Cc qu trnh sinh hc trong t bo

Cc qu trnh sinh hc trong

t bo
Bi:
Nguyn Hi

Trao i cht qua mng t bo

Tnh thm ca lp phospholipids kp
ui k nc ca phospholipids ngn cn s vn chuyn cc ion v cc phn t phn
cc nh H+, Na+. Cc phn t khng tan trong nc nh hydrocarbon, CO2, O2 qua
mng d dng.
Nhng phn t nh phn cc nhng khng tch in nh ethanol cng c th qua mng.
Lp phospholipids kp khng thm i vi nhng phn t khng tch in nhng kch
thc ln chng hn nh glucose v sucrose.
Tuy nhin, lp phospholipids kp ch l mt phn cu chuyn v tnh thm c chn lc
ca mng.
Protein vn chuyn
Nhng protein vn chuyn l protein xuyn mng (hnh 2.40). Mt s protein vn
chuyn lm thnh cc chanel a nc (hnh 2.40). S khc lin kt vi cc cht v vn
chuyn chng qua mng. Trong c hai trng hp, mi protein vn chuyn chuyn bit
cho mt hay mt s c cht.
Nh vy, tnh thm ca mng ph thuc vo c hai lp lipid kp v cc protein vn
chuyn chuyn bit.
Khuch tn (diffusion)
Khuch tn l c ch vn chuyn qua mng mt cch th ng khng tn nng lng.
Cc cht c vn chuyn qua mng theo chiu t ni c nng cao n ni c nng
thp.
1/3

Cc qu trnh sinh hc trong t bo

Thm thu (osmosis)

Thm thu l mt hnh thc vn chuyn nc mt cch th ng qua mng. Nc vn
chuyn t mi trng nhc trng sang mi trng u trng.
So snh nng cc cht ha tan ca hai dung dch. Dung dch c nng cao l
dng dch u trng (hypertonic), dung dch c nng thp l dung dch nhc trng
(hypotonic). Nu hai dung dch c nng bng nhau l cc dung dch ng trng
(isotonic).
Qu trnh thm thu ca nc qua mng t bo c th c minh ha qua s co nguyn
sinh (plasmolysis) ca t bo khi c trong nhng mi trng c nng khc nhau
(hnh 2.46)
Khuch tn c lm d
Mt s phn t phn cc hoc ion khng thm qua lp lipid kp c th c vn chuyn
qua mng nh cc protein vn chuyn. Hin tng ny gi l khuch tn c lm d.
Trong nhiu trng hp, protein thay di hnh dng vn chuyn v tr gn c cht t
bn ngoi mng sang bn trong mng.
S vn chuyn ch ng
S hp th ch ng cc cht ha tan vo t bo i hi phi tiu tn nng lng. S
vn chuyn ch ng l s vn chuyn vt cht ngc chiu gradient nng , phi tn
nng lng (ATP).
Nhp bo (endocytosis)
T bo ly cc cht c phn t lng ln vo t bo bng cch hnh thnh bng mng
t mng sinh cht. C ba hnh thc nhp bo: thc bo-phagocytosis (c cht l cht
rn); m bo-pinocytosis (c cht l cht lng) v nhp bo c lm d nh receptor
(receptor-mediated endocytosis).
Xut bo (exocytosis)
T bo tit cc cht c phn t lng ln qua mng t bo bng cch ha cc bng mng
vi mng.
Trao i thng tin qua mng.
Qua mng t bo c th pht i v thu nhn thng tin iu ha cc hot ng sng.
Thng tin dng nhng tn hiu ha hc c kh nng lin kt vi cc th quan trn
mng. S truyn tn hiu c th l:
2/3

Cc qu trnh sinh hc trong t bo

Ni tit tc ng xa (endocrine transmission): cht ni tit v trong mu tc ng n

cc t bo khc nhau trong c th.
Cn tit (paracrine transmission): tc ng ln t bo k tip (khong cch xung quanh
khong 1mm) bng cc cht ha hc trung gian cc b (local chemical messenger)
S truyn qua synapses (synatic transmission).

Sinh trng v sinh sn ca t bo.

Sinh trng ca t bo
T bo con bng con ng trao i cht lm tng khi lng t bo cht v nhn. T
bo tng trng n mc no th phn chia cho cc t bo mi.
Sinh sn ca t bo
T bo prokaryote v mt s t bo eukaryote phn chia t bo bng hnh thc trc phn.
Trong trc phn ca prokaryote, DNA nhn i v dnh hai im khc nhau trn mng
sinh cht. Mng sinh cht mi v vch mi hnh thnh phn gia t bo chia t bo
m thnh hai t bo con. y khng c s xut hin nhim sc th cng nh thoi v
sc. Nhiu khi trong trc phn, nhn phn chia thnh hai na khng u nhau. T bo
cht phn chia cng vi nhn hoc khng phn chia hnh thnh t bo hai hay a nhn.
T bo gan, sn, bch cu phn bo theo kiu trc phn.
Phn bo c t l hnh thc phn bo ph bin t bo eukaryote gm hai giai on:
phn chia nhn c s hnh thnh thoi v sc, mt cu trc gip cho s phn chia u
nhim sc th v hai nhn; phn chia t bo cht.
S phn chia t bo cht t bo ng vt v thc vt c s khc bit. t bo ng
vt, mt rnh phn chia xut hin trn b mt t bo gn mt phng xch o, sau n
su vo do tc ng co rt ca vng vi si actin bn trong t bo cht ct t bo m thnh
hai t bo con ging nhau (daughter cells). Trong khi t bo thc vt, khng xut hin
rnh phn ct. Nhng bng mng (vesicle) cha nguyn liu xy dng vch t bo t
Golgi di chuyn ti gia t bo v t chc thnh a t bo (cell plate) chia t bo m
thnh hai t bo con (daughter cell).

Bit ha t bo (differentiation)
Bit ha t bo l mt qu trnh m mt t bo cha chuyn ha (undifferentiated cell)
tr nn chuyn ha thnh mt hay nhiu t bo cu trc nn c th. Trong sut qu trnh
bit ha, mt s gene c hot ha mt s gene khc b bt hot. Kt qu l t bo bit
ha c cu trc v chc nng c trng .
3/3