cho trong PL 2

Cng tnh ton ( v nn: Rb ; v ko: Rbt)

- Cng tnh ton gc:

Rb

Rbn
bc

Rbt

Rbtn
bt

(Cho trong PL3)

- Cng tnh ton:
R
Rb bi bn
bc

Rbt bi

Rbtn
bt

bc , bt - H s tin cy ca BT tng ng khi nn v khi ko. Khi tnh

theo TTGH th nht bc1,3 1,5 v bt= 1,3 2,3 tu loi BT
- H s iu kin lm vic ca BT ( i = 1,2, 10), k n kch thc
tit din, tnh cht ca ti trng, giai on lm vic ca kt cu,
(cho trong PL4).
- Khi tnh ton theo TTGH th hai , cng tnh ton ca BT k hiu l
Rbser v c xc nh vi cc h s =1 (tr trng hp c bit khi tnh
kt cu chu ti trng trng lp).

5. Cp bn v mc ca BT:
biu th cht lng ca BT v mt tnh cht no ngi ta dng
khi nim mc hoc cp bn.

a. Mc theo cng chu nn:

Mc theo cng chu nn (M) l tr s ly bng cng chu
nn trung bnh tnh theo n v KG/cm2 ca cc mu th khi
vung cnh 15cm , c tui 28 ngy c dng h v tin hnh th
nghim trong iu kin tiu chun.
Vi BT nng: M100; M150; M200; M250; M300; M350; M400; M500
Vi BT nh: M50; M75; M100; M150; M200; M250; M300.
Ch : Trong kt cu BTCT phi dng mc t 150 tr ln.
b. Cp bn chu nn:
Cp bn chu nn (B) l tr s ly bng cng c trng
tnh theo n v MPa ca cc mu th khi vung cnh 15cm,
c tui 28 ngy, c dng h v tin hnh th nghim trong
iu B5;
kinB7,5;
tiu chun.
B3,5;
B10; B12,5; B15; B20; B25; B30; B35; B40; B45;
B50; B55; B60.
B = 0,1.0,78.M

c. Cp bn chu ko:
Bt0,5; Bt0,8; Bt1,2; Bt1,6; Bt2,0; Bt2,4; Bt2,8; Bt3,2; Bt3,6 ; Bt4,0

6. Bin dng ca BT:

Volume change
W

Thy
Thy ha
ha

Co

H2O

H2O

Co ngt
Co ngt

+
Ph
Ph gia

Kh do phn ng
ha hc

M rng

Bin dng
nhit

Bay hi

Kh t nhin

T [0C]

Kh t nhin

Ex

M rng
cng bc
C

Ex

Ex

Ex
M rng

Tui

a. Bin dng do co ngt:

o ngt l hin tng BT gim th tch khi kh cng trong khng kh do:
- Nc tha bay hi;
- Sau qu trnh thu ho xi mng gim th tch
+ Khi ng cng trong nc BT tng th tch vi mc tng xp x
bng 1/5 ~1/2 mc gim th tch khi ng cng trong khng kh.
c im ca bin dng co ngt:
- Co ngt xy ra ch yu giai on ng cng u tin v trong
nm u. Ri gim dn v dng hn sau vi nm;

- T b mt vo su khi BT, s co ngt xy ra khng u, ngoi co n

- Cu kin c b mt ln so vi th tch (sn, tng,) c co ngt ln.

Nhng nhn t chnh nh hng n co ngt:
- S lng v loi xi mng:
+ BT nhiu XM => co ngt ln;
+ BT dng XM mc cao => co ngt ln;
+ BT dng XM Alumilat => co ngt ln.
+

N
ln => Co ngt ln.
X

- Ct ht nh, si xp => co ngt ln.

- BT dng cht ph gia ng kt nhanh => co ngt ln.
- BT c chng hp p lc cao => co ngt t.
- Trong mi trng kh co ngt nhiu hn trong mi trng m.

Hu qu ca co ngt:
- Lm thay i kch thc v hnh dng cu kin;
- Do co ngt khng u hoc khi co ngt b cn tr BT s b nt lm
gim cng
Bin php hn ch v khc phc hu qu ca co ngt:
Chn cp phi, thnh phn c ht v tnh nng c hc ca vt liu thch hp;
N
X

- S dng loi XM co ngt t,

thch hp;

- Bo dng ng yu cu k thut m bo cho BT thng xuyn m

giai on ng cng ban u;

m ng k thut m bo cho BTc chc v ng u;

- t thp cu to nhng v tr cn thit;
- To mch ngng thi cng, t chc khe co gin trong kt cu (Khe
nhit khi kch thc mt bng cng trnh ln; khe phn cch trn
mt ng b, sn bay).

b. Bin dng do ti trng tc dng ngn hn

a)

b)

R lt

P
.

pl. .el
.b

*b

Mt phn bin dng phc hi c (1) - Bin dng n BT l vt

liu n
hi
Mt phn bin dng khng phc hi c (2) - Bin
hi - do
dng do
1

Bin dng n hi t i:
el
l
Tng ng: b el pl

Bin dng do t i: pl 2
l

els n hi (c trng cho bin dng n hi ca BT vng nn

-H
b

c. Bin dng do ti trng tc dng di hn Tnh t bin ca BT:

T bin l tnh bin dng tng theo thi gian trong khi S khng thay i
a)

b)
B

b B
0

c im ca t bin
- Trong vi ba thng u bin dng t bin tng nhanh sau chm dn
v c th ko di vi chc nm (thng 3-4 nm)
- Khi b 70%Rb bin dng t bin c gii hn ( th Hnh b c tim
Khingang).
b >85%R bin dng t bin tng khng ngng v dn n ph
-cn
hoi mu th. l s gim cng ca BT khi ti trng tc dng lu
di.
Gii thch: Trong qu trnh s dng kt cub << Rb; b = Rb khi bt
li nht do c ti trng di hn v ngn hn gy ra. Trong phn ti
trng ngn hn khng gy ra bin dng t bin.

d. Bin dng nhit:

Bin dng nhit l s thay i th tch ca BT khi nhit thay i.
N ph thuc vo h s gin n v nhit ca BT (Loi XM; ct liu;
m ca BT)
e. M un n hi ca BT
Khi nn:

a)

b)

b
R lt
el
2
b
1
M dun n hi do (m un bin dng)

M un n hi Eb(MPa):
EbP tg 0
.

b
b

Eb/ tg

el b el
b

Khi ko:

Eb/

b
E b
el

pl. .el
.b

*b

Ebt Eb
M un n hi:
Ebt/ t Eb
M un bin dng:

(t - H s n hi khi ko)

f. M un chng ct Gb(MPa):
,2
Ly h s n hng (H s Pot xng) ca
BT
b 0
Gb

Eb
0,4 Eb
2(1 b )

2. Ct thp:
1. Cc loi ct thp
Phn theo thnh phn ho hc:
+ Thp CT3; CT5 ( T l cc bon l 3 v 5%0) T l cc bon tng th c
ng ca CT tng, nhng do ca CT gim v kh hn.
+ Thp hp kim thp: Trong thnh phn ca n cn c mt lng nh cc
nguyn t khc nh mng gan, crm, silic, ti tan
Phn theo phng php ch to:
+ Thp c gia cng nhit (Ti): Nung CT n nhit 9500 C mt
pht ri ti nhanh vo nc hoc du, nung li n 4000 C v lm
ngui t t gi cho CT c do.
+ Ct cn nng: L ct c ch to bng cch nung chy phi thp ri
cn qua cc khun c hnh dng v kch thc nh
s trc.
d 10: dng thanh, l = 11,7m
s(D)
d < 10: dng cun, trng lng < 500 kG
D
+ Ct thp c gia cng ngui( ko;dp): ko
cc CT vi S vt qu gii hn chy
s ( D ) s ( A) Rs ; s*
+ Thp hnh: L, U, C, T, I
Phn theo hnh dng:
+ Thp thanh: trn, c g

s(A)

2. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca CT:

a. Tnh cht C hc (Cng , bin dng):
c im chung
- Mi loi CT u c:
+ Giai on bin dng n
hi
+ Giai on bin dng do
- Thp cng thp c vng bin dng
do ln hn v c thm chy
- Tnh cht c hc ca CT ph thuc
+ Thnh phn ho hc
+ Cng ngh ch to.
Cc loi gii hn S:
- Gii hn bn (B) Ly bng S ln nht m mu chu c trc khi b ko
t;
- Gii hn n hi (el) Ly bng S cui giai on n hi;
- Gii hn chy (y) Ly bng gi tr S u giai on chy.

CT do v CT rn:
s* do
15 rng
25%
CT do: C thm chy r rng hoc c vng bin dng
CT3; CT5(1,2,3,4 )
*
10%
Ct thp rn: C gii hn chy khng r rng v gngii
bn,
s 5hn
Ct thp qua gia cng ngui v gia cng
nhit (5,6).
Cng ca CT:

* Cng tiu chun (Gi tr tiu chun v cng ) Rsn (MPa)

Cng tiu chun ca CT c ly bng gii hn chy (thc t hoc
quy c) vi xc sut m bo 95%
* Cng tnh ton:
Cng chu ko tnh ton Rs (MPa):
Cng chu nn tnh ton Rsc (MPa):
Rs , Rsc c cho trong PL5( gio trnh)
M un n hi ca CT: Es(MPa): (PL7)

b. Mt s tnh cht khc ca CT:

1- Tnh hn c
- Th hin thng qua cc
c
trng:
+ Lin
kt chc chn khi
hn
ni xut hin vt nt,
+ Khng
khuyt tt
- Tnh hn c ph thuc vo chiu dy thnh ca thp v
cch ch to thp
2- nh hng ca nhit
- Khi nhit cao -> Cu trc kim loi thay i -> Cng v
mun n hi gim
- Khi ngui, cng c phc hi nhng khng hon ton

3. Phn nhm CT:

Theo tiu chun Vit Nam: Theo tnh cht c hc TCVN 1651 1985
phn thnh 4 nhm CI, CII, CIII, CIV c cc c trng trong bng:

Nhm thp

d (mm)

s*

(MPa)

(MPa)

(%)

(MPa)

Es

CI (Trn trn)
CII (G xon 1 chiu)

6 - 40

220

380

25

21 10 4

CIII (G xon khc

10 - 40

300

500

19

21 10 4

chiu)

6 - 40

400

600

14

20 10 4

CIV (G xon khc

10 - 40

600

900

20 10 4

chiu)

3. B tng ct thp
1. Lc dnh gia BT v CT

L nhn t c bn m bo s lm vic chung gia BT v CT. Nh

n ng lc c th truyn qua li gia BT v CT, ng thi lm cho chng
cng nhau bin dng.
a. Cc nhn t to nn lc dnh (3 nhn t):
- Khi BT ng cng n m cht
-ly
DoCT;
keo xi mng c tc dng gn cht
CT vi BT
- Do b mt CT g gh (Ct c g lc dnh gp 2-3 ln ct trn trn
=> ct trn trn phi un m).
b. Th nghim xc nh lc dnh:

Xc nh on neo lan

2. S lm vic chung gi
gi a BT
v CT:
- Khi khng t CT thanh c co: 0
- Khi c t CT thanh c co: 1

s 1 Es
S nn trong CT

0- 1 1
0

a. S ban u do BT co ngt:

bt t ( 0 1 ) Eb
S ko trong BT

0 Es
E
; bt t 0 b
n

1
1 t

Es
A
; s
Eb
Ab

* S ban u trong BT khi co ngt b cn tr ph thuc:

+ Tr s co ngt t do ca BT (0) :
+ Loi BT (Eb)
+ Hm lng CT() ln <=> t ln, khi t > Rbt =>
BT nt
Phn b CT khng u trn tit din lm cho BT co ngt khng
u lm cho BT nt.

b. S do ngoi lc:
Xt trng hp n gin l thanh BT chu nn (hay ko):

- Khi BT cha nt: BT cng chu lc vi CT nn bin dng nh nhau

- Khi BT nt: Vi thanh chu ko, sau khi BT nt phn lc ko do
BT chu c truyn sang cho CT. Lc CT chu ton b lc
ko.
c. S phn phi lai ni lc do t bin:
Ti trng lu di => BT b t bin, CT cn
tr t bin ca BT .
Tng t nh s co ngt bin dng t bin
gy S nn trong CT v S ko trong BT kt
qu lm

s ; b
S phn phi li ni lc mt cch c li.

c =C.b

d. S truyn lc qua li gia BT v CT u mt cu kin:

20d

max

b
s

Vi cc ct chu lc nn ln u ct phi c gia cng bng cc li thp h

3. S ph hoi v h hng ca BTCT

S ph hoi do chu lc:

s khi
Rs
Cu kin chu ko: Ph hoi
b khi
Rb
Cu kin chu nn: Ph hoi

s Rs
Cu kin chu un: Ph hoikhi
b Rb

s Rs ; b Rb
S h hng hoc ph hoi do bin dng cng bc
S h hng do tc dng ca mi trng
Bin php phng chng:
+
+
+
+
+

Dng BT cng cao; bo v b mt cng trnh bng va mc cao

Dng nc sch trn BT;
Lm sch b mt CT tng bm dnh;
m bo chi dy lp BT bo v;
m ng k thut m bo cho BT c chc.