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Cc c trng ca bc x v
cng ngh bc x
Trn i Nghip
Gio trnh x l bc x v c s ca cng ngh bc x
NXB i hc quc gia H Ni 2007.
Tr 8 23.
T kho: Bc x, c im ca bc x, ngun bc x.
Ti liu trong Th vin in t H Khoa hc T nhin c th c s dng cho mc
ch hc tp v nghin cu c nhn. Nghim cm mi hnh thc sao chp, in n phc
v cc mc ch khc nu khng c s chp thun ca nh xut bn v tc gi.
Mc lc
Chng 1 Cc c trng ca bc x v ngun bc x ....................................................... 2
1.1
Cc c trng ca bc x ........................................................................................... 2
1.1.1
Tnh cht sng v ht ca bc x ....................................................................... 2
1.1.2
Phn loi bc x theo nng lng v bc sng................................................ 2
1.1.3
Tnh phng x v tc truyn nng lng ca bc x .................................... 3
1.2
Cc c trng tng tc ca bc x vi vt cht ....................................................... 5
1.2.1
c im tng tc ca bc x vi vt cht ...................................................... 5
1.2.2
Tng tc ca ht nng mang in vi vt cht................................................. 5
1.2.3
Tng tc ca bc x bta vi vt cht.............................................................. 6
Chng 1
Cc c trng ca bc x v ngun bc x
1.1
Cc c trng ca bc x
=c
,
2
(1.1)
Tia :
Bc sng
in hnh
in hnh, m
-
2
-4
10 - 10
10-5
-6
10
10-7
100eV
1keV
10keV
100keV
1MeV
10MeV
100MeV
10
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
-8
(1.2)
(1.3)
y l nh lut phn r phng x. Theo nh lut ny, xc sut ht nhn khng phn r
phng x thi im t s l:
(t)
= e t
o
Nu coi T1/2 l khong thi gian s lng ht nhn phng x gim i mt na, ta c:
N ( T1/ 2 )
N0
1
,
2
N
1
= eT1/ 2 =
N0
2
hay ln2 = T1/2 hoc T1/2 = 0,693/. T1/2 gi l chu k bn r. Nu xc sut phn r trong mt
n v thi gian l th tng xc sut phn r ca ht nhn trong sut thi gian sng ca n
s bng 1:
dt = 1
0
= 1
(1.4)
Hot phng x
A=
dN
= N,
dt
(1.5)
n v o hot phng x
A NA v A v
=
=
ma
NM
M
(1.6)
1.2
e e e 2
= 2
r2
r
(1.7)
d 2 n e
~ 2
dx
(1.8)
(1.9)
(1.10)
do
~
F2
m2
(1.11)
Nh vy, nng lng b mt t l nghch vi khi lng ca ht mang in. Trong trng
hp cc ht nng, chng hn proton vi khi lng mP = 1,007u=1836me, nng lng mt
mt ca n nh hn ca electron hng triu ln. V vy to ra bc x hm, khng th s
dng proton hoc cc ht nng mang in khc.
T1
,
T2
(1.12)
(A 1) 2 A 1
ln
2A
A +1
(1.13)
(1.14)
+ i vi
1
E3
(1.16)
> K
1
ph ~
(1.17)
2
+ i vi >> K
ph ~
1
E
(1.18)
Hnh 1.1
S ph thuc ca tit din hiu ng quang in vo
nng lng ca photon gamma
h =
1+
h
(1 cos )
moc2
(1.19)
Tit din tn x Compton comp ph thuc vo nng lng nh sau (Hnh 12):
+ nh:
comp ~ 0 (1 )
(1.20)
+ ln:
comp ~
(1.21)
Hnh 1.2
S ph thuc tit din tn x Compton vo nng lng
ca photon gamma
1.2.5.3 Hiu ng to cp
Hiu ng to cp c nhng nt c trng sau y:
-
(1.22)
Hnh 1.3
S ph thuc ca tit din to cp Pair
vo nng lng ca photon gamma
10
Hnh 1.4
S ph thuc ca tit din tng tc ton phn vo nng lng ca photon gamma E
(1.23)
(1.24)
(1.25)
trong - h s suy gim tuyn tnh ca chm hp; BE(h, Z, x) - h s tch lu nng
lng c tnh ti ng gp ca bc x tn x. i vi chm hp BE(h, Z, x) = 1, khi ta
c:
10
11
I(x) = Ioe-x
(1.26)
(1.27)
1.3
H s truyn nng lng tuyn tnh L (Linear energy transfer- LET) ca ht mang
in trong mi trng vt cht c xc nh bng cng thc:
dE
L=
(1.28)
dl
trong dE - tn hao nng lng trung bnh ca ht mang in trn qung ng dl. Ni
chung, nng lng ca ht c tiu tn cho qu trnh ion ha v kch thch cc nguyn t ca
vt cht, phn khc tiu tn cho qu trnh pht ra bc x hm. Cc in t pht ra trong qu
trnh ion ha, c th c nng lng gy ra qu trnh ion ha tip theo; kt qu l trn
ng i ca ht mang in xut hin cc vt ca s ion ha tng. Cc in t th cp c th
gy ra hin tng ion ha tip theo c gi l cc in t .
-
Liu hp th:
Liu hp th D ca mt cht c khi lng dm c xc nh bng t s gia nng
lng dE c cht hp th v khi lng ca cht :
D=
dE
dE
=
dm dV
(1.29)
11
12
dD
dt
(1.30)
dE k dE k
=
dm dV
(1.31)
dK
dt
(1.32)
Dng r nng lng l nng lng b tht thot khi b mt ca mt n v th tch xem
xt. Dng r nng lng c xc nh bng biu thc J/, trong J l vect mt dng.
-
dm dm dm
(1.33)
trong dEk - nng lng tiu hao cho qu trnh hm ca cc ht mang in.
-
Liu chiu:
dQ dQ
=
dm dV
(1.34)
12
13
D max
D min
(1.35)
Hnh 1.5
ng cong liu - su tnh theo phn trm i vi php chiu trong nc
A: bc x gamma ca ngun 137Cs; B: bc x gamma ca ngun 60Co; C: bc x tia X4 MeV
13
14
Hnh 1.6
ng cong liu- su tnh theo phn trm i vi php chiu x electron nhanh trong nc
A- electron 1,8 MeV; B-electron 4,7 MeV; C- electron 10,6 MeV
Hnh 1.7
Phn b liu trong lp nc dy 20 cm (Chiu x t hai pha)
137
A-Bc x gamma ca ngun Cs;
B-Bc x gamma ca ngun 60Co;
C-Bc x tia X 4 MeV.
14
15
Hnh 1.8
Phn b liu theo b dy vt liu chiu t hai pha i vi electron 5 MeV
1.3.3 Hiu ng bc x th cp
Khi b hp th trong vt cht, bc x in t c th to ra cc electron th cp. Ti cc
im nm cch b mt cht hp th mt khong cch ln hn qung chy ln nht ca
electron th cp, mt n v th tch nhn c electron tn x t mi pha. Tuy nhin cng
gn b mt, s lng electron th cp m mt n v th tch vt liu nhn c cng gim,
do mt phn cc cc electron th cp thot ra khi b mt. Do , phn b liu theo su
ca bc x ion ha tng dn theo b mt v t ti gi tr cc i khong cch bng qung
chy ln nht ca electron th cp. cc su ln hn electron suy gim theo quy lut hm
m nh bc x s cp.
1.3.4 Cu trc vt ca ht
Khi mt ht mang in p vo vt cht, n mt nng lng, chuyn ng chm dn, to
ra mt vt cc nguyn t, phn t b kch thch v b ion ha dc theo tuyn ng i ca ht.
Electron v positron l nhng sn phm ca qu trnh hp th nng lng; chng c linh
ng rt cao, v c th to ra cc vt nhnh dc theo qung ng i ca ht.
Ni chung, qu trnh hp th mt bc x ion ha bt k u to ra cc vt sn phm ion
ha v kch thch. Cc sn phm ny c bn l ging nhau, c bit l trong vt rn.
Tuy nhin cc dng bc x khc nhau vi nng lng khc nhau, s c tc mt nng
lng khc nhau, dng ca vt do cng khc nhau. Chng hn, chng c mt dy c
hn hoc phn tn hn; cc nhnh cng c kch thc to nh hoc di ngn khc nhau. S
khc nhau cn quan st thy v mt hiu ng ha hc, v s lng cng nh t l ca cc sn
phm c to ra, v kch thc ca vt gc ban u.v.v... Do , i lng truyn nng
lng tuyn tnh (LET) c ngha quan trng trong vic nh gi mt cch tng th cc hiu
ng ha hc...
15
16
M 100
N W
(1.36)
(1.37)
k=
1
D 37
(1.38)
photon gamma
photon gamma
Hnh 7.9
Hnh 7.9
16
photon gamma