CHAPTER 14 - FREQUENCY RESPONSE ely List of topies for this chapter : ‘Transfer Function Bode Plots Series Resonance Parallel Resonance Passive Filters Active Filters Scaling —————————————_—+ TRANSFER FUNCTION Problem 14.1 ° Given the circuit in Figure 14.1 and i(t) = Teos(t) amps, find the transfer function H() = V, / I and sketch the frequency response. 102 e AW io) D 102 velt) 3 20 mH Figure 14.1 > Carefully DEFINE the problem. Each component is labeled completely. The problem is clear. > PRESENT everything you know about the problem. To obtain the transfer function, H(«), we need to obtain the frequency-domain equivalent of the circuit by replacing resistors, inductors, and capacitors with their impedances R, jooL, and 1/j@C respectively. Then, use any circuit technique to obtain H(@). The frequency response of the circuit can be obtained by plotting the magnitude and phase of the transfer function as the frequency varies. > Establish a set of ALTERNATIVE solutions and determine the one that promises the greatest likelihood of success. ‘After transforming the circuit from the time domain to the frequency domain, we can use nodal analysis, mesh analysis, or basic circuit analysis to find the transfer function. Let's examine the frequency-domain equivalent circuit in order to make the best choice 243‘Transforming the circuit to the frequency domain yields 1 S100 3 40(0.02) Q It seems obvious that nodal analysis will yield two equations with three unknowns (I, Vi, and 'V,). These equations can be manipulated to eliminate V; in order to find H(). ATTEMPT a problem solution. Using nodal analysis, Atnode 1: Atnode 2: 10 je0.00) Using the equation for node I, find V, in terms of V, and I. 101 =2V, -V, +101_V, Noe mere! ‘Simplify the equation for node 2. jo(V, - V,) +500V, =0 (j@+500)V, - joV, =0 Now, substitute the equation for V, into the simplified equation for node 2. (jo+ 500)V, - jo@SV, +51) =0 (jo/2+ 500) V, = joST jos jold jo/2+500 1000+ jo Therefore, EVALUATE the solution and check for accuracy. A check of our solution can be done using basic circuit analysis. Find the output voltage as, the current through the inductor multiplied by the impedance of the inductor, ie, V=1Z. 244Label the necessary variables for this technique. e 102 1, jo(0.02) 2 jold 1000+ jo jol0 1000+ jo Our check for accuracy was successful. > Has the problem been solved SATISFACTORILY? If so, present the solution; if not, then return to “ALTERNATIVE solutions” and continue through the process again. @ Mis probiem has been solved satisfactorily. jol0 nye ee = To00+ ‘The frequency response is % ’ au 008, Fy z S| i 5 a 2 e ow 7 oF 1 oF ro e Fragen (nant) 245Problem 14.2 Given the circuit in Figure 14.2 and V(t) = V, cos(ot) volts, find the e transfer function H(@) = V,,./ V,, and sketch the frequency response, 10kQ 1 uF — + vin(t) () vai) 8 10 mH Figure 14.2 ‘Transform the circuit to the frequency domain. WkQ = -j10%o 2 jo0.012 Clearly, @ and Thus, + 0° ) 10-22 + 5000.00 So, jo(0.0)1 ____ jo 0 i oon) 108+) iw) fa jo(0.01) jo-S ‘Therefore, HO) 106+ 246The frequency response is 09| oe 06 Magotude (ness) ry 0 Frequency (axéansisocons) oF 0 1 Problem 14.3 Given the circuit in Figure 14.3 and i(t) =I,, cos(cot) amps, find the transfer function H(@) = V,4/ Ij, and sketch the frequency response. i® 10kQ + g 10mH—voult) 7 ‘The frequeney response is 0000 9000 000 000 6000 5009 4000} apne (antes) Figure 143 10" 5 1 pF Frequency (aans/second) 247for the transfer function + BODE PLOTS Problem 14.4 __ Sketch the Bode plots, both magnitude and phase, given the following transfer function in the s-domain. (90)(s+ 1(s+10) HG) 8(8+3)(6+30) First, we need to modify the transfer function so that it is in a form that is easy to plot. ooao(* al +1) ao(Su{s 3 Syl Sar) ofSarl& (3)(30)(s) at! K=100 Problem 14.6. Given the following Bode plot, determine the value of the transfer function, (6), represented by the Bode plot. A -204B + -40 dB 250Decomposing the Bode plot into its basic elements we get, 20 dB 0.01 0.1 20 logso(1/10) 1(s/0.3) + 1) (S10) +1) 1/(s/100) + 1) Therefore, SERIES RESONANCE Problem 14.7. Given the circuit in Figure 14.4, find: (a) the resonant frequency and the half-power frequencies, (b) the bandwidth and the quality factor, (©) the amplitudes of vo(t) at ©), ©;, and @. 1pF 10 mH 111 —_ volt) + v OS 00 10 cos(ot) Figure 14.4 251(@) ) (©) 1 ‘The resonant frequency of a series RLC circuit is @y = quency Te e So, 1 ©) = 10 krad/s ' =10* rad/s ‘The half-power frequency of a series RLC circuit is @, So, 10 to _\ 1 20? * () es ia) ©, =F 500+ J 500)? +10" ©) =F 500+10,012 rads ' or ' , = 9.512 krad/s 10.512 krad/s ‘The bandwidth of a series RLC circuit is B= @, —@, e So, 1 B=10.512-9.512 krad/s ®o ‘The quality factor of a series RLC circuit is Q = 3B So, oe 210; Q=10 The amplitudes of ve(t) at @), ,,and ©, {10% Q jo107.Q {000 + Ve 5 () Vout 10.0 252 1020"At ©=@, =10 kradis, the inductor has a value of j10* x 107 = j100 ohms and the capacitor has a value of - j10°/10* = -j100 ohms. Then, Ve =-j1001 but 10 _ 10+ j100~j100 71? So, Ve ==j100 volts and Ve(t) = 100cos(10,000t— 90°) volts This gives an amplitude of 100 V at @=«, =10 krad/s At @=0, = 9.512 krad/s, the inductor has a value of j9,512x 0.01 = j95.12 ohms and the capacitor has a value of - j10°/9,512 = -j105.13 ohms. Then, Vo = {105.131 but ee OO 10+ j95.12— 105.13 10-j10.01 “™P> So, (105.132 -90°)(0.7068.245.03°) = 74.3 - 44.97° volts and Ve(t) = 74.3¢0s(9,512t-44.979) volts This gives an amplitude of 74.3 V at @ = @, = 9.512 kradis. At @=@, =10.512 krad/s, the inductor has a value of 10,512 x 0.01 = j105.12 ohms and the capacitor has a value of - j10°/10,512 = -j95.13 ohms. Then, Ve = -j95.131 but ear 10+ j105.12— j95.13 10+ 59.99 So, = (95.132 -90°)(0.70752 -44.97°) = 67.32 -134.97° volts and Ve(t) = 67.3cos(10,512t - 134.979) volts This gives an amplitude of 67.3 V at =, =10.512krad/s. 253Note that the output voltage for this bandpass filter is the voltage across the resistor. It can be shown that e Vou (t) = 10c08(10,000t) V at ©= 0, =10 krad/s Vu (t) = 7.068c08(9,512+ 45.03) V at @= 0, = 9.512 kradis Vea (t) = 7.075 e08(10,512 — 44.979) V st @=@, = 10.512 krad/s The amplitude at the half-power frequencies is 1/2 times the maximum amplitude at the center frequency. In this case, i Fee= 7071 where the calculated amplitudes of 7.068 volts and 7.075 volts are quite close to the expected half-power value of 7.071 volts. Problem 14.8 Given the circuit in Figure 14.5, find the value of L so that we have a Q of 100. Also, find @», ©, ©,,and B 10a L 20 cos(t) Ap LF e Figure 14.5 L 1H @y = Lkrad/s 9Srad/s = 1005rad/s B= 10 rad/s + + PARALLEL RESONANCE sure 14,6 and 12.20? amps, find Problem 14.9 Given the circuit (a) @, Q, and B, ) — @ and @,, (©) power dissipated at @,,@,, and ,. e 254(a) (b) . a = 10K 3 toma vas pF Figure 14.6 ‘The resonant frequency of a parallel RLC circuit is «, = So, 10° Oo ao) @, = Lkrad/s ‘The quality factor of a parallel RLC circuit is Q = ol So, 10° © 10" 107 21008 2 The bandwidth ofa parallel RLC cireuit is B= "G So, pele “100 B= 100 rad/s Because this is a high Q circuit, the half-power frequencies can be written as _B 2=0F5 M2 =O 2 So, 100 12 10°F Oy; F > ©, = 10° #50 95 krad/s 10.05 krad/s 255(©) Find the power dissipated at «) =1 krad/s. Since all of the current flows through the resistor at resonance, P = So, P Sayan ) P= 20 kwatts Since @, and @, correspond to the half-power points, the power dissipated at , and ©, is 10 kwatts Problem 14.10 Given the circuit in Figure 14.7, find the resonant frequency. 5 1 EF i Figure 14.7 Begin by finding the parallel equivalent of the series resistor and inductor elements. ‘The parallel equivalent is given by 1 1 Rejol Ry So, 1 11 _ ee 10+ jo/100~ Ry, * 5X, 10-jo/100_ 100+ (@/100)? Thus, - jo/100 1 100+(@/100)? 7X, 00+ (c0/100)? Xe = on00 lot =o "100 os 256Atrresonance, 1 1 10° w Xe=—e=— = a © at ~ o10%~ o Th Oe tye lOe 7 © 100” or fo 1 4 196 10! + 7 = 10) 108-10 =9.910" ©, = 9.95krad/s or —— oy = 10krad/s PASSIVE FILTERS: Problem 14.11 What type of filter is represented by the circuit in Figure 14.8? What is the cutoff frequency, or what are the comer frequencies? 10kQ AWN + Via ARIOKF von S 10KQ Figure 14.8 In the frequency domain, the circuit is 10kQ {1002 237Find the transfer function Using nodal analysis, Vou 108 ‘Simplifying, 0 Vou Va +i¢g Vou +Ven =0 (+12 )vu = Hence, 1 H@)==——— = FF jo/10 ‘This transfer function looks like a typical transfer function for a lowpass filter 1 1+ joRC 1 Since the voltage starts at Vjq = Vi, and.as © > 99 V,q =0, we can look ata value for [Vow (ome mt) [vil = 0.3535 |V,,] To find the cutoff frequency, find the value of @ when |H()| = 0.3535. [Ho 13535 or fc = 10/n Hz ' 258Problem 14.12 [14.43] Determine the range of frequencies that will be passed by a series RLC bandpass filter with R=10 0, L=25 mH, and C=0.4 iF. Find the quality factor. 1 1 o, = S== £10 kre Vie” Jasxioyoaxi0) _- L 0.025 maels ‘Thus, oy 10 Q= 3 04 Q=25 This is a high Q circuit so we can use 0, =0, -B/2=10-0.2=9.8 krad’s or ©, =0, +B/2 =10+0.2=10.2 krad/s or ‘Therefore, 1,5597 kHz < f < 1.6234 KHz Problem 14.13 What type of filter is represented by the circuit in Figure 14.9? What is the cutoff frequeney, or what are the comer frequencies? 10kQ 10 pF \ | Vin Vou = 10kQ Figure 14.9 ‘This highpass filter has a cutoff frequency of ©, = 26.55 rad/s or f, = 4.226 Hz 259—— + ACTIVE FILTERS Problem 14.14 cutoff frequency, or what are the comer frequencies? 100 kQ. AW 7 7 Vin(t) Figure 14.10 In the frequency domain, the circuit is What type of filter is represented by the circuit in Figure 14.10? What is the 100 kQ Vout(t) -j10%0 2 100 kQ Vin Find the transfer function Ho)=—"* 260Using nodal analysis, e Vi-Vu , Vax Vou, Var Vor og 10° 10° =j10°/o where V, = V, =0 Simplifying, Hence, HO)= Fait This transfer function looks like a typical transfer function for a lowpass filter 1 1+ joRC This lowpass filter has a cutoff frequency of ©, =10rad/s or fo Problem 14.15 [14.55] Design the filter in Figure 14.11 to meet the following requirements (a) It must attenuate a signal at 2 kH, by 3 dB compared with its value at 10 MHz. (>) _It must provide a steady-state output of v, (t) = 10sin(2m x 10*t +180°) volts for an input v;(t) = 4sin(2xx10*t) volts. Re WN ic R AW | vi(t) vo(t) Figure 14.11 ‘This is a highpass filter with e f, 2 kHz, 0, =2nf,=1/(RO) 261or ro e Clearly, the capacitor becomes a short circuit at high frequencies. Hence, the high frequency gain oR R or Ry=2.5R ‘we let R= then R, = 25kQ, od Ifwe let R = 10 kQ 1 = 25K, and C= 55 Go SS SCALING 7.958 nF Problem 14.16 [14.63] For the circuit in Figure 14.12, (a) draw the new circuit after it has been scaled by K,, = 200 and K, = 10‘, (>) obtain the Thevenin equivalent impedance at terminals a-b of the scaled circuit at @=10* radls, e 1H ae 58 yk 7B OSF = 20 BS 0.51, b Figure 14.12 (@) —_R'=K,R=(200)(2)= 400 a K,L _ (200)0) Tor 20 mL CL = ooo) =? 262We now have a new circuit, 20 mH - OR ‘ th 5 0.25 uF AWN soa Pos (6) Insert a 1 amp source at the terminals a-b. 1A b At node 1 1-4,” -\, ~ U/(sC) sL. But, I, =sCV,. So, the nodal equations become - V; Tt OSsCV = 1 > #LC+0.5sCR+1 . (G10*)(20%10") +400 Ato= 10", Zax = G05 (20% 10°)(0.25 x10) + 0.5(410° (0.25 x10" (400) +1 400 + j200 _ _ Zn = G5 qs = 600-200 Ziq = 632.52 -18.43°Q 263Problem 14.17 Given the circuit in Figure 14.13, find the values necessary to scale this e circuit, increasing the comer frequency to 100 rad/s. Use a | jtF capacitor. 22 —w— 2F { 22 WN | i, + Via(t) Vout) Figure 14.13 To scale the circuit in Figure 14.13 from @ = 1/4 rad/s to @' = 100 rad/s using a | j1F capacitor, the feedback resistor and the input must be 10 kO. 264