Ph lc

Ph lc A Cc giao thc lin quan n VoIP

A.1 B giao thc TCP/IP
B giao thc TCP/IP c thit k giao tip gia cc h my tnh khc
loi. N c pht trin t mt d n ca B quc phng M c tn Advanced
Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
C nhiu l do TCP/IP tr nn ph bin, trong c hai l do chnh. Th
nht, DARPA cung cp mt khi lng ln b giao thc ny tr thnh mt
phn ca h thng UNIX ca Berkeley. Khi TCP/IP dc gii thiu ra th trng
thng mi, UNIX lun k v n. Berkeley UNIX v TCP/IP tr thnh h iu
hnh v giao thc chun cho la chn ca cc trng i hc tng hp. Ti y,
n c s dng vi cc trm lm vic trong k thut v nghin cu mi trng.
1983, chnh ph M xut cc mng ca chnh ph dng giao thc TCP/IP.
L do th hai l kh nng ca giao thc cho php cc h my tnh khc loi
giao tip vi nhau thng qua mng. Khi TCP/IP trn vo, cc giao thc khc vn
cn rt ph bin vi cc nh cung cp LAN. Cc giao thc ny hn ch nhng
NSD bi v giao thc ph thuc ngi bn.
TCP/IP lm cho cc my tnh v cc h iu hnh khc loi hot ng an
xen nhau. V d, h thng DEC chy h iu hnh VMS kt hp vi TCP/IP (nh
h iu hnh mng) c th truyn thng vi trm ca SUN Microsystem UNIX
ang chy TCP/IP. Khi hot ng nh vy, TCP/IP khng lm nh hng ti cu
trc phn cng v h iu hnh ca cc my tnh thnh phn.
TCP/IP pht trin trn mt kin trc cho php cc my tnh c h iu
hnh v kin trc phn cng thay i vn thng tin c vi nhau. N chy nh
mt chng trnh ng dng trn cc h thng .
Hnh A.1 m t kin trc mng TCP/IP c so snh vi m hnh tham chiu
OSI.

Trang 75

Ph lc

Hnh A.1

TCP/IP so snh vi OSI

Hnh A.2

TCP/IP tng ng vi tng 3 v 4 m hnh

OSI
Theo m hnh OSI, mi tng c mt giao thc phn bit. Trong hnh ta thy
s tng ng gia m hnh OSI v m hnh TCP/IP. Tri tim ca giao thc
TCP/IP l giao thc tng ng vi tng 3 v 4 m hnh OSI (Hnh A.2).
Trang 76

Ph lc
Giao thc IP tng ng vi giao thc tng mng, cn giao thc TCP tng
ng giao thc tng giao vn. Cc ng dng s chy thng trn giao thc ny. Cc
ng dng c th nh: truyn file, th in t... Ta thy giao thc TCP/IP chy c
lp vi cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu v tng vt l. N c th chy trn mng
Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, ng truyn ni tip, X.25...

A.1.1 Giao thc IP

Mc ch ca giao thc IP l kt ni cc mng con thnh dng internet
truyn d liu. Giao thc IP cung cp bn chc nng:
- n v c s cho truyn d liu.
-

nh a ch.
Chn ng.

- Phn on cc datagram.
- n v c s cho truyn d liu.
Mc ch u tin ca IP l cung cp cc thut ton truyn d liu gia cc
mng. N cung cp mt dch v phn pht khng kt ni cho cc giao thc tng
cao hn. Ngha l n khng thit lp phin (session) lm vic gia trm truyn v
trm nhn. IP gi (encapsulate) d liu v pht n vi mt s n lc nht. IP
khng bo cho ngi nhn v ngi gi v tnh trng gi d liu m c gng pht
n, do gi l dch v n lc nht. Nu tng lin kt d liu b li th IP cng
khng thng bo m c gi ln tng trn. Do , ti tng TCP d liu phi c
phc hi li. Ni cch khc, tng TCP phi c c ch timeout i vi vic truyn
v s phi gi li (resend) d liu.
Trc khi pht d liu xung tng di, IP thm vo cc thng tin iu khin
bo cho tng 2 bit c thng bo cn gi vo mng. n v thng tin IP truyn
i gi l datagram, cn khi truyn trn mng gi l gi. Cc gi c truyn vi
tc cao trn mng.
Giao thc IP khng quan tm kiu d liu trong gi. Cc d liu phi thm
cc thng tin iu khin gi l u IP (IP header). Hnh A.3 ch ra cch IP gi
thng tin v mt u gi chun ca mt datagram IP.

Trang 77

Ph lc

Hnh A.3

Khun dng ca IP header

Cc trng trong IP header c nh ngha nh sau:

- VERS: nh ngha phin bn hin thi ca IP trn mng. Phin bn ny l
Version 4 cn phin bn sau cng l Verrsion 6.
- HLEN: Chiu di ca u IP. Khng phi tt c cc trng trong phn u
u c s dng. Trng o bng n v t 32 bit. u IP ngn nht l 20 bytes.
N cng c th di hn ph thuc trng option.
- Service Type: c t cc tham s v dch v, c dng c th nh sau:
0

Precedence

unused

+ Precedence: Trng ny c gi tr t 0 (mc u tin bnh thng) ti 7

(mc kim sot mng) qui nh vic gi datagram. N kt hp vi cc bit D (tr),
T (thng lng), R ( tin cy) thnh thng tin chn ng, c xem nh
nh danh kiu dch v (Type of Service - TOS).
+ Bit D thit lp l 1 khi yu cu tr thp.
+ Bit T yu cu thng lng cao.
+ Bit R yu cu tin cy cao.
V d, nu c nhiu ng ti ch, b chn ng s c trng ny chn
mt ng. iu ny tr nn quan trng trong giao thc chn ng OSPF,

Trang 78

Ph lc
giao thc chn ng u tin ca IP. Nu giao dch chim v tr truyn file
bn c th thit lp cc bit l 0 0 1 bo rng bn khng mun tr thp v
thng lng cao nhng cn tin cy cao. Cc trng ca TOS c thit lp bi
cc ng dng nh (TELNET, FTP) v khng chn ng. Cc b chn ng ch
c trng ny v da vo chn ra ng ti u cho datagram. N yu cu mt
b chn ng c nhiu bng chn, mi bng ng vi mt kiu dch v.
- Total length: y l chiu di ca datagram o bng byte (trng ny di
16 bit do khu vc IP datagram di 65535 byte).
Khi phi truyn mt gi t mng rt ln sang mng khc, b chn ng
TCP/IP phi phn on gi ln thnh cc gi nh hn. Xt v d, truyn mt
khung t mng Token Ring (kch thc truyn ti a 4472 byte) ti mng
Ethernet (ti a 1518 byte). TCP/IP s thit lp kch thc gi cho mt lin kt.
Nhng nu hai trm ang thng tin bng nhiu loi phng tin, mi loi h tr
kch thc truyn khc nhau? Vic phn on thnh cc gi nh thch hp cho
truyn trn mng LAN hoc mng LAN phc hp dng tng IP. Cc trng sau
c s dng t c kt qu ny.
- Identification, flags, fregment offset: Cc trng ny biu th cch phn
on mt datagram qu ln. IP cho php trao i d liu gia cc mng c kh
nng phn on cc gi.
Mi u IP ca mi datagram phn on hu nh ging nhau. Trng
identification nhn dng cc datagram c phn on t cng mt datagram
ln hn. N kt hp vi a ch IP ngun nhn dng.
Trng flags biu th:
+ D liu ang ti c c phn on hay khng.
+ Phn on hoc khng i vi mt datagram.
Vic phn on rt quan trng khi truyn trn cc mng c kch thc khung
khc nhau. Ta bit cu (bridge) khng c kh nng ny. Khi nhn mt gi qu
ln n s pht (forward) ln mng v khng lm g c. Cc giao thc tng trn s
timeout gi v tr li theo. Khi mt phin lm vic thit lp, hu ht cc giao thc
c kh nng thng lng kch thc gi ti a m mi trm c th qun l, do
khng nh hng ti hot ng ca cu.
Cc trng total length (tng chiu di) v fragment offset IP c th xy dng
li mt datagram v chuyn n ti phn mm tng cao hn. Trng total length
biu th tng di ca mt gi. Trng fragment offset biu th lch t u

Trang 79

Ph lc
gi ti im m ti d liu s c t vo trong on d liu xy dng li
gi (reconstruction).
- Trng Time to live (TTL): C nhiu iu kin li lm cho mt gi lp v
hn gia cc router (b chn ng) trn internet. Khi u gi c thit lp ti
trm gc (originator). Cc router s dng trng ny m bo cc gi khng b
lp v hn trn mng. Ti trm pht trng ny c thit lp thi gian l mt s
giy, khi datagram qua mi router trng ny s b gim. Vi tc hin nay ca
cc router thng gim. Mt thut ton l router ang nhn s ghi thi gian mt
gi n, v sau , khi pht (forward) gi, router s gim trng ny i mt s
giy m datagram phi i c pht i. Khng phi tt c cc thut ton u
lm vic theo cch ny. Thi gian gim t nht l 1 giy. Router gim trng ny
ti 0 s hu gi tin v bo cho trm gc pht i datagram.
Trng TTL cng c thit lp mt thi gian xc nh (v d s khi to
thp nht 64) m bo mt gi tn ti trn mng trong mt khong thi gian
xc nh. Nhiu router cho php ngi qun tr mng thit lp trng ny mt s
bt k t 0 n 255.
- Trng Protocol: Trng ny dng biu th giao thc mc cao hn IP
(v d TCP hoc UDP). C nhiu giao thc tn ti trn giao thc IP. IP khng
quan tm ti giao thc ang chy trn n. Thng cc giao thc ny l TCP hoc
UDP. Theo th t IP bit phi chuyn ng gi tin ti ng thc th pha trn,
l mc ch ca trng ny.
- Trng Checksum: y l m CRC _16 bit (kim tra d tha vng). N
m bo tnh ton vn (integrity) ca header. Mt s CRC c to ra t d liu
trong trng IP data v c t trong trng ny bi trm truyn (transmitting
station). Khi trm nhn c d liu, n s tnh s CRC. Nu hai s CRC khng
ging nhau, c mt li trong header v gi tin s b hu. Khi mi router nhn c
datagram, n s tnh li checksum. Bi v, trng TTL b thay i bi mi router
khi datagram truyn qua.
- Trng IP option: V c bn, n gm thng tin v chn ng (source
routing), tm vt (tracing a route), gn nhn thi gian (time stamping) gi tin khi
n truyn qua cc router v cc u mc b mt qun s. Xin xem phn tham kho
cui cun sch. Trng ny c th c hoc khng c trong header (ngha l cho
php di header thay i).
- Cc trng IP source v IP destination address (a ch ngun v ch):
Rt quan trng i vi ngi s dng khi khi to trm lm vic ca h hoc c

Trang 80

Ph lc
truy nhp cc trm khc khng s dng dch v tn min (DNS) hoc cp nht file
host (up-to-date host file). N cho bit a ch trm ch gi tin phi ti v a ch
trm gc pht gi tin.
Tt c cc host trn internet dc nh danh bi a ch. a ch IP rt quan
trng s c bn ti y di y.

A.1.2 a ch IP v giao thc phn gii a ch

ARP
Ta bit vi mng Ethernet v Token Ring c cc a ch MAC. Vi giao
thc TCP/IP cc host c nh danh bi a ch IP 32-bit. y c xem nh
mt giao thc a ch.
Mc ch nh a ch IP thng tin vi cc host trn mng hoc internet.
a ch IP xc nh c nt c bit v s hiu mng ca n. a ch IP di 32 bit
chia lm 4 trng, mi trng 1 byte. a ch ny c th biu din di dng thp
phn, c s 8, 16 v nh phn. Thng a ch IP vit di dng thp phn cng
cc du chm.
C hai cch gn a ch IP, ph thuc cch kt ni ca bn. Nu bn ni vi
internet, a ch mng c gn thng qua iu hnh trung tm, nh trung tm
thng tin mng (Network Information Center - NIC). Nu bn khng ni vi
internet, a ch IP ca bn c gn mt cch a phng thng qua ngi qun
tr mng ca bn.
Khi NIC gn a ch mng ca bn, ch l s hiu mng cn phn a ch
host c gn mt cch a phng bi ngi qun tr mng.
XNS s dng a ch MAC 48-bit nh a ch host ca n. IP c pht trin
trc khi c LAN tc cao, do , n c s s hiu ca ring n. a ch IP
tng thch vi a ch tng vt l ca Ethernet v Token Ring.
+ Khun dng a ch IP
Mi host trn mng TCP/IP c mt nh danh duy nht ti tng IP vi mt a
ch c dng <netid, hostid>. Ton b a ch thng dng nh danh mt host,
khng c s tch bit gia cc trng. Thc t, kh phn bit gia cc trng khi
khng vit tch. Dng tng qut ca a ch IP c dng:
<Network Number, Host Number>
+ Cc lp IP (IP classes):

Trang 81

Ph lc
128.4.70.9 l mt v d a ch IP. Nhn vo da ch ny kh m bit c u
l phn s hiu mng, u l phn s hiu host. a ch IP gm 4 byte, phn s
hiu mng c th chim mt, hai hoc ba byte u, phn cn li l s hiu host.
Tu thuc vo iu , a ch IP chia lm 5 lp: A, B, C, D, v E. Cc lp A, B
v C c s dng cho a ch mng v host. Lp D l kiu a ch c bit dng
cho multicast. Lp E c ginh. Vic xc nh lp a ch no, di phn s
hiu mng bng phn mm.
+ nh danh lp IP: Phn mm IP s xc nh lp nh danh mng bng
phng php n gin l c cc bit u ca trng u tin ca mi gi. Chuyn
a ch IP sang dng nh phn tng ng. Nu bit u tin l 0 th l a ch lp
A. Nu l 1 c bit tip theo. Nu bit ny l 0 th l a ch lp B. Nu l 1 c
tip bit th ba. Bit ny bng 0 l a ch lp C, nu bng 1 l a ch lp D v c
dng cho multicast.
Lp A: a ch lp A ch s dng byte u cho s hiu mng, ba byte sau cho
a ch host. a ch lp A cho php phn bit 126 mng, mi mng ti 16 triu
host ng vi 24 bits. Ti sao ch c 126 mng ng vi 8 bit? Th nht, 127.x
(01111111 nh phn) c ginh cho chc nng loop-back nn khng gn cho s
hiu mng. Th hai, bit u tin thit lp 0 nhn dng lp A. a ch mng lp
A thng trong phm vi t 1 ti 126, cn ba byte cui c gn mt cch a
phng cho cc host. a ch lp A c dng:
<s hiu mng.host.host.host>
Lp B: a ch lp B dng hai byte u cho s hiu mng v hai byte cui
ginh cho s hiu host. N c nhn dng bi hai bit u tin l 10. Cho php
phn bit 16384 s hiu mng, mi mng ti 65354 host. Do dch a ch s
hiu mng t 128 ti 191. Nn n s c dng:
<s hiu mng.s hiu mng.host.host>
Lp C: a ch lp C s dng ba byte u cho s hiu mng v byte cui cho
a ch host. Nhn dng bi ba bit u tin l 110. Cho php a ch mng trong
phm vi 192-223 ca trng th nht. Do c ti hai triu mng v mi mng c
th cha 254 host. Thng a ch lp C c gn bi NIC. N c dng:
<s hiu mng. s hiu mng. s hiu mng.host>
V d:
(192.1.1.1) nt c gn nh danh host l 1 t mng lp C l 192.1.1.0

Trang 82

Ph lc
(150.150.5.6) nt c gn nh danh host l 5.6 t mng lp B l
150.150.0.0
(9.6.7.8) nt c gn nh danh host l 6.7.8 t mng lp A 9.0.0.0
+ Cc hn ch ca a ch IP:
- a ch IP khng th t bn bit u tin 1111 v dnh cho lp E.
-

a ch lp A l 127.x cho hm c bit loop-back. Do cc tin trnh

cn truyn thng qua TCP m li trn cng host, s khng gi cc gi ra ngoi

mng. x thng c thit lp 0, mc d c th thit lp 1. Cc router nhn mt
datagram theo cch ny s hy gi.
- Cc bit xc nh a ch cng host v mng c th khng thit lp tt c
1 biu th mt a ch ring. y l mt a ch c bit c trng cho mt gi
broadcast ti tt c cc host trn mng. Cc a ch broadcast biu din cho mi
host trn mng nhn v dch datagram. Nu mi byte ca a ch IP ton l 1c
xem nh limited broadcast. Cc router s khng pht datagram broadcast limited.
N c dng 255.255.255.255. Cc router s dng a ch kiu ny cp nht cc
router khc cng s hiu mng v cp nht hop-count.
- Dng broadcast khc l khi phn a ch s hiu mng thit lp mt a
ch xc nh, phn a ch host ton s 1, gi l broadcast trc tip. Cc router s
pht i cc datagram loi ny. V d 128.1.255.255 c gi ti tt c cc trm
trn mng c s hiu 128.1.0.0.
- Cc a ch c phn s hiu mng ton s 0 l thay th cho mng ny.
V d 0.0.0.120 ngha l s hiu host 120 trn mng ny.
- C mt dng broadcast c hiu nh all-0s broadcast. C dng 0.0.0.0
c dng biu din li b chn ng.
Cc a ch lp D hoc multicast dng gi mt IP datagam ti mt nhm
cc host trn mng. iu ny chng t rng c ch hn khi cc router cp nht. C
mt cch khc hiu qu hn, dng mt a ch broadcast, khi cc phn mm
lp trn s t b ngt hn mi khi c gi broadcast ti.
Cc a ch khng bao gi c vt ra ngoi phm vi 255.

A.1.3 IPv6
IPv6 l tp hp nhng c t v nng cp IPv4 v c IETF son tho. N
c coi l giao thc Internet th h mi v c thit k nhng gi thng tin
c nh dng cho IPv4 c th lm vic c. Nhng gii hn v dung lng a
ch v tc tm ng thp thc y vic pht trin IPv6. Vi dung lng 128
Trang 83

Ph lc
bit v cch nh a ch n gin hn, giao thc mi ny s gii quyt phn no
nhng vn trn. Cc tnh nng c tng cng khc l m ho 64 bit v t
ng cu hnh c thit k sn ca a ch IP. Khun dng ca IPv6 header c
miu t hnh A.4.

Hnh A.4: Khun dng ca IPv6 header

Tnh nng tng cng ca IPv6 so vi IPv4:
- M rng a ch v tnh nng dn ng: Kch thc a ch IP ln n
128 m bo rng IPv6 s l giao thc Internet lu di. Kh nng m rng
ca vic nh tuyn mt chiu c ci tin truyn mt cch hiu qu
cc ng dng bng thng cao nh video v audio.
- Tc mng: Nhng thay i thc hin trong nh dng a ch gip gim
yu cu v bng thng v cho php tng tnh hiu qu v linh hot ca
vic nh tuyn v pht tip thng tin.
- Kh nng bo mt thit k sn: Nhng m rng h tr kh nng kim
tra tnh hp l, tch hp v bo mt d liu l mt phn ca IPv6.
Kh nng gn mc u tin cho cc gi thng tin: Cc gi thng tin c th
c gn nhn c thao tc c bit, chng hn u tin. Gi thng tin v
hi m video c th c u tin cao hn gi v mail thng thng.
IETF chu trch nhim thc y v thc hin IPv6. T chc ny cng c k
hoch hin thc v mi trng th nghim gi l 6bone, t ti Uc v hin lin kt
nhng thit b IPv6 trn 32 quc gia.
Thch thc m IETF phi gii quyt l hon tt vic chuyn i sang IPv6
trc khi IPv4 v. H cng c k hoch thc hin tng bc qu trnh

Trang 84

Ph lc
chuyn i ny. S c giai on m c hai giao thc cng tn ti trn Internet cng
cng. Cc chuyn gia c tnh qu trnh chuyn i ny mt khong 4 n 10
nm.

A.1.4 Giao thc TCP v UDP

A.1.4.1 Giao thc TCP
TCP l mt giao thc "C lin kt", ngha l cn phi thit lp lin kt logic
gia mt cp thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau.
Khun dng ca TCP header c m t trong Hnh A.5.

Hnh A.5

Khun dng ca TCP header

Cc tham s trong khun dng trn c ngha nh sau:

- Source Port: s hiu cng ca trm ngun.
- Destination Port: s hiu cng ca trm ch.
Sequence Number: s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN
c thit lp. Nu bt SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t
khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN+1. Tham s ny c vai tr nh
tham s N(S) trong HDLC.

Trang 85

Ph lc
- Acknowledgement Number: s hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngun
ang ch nhn, ngm bo nhn tt cc segment m trm ch gi cho trm
ngun. Tham s ny c vai tr nh tham s N(R) trong HDLC.
- Data offset: s lng t (32 bt) trong TCP header.
- Reserved: dnh dng trong tng lai.
- Control bit: cc bt iu khin:
- URG: vng tr khn c hiu lc.
- ACK: vng bo nhn c hiu lc.
- PSH: chc nng PUSH.
- RST: khi ng li lin kt.
- SYN: ng b ho cc s hiu tun t.
- FIN: khng cn d liu t trm ngun.
- Window: cp pht credit kim sot lung d liu. y chnh l s lng
cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK number m trm
ngun sn sng nhn.
- Checksum: m kim sot li cho ton b segment.
- Urgent Pointer: con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i theo sau d
liu khn, cho php bn nhn bit c di ca d liu khn. Vng ny ch c
hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp.
- Options: khai bo cc Options ca TCP, trong c di ti a ca vng
TCP data trong mt segment.
- Padding: phn chn thm vo header bo m phn header lun kt thc
mt mc 32 bt. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0.
- TCP data: ( di thay i) cha d liu ca tng trn, c di ti a
ngm nh l 536 bytes. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong
vng Options.
Mt tin trnh ng dng trong mt host truy nhp vo cc dch v ca TCP
cung cp thng qua mt cng. Mt cng kt hp vi mt a ch IP to thnh mt
socket duy nht trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt
lgic gia mt cp socket. Mt socket c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc
socket xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp mt
lin kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt
c gii phng. Cng nh cc giao thc khc, cc thc th tng trn s dng
TCP thng qua cc hm dch v nguyn thu.

Trang 86

Ph lc

A.1.4.2 Giao thc UDP

UDP l giao thc "khng lin kt" c s dng thay th cho TCP trn IP
theo yu cu ca ng dng. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp
v gii phng lin kt, tng t nh IP. N cng khng cung cp cc c ch bo
nhn, khng xp xp tun t cc n v d liu n v c th dn n tnh trng
mt hoc trng d liu m khng h c thng bo li cho ngi gi. UDP cng
cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng nh danh duy nht cho cc
ng dng chy trn trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP c xu th
hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng dng khng
i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn. Khun dng ca UDP datagram c cc vng
tham s n gin hn nhiu so vi TCP segment, c miu t trong hnh A.6.

Hnh A.6

Khun dng ca UDP header

Giao thc UDP chy ngay bn di giao thc RTP. C hai giao thc RTP v
UDP to nn mt phn chc nng ca tng giao vn.

A.2 Giao thc iu khin gateway MGCP

A.2.1 Gii thiu
MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol) do IETF khuyn ngh da trn hai
giao thc SGCP (Simple Gateway Control Protocol) v IPDC (Internet Protocol
Device Control), dng iu khin gia gateway v cc thit b ngoi vi.
MGCP gi nh rng gateway ch iu khin nhng cuc gi thng thng,
cn vic iu khin cuc gi thng minh do cc phn t khc iu khin. Cc
phn t iu khin cuc gi ny s t iu khin v ng b ln nhau gi cc
Trang 87

Ph lc
lnh lin kt ti gateway. MGCP thc cht l mt giao thc ch/t ni m cc
gateway thc hin cc lnh do gatekeeper gi ti.
MGCP a ra mt phng thc kt ni m cc im cui v kt ni l nhng
phn t c bn. Cc im cui l cc ngun hoc kho d liu, c th l vt l hoc
o. Cc kt ni c th l kiu im ti im hoc kiu a im. Kt ni im im l s lin kt gia hai im cui truyn d liu gia chng. Kt ni gia
im cui v mt vng a im gi l kt ni a im.
Cc kt ni c th c thit lp thng qua vi kiu mng sau:
S dng RTP v UDP qua mng TCP/IP truyn gi tin m thanh.
S dng AAL2 hoc lp thch ng khc qua mng ATM truyn gi tin m
thanh.
Truyn cc gi tin thng qua kt ni ni b.
i vi cc kt ni im - im, cc im cui ca kt ni c th trn cng mt
gateway hoc cc gateway khc nhau.

A.2.2 So snh vi H.323

MGCP l giao thc ni b ca mng IP, c s dng trao i s liu gia
gateway v gatekeeper nhm h tr cho vic khi to, gim st, gii phng,... kt
ni gia cc im cui. Cn H.323 l mt h thng bao gm nhiu phn t nh :
gatekeeper, gateway, thit b u cui,... v n cung cp cc tiu chun nn/dn d
liu m thanh, hnh nh,... cn cc vn lin quan ti bo hiu, iu khin,... da
trn cc khuyn ngh H.225, H.245. Xt v mt h thng th MGCP thun tu l
giao thc iu khin v bo hiu, h tr cho cc ng dng a dch v trong vic
thit lp v iu khin kt ni, cn H.323 l h thng bao gm nhiu tiu chun
cho cc thit b u cui VoIP, H.323 s dng cc tiu chun khc nh : H.225,
H.245 lm giao thc bo hiu v iu khin cho vic thit lp, qun l v gim st
cc kt ni.
V bo hiu : c H.323 v MGCP u h tr cc chc nng iu khin v
qun l thit lp kt ni, nh : gi kt ni (call hold), chuyn kt ni (call
transfer), ch thc hin kt ni (call waiting),...
H tr QoS : V bn cht, cht lng dch v QoS chnh l s th hin v
mt nh lng c trng lu lng s liu a dch v thng qua cc i lng
hiu sut, v d : gii thng, tr, bin thin tr, li bt,... Ngoi nhng thng
s trn, tr thit lp kt ni cng c nh hng quan trng n vic m bo
QoS.
Trang 88

Ph lc
H.323 quy nh chi tit cc chc nng iu khin v qun tr bng thng cho
gatekeeper, bao gm chuyn i a ch, iu khin truy nhp v qun tr bng
thng. Thc cht y chnh l cc chc nng h tr cho m bo QoS. Trong khi
MGCP khng nh ngha bt c mt chc nng h tr m bo QoS no.
Pht hin v khc phc li : C H.323 ln MGCP u cung cp c ch pht
hin v khc phc li. H.323 s dng cc timer khc nhau gim st vic pht
nhn cc thng bo iu khin thit lp kt ni, trc khi thc hin vic pht li.
Ch sau mt s ln pht li c qui nh m vn khng nhn ng thng bo tr
li, kt ni TCP mi c s dng. i vi MGCP , thng qua gateway,
gatekeeper thng xuyn gim st v cp nht trng thi cc im cui.
Gatekeeper cp nht cc trng hp c bit (d gy ra li) vo danh sch cch ly
gim st, theo di v thng bo cho trm iu khin. MGCP a ra mt s
phng php xc nh v khc li nh nh tuyn li, x l lnh khng tun t,
x l khi ng ng thi,...

A.3 Giao thc iu khin thit lp cuc gi SIP

A.3.1 Chc nng ca SIP
SIP l giao thc iu khin lp ng dng thit lp, sa i v kt thc cc
phin hi ngh a dch v hoc thoi. SIP c th c s dng khi ng cc
phin cng nh b xung cc bn vo phin thng bo v thit lp trc. Cc
phin c th c thng bo s dng cc giao thc qung b nh : SAP, th
in t, cc th mc hoc trang web (LDAP) trong s nhng giao thc khc.
SIP h tr vic gn tn v cc dch v pht li, cho php trin khai cc dch v
in thoi thng minh v ISDN.
SIP h tr 5 yu t trong vic thit lp v hu b vic truyn tin a dch v:
- nh v ngi s dng : Xc nh h thng cui.
- Kh nng ngi dng : Xc nh phng tin v thng s ca n.
- Tnh sn sng ca ngi dng : Xc nh s sn sng ca pha b gi
ng k truyn tin.
-

Thit lp cuc gi : Thit lp cc thng s cuc gi c pha ch gi ln b

gi.
- iu khin cuc gi : Bao gm vic truyn v hu cuc gi.
SIP c th kch hot cc cuc gi a bn nh khi iu khin a im (MCU)
hoc lin kt y mng thay cho vic pht theo a ch (Multicast). SIP cn c th

Trang 89

Ph lc
thit lp cuc gi gia mng in thoi cng cng (PSTN) v mng in thoi
internet.
SIP cng c th c s dng cng vi cc giao thc bo hiu v thit lp
cuc gi khc khi to, gim st cng nh gii phng kt ni cho cc im
cui. Chng hn, thit lp cuc gi u tin dng SIP xc nh cc bn tham
gia vo cuc gi ny c tng thch vi yu cu H.323 khng, ly a ch u cui
v trm trung chuyn H.245, v sau s dng giao thc H.245.0 thit lp
cuc gi.
SIP khng cung cp cc dch v hi ngh (nh : iu khin phng hp hoc
bu c), n cng khng quy nh cch thc iu khin dch v hi ngh. Tuy
nhin, SIP c th c s dng thc hin cc giao thc iu khin dch v hi
ngh.

A.3.2 Vn hnh SIP

SIP hot ng theo m hnh trm lm vic v my phc v (Client/Server).
C pha ch gi ln b gi u c xc nh bi a ch SIP. Khi thc hin cuc
gi SIP, ch gi s nh v my ch thch hp gi mt yu cu SIP. Hu ht s
hot ng ca SIP l gi ngh INVITE ti b gi mi tham gia vo cuc gi
(a dch v). Sau khi b gi chp thun th ch gi hoc s gi tr li ACK ghi
nhn v cuc gi bt u, hoc s gi BYE hy b. Ch gi c th gi yu cu
SIP trc tip ti b gi hoc gi chuyn tip qua Server khc.

A.3.3 So snh vi H.323

SIP n gin hn nhiu so vi H.323. hot ng, H.323 phi s dng cc
giao thc khc nhau nh : RTP/RTCP - Giao vn s liu, H.225.0 v Q.931 -
bo hiu v thit lp cuc gi, H.245 - dn xp dng u cui. Trong khi
SIP do c thit kt theo m hnh Client/Server s dng cc bn tin dng vn
bn, nn th tc x l truyn tin a dch v n gin v sng sa hn nhiu so vi
H.323. Tp bn tin ca SIP ch bao gm 6 loi : INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, BYE,
REGISTER v OPTIONS ngha l t hn rt nhiu so vi H.323. Nh vy h
tr cho vic thit lp mt cuc gi, SIP ch cn 2 trao i (Trng hp UAC
ng k vi UAS), i vi H.323 t nht l 8 trao i. Tuy nhin cu trc cc bn
tin ca SIP li qu phc tp so vi H.323, v th thc hin c mt trao i
SIP cc UAC v UAS phi c s sp xp v khi to cc bn tin trc khi gi i,

Trang 90

Ph lc
i vi H.323 khi nhn c tn hiu yu cu l gn nh n c tn hiu tr li
ngay lp tc. Ni chung h tng H.323 c th p ng cc yu cu bo m cht
lng dch v ca ng dng thi thc tt hn so vi SIP. Tuy nhin nu cc ng
dng loi ny c nhng thut ton tm ng v m phng lu lng ti u th
SIP c v nh chim u th hn H.323.
V bo hiu: c H.323 v SIP u h tr cc chc nng iu khin v qun l
thit lp kt ni, nh : khi to kt ni (call set-up), gi kt ni (call hold), chuyn
kt ni (call transfer), ch thc hin kt ni (call waiting),...
H tr QoS: H.323 quy nh chi tit cc chc nng iu khin v qun tr
bng thng cho gatekeeper, bao gm chuyn i a ch, iu khin truy nhp v
qun tr bng thng. Thc cht y chnh l cc chc nng h tr cho m bo
QoS. Trong khi SIP khng nh ngha bt c mt chc nng h tr m bo QoS
no.
Pht hin v khc phc li: C H.323 ln SIP u cung cp c ch pht hin
v khc phc li. H.323 s dng cc timer khc nhau gim st vic pht nhn
cc thng bo iu khin thit lp kt ni, trc khi thc hin vic pht li. Ch
sau mt s ln pht li c qui nh m vn khng nhn ng thng bo tr li,
kt ni TCP mi c s dng. i vi SIP qui nh thc th UA t ng pht li
sau mi 0,5s cho n khi nhn c thng bo tr li ng x ng; thc th NS
t ng pht li thng bo trng thi cui cng OK cho n khi nhn c
thng bo tr li ACK.

Trang 91

Ph lc

Ph lc B T vit tt
ACELP
ADPCM
ARP
ATM
CQ

Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction

Adaptive Difference PCM
Address Resolution Protocol

CRTP
CT
CTI
DSCP
ECTF
ETSI
FIFO
GSM
GSTN

Compress Realtime Transport Protocol

Computer Telephony
Computer Telephony Intergration
Diff Serv Code Point
Enterprise Computer Telephony Forum
European Telecommunications Standards Institude
First In First Out
Global System for Mobile
General Switched Telephone Network

IETF
IP
ISDN
ISP
ITSP

Internet Enginerring Task Force

Internet Protocol
Integrated Service Network
Internet Service Provider
Internet Telephone Service Provider

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Custom Queuing

Trang 92

Ph lc

ITU
ITU-T

International Telecommunication Union

International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication

LAN

Standardization
Local Area Network
Link Fragment and Interleaving

LFI
MC
MCU
PCM
PQ
PSTN
QoS
RAS
RSVP
RTCP
RTP
SAP
SCN
SIP
SS7
TCP
TDM
ToS
UDP
VoIP
VPN
WAN
WFQ

Multipoint Controller
Multipoint Control Unit
Pulse Code Modulation
Priority Queuing
Public Switched Telephone Network
Quality of Service
Registration, Admission and Status
Resource Reservation Protocol
RTP Coltrol Protocol
Realtime Transport Protocol
Service Access Point
Switched Circuit Network
Session Initiation Protocol
Signaling System 7
Transport Control Protocol
Time Division Multiplexing
Type of Service
User Datagram Protocol
Voice over IP
Virtual Private Network
Wide Area Network
Weighted Fair Queuing

Trang 93

Ph lc

Ph lc C Ti liu tham kho

[1]7 kHz Audio - Coding Within 64 KBIT/S: ITU-T Recommendation G.722
[2]7 kHz Audio - Coding Within 64 KBIT/S Annex A: ITU-T
Recommendation G.722 Annex A
[3]A Primer on the T.120 Series Standards: A Databeam Coporation White
Paper
[4]Cc dch v thi gian thc trn mng Internet: KS. Trnh Bo Khnh
[5]Cht lng dch v thoi qua IP - M hnh ang thay i: Ng Vn Anh "Thng tin Khoa hc k thut v Kinh t Bu in" 3/2001
[6]Coding of Speech at 8 kbit/s Using CS-ACELP: ITU-T Recommendation
G.729
[7]Coding of Speech at 8 kbit/s Using CS-ACELP: ITU-T Recommendation
G.729 Annex A
[8]Coding of Speech at 16 kbit/s Using Low-Delay Code Excited Linear
Prediction: ITU-T Recommendation G.728
[9]Coding of Speech at 16 kbit/s Using Low-Delay Code Excited Linear
Prediction Annex G: ITU-T Recommendation G.728 Annex G
[10]Coding of Speech at 16 kbit/s Using Low-Delay Code Excited Linear
Prediction Annex H: ITU-T Recommendation G.728 Annex H
[11]Con ng i n thng 6 ca dch v VoIP: Hu Anh-"Bu in Vit
Nam" s 14

Trang 94

Ph lc

[12]Dual Rate Speech Conderfor Multimedia Communications Transmitting

at 5.3 and 6.3 kbit/s: ITU-T Recommendation G.723.1
[13]in thoi di ng trc tip ni mng Internet c ti Vit Nam: "Thi
bo ti chnh Vit Nam" 14/6/2000
[14]in thoi trong Intranet: PC World 1/1997
[15]H thng a ch s dng cho in thoi IP: inh Quang Trung-Lun vn
cao hc khoa"Cng ngh thng tin"
[16]Internet th h mi: PC World 3/1998
[17]IP Telephone Design and Implementation Issues: William E. Witowsky in
Telogy Networks, Inc.
[18]IP Telephony - in thoi Internet:
http://ww.vnpt.com.cn/vnpt/science_technology/IP/dthoai.htm
[19]IPv6: PC World 12/1998
[20]Lan Times Guide to Telephony: David D. Bezar
[21]Mt s nt v qu trnh pht trin ca in thoi Internet: Nguyn c
Kin-"Chuyn Internet" 11/2000
[22]Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) Of Voice Frequencies: ITU-T
Recommendation G.711
[23]Quality of Service in IP Networks: Grenville Armitage
[24]RTP Profile for Audio and Video Conferences: RFC 1890
[25]Session Initiation Protocol (SIP): RFC 2543
[26]Speech Performance: Appendix II to ITU-T Recommendation G.728
[27]The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol: RFC 1752
[28]Th trng in thoi IP trn th gii: Cao Mnh Hng-"Bu in Vit
Nam" 23/3/2000
[29]Tch hp in thoi vi my tnh: PC World 9/1996
[30]Voice over Data Networks: Gilbert Held
[31]Voice over IP: Trn Phng c-Lun vn cao hc khoa "in t Vin
thng"
[32]Voice over IP: Hong Xun Tng- n tt nghip khoa "in t Vin
thng"
[33]Voice over IP: Kim Thanh Tng -Lng Ngc Tun T2-K41
[34]Voice over IP (Internet Protocols, Rsvp, IPv6): VoIP Chapter 30, 43, 46
Sysco System

Trang 95

Ph lc

[35]Voice over IP : Protocols and Standards: Rakesh Arora, arora@cis.ohiostate.edu

[36]Voice over IP: Products, Services and Issues: Vinodkrishnan Kulathumani,
vinodkri@cis.ohio-state.edu
[37]Voice over IP: Strategies for the Converged Network: Mark A. Miller, P.E.
[38]Voice-Fax over IP: MICOM Communication Corp.

Trang 96