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Genetic Algorithm-Trainedrad Ial Basis Function Neural Networks For Modelling Photovoltaic Panels
Genetic Algorithm-Trainedrad Ial Basis Function Neural Networks For Modelling Photovoltaic Panels
Abstract
Radial basis function neural networks (RBFNs) can be applied to model the IV characteristics and maximum power points
(MPPs) of photovoltaic (PV) panels. The key issue for training an RBFN lies in determining the number of radial basis functions
(RBFs) in the hidden layer. This paper presents a genetic algorithms-based RBFN training scheme to search for the optimal number
of RBFs using only the input samples of a PV panel. The performance of the trained RBFN is comparable with that of the
conventional model and the training algorithm is computationally efcient. The trained RBFNs have been applied to predict MPPs
of two different practical PV panels. The results obtained are accurate enough for applying the models to control the PV systems for
tracking the optimal power points.
Crown Copyright r 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Photovoltaic panels; Maximum power point; Genetic algorithm; Radial basis function neural networks
1. Introduction
The wide acceptance and utilisation of the photovoltaic (PV) generation of electric power depends on
reducing the cost of the power generated and improving
the energy efciency of PV systems. An important
technique for achieving the latter is called maximum
power point tracking (MPPT). In principle, this controls
the output voltage of a PV panel automatically so that it
can operate continuously on the maximum power points
irrespective of load variation, solar radiation and
temperature changes. Various schemes have been developed for obtaining MPPT (Merwe and Merwe, 1998;
Chihchiang Hua and Chihming Shen, 1998; El-Shibani
and Rakha, 1989; Chihchiang Hua et al., 1998; Bodur
and Ermis, 1994; Hussein et al., 1995; Brambilla et al.,
1999; Matsui et al., 1999; Gow and Manning, 2000). The
simplest and most widely used is the perturbation and
observation (P&O) algorithm (Bodur and Ermis, 1994).
Corresponding author. Tel.: +44 0113 233 2020.
0952-1976/$ - see front matter Crown Copyright r 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.engappai.2005.02.004
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L. Zhang, Y. Fei Bai / Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 18 (2005) 833844
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Nomenclature
A
Ior
Iph
IS1
IS2
K
NP
NS
q
RS
RP
S
T
Rs
IPh
IS1
IS2
V
RP
D1
D2
--
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L. Zhang, Y. Fei Bai / Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 18 (2005) 833844
Input
layer
RBF
hidden
layer
Linear
output
layer
a11
w1.1
y1
b2s
b11
X1
X2
835
a22
a y2
b22
b12
XN
a1dd
dd
b1dd
a y
P
wsdd
b2s
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836
L
X
wjk Uj Xn bj ,
(4)
j1
NT
1 X
yn ybnk Xn 2 ,
N T n1 k
(5)
1
MSEYn 1
1
i
h
PN T n
1=N T n1 yk ybnk Xn 2 1
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(8)
j 1; 2; . . . ; L.
(9)
837
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838
Initilising randomly
Determining the first RBF center 1 by
randomly selecting one date sample x1
(n = 1, p = 1)
i-1
( j = 1,2 ..., L)
|| xn i || > E
?
GA fitness evaluation by
1
1
=
f(y)=
Nr
MSE(y)+1
1
y (k) - y (k) +1
n
n
Nr A-1
N
P (new) = P (old) + ||xn P (old)||
P = P+1, P = xn
Stop evolution
?
N
Y
END
END
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3. Flowcharts of GA-RBFN training algorithm. (a) RBF self-growing; (b) combining GA for RBFN training.
Table 1
MPP prediction results by GA-RBFN and RBFN
Time (h)
89
910
1011
1112
1213
1314
1415
516
Radiation (mW/cm2)
55.267
76.213
90.950
96.900
95.703
86.797
70.299
49.329
Temperature (1C)
29.170
31.394
32.930
34.967
35.884
36.524
37.176
37.002
Pmax (W)
5.142
6.405
7.257
7.926
8.101
7.849
7.065
5.518
Pmax
Error
Pmax
Error
4.838
6.368
7.288
7.910
8.088
7.922
6.946
4.974
5.91%
0.58%
0.44%
0.21%
0.16%
0.94%
1.68%
9.86%
4.843
6.350
7.372
8.066
8.250
8.034
6.975
4.989
5.81%
0.85%
1.60%
1.76%
1.85%
2.36%
1.28%
9.60%
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Fig. 4. IV and PV characteristics reconstruction by (a) RBFN (b) GA-RBFN (solid linereal data, dashed linepredicted data).
NT
1 X
jekj
100% ,
N T k1 yk
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840
Fig. 5. Cloud of sampled data from Riyadh Solar Village for GA-RBFN (a) training data and (b) testing data.
Fig. 6. MPP prediction results using Riyadh data by (a) RBFN and (b) GA-RBFN (solid linereal data, dashed linepredicted data).
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841
Fig. 7. MPP prediction results using STaR data (on April 7th) (solid linereal data, dashed linepredicted data). (a) Prediction by RBFN-based
model and (b) prediction by GA-RBFN-based model.
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Table 2
Solar array MPP prediction results by using STaR sample data
Date
Vmax
Imax
Pmax
9.54%
7.70%
5.37%
8.96%
5.71%
4.18%
5. Conclusion
This paper has presented an RBFN-based approach
to model the IV characteristics and maximum power
variations of PV panels. The main advantage of this
model is that it does not require a priori knowledge of
the PV panels, and the models derived are sufciently
accurate for real-time MPPT applications. The method
was veried using data collected from two real PV
panels. The trained MPP model for the panel in Riyadh
Solar Village gives a PMRE as low as 3.6995% and the
other in Southampton Test and Reference Facility gives
Fig. 8. Imaxradiation relation. (a) STaR data (on April 7th), (b) data predicted by GA-RBFN.
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K 1 0:1098,
K 2 44:5355;
K 3 1:264 104 ,
K 4 11:8003;
K 5 7:3174 103 ,
K 6 2;
K 7 0;
K 8 1:07,
K 9 1:6126 10 ,
Acknowledgement
K 10 3:27 103 ;
The authors would like to thank Dr. Tom Markvart
at Southampton University for providing data for one
of the PV arrays in the Southampton Test and Reference
Facility, UK.
K 11 2:303 106 ,
K 12 2:812 102 .
Probability of
mutation
Probability of
crossover
Chromosome
length
Population size
Maximum
generation
number
0.01
0.1
0.01
0.8
0.6
0.8
8-bit
8-bit
8-bit
30
20
20
10
10
10
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