KHAI TRIN TAYLOR

Cng thc khai trin Taylor vi phn d Lagrange

f c o hm cp n+1 trong (a, b) cha x0:

f x0
f x0
2
f ( x) f x0
x x0
x x0
1!
2!
L

Rn

( n 1)

(n)

x0 x x n R

0
n

n!

c x x n 1 ,

( n 1)!

c nm gia x v x0

(khai trin Taylor n cp n trong ln cn x 0)

Cng thc khai trin Taylor vi phn d Peano

f c o hm cp n ti x0:
f x0
f x0
2
f ( x) f x0
x x0
x x0
1!
2!
f ( n ) x0
n
n
L
x x0 o ( x x0 )
n!

Phn d Peano.
x0 = 0: khai trin Maclaurin.

 ngha ca khai trin Taylor

f(x): biu thc phc tp
cn tm 1 hm s n gin hn v gn bng
f(x) thun tin trong tnh ton.
Hm n gin nht l a thc.

f(x) = sinx

f(x) = sinx

f ( x ) x o( x )

f(x) = sinx

f ( x ) x o( x )

x
3
f ( x ) x o( x )
3!

f(x) = sinx
4

2 n 1

x
7
f ( x) (1)
o( x )
(2n 1)!
n 1

f ( x ) x o( x )

x
3
f ( x ) x o( x )
3!

V d 1.
Tm khai trin Taylor n cp 3 trong ln cn
x = 1 cho
1
f ( x)
x
(khai trin f thnh a thc theo ly tha ca (x 1)
n (x 1)3)
Vi phn d Peano, ch cn tnh n h cp 3.
Vi phn d Lagrange, phi tnh n h cp 4.

1
f ( x) f (1) 1
x

1
f ( x) 2 f (1) 1
x

2
f ( x) 3 f (1) 2
x
24
(4)
6
f ( x) 5
f ( x) 4 f (1) 6
x
x
f (1)
f (1)
2
f ( x) f (1)
( x 1)
( x 1)
1!
2!
f (1)
3
3

( x 1) o ( x 1)
3!

f (1)
f (1)
f ( x) f (1)
( x 1)
( x 1) 2
1!
2!
f (1)
3
3

( x 1) o ( x 1)
3!

1
2
2 6
3
3
f ( x) 1 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) o ( x 1)
1!
2!
3!
2

1 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) o ( x 1)

Phn d Peano

Nu dng phn d Lagrange:

2

f ( x) 1 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) R3

(4)

24
( x) 5
x

R3

( 4)

(c )
4
( x 1)
4!

1 24
( x 1)
4

(
x

1)

4! c5
c5

V d 2
Vit khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 cho f(x) = tan x
f ( x) 1 tan 2 x

f ( x) 2 tan x(1 tan 2 x)

2
2
2

f ( x) 2(1 tan x) 6 tan x(1 tan x)

f (0)
f (0)
f ( x) f (0)
( x 0)
( x 0) 2
1!
2!
f (0)
3
3

( x 0) o ( x 0)
3!

x3
tan x x o( x3 )
3

V d 3
Bit f(x) l a thc bc 3, vi f(2) = 0, f(2) = 1,
f (2) = 4, f (2) = 12, tm f(1), f (1)
V f(x) l a thc bc 3 nn f(4)(x) = 0
Khai trin Taylor ca f n cp 3 khng
c phn d.
f (2)
f (2)
f (2)
2
f ( x) f (2)
( x 2)
( x 2)
( x 2)3
1!
2!
3!

f (2)
f (2)
2 f (2)
f ( x) f (2)
( x 2)
( x 2)
( x 2)3
1!
2!
3!

1
4
12
2
3
0 ( x 2) ( x 2) ( x 2)
1!
2!
3!
2

( x 2) 2( x 2) 2( x 2)

f ( x) 1 4( x 2) 6( x 2) 2
Bit
f f(x)
(1) l1,af thc
(1) bc
1 3, vi f(2) = 0, f(2) = 1,
f (2) = 4, f (2) = 12, tm f(1), f (1)

Khai trin Maclaurin cc hm c bn

1. f ( x ) e

(x0 = 0)

x
n

(k )
f
(0)
x
k
n
e f (0)
( x 0) o ( x 0)
k!
k 1

f ( k ) ( x) e x f ( k ) (0) 1
n

1 k
n
e 1 x o( x )
k 1 k !
x

2. f ( x) ln(1 x)
n

f ( k ) (0) k
n
ln(1 x) f (0)
x o x
k!
k 1
f

(k )

k 1

(1) (k 1)!
( x)
k
(1 x)

f ( k ) (0) (1) k 1 (k 1)!

n

k
x
k 1
n
ln(1 x) (1)
o( x )
k
k 1

3. f ( x) (1 x)
f

(k )

(k )

( x) ( 1)L ( k 1)(1 x)
(0) ( 1)L ( k 1)
n

(k )
f
(0) k

n
(1 x) f (0)
x o x
k!
k 1

( 1) 2
(1 x) 1 x
x L
1!
2!
( 1)L ( n 1) n
n

x o( x )
n!

p dng cho = 1.

( 1) 2
(1 x) 1 x
x L
1!
2!
( 1)L ( n 1) n
n

x o( x )
n!

1
1 x x 2 x3 L (1) n x n o( x n )
1 x

3. f ( x) sin x

f ( x) sin x k
2

(2 p )
f
0 0
(k )

(1)

(0) 1, f

sin x f (0)

(3)

(0) 1, f

2 n 1

k 0
n

(k )

(2 p 1)

(0) sin k
2
(0) 1

f ( k ) (0) k
2 n 1
x o x
k!

2 k 1
x
k 1
2 n 1
sin x (1)
o x
(2k 1)!
k 1

p 1

Lu cho hm sin x
2n

sin x f (0)

k 0

f ( k ) (0) k
2n
x o x
k!

f(2n)(0) = 0 h s ca x2n l 0.
n

sin x (1)
k 1

k 1

2 k 1

x
2n
o x
(2k 1)!

Bng cng thc kt Maclaurin c bn

2

x x
x
e 1 L o( x n )
1! 2!
n!
x

x
x
n 1 x
n
ln(1 x) x L (1)
o( x )
2 3
n

( 1) 2
(1 x) 1 x
x L
1!
2!
( 1)L ( n 1) n
n

x o( x )
n!

1
2
3
n n
n
1 x x x L (1) x o( x )
1 x
2 n 1
x3 x5
x
n 1
2 n 1
sin x x L (1)
o x
3! 5!
(2n 1)!

hay o x
2n

2n
x2 x4
x
n
2n
cos x 1 L (1)
o x
2! 4!
( 2n)!

hay o x
2 n 1

Khai trin Maclaurin ca arctan v hyperbolic

x3 x5
x 2 n 1
sinh x x L
o x 2 n 1
3! 5!
(2n 1)!

x2 x4
x2n
2n
cosh x 1 L
o x
2! 4!
(2n)!

Ging sinx, cosx nhng khng an du

2 n 1
x3 x5
x
arctan x x L (1) n 1
o x 2 n 1
3 5
2n 1

Ging sinx, nhng mu s khng c giai tha.

V d p dng
1. Tm khai trin Taylor n cp 3 trong ln cn
x = 1 cho:
1
f ( x)

x0 = 1 0, t bin ph : u = x x0 = x 1

1
f ( x)
1 u

1 u u u o u

Tr v bin c:
2

f ( x) 1 ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x 1) o ( x 1)

2. Tm khai trin Taylor n cp 3 trong ln cn

x = 1 cho:
f ( x) ln( x 2)
u= x1

n
x 2 x3
x
n 1
n
ln(1 x) x L (1)
o( x )
2 3
n

f ( x) ln(3 u ) ln(1 2 u )
2

(2 u ) (2 u )
2u

o (2 u )3
2
3

Sai! (u + 2) 0 khi u = 0 (hay x = 1).

f ( x ) ln(3 u )

ln 3 1 ln 3 ln
3

2
u

u
3

ln 3

3
2

x 1

u0

1
3
u

3
3

1
1 2 1 3
3
ln 3 u u u o(u )
3 18
81
Nh tr v x

3. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 cho:

x2
f ( x) 2
x 3x 4

x2
1
6
f ( x)

( x 1)( x 4) 5( x 1) 5( x 4)
1 1
6 1

5 x 1 20 1 x
4
Lu : khi khai trin cho f+g, mi hm phi khai
trin n bc c yu cu.

1 1
6 1
f ( x)

5 x 1 20 1 x
4
1

1 x x 2 x 3 o( x 3 )
5
2
3

6
x x x

1 o
20
4 4 4

x

4

1 1
7 2 25 3
f ( x) x x
x o( x 3 )
2 8
32
128
1
2
3
n n
n
1 x x x L (1) x o( x )
1 x

4. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3

cho:
x
f ( x) e .ln(1 x)
1.Khi tch cc khai trin, ch gi li tt c cc
ly tha t bc yu cu tr xung v xp th
t bc t thp n cao.
2.Tnh bc trong khai trin cp n cho tch f.g:
Bc thp nht trong khai trin ca f l k
g khai trin n bc (n k)(v ngc li).

ln(1 x)

x
x
1 x L
2! 6!

x
x x
x L
2 3 4

Bc thp nht trong khai trin ca ex l x0.

ln(1 + x) khai trin n x3
Bc thp nht trong khai trin ca ln(1+x) l x 1
ex khai trin n x2

f ( x ) e ln(1 x )
(0)

khai trin cp 3

(1)

2
3
x

2
x
x
3
f ( x) 1 x o( x ) x o( x )
2!
2 3

x
x
3
x o( x )
2 3

5. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3, cp 4

cho:
f ( x) sin x.ln(1 x)
1.Khai trin cp 4:
3

f ( x) sin x.ln(1 x)
(1)
(1)
2
3

x
x
x
3
3
f ( x) x o( x ) x o( x )
2 3
3!

3
4
x
x
2
3
x o( x )
2 6

2.Khai trin cp 3:
2
2
f ( x) sin x.ln(1 x)
(1) (1)

f ( x ) x o( x )

x
2
x o( x )
2

3
x
2
3
x o( x )
2

7. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3

cho:
x x2
f ( x) e
t u(x) = x x2 th u(0) = 0
khai trin Maclaurin ca f theo u.
Khi khai trin u theo x, gi li tt c nhng ly
tha t x3 tr xung.

f ( x) e
2

x x2

xx : x

xx

1 x x
2!
2 3
xx

2 3
o x x

2 2

3!

1 2
1 3
3
1 x x x x x o x3
2
6
2

1 2 5 3
3
1 x x x o x
2
6

tm bc khai trin ca f theo u phi xc

nh bc VCB ca u theo x.

8. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 4 cho:

f ( x) ln(cos x)

ln(cos x) ln(1 cos x 1)

1 2
u cos x 1 : x
2
khai trin f n u2
Cn khai trin n x4

cos x 1

2
ln(1 cos x 1) cos x 1
o cos x 1
2

cos x 1

2
ln(1 cos x 1) cos x 1
o cos x 1
2

x x
1 o x4 1
2! 4!
2
2
4

1
x
x
4
4
1 o x 1 o x
2
2! 4!

x
x
4
o x
2 12

1
x
2
1 o x 1
2
2!

x4 trong s hng bnh

phng khng s dng
cos x ch cn khai
trin n x2

9. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3

cho:
x2
f ( x) 2
x 3x 4
(Mu s v nghim)
1
1
f ( x) 2 x
4
3 x x 2
1
4
1
2 x
4

2
2 2
x 2

3
x

3
x

3
x

4
4
4

o x3

1
2 x
4

2
3x x

2 3

2 2

3x x
3x x
3

o x

4
4

1
3 x 5 2 3 3

3
2 x 1 x x o x
4
4 16
64

1 5
11 2 13 3
3
x x
x o x
2 8
32
128

Cch 2: chia a thc (xp bc t thp n cao)

x2
f ( x) 2
x 3x 4
2

4 3x x
2 x
1 5
11 2 13 3
5
1 2
x x
x
x x
2 8
32
128
2
2
11 2 5 3
x x
8
8
13 3
x
32

10. Tm khai trin Maclaurin n cp 5 cho:

f ( x) tan x
4
5
sin x
1
tan x
sin x
cos x
1 cos x 1
(1)
(0)

2
2

sin x 1 (cos x 1) (cos x 1) o (cos x 1)

x x
x
4
sin x 1 1 o( x ) 1 1 o( x 2 ) 1 o( x 4 )
2 24
2

x x
x
4
2
4
sin x 1 1 o( x ) 1 1 o( x ) 1 o( x )
2 24
2

x
x
1 1 x 2 5 x 4 o( x 4 )
5
x
o( x )

2
24
6 120

1 3 2 5
5
x x x o( x )
3
15

Cch 2:

x
x
5
x
o( x )
sin x
6 120
tan x

cos x
x2 x4
1 o( x 5 )
2 24
3

x
x
x
6 120
1 3 1 5
x x
3
30
2 5
x
15

x
x
1
2 24
1 3 2 5
x x x
3
15
1 3 2 5
tan x x x x o( x5 )
3
15

B sung: tm khai trin ca f(x) = arctan x

1
f ( x)
g ( x)
2
1 x

f ( x) arctan x

Khai trin Maclaurin cho g(x) n x 2n.

2

n 2n

g ( x) 1 x x x L (1) x

f (0) g (0) 0

o( x )

f (0) g (0) 1 2!

f (0) 0
f (0) g (0) 1

2n

(2 k )

(2 k 1)

(0) g

(2 k 1)

(0) g

(2 k )

(0) 0
k

(0) (1) (2k )!

f (0)
f (0) 2 f (0) 3
f ( x) f (0)
x
x
x
1!
2!
3!
f

(2 n )

(2 n )

(0) 2 n f
(0) 2 n 1
2 n 1
L
x
x
o x
(2n)!
(2n )!

2 n 1
x3 x5
x
arctan x x L (1) n 1
o x 2 n 1
3 5
2n 1

Cch vit khai trin cho arctan l cch vit

khai trin cho hm ngc ni chung.

Cc lu khi vit khai trin Taylor tai x 0

1. Lun lun chuyn v khai trin Maclaurin
2. p dng cc cng thc c bn trn biu thc u(x) vi
iu kin u(x0) = 0.
3. Khai trin cho tng hiu: tng hm phi khai trin n
bc c yu cu.
4. Khai trin cho tch: ly bc yu cu tr ra bc thp
nht trong kt mi hm bit c bc kt ca hm
cn li.
5. Khai trin cho hm hp: tnh bc VCB cho u(x).

p dng trong tnh o hm.

Bi ton: tm o hm cp n ca f ti x0.
B1: Vit khai trin taylor theo (x x0) n cp n.
B2: Xc nh h s ca (x x0)n trong khai trin.
B3: Gi s h s trong B2 l a.
f(n)(x0) = a.n!

V d
1. Tm h cp 3 ti x = 0, vi f(x) = ex.sinx
Khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 ca f l

3
x
x
2
f ( x) 1 x
o( x ) x o( x )
2!
3!

3
3
x
x
3
Cc s hng cha x l:
3! 2!
1 1 1
3
H s ca x l:
3! 2! 3
1
f (0) 3! 2
3
2

2. Tm h cp 3 ti x = 0,

f ( x) ln(1 x x )

Khai trin Maclaurin n cp 3 ca f l

2 2
2 3
(
x

x
)
(
x

x
)
2
3
f ( x) x x

o( x )
2
3
1 3
1
3
3
Cc s hng cha x l: 2 x x
3
2
2
H s ca x3 l: 3

2
f (0) 3! 4
3

1
f ( x)
2 x3

3. Tm h cp 12, 13 ti x =
0,

Khai trin Maclaurin n cp 13 ca f l

1
1
f ( x)
3
2
x
1
2

1
1
2

3 2

x x

2 2
3 4

3 5

x
x

2 2
1
x12
13
1 L
0 o x
2
16

3 3

x

2
o

1
x12
13
f ( x) 1 L
0 o x
2
16

1
H s ca x12 l:
32

H s ca x13 l: 0
f

(12)

1
(0)
12! , f (13) (0) 0 13!

32

p dng khai trin Taylor trong tnh gii hn

1.Thng thng ch p dng kt Tayor tnh gh
nu cc pp khc (gh c bn, VCB, LHospital)
tnh qu di hoc khng tnh c.
2.a s cc bi dng Taylor ri vo trng hp
thay VCB hoc VCL qua tng, hiu gp trit
tiu. Do cc biu thc c khai trin n
khi ht trit tiu phn a thc th dng,
phn VCB bc cao b i khi tnh lim.

V d
1.Tm cc hng s a,p VCB (x) axp khi x 0.

a / ( x) x sin x

x
3
x x o( x )
3!

3
x
3

o( x )
3!
3

x
:
3!

1
a ,p3
6

b / ( x) 2 x e x e x
2 x 2sinh x

x
x
3
2 x 2 x o( x ) : 2
3!
6

c / ( x ) sin x x cos x

x
x
3
2
x o( x ) x 1
o( x )
6
2

o( x 3 )
3

x
:
3

2.Tnh gii hn:

2

x
a / lim 5
x 0 1 5 x x 1
lim

x 0

lim

x 0

x2
1
1 1 1
2
2
1 .5 x

1
5
x

o
(
x
) x 1

5
2! 5 5
x2
2

x
o( x 2 )
2

x
1
lim 2
x 0 x
2
2

tan x

e e
b / lim 3
x 0 x 3 x 4
lim e

tan x

x tan x
3

x
x tan x
lim1
3
x 0
x
3
x
3
x x o( x )
1
3
lim

3
x 0
3
x
x 0