Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Design of Corrugated Sheet
Design of Corrugated Sheet
75
Example calculations
The examples are based on Eurocode 0, Eurocode 1 and Eurocode 3, Part 1-3 [16]. Some additional detail
checks are made according to Swedish code for light-gauge metal structures, StBK-N5 [5]
The calculations in the following examples are set out in detail. In most cases, the designer can make
simplifications when he/she has learned by experience which checks are not usually critical.
The examples are worked out in the mathematics program Mathcad, version 2000i. Some of the operators and
notations used in the examples are explained below.
x := 50.6 mm
Definition of value
y 2.5 mm
Global definition
x + y = 53.1 mm
Calculation result
a=b
Boolean equality
0.5
c := ( 1 3 2 )
( c d )
Row vector
1 8 2
g := 3 4 7
5 6 9
T
gives a = ( 2 12 6 )
Example:
d := ( 2 4 3 )
a := ( c d )
Matrix
Example:
submatrix( a , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2)
1
c = 3
1 3 5
g = 8 4 6
2 7 9
augment( f , g )
1 8 2
g = 3 4 7
5 6 9
submatrix( g , 0 , 1 , 1 , 2) =
Augmentation of matrices
Example:
1 1 8 2
augment( c , g ) = 3 3 4 7
2 5 6 9
8
1
g = 4
6
T
Column in matrix
Example:
Aef
Subscript i
Example:
1, 2
=7
8 2
4 7
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76
Conditions
Dimensions and classes
Loads and actions
Sheets and fasteners
SI units
8. Attachments
8.1 Design of rivets in side overlaps
8.2 Connection to edge beam
8.3 Connection of end fitting to sheet
8.4 Splicing of edge beam and fixing of edge
beam to the building structure
8.5 Connection of roof sheeting to end rafter
8.6 Connection of sheeting to rafters
7. Design of sheeting
7.1 Section forces
7.2 Single plate panel
9. Deformations
10. Holes
0. Conditions
An insulated industrial building with normal leakage paths shall be designed for diaphragm action due to wind
action. Diaphragm forces are transferred to the foundation via wind trusses. All columns are pinjointed at the
foundation. Distances between rafters vary and the sheets are spliced as shown in the figure below. See also
Drawing No K3 in Chapter 9. In this example, only the first two bays are treated in detail.
10
1:16
ht
hp
broof
hb
B
crafter
crafter2
broof
lroof
cgp
broof := 25 m
Lroof := 56 m
Roof slope
slope :=
Ridge height
Beam spacing
Beam spacing
crafter2 := 5 m
End columns
cgp := 5 m
16
M1 := 1.0
d := 1.00
(See 2.11)
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77
Wind load
sk := 1.0 kN m
s := 1 sk
s = 0.8 kN m
scomb = 0.48 kN m
Q := 1.5
unfavourable
G := 0.89 1.35
favourable
kN
qp := 0.9
2
m
Roof, suction
cpe.roof := 0.7
Wall, pressure
cpe.p := 0.7
Wall, suction
cpe.s := 0.3
Internal suction
cpi := 0.3
bu
hw
sw
bw
bd
bo
:= 0.005
Sheet := "TRP110"
bd := 237 mm
bo := 68 mm
bw := 0.5 bd bo bu
sw :=
bw + hw
hw := 112 mm
bu := 64 mm
fyb := 350 MPa
tcor := 0.636 mm
t := tcor
2
gperm := 0.30 kN m
Width of support
ls := 100 mm
Transverse action
Moment capacity, span
Mf.Rd := 10.04 kN
Ms.Rd := 10.56 kN
Capacity of support
Rw.Rd := 27.3 kN m
Aluminium
drivet := 4.8 mm
Nominal plate thickness tnom := 0.7 mm
Shear resistance
table 8.9
Bearing resistance
table 8.10
Screws
Carbon steel
Shear resistance
table 8.3
Bearing resistance
table 8.5
Tensile resistance
table 8.2
Fv.Rd.riv := 0.88 kN
Diaphragm action
Fb.Rd.riv := 1.35 kN
Vw.Rd := 27.6 kN m
Vf.Rd := 86.4 kN m
Global buckling
VgR := 684 kN m
Distorsion of corrugation
of profile end
Support reaction factor for
end support
Tensile force factor for
fastener at end support
Vr.Rd := 4.90 kN m
dscrew := 6.3 mm
t1 2.5 t
Fv.Rd.screw := 7.84 kN
Fb.Rd.screw := 2.83 kN
Ft.Rd.screw := 9.41 kN
RvV := 1.22
Pc2V := 134 mm
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4. SI units
78
kN 1000 N
MPa 10 Pa
gperm = 0.3 kN m
qs1 := Q s + G gperm
qs1 = 1.56 kN m
qs2 = 0.78 kN m
tcor = 0.636 mm
2
2
2
crafter = 7 m
crafter2 = 5 m
L1 := crafter
L2 := crafter2
3
Snow, support
Ms.Ed :=
Sheet = "TRP110"
Width of support
Ms.Ed = 7.607 kN
Interaction
ls
Ms.Edr := Ms.Ed RB
4
Support moment
ls
Ms.Edm := Ms.Ed RB
8
RC
0.5 Rw.Rd
1
RB = 11.971 kN m
Mf.Ed
Mf.Ed = 6.133 kN
2 qs1
Ms.Edr
Ms.Rd
RB
Rw.Rd
RB
Rw.Rd
Mf.Ed :=
Mf.Rd
= 1.131
Ms.Edm = 7.458 kN
Serviceability limit
state, deflection in
outer bay
= 0.321
= 0.174
= 0.438
= 0.611
< 1,25
Ms.Edm
Ms.Rd
= 0.706
Ms.Ed
RB ls
4
(10 % increase in
capacity at support)
0.5 Rw.Rd
RC = 2.38 kN m
RA
RA = 4.375 kN m
RB := qs1 L1 + L2 RA RC
RA
ls = 100 mm
qs1 L1 + qs1 L2
8 L1 + L2
qs1 L1
Ms.Ed
Outermost support A RA :=
2
L1
qs1 L2 Ms.Ed
Support C
RC :=
2
L2
Support B
Ief.fielf := 1840 mm
Ific :=
2 Ief.fielf + Ief.support
3
4
5 qs2 L1
Ief.support := 1840 mm
Ific = 1840 mm
Ms.Edr
RB
qs2 Ms.Ed L1
y :=
384 E Ific
qs1 16 E Ific
y = 33 mm
Ms.Edm
ls
L1
y
= 212
Ok !
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79
beam depth
hb = 0.5 m
column height hp = 7.5 m
bdiaph := broof
hp
kN
Qs = 4.97
m
Roof diaphragm between lines A and B is treated as a simply supported deep beam on supports
(wind trusses) in lines 1 and 10. Shear forces V assumed to be taken by sheets and moment M
by edge beams (capping beams) in lines A and B.
Lroof
Support force at end
Rg := Qs
Rg = 139.3 kN
2
Qs Lroof
Nk :=
Vmax :=
Nk = 78 kN
8 bdiaph
Qs Lroof crafter
Vmax = 4.87
2 bdiaph
kN
m
V
Nk
2
broof
Qsg
V
2broof /3
lroof
ht
1 hp
Qsg := Q cpe.p + cpi qp
+ hb +
2 2
2
Rk := 0.85
cpe.p + cpe.s
Qsg
broof
cpe.p + cpi
2
cpe.p
Ngg := 0.19
Q b
cpe.p + cpi sg roof
cpe.p
3 1
kN
Vg :=
Qsg
Vmax = 4.875
2 2 cpe.p + cpi
m
kN
Qsg = 5.832
m
Rk = 62 kN
Ngg = 19.4 kN
Vg = 3.06
kN
Vg < Vmax
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80
7. Design of sheeting
7.1 Section forces
In combination with the design wind action, necessary section forces due to combination value
of transverse action of snow and self weight are calculated. Design values in proportion.
qs2
Moment at support
Ms :=
Moment in span
Mf :=
qs1
qs2
Ms.Edm
M
qs1 f.Ed
qs2
Rs :=
R
qs1 B
qs2
R :=
R
qs1 A
Reaction at support
kN m
Ms = 3.728
Mf = 3.065
Rs = 5.984
R = 2.187
kN m
m
kN
m
kN
m
Vmax = 4.87 kN m
Vw.Rd = 27.6 kN m
Mf
Mf.Rd = 10.04 kN
Mf.Rd
Vw.Rd
Vf.Rd = 86.4 kN m
Mf.Rd = 10.04 kN
Vg.Rd :=
Vmax
Global buckling
0.8
VgR
crafter
Mf
Mf.Rd
Vmax
Vf.Rd
1
Vg.Rd = 14 kN m
<
Check = "OK!"
1
Check = "OK!"
0.25
fyb
= 88 MPa
M1
Check = "OK!"
Check = "OK!"
Vmax
0.5 +
Rv
Rv
0.02
lsn
R = 2.187 kN m
Rv := RvV Vmax
0.02
lsn := 220 mm
ls = 100 mm
R.Rd = 18.8 kN m
ls
t
RvV = 1.22
1
Rv = 5.95 kN m
Check = "OK!"
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R
R.Rd
Rv
< 1.05
= 0.433
R.Rd
>
Vr.Rd = 4.90 kN m
81
Check = "OK!"
1
Vmax = 4.87 kN m
Check = "OK!"
0.8
Rs
Rw.Rd
Vmax
Vw.Rd
Check = "OK!"
1
Rw.Rd = 27.3 kN m
Vmax
7.42 Local buckling of web due to Ms
+
= 0.53
shear force and moment
Ms.Rd
Vw.Rd
< 1.3
Check = "OK!"
Iy := 19.55 10 mm
nsk := 2
cs :=
F11
v :=
k2 d
Modulus of foundation k and factor are
k :=
bd
nsk
mm
1000 N
v = 0.133 mm
mm
F11
k = 63.6
v cs
:=
cs = 118.5 mm
4 E Iy
k
0.25
N
mm
= 1.403 m
cgp = 5 m
Maximum deflection
wmax :=
Nt.max := k wmax
Nt.max = 20.455 kN m
Fx := k wmax cs
Fx = 2.424 kN
Qy := Qsg cgp
Qy
2 k
Qy = 29.2 kN
wmax = 0.322 mm
1
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Nt :=
Qsg = 5.832 kN m
82
Qy
Nt = 8.332 kN m
0.5 crafter
1
)
1
Nt = 8.332 kN m
Normal force capacity for the span
crafter = 7 m
Aeff := 0.60
ieff :=
Buckling curve b
mm
mm
Ific
Aeff
:=
Nt
Nc.Rd
Mf
Mf.Rd
fyb
E
ieff = 55.38 mm
c = 1.643
= 2.094
Nt
Nc.Rd
Mf.Rd
= 0.295
1 + 0.5 1
Mf
0.8
ieff
crafter
c :=
Nc.Rd = 61.88 kN m
M1
Mf
Nt
Vmax
Vw.Rd
Nt
Nc.Rd
= 0.617
Vmax
Vf.Rd
= 0.408
< 1,3
< 1,1
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83
8. Attachments
Sheets are fixed to building structure and edge beams with 6.3 thread forming screws and in side overlaps 4.8
aluminium blind rivets. Design values for fasteners are taken e.g. from appendix with tables
Fb.Rd.riv = 1.35 kN
Fv.Rd.riv = 0.88 kN
Shear failure of rivet thus gives lower resistance. To meet EN 1993-1-3, 10.3.4 (6) the resistance of the
fastener is reduced with 25%
Fv.Rd.riv
Fv.Rd.riv
FRd.riv := if
> Fb.Rd.riv , Fb.Rd.riv ,
FRd.riv = 0.704 kN
1.25
1.25
where V is shear force in sheet. Maximum spacing 500 mm. For sake of simplicity, it is assumed that
distances between rafters are equal in every bay.
Half the number of panels
nf := 4
i := 1 .. nf
k := 1 .. 2
(nf + 1 i)
c :=
FRd.riv FRd.riv
,
k
Vg
V
k
(i
V m
i
i =
0
140
cn := 180 mm
280
500
FRd.riv
nf
c := if Vg > V ,
Vg = 3.062 kN m
V := Vmax
i
kN
c
=
mm
4.87
144
3.66
193
2.44
289
1.22
500
ck :=
Fh.Rd
ck = 581 mm
Vmax
Choose
ck := 500 mm
Fv.Rd := FRd.riv
fr t1 := 2 mm
t1
t
Fv.Rd = 0.704 kN
= 3.145
> 2,5
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Required spacing is
c :=
84
Fv.Rd
c = 289 mm
0.5 Vmax
Nk = 78 kN
Fb.Rd := 7.12 kN
Required number of screws increased by 25 %
Nk
to allow for eccentricities in the connection
nk := 1.25
due to the sheets being fixed to the bottom
Fb.Rd
flange of the edge beam.
nk = 14
Number of screws in connection of edge beam into wind truss in wall is increased by 25% since shear strength of
screw governs.
Screw 6.3 and sheet thickness 2.0 mm give
Fv.Rd := 7.84 kN
Rk = 62 kN
Rk
nv :=
1.25 Fv.Rd
nv = 6
For sheet of t = 0.636 mm with four 6.3 screws in each trough, design values for screws are as follows
Sheet tearing failure
Fb.Rd := Fb.Rd.screw
Fb.Rd = 2.83 kN
Fp.Rd := 2.10 kN
Fp.Rd = 2.1 kN
Fv.Rd := Fv.Rd.screw
Fv.Rd = 7.84 kN
Ft.Rd := Ft.Rd.screw
Ft.Rd = 9.41 kN
nsk = 2
Fa2 := cs V
1
V = 4.875 kN m
1
Fa2 = 0.578 kN
cpe.e := 0.8
cpe.e
cpe.p
= 1.143
cpe.p = 0.7
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P :=
cpe.e
cpe.p
85
Qy
P = 33.33 kN
Fc
Fa
Fb
cpe.e
Fb1 :=
Vmax
Fb3 := cn
1 nsk
where
cpe.p
Fx
Fb1 = 2.77 kN
cn = 140 mm
Resulting forces:
Fv :=
Pull-out force
Fc2 = 0.653 kN
)2
Fv = 3.165 kN
Ft := Fc1 + Fc2
1.4 Fb.Rd
Fv
cs = 118.5 mm
Fv
Fc1 = 0.281 kN
2
Fc2 := Pc2V Vmax
nsk
2
cpe.roof = 0.7
Fb3 = 0.341 kN
Fv.Rd
Ft = 0.934 kN
Ft
Fp.Rd
Ft
= 1.244
= 0.503
Ft.Rd
> 1,0
< 1,0
Vg = 3.062 kN m
Fa2 = 0.181 kN
Fb1 := Fx
Fb1 = 2.424 kN
2 cgp 1
Fb3 := cn Vg 1
1
broof nsk
where
G.inf = 0.89
cpe.roof = 0.7
2
Fc2 := Pc2V Vg
nsk
Resulting forces:
Fv :=
Pull-out force
Ft := Fc1 + Fc2
Fc1 = 0.281 kN
2
qp = 0.9 kN m
Fc2 := 0 kN
)2
Fb3 = 0.129 kN
Shear force
cn = 140 mm
Fc2 = 0 kN
Fv = 2.559 kN
Ft = 0.281 kN
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Fv
1.4 Fv.Rd
Ft
86
> 1,0
= 0.263
Ft.Rd
Fa2 := cs Vg
Let us suppose
Fh.Rd := 2.74 kN
Fv :=
Fv
1.4 Fb.Rd
Fv
Ft := Fc1 + Fc2
Fv = 2.578 kN
Ft = 0.281 kN
Fg.Rd := 3.45 kN
Check, failure of sheet
Fa2 = 0.363 kN
Fv.Rd
Ft
Fp.Rd
Ft
Ft.Rd
= 0.785
= 0.359
< 1,0
< 1,0
tfl := 6 mm
d := 6.3 mm
Fb.Rd := Fb.Rd.screw
Fb.Rd = 2.83 kN
Pull-over failure
Fp.Rd := 2.10 kN
Fp.Rd = 2.1 kN
Fv.Rd := Fv.Rd.screw
Fv.Rd = 7.84 kN
Ft.Rd := Ft.Rd.screw
Ft.Rd = 9.41 kN
Spacing of screws
cs2 := bd
cs2 = 237 mm
Fa2.1 := cs2 V V
1
2
t = 0.636 mm
Fa2 := cs2 V
2
Fa2.1 = 0.289 kN
Fa2 = 0.867 kN
Fb3 := cn V
2 2
cn = 180 mm
Shear force
Pull-out force
Fv :=
Fa2 + Fb3
1.4 Fb.Rd
Fc1 = 0.964 kN
Fv = 1.088 kN
Ft := Fc1
Fv
Fb3 = 0.658 kN
Ft = 0.964 kN
+
Ft
Fp.Rd
= 0.734
< 1,0
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87
Deformations
Sheets directly on rafters
Quantities in the formula for
a = 25 m
c1.1
pr = 0.078
a := broof
b := crafter
bo
hw
bd
b = 7m
Deformation at ends of sheets
= 0.287
bd
a bd
c1.1 :=
1 := 1
bw 180
:= atan
= 0.473
hw
1 4 K1
E t
2.5 2
2 := 1
pr
c1.1 = 0.107
hw
bd
sp := 0.35 mm kN
c2.1 :=
ss := 0.25 mm kN
E t b
b
ns :=
cn
3
c2.3 :=
3 := 1
sp := 0.35 mm kN
nsh = 35
1 := 1
np := 2
c2.2 = 0.026
pr
c2.3 = 0
A := 3000 mm
y :=
mm
kN
c3 = 0.0103
:=
c = 0.160
crafter mm2
broof t kN
c Qs crafter
5 Qs Lroof
384 E I
kN
n crafter 3
cdiag := 0.45
mm
nsc := 100
n nsc
4.8 E A broof
kN
a
nsh :=
3 bd
pr
ssc := 0 mm kN
4 ( n + 1) ssc
mm
c2.1 = 6.636 10
2 ns sp + 1 np ss
kN
3 mm
pr
mm
kN
mm
kN
cdiag = 0.176
Deflection
mm
p := bd
ns = 25
c1.2 = 0.011
3 := 1
2 ss sp nsh 1
n := 9
c3 :=
pr
2 a sp p 3
c2.2 :=
K1 = 0.209
:= 0.3
c1.2 :=
= 25.115
pr :=
2.5
2 a 2 ( 1 + ) 1 + 2
cn = 280 mm
4 := 1
Lroof
= 50.29 mm
broof
I := 2 A
2
= 1114
y = 3.24 mm
mm
kN
kN
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88
10 Holes
In the roof diaphragm there are two holes in all bays except one, even in the panels next to the ends. They increase
shear flow and reduce the capacity to resist transverse action.
Hole width
bh := 1200 mm
Hole length
lh := 2000 mm
V0 :=
Vmax = 4.875 kN m
Vmax broof
V0 = 5.393 kN m
broof 2 bh
>
Vr.Rd = 4.9 kN m
Provide reinforcement of extra sheet on both sides of hole and trimmer joists at right angles to these. The width of
the extra sheet is slightly greater than half the width of the hole, and since the self weight of the window is no greater
than the self weight of the roof itself, the extra sheet can take over the load which the strips of sheet through the hole
cannot resist. Load is transferred laterally through trimmer joists on each side of the hole.
Angle 80x80x8
AL := 1230 mm
3
c :=
WL := 12.6 10 mm
) (
hh
M :=
Fb
AL
c = 16 MPa
Negligible
Double sheet
>hh / 2
Flexure
Fb = 20.109 kN
b :=
M
WL
b = 139 MPa
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89
0.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Conditions
Dimensions and classes
Loads and actions
Sheets and fasteners
SI units
Design of sheets for transverse action due
to snow, wind suction and self weight
5.1 Check of profile for support conditions over five
bays
6. Actions on diaphragm due to wind
6.1 Wind on long sides
6.2 Wind on end
7. Design of sheeting
7.1 Section forces
7.2 Single plate panel
7.3 End support
7.31 Web crippling
7.32 Distorsion of profile at end
7.4 Intermediate support
7.41 Local buckling of web and web crippling
7.42 Local buckling of web due to shear force and
moment
0. Conditions
An uninsulated industrial building with normal leakage paths shall be designed for diaphragm action due to wind
action and the effect of temperature difference between the building structure and the sheets. Diaphragm forces
are transferred to the foundation via wind trusses. All columns are pinjointed at the foundation.
11
cpurlin
B
1:10
hp
broof
C
crafter
broof
lroof
broof := 36 m
Lroof := 72 m
M1 := 1.0
Beam spacing
Purlin spacing
cpurlin := 2 m
ht = 8.8 m
d := 0.91
(See 2.11)
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90
kN
qp := 1.02
2
m
Roof, suction
cpe.roof := 0.7
Wall, pressure
cpe.p := 0.7
Wall, suction
cpe.s := 0.3
Internal suction
cpi := 0.3
Edge zone
cp.edge := 1.8
bedge = 1.76 m
ledge = 4.4 m
qedge := cp.edge qp
qedge = 1.836 10
T := 40o C
Inclination of columns
from vertical
:= 0.005
Q := 1.5
MPa
Sheeting := "TRP22"
bd := 90 mm
bw := 10.5 mm
sw
bu
Temperature difference
Partial factor,
self weight
qroof := cpe.roof qp
bw
bo
Rivets in side
overlaps
aluminium
tnom := 0.65 mm
Screws,
stainless steel
t1 2.5 t
tnom = 0.65 mm
s := 1 sk
scomb = 0.72 kN m
cp.corn := 2.6
sk := 1.5 kN m
driv := 4.8 mm
Fv.Rd.riv := 0.88 kN
Fb.Rd.riv := 1.19 kN
dscrew := 6.3 mm
Fv.Rd.screw := 6.8 kN
sw :=
bw + hw
sw = 24.4 mm
Self weight
Width of support
hw := 22 mm
bo := 25 mm
bu := 44 mm
t := 0.587 mm
fyb := 350 MPa
2
qgrav := 0.07 kN m
ls := 50 mm
Transverse action
Moment capacity span
Mf.Rd := 1.59 kN
Ms.Rd := 1.61 kN
Capacity of support
Rw.Rd := 49.9 kN m
Diaphragm action
1
Vw.Rd := 166 kN m
Fb.Rd.screw := 2.61 kN
Vf.Rd := 113 kN m
Ft.Rd.screw := 8.16 kN
Global buckling
VgR := 66 kN m
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Shear connectors
end
91
lskpl := 1.8 m
tskpl := 2 mm
hZ := 202 mm
rafters, 2
Vr.Rd := 31 kN m
RvV := 0.51
Pc2V := 21 mm
rafters, 3
4. SI units
kN 1000 N
MPa 10 Pa
qE1 := Q d sk + G d qgrav
qE1 = 2.132 kN m
qE2 = 0.79 kN m
qE3 = 2.44 kN m
Span
lp := cpurlin cpurlin = 2 m
Snow, span
R1 = 4.826 kN m
Interaction
ls
2
Ms.Sd := 0.1053 qE1 cpurlin R1
4
Ms.Sd
Ms.Rd
ls
2
Ms.Sd := 0.1053 qE1 cpurlin R1
8
Ms.Sd = 0.868 kN
Serviceability limit
state, deflection in
outer bay
Ief.flt := 60 mm
y := 0.644
qE2 cpurlin
100 E Ifik
Width of support
2
Ief.std := 51 mm
4
y = 6.8 mm
ls := 50 mm
Mf.Sd
Mf.Sd = 0.664 kN
Mf.Rd
Ifik :=
R1
Rw.Rd
Rw.Rd
= 0.097
= 0.617 <1.25
2 Ief.flt + Ief.std
3
R1
= 0.418
Ms.Sd
Ms.Rd
= 0.539
Ifik = 57 mm
cpurlin
y
= 294
SkinNonIns.mcd
92
qE3 Ms.Sd
= 0.618
qE1 Ms.Rd
Nk
V
cpurlin
broof /2
A
Rg
B
crafter
lroof
11
Roof diaphragm is divided into two at the ridge, line B. Each part functions separately and shares the
action due to wind on the long side
bdiaph := 0.5 broof
bdiaph = 18 m
column height
hp
QE := 0.5 0.85 cpe.p + cpe.s Q d qp
+ qE2 broof
2
hp = 7 m
kN
QE = 2.213
m
Roof diaphragm between lines A and B regarded as simply supported deep beam on supports
(wind trusses) in lines 1 and 11. Shear forces V assumed to be resisted by sheets and moment
M by the two outermost purlins in lines A and B.
Lroof
Support force at end of building
Rg := QE
Rg = 79.7 kN
2
QE Lroof
Nk := 0.58
Vmax := 1.15
Nk = 46.2 kN
8 bdiaph
Lroof crafter
2
bdiaph 2
QE
Vmax = 4.58
kN
m
SkinNonIns.mcd
93
V
Nk
2
broof
Qsg
hb := 0 m
V
2broof /3
lroof
ht
1 hp
QEg := Q d cpe.p + cpi qp
+ hb +
2 2
2
cpe.p + cpe.s
Rk := 0.85
Ngg := 0.19
Vg :=
cpe.p + cpi
cpe.p
cpe.p + cpi
QEg
broof
Rk = 84.1 kN
QEg broof
cpe.p
3 1
Q
2 2 cpe.p + cpi Eg
Vmax = 4.581
kN
QEg = 5.5
m
Ngg = 26.3 kN
kN
m
Vg = 2.89
kN
Vg < Vmax
Tilting forces due to action on end columns are ignored.
Tilting forces along building due to action on columns in
long sides resisted by edge beams and wind trusses in
long sides.
SkinNonIns.mcd
94
7. Design of sheeting
7.1 Section forces
In combination with design wind action, necessary section forces due to usual transverse action of snow and self
weight are calculated. Formulae for beam continuous over 5 bays, are used. Support moment is reduced with
respect to width of support
Reaction at support
Rs = 1.789
2
Moment at support
Moment in span
Rs ls
kN
Ms = 0.322
Mf = 0.246
R = 0.624
m
kN m
m
kN m
m
kN
m
i.e.
lskpl = 1.8 m
Vlb :=
0.5 broof
lskpl
Vmax
Vlb = 45.81
kN
m
lskpl
1:3
Vgl :=
Vmax
>
Vw.Rd = 166 kN m
Mf
Mf = 0.246 kN
Mf.Rd
Mf.Rd = 1.59 kN
Vlb
>
Vf.Rd = 113 kN m
Mf = 0.246 kN
0.8
Mf.Rd = 1.59 kN
Vg.Rd :=
Mf
Mf.Rd
VgR
cpurlin
Vlb
Vf.Rd
Vlb = 45.814 kN m
Check = "OK!"
1
Vlb = 45.814 kN m
< 1.1
= 0.529
Vgl = 10.57 kN m
< 1.3
= 0.431
Vw.Rd
Global buckling:
0.5 broof
Vg.Rd = 16.5 kN m
>
Check = "OK!"
1
Vgl = 10.6 kN m
Check = "OK!"
SkinNonIns.mcd
95
Vmax
Rv
Rv
Rv = 2.34 kN m
R.Rd = 25 kN m
Check = "OK!"
< 1.05
Check = "OK!"
R
R.Rd
Rv := RvV Vmax
Rv
= 0.119
R.Rd
Vr.Rd = 31 kN m
>
Vmax = 4.581
kN
m
Check = "OK!"
Rw.Rd = 49.9 kN m
Rs
Rw.Rd
Vlb
Vw.Rd
= 0.305
< 1.1
Check = "OK!"
Vlb
Vw.Rd
= 0.476
< 1.3
Check = "OK!"
:=
Vlb
t
= 78 MPa
<
0.25
fyb
M1
= 87.5 MPa
Check = "OK!"
SkinNonIns.mcd
96
8. Attachments
8.1 Design of rivets in side overlaps (seams)
Side overlaps are fixed with 4.8 mm aluminium blind rivets.
t = 0.587 mm
Fb.Rd.riv = 1.19 kN
Fv.Rd.riv = 0.88 kN
FRd.riv = 0.704 kN
Maximum spacing is 500 mm. The critical actions is wind load on the long side, except in the panel next to the
outermost one (i = 3 och 4) where wind load on the end may govern.
V := Vgl
1
Wind on end:
V := Vgl
2
V := Vmax
3
k := 4 .. 7
k := 3 .. 4
FRd.riv FRd.riv
c := if Vg > V ,
,
k
k
Vg
V
k
i =
1
( 7.5 k)
i := 1 .. 7
4.5
c :=
FRd.riv
(i
V m
i
Panel
kN
c
=
mm
5
6
3
4
2.55
277
1.53
461
0.51
500
V := Vmax
k
10.57
67
10.57
67
4.58
154
3.56
198
lskpl = 1.8 m
tskpl = 2 mm
hZ := 202 mm
Fb.Rd := 2 Fb.Rd.screw
Fb.Rd = 5.22 kN
No of screws required
Rgg
ng := 1.2
Fb.Rd
ng = 16
In the above formula, the factor 1.2 has been inserted to allow for the fact that the shear
connector must also resist the combination wind + (1/3) temperature.
The effect of temperature will be checked later.
lskpl
Screws are placed in a row at centres
= 109 mm
ng
Rgg = 71.7 kN
SkinNonIns.mcd
97
It has been assumed above that pull-out forces due to wind suction on the roof do not act on the
screws in the shear connector. Forces due to wind suction are assumed to be transferred to the
end rafter via the purlins.
Rgg
Shear stress in the web of the Z section is
= 19.9 MPa
lskpl tskpl
According to EN 1993-1-3, the design value of shear stress with respect to buckling is
k := 5.34
w := 0.346
VRd := 0.67
fy.skpl
w = 1.427
E 210000 MPa
>
VRd = 415 kN
Rg = 79.7 kN
8.3 Connection of roof sheeting to resist tensile forces due to action on the end
It is assumed that the force Ngg = 26.3 kN is resisted by the two rafters situated approximately
2 broof
= 24 m from the end.
3
The shear connector is a
and depth
lskpl2 = 0.85 m
tskpl2 = 2 mm
hZ2 = 202 mm
According to the table in chapter 8, 6.3 thread forming screws for t = 0.65 mm and
tskpl2 = 2.0mm have the following strength with respect to sheet tearing for a single sheet
Fb.Rd.screw = 2.61 kN
Number of screws required
n :=
1
1
1
3
0.157
0.5 Ngg
Fb.Rd.screw
has been inserted to allow for the fact that the shear
0.157
3
connector must also resist the combination of actions wind + (1/3) temperature. It has been
taken into consideration that temperature alone stresses the screw to 15.7 %. See 9.1
The screws are placed in a row at centres
lskpl2
n
= 160 mm
n= 5
SkinNonIns.mcd
98
and depth
tskpl3 = 2 mm
The shear connector shall transfer the diaphragm force crafter QE = 15.94 kN
This force represents a local shear flow, in the
sheets next to the shear connector, of
QE
Vlo := 1.15 crafter
lskpl3
Vred :=
Vg := V
Vlo = 21.56
Vlo lskpl3
kN
m
Vred = 2.675
Vg = 3.563
kN
m
kN
m
V := Vred + Vg
Shear strength
Vg.Rd :=
V = 6.239
VgR
cpurlin
kN
m
1
Vg.Rd = 16.5 kN m
The design value of shear force in the shear connector is taken from the table in chapter 8.
For 6.3
t = 0.587 mm and
No of screws required
n :=
tskpl3 = 2.0 mm
1
crafter QE
1 lskpl3 Fb.Rd.screw
1
3 1.6 m
Fb.Rd.screw = 2.61 kN
n= 7
lskpl3
n
= 115 mm
bedge = 1760 mm
ledge = 4400 mm
cp.edge = 1.8
cp.corn = 2.6
NOTE: The corner zone is in a region where the shear flow is very small. See Fig. 6.2, 6.5 and 6.6. The
tensile force in the screws therefore governs on its own. Forces due to diaphragm action can be ignored.
This does not apply to the edge zone along the long side.
SkinNonIns.mcd
99
Ft.Rd := 8.16 kN
Ft.Ed = 0.32 kN
Fv.Rd := 6.8 kN
Fb.Rd := 2.61 kN
Ft.Sd = 0.22 kN
where
qp = 1.02 kN m
cs = 90 mm = the pitch
cs := bd
cp.edge = 1.8
1
Fa2 := cs Vmax
Vmax = 4.581 kN m
Fa2 = 0.412 kN
qgrav = 0.07 kN m
Fc
Fa
Fb
Fb1 := 0 kN
Shear force in side overlap
Fb3 := c Vmax
3
Fc1 := Ft.Sd
Resulting forces:
Shear force
Fv :=
Pull-out force
Ft := Fc1 + Fc2
Fb3 = 0.704 kN
Fc1 = 0.22 kN
where
1.4 Fb.Rd
Fv.Rd
Fv
Fv
c = 154 mm
Fp.Rd
Fo.Rd
Fc2 = 0.096 kN
Fv = 0.816 kN
Ft = 0.316 kN
Ft
Ft
Pc2V = 21 mm
< 1 / 1.4
= 0.235
Comment:
According to EN 1993-1-3 paragraph 10.3.4 (6) an additional safety of 40% shall be used for sheet-to-purlin fasteners
under combined shear and wind uplift. Therefore the fasteners shall be stressed not more than 1 / 1.4 = 0.714.
SkinNonIns.mcd
100
9. Effect of temperature
9.1 Connection of roof sheeting to shear connectors along the end
Temperature difference T = 40 degrees C, StBK-N5 [5] 32:822, causes displacement
lskpl
at the edge of the shear connector.
vtemp :=
0.000012 T
vtemp = 0.432 mm
2
If it is assumed on the safe side that the sheeting is not deformed by the temperature action, the
shear force in the outermost fastener can be calculated according to StBK-N5 [5] 33:152 for
d := 6.3 mm
t = 0.587 mm
tskpl = 2 mm
tskpl
t
t 1000 N
Ftemp := vtemp k2 d
2
mm
mm
= 3.407
k2 := 1.5
Ftemp = 3.128 kN
If deformation of the sheeting and shear connector is considered and the effect of temperature is reduced
2
because the shear connector heats up, we have for Askpl := 140 mm , see chapter 6 expression (6.8)
2
v
3 temp
Ftemp :=
Ftemp = 0.863 kN
ng lskpl
1
1
1
+
+
ng = 16
2 3 2 E 0.1 lskpl t
Askpl
k d t 1000 N
2
2
mm
mm
lskpl
= 109 mm
ng
According to the table in chapter 8, the design value of strength with respect to sheet tearing
failure of the double sheet is
Ftemp
Fb.Rd := 2 Fb.Rd.screw
Fb.Rd = 5.22 kN
= 16.5 %
Check = "OK !"
Fb.Rd
According to StBK-N5 [5] 32:823, a check shall be made for the combination of actions wind +
(1/3) temperature. The number of screws in the connection was previously estimated at ng = 16 .
The shear force in the outermost screw is
Fv :=
Rgg
ng
Ftemp
3
where
Rgg = 71.7 kN
Ftemp ng
lskpl
lskpl = 1.8 m
ng = 16
Vtemp = 7.9
Shear flow in the fixed flange varies linearly from the maximum value to 0 over the distance 0.5 lskpl = 0.9 m
kN
m
SkinNonIns.mcd
101
The design value of shear flow in the web and flange immediately outside the shear connector is
slightly reduced owing to the dispersion effect. This reduction can be estimated by using a
dispersion angle of 1:3 and by taking a shear flow in the triangular distribution which
corresponds to this angle.
sw
For the profile TRP22, width of web is sw, profile crest bo, profile trough bu and the horizontal
projection of the web bw
bu
sw = 24.4 mm
bw = 10.5 mm
bw
bo = 25 mm
bu = 44 mm
bo
bu bw
3
+
2
2
Vw := 1
V
Vw = 7.2
bo
bu
3
+ bw +
2
2
Vo := 1
V
temp
0.5 lskpl
Vw.Rd = 166
Vf.Rd = 113
kN
m
kN
m
Vo = 6.7
kN
>> Vw = 7.2
kN
m
m
kN
>> Vo = 6.7
kN
Vw
Vw := Vlb +
3
kN
Vw = 48.2
Vw.Rd = 166
kN
m
Vw < Vw.Rd
Shear flow at centre of crest
Vo
Vo := Vlb +
3
Vlb = 45.8
Vo = 48.1
kN
m
Vf.Rd = 113
Vo < Vf.Rd
kN
m
:=
Vo
t
0.25
fyb
M1
= 87.5 MPa
SkinNonIns.mcd
102
huppl := 200 mm
buppl := 120 mm
broof
lr := 0.5
:= lr 0.000012 T
lr = 9 m
= 4.32 mm
where T = 40
3
P := 3E
:=
buppl tuppl
12
P = 0.425 kN
huppl
P huppl 6
= 170 MPa
buppl tuppl
fy
M1
12. Deformations
Sheets on purlins. Diaphragm considered as
two separate interacting diaphragms
b :=
broof
2
a := crafter
a = 7.2 m
b = 18 m
np
nl :=
+1
nb
np = 10
4 = 1.6
1 := 1
nl = 6
nl
1 = 0.6
bo
bd
hw
= 0.278
c1.1 :=
a bd
bd
= 0.244
2.5
1 4 K1
E t
2.5 2
bw 180
:= atan
hw
= 25.5
K1 = 0.13
3 mm
c1.1 = 3.842 10
kN
SkinNonIns.mcd
2 := 2
n
2 = 0.36
:= 0.3
hw
bd
2 a 2 ( 1 + ) 1 + 2
Shear deformation in sheeting
c1.2 :=
103
3 mm
c1.2 = 4.522 10
E t b
kN
sp := 0.35 mm kN
3 = 0.49
c2.1. := 6.86x104
ss := 0.25 mm kN
b
ns :=
c
a
nsh :=
10 bd
ns = 117
nsh = 8
c = 154 mm
3
1 := 1
n
nf := 4
2 ss sp nsh 1
c2.2 :=
1 = 1.25
c2.2 = 0.0144
2 ns sp + 1 np ss
mm
kN
n := 10
ssc := 0.15 mm kN
nsc := 12
4 ( n + 1) ssc
c2.3 :=
c2.3 = 5.5 10
n nsc
3 := 3
n
p := bd
2 a sp p 3
c2.1 :=
3 = 0.49
(see above)
A := 1600 mm
2 3
c3 :=
n a 3
c3 = 0.035
4.8 E A b
cdiag := 0.08
Deflection
:=
crafter
0.5 broof t
c QE crafter
5 QE Lroof
384 E I
mm
c = 0.064
mm
kN
mm
kN
cdiag = 0.055
kN
Lroof
= 12.74 mm
= 5653
broof
I := A
2
3 mm
y = 7.11 mm
mm
kN
kN
SkinCalc.mcd
104
n := 6
Flexibility of diaphragms
i := 1 .. n
Flexibility of frames
k := 0.3
k := 10
c
1
c := 0.1
i
10
k := 10
10
2
1
3
2
f := 0
h := 1 f
h := 1 f
i
Numerical values
i+ 1
i+ 1
1 f
i+ 1
c
1+
i 1
1 g
0.1
0.3
0.568
0.432
0.75
0.25
0.1
0.3
0.573
0.427
0.632
0.368
0.1
0.3
0.588
0.412
0.588
0.412
0.1
0.3
0.632
0.368
0.573
0.427
0.1
0.3
0.75
0.25
0.568
0.432
0.1
k
j := 1 .. n 1
pv :=
j, j
1
pv
j, j
1
ph
j, j
pv
=
j, j
j =
j 1
1
1+
j 1
g =
i 1
k =
h =
c =
mr :=
j, j
Actions
f =
g :=
i := 0 .. n
i =
Transfer factors
f :=
i := 1 .. n
1+
q := 1 g
q := 1 g
g := 0
i := n 1 .. 0
+c
k
ph :=
j, j
mr
j, j
mv :=
j, j
pv
j, j
q =
j+ 1 j+ 1
+c
j+ 1
mr
j, j
mh :=
j, j
ph
j, j
ph
=
j, j
mr
=
j, j
mv
=
j, j
mh
=
j, j
0.333
0.76
0.188
-0.564
0.247
0.583
0.746
0.247
-0.423
0.331
0.702
0.702
0.26
-0.37
0.37
0.746
0.583
0.247
-0.331
0.423
0.76
0.333
0.188
-0.247
0.564
H := 100
j
H := 0
n
SkinCalc.mcd
105
Result1 :=
for j 1
V
V
Q
j, j
mh H
j, j j
j 1 , j
j, j
Result :=
mv H
j, j j
mr H
j, j j
for i 1 .. n j
V
Q
j+ i , j
j+ i , j
f
h
j i , j
j, j
mh H
j, j j
j 1 , j
j, j
mv H
j, j j
mr H
j, j j
for i 1 .. n j
V
j+ i
j+ i
j+ i 1 , j
j+ i , j
j+ i 1 , j
for i 1 .. j
Q
for j 2 .. n 1
j+ i , j
f
h
j+ i
j+ i
j+ i 1 , j
j+ i 1 , j
for i 2 .. j
V
j i
j i , j
augment( Q , V )
j i , j
if i 1
V
j i+ 1
j i+ 1 , j
for i 1 .. j
Q
j i , j
j i
j i , j
augment( Q , V )
Q := augment( submatrix( Result1 , 0 , n , 1 , 1) , submatrix( Result , 0 , n , 2 , n 1) )
V := augment( submatrix( Result1 , 0 , n , 3 , 3) , submatrix( Result , 0 , n , n + 2 , 2 n 1) )
Forces Q on frames and shear force V in part diaphragms for each action H
56.445
18.815
10.568
Q = 5.844
3.068
1.315
3.945
3.945
10.568 5.844
3.068
1.315
3.068
56.445
24.74
14.172
V = 8.328
5.26
3.945
0
3.945
5.26
33.068
19.432
12.273
9.205
Summate for all actions and calculate forces F which act on the diaphragm
Force on frames
j := 0 .. n
R :=
i
T i
(
Q )
118.831
39.61
59.091
R = 64.935
59.091
39.61
118.831
118.831
Diaphragm
58.442 Force on
forces
17.532 diaphragm
i
T
(V ) S = 17.532 F j := (H j R j)
S :=
i
58.442
118.831
0
118.831
60.39
40.909
F = 35.065
40.909
60.39
118.831
SkinCalc.mcd
106
i := 1 .. n 1
150
Rj
Fi
50
0
0
j, i
1
R := Q
i := 0 .. 6
H := 0
1
31.705
10.568
24.659
R = 13.636
7.159
3.068
9.205
n := 3 .. 5 H := 0
n
31.705
10.568
75.341
F = 13.636
7.159
3.068
9.205
k0=0
km=0
k
c
1
0
F := H R
j
2
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
H
j
100
100
Rj
50
Fi
50
4
j, i
SkinIncl.mcd
107
Conditions
Dimensions and classes
Loads and actions
Sheets and fasteners
SI units
0. Conditions
An insulated sports hall with normal leakage paths shall be designed for diaphragm action due to wind action
and checked for diaphragm forces due to vertical loads. The horizontal diaphragm forces are transferred to the
foundation via wind trusses. All columns are hinged at top and bottom. The roof trusses consist of laminated
wood rafters, with a hinge at the ridge and tie beams of reinforcing bars.
broof
13
hp
ht
C
crafter
Lroof
cgp
broof
broof := 22 m
Lroof := 48 m
Roof slope
:= 15
Ridge height
Rafter spacing
Columns at ends
cgp := 5.5 m
180
slope := tan( )
ht = 7.947 m
d := 1.00
(See 2.11)
SkinIncl.mcd
108
sk := 3.0 kN m
s := 1 sk
s = 2.4 kN m
Q := 1.5
unfavourable
G := 0.89 1.35
favourable
bu
hw
bw
bd
bo
cpe.roof := 0.4
Wall, pressure
cpe.p := 0.7
Wall, suction
cpe.s := 0.3
Internal suction
cpi := 0.3
kN
qp := 0.5
2
m
qroof := cpe.roof qp
qroof = 0.2 kN m
:= 0.005
Sheet := "TRP110"
bd := 237 mm
bo := 68 mm
bw := 0.5 bd bo bu
sw :=
bw + hw
hw := 112 mm
bu := 64 mm
fyb := 350 MPa
t := 0.636 mm
2
qgrav := 0.40 kN m
Width of support
ls := 200 mm
Transverse action
Side overlaps
self drilling screws
carbon steel
dsid := 4.8 mm
tnom := 0.7 mm
Mf.Rd := 10.04 kN
Ms.Rd := 10.56 kN
Rw.Rd := 27.3 kN m
Shear resistance
table 8.9
Fv.Rd.sid := 0.88 kN
Diaphragm action
Bearing resistance
table 8.10
Fb.Rd.sid := 1.35 kN
Vw.Rd := 27.6 kN m
Vf.Rd := 86.4 kN m
Global buckling
VgR := 684 kN m
Distorsion of corrugation
of profile end
Support reaction factor for
end support
Tensile force factor for
fastener at end support
Vr.Rd := 4.90 kN m
Screws to rafters
dscrew := 6.5 mm
Fv.Rd.screw := 7.84 kN
Fb.Rd.screw := 2.83 kN
Ft.Rd.screw := 9.41 kN
RvV := 1.22
Pc2V := 134 mm
SkinIncl.mcd
4. SI units
109
kN 1000 N
MPa 10 Pa
5. Design of sheets for transverse action due to snow, wind suction and
self weight
Nominal sheet thickness t = 0.70
t = 0.636 mm
qgrav = 0.4 kN m
qs1 = 4.663 kN m
qs2 = 1.808 kN m
crafter = 4.00 m
Snow, support B
L1 := crafter
2
Sheet = "TRP110"
Ms.Sd = 7.46 kN
0.5 +
Strength of support
for
ls = 200 mm
Rw.Rd := Rw.Rd
0.5 +
qs1 L1
Ms.Sd
Outermost
support A
RA :=
Support B
RB := 1.1 qs1 L1
RA
0.02 ls
t
0.02 100 mm
t
0.5 Rw.Rd
1
RB = 20.516 kN m
Mf.Sd :=
Support B, moment
ls
Ms.Sdm := Ms.Sd RB
8
Ms.Sdm = 6.948 kN
Interaction
ls
Ms.Sdr := Ms.Sd RB
4
RB
Ms.Sdr
+
= 1.177
Ms.Rd Rw.Rd
Mf.Sd = 5.968 kN
2 qs1
Ief.field := 1840 mm
Ific :=
2 Ief.field + Ief.supp
3
4
5 qs2 L1
Ief.supp := 1840 mm
Ific = 1840 mm
Rw.Rd
Mf.Sd
Mf.Rd
= 0.594
Ms.Rd 1.1
= 0.598
< 1,25
Ms.Sd
Ms.Sdm
Ms.Sdr
RB
ls
y = 8.1 mm
= 0.413
= 0.568
Ms.Sdm
qs2 Ms.Sd L1
y :=
384 E Ific
qs1 16 E Ific
Wind suction
RB
RB ls
4
Serviceability limit
state
RA
RA = 7.46 kN m
L1
Rw.Rd = 36.12 kN m
SkinIncl.mcd
110
The effects of actions are divided into four as shown in the figure.
a) Restrained ridge. Produces only compressive and tensile forces in roof truss components.
b) H produces diaphragm forces in the roof regarded as a diaphragm of width equal to the width of the whole roof.
Equal action H in each line
c) V is that proportion of the vertical clamping force Ht Hs sin( ) which is resisted by the roof trusses
d) The proportion of the vertical clamping force which is resisted by diaphragm action in the two halves of the roof.
The action is different in each line, greatest at the ends.
H=Ht+Hs
Hs
V=(Ht-Hs)sin
H=Ht+Hs
(1 - )V
2 sin
Ht
a) Action on frames
with restrained ridge
c) Action on frames
( different for each frame)
b) Action on diaphragm
with width of whole roof
hp
H := 0.85 Q cpe.p + cpe.s qp crafter + qs2 broof crafter
2
H = 7.17 kN
H
Qs :=
crafter
kN
Qs = 1.793
m
Width of diaphragm
bdiaph := broof
Roof diaphragm between lines A and C functions as a simply supported flat beam on supports
(wind trusses) in lines 1 and 13. Shear forces V are assumed to be resisted by the sheeting and
the moment M by the edge beams in lines A and C. There is no force on ridge beam in line B.
Support force at end
Ra.g := Qs
Lroof
Qs Lroof
Na.k :=
Va.max :=
Ra.g = 43 kN
2
2
8 bdiaph
Qs Lroof crafter
Na.k = 23.5 kN
2 bdiaph
Va.max = 1.79
kN
m
The roof truss consists of two hinged laminated wood rafters and a tie beam.
SkinIncl.mcd
V := 1 kN
Fdb :=
Adb := d 2
4
1
2 tan ( )
Adb = 628 mm
:=
2
btak
Fdb = 1.866 kN
E Adb
y :=
V=1
d := 20 mm
V
111
k0 :=
tan( )
y kN
V mm
k0 = 0.581
kp := k0 sin( )
kp = 0.15
Shear flexibility
Shear flexibility c is calculated in the same way as in Exemple 2. Since there are no end fittings, flexibility is
greater in the panels nearest to the ends.
Number of panels
n := 12
Flexibility of diaphragms
i := 1 .. n
c := 0.105
c := 0.337
c := c
k := kp
i
k := 10
10
k := 10
10
c
1
0
2
1
2
H
f := 0
h := 1 f
i
h := 1 f
q := 1 g
i
j := 1 .. n 1
j 1
j 1
+c
i+ 1
k
c
1+
pv :=
j, j
k
+
i+ 1
1 f
i+ 1
g :=
n-1
f :=
i := 1 .. n
k
Transfer factor
1+
q := 1 g
g := 0
i := n 1 .. 0
k
ph :=
j, j
k
+
i 1
j+ 1 j+ 1
1 g
+c
j+ 1
i 1
SkinIncl.mcd
mr :=
j, j
Unit loads
1
1+
1
pv
j, j
H0 := 1
j
ph
j, j
112
mr
j, j
mv :=
j, j
pv
j, j
mr
j, j
mh :=
j, j
ph
j, j
H0 := 0
n
Calculation of action on frames and shear force on part diaphragms. When frame 1 is acted upon, there is no
diaphragm to the left, and this case is therefore calculated separately.
Result1 :=
for j 1
V
V
Q
j, j
for j 2 .. n 1
mh H0
j, j
j
j 1 , j
j, j
Result :=
mv H0
j, j
j
mr H0
j, j
j
for i 1 .. n j
V
Q
j+ i , j
j+ i , j
f
h
j i , j
mh H0
j, j
j
j 1 , j
j, j
mv H0
j, j
j
mr H0
j, j
j
for i 1 .. n j
V
j+ i
j+ i
j+ i 1 , j
j+ i 1 , j
for i 1 .. j
Q
j, j
j+ i , j
j+ i , j
f
h
j+ i
j+ i
j+ i 1 , j
j+ i 1 , j
for i 2 .. j
j i
j i , j
augment( Q , V )
j i , j
if i 1
V
j i+ 1
j i+ 1 , j
for i 1 .. j
Q
j i , j
j i
j i , j
augment( Q , V )
Q := augment( submatrix( Result1 , 0 , n , 1 , 1) , submatrix( Result , 0 , n , 2 , n 1) )
V := augment( submatrix( Result1 , 0 , n , 3 , 3) , submatrix( Result , 0 , n , n + 2 , 2 n 1) )
Forces Q on roof trusses and shear force V in part diaphragms for each
action H
i := 0 .. n
Summate for all actions and calculate forces F which act on the diaphragm
Force on roof trusses
T i
R :=
Q
i
R =
( )
i := 1 .. n 1
Diaphragm forces
T i
S :=
V
i
S =
( )
Force on diaphragm
F := H0 R F =
j
j
j
j
0.357
-0.357
-0.357
0.801
-0.158
0.199
0.912
-0.070
0.088
0.961
-0.031
0.039
0.982
-0.013
0.018
0.991
-0.003
0.009
0.993
0.003
0.007
0.991
0.013
0.009
0.982
0.031
0.018
0.961
0.070
0.039
0.912
0.158
0.088
0.801
0.357
0.199
0.357
0.000
-0.357
j := 0 .. n
SkinIncl.mcd
113
Rj
Fi
0.5
10
j, i
hp
Ph :=
Rh := 0.5
Vh := Vh Ph
i
i 1
i
2 cos( )
Ph
2 sin( )
Vv
1 .10
2 .10
3 .10
10
i
2 cos( )
Pv
Rv := 0.5
2 sin( )
Vv := Rv
0
Pv
Vh m
i
Vv m
i
bs kN
1.83
1.75
3.965
3.458
1.48
1.45
3.824
3.599
1.15
1.13
3.762
3.661
0.82
0.81
3.735
3.689
0.49
0.49
kN
Vh
Vv := Vv
Pv
i
i 1
i
i
4
1 .10
Pv :=
Vh := Rh
0
Ph
2 .10
V = 0.66 kN
kN
bs kN
3.723
3.7
0.16
0.16
3.72
3.703
-0.16
-0.16
3.723
3.7
-0.49
-0.49
3.735
3.689
-0.82
-0.81
3.762
3.661
-1.15
-1.13
3.824
3.599
-1.48
-1.45
3.965
3.458
-1.83
-1.75
It is seen from the table and diagram that there is very little difference
between the shear forces in the two halves of the roof, i.e. the roof largely
functions as one wide diaphragm.
SkinIncl.mcd
114
>>
broof
2
crafter
V = 0.66 kN
V
Nk
2
broof
Qsg
Fridge
Fridge
Rk
7b roof
0,66
V
2broof /3
lroof
ht + hp
2 2
broof
kN
Qsg = 2.428
m
Rk := Qsg
Ngg = 10.1 kN
Vg :=
3 1
Q
2 2 sg
Vg = 1.82 kN m
2 Vh cos( )
0
broof
Fridge :=
= 1.833 kN m
Rk = 26.7 kN
Qsg
broof ht hp
2
2
2 0.667 broof
7. Vertical load
Fridge = 1.341 kN
i := 1 .. n 1
qs := Q sk +
Vsnow := qs
G qgrav
cos( )
broof
2
crafter
qs = 4.998 kN m
Vsnow = 219.9 kN
SkinIncl.mcd
Vsnow
Fs :=
Support reaction is
Rs := 0.5
Vs := Vs
Fs
i
i 1
i
Vs 2 cos( )
2 sin( )
Sf :=
i =
i := 0 .. n 1
Vridge := Vsnow 1 F
i
i
Rs = 151.7 kN
broof
Vs
Va.max
Vs := Rs
0
broof
Fs
Shear flow
115
j := 1 .. n 1
kN
Fs
kN
Vridge
Sf m
i
kN
kN
151.7
13.32
298.4
67.2
84.5
5.9
176.2
29.7
37.5
2.61
200.5
13.0
16.7
1.14
211.2
5.4
7.6
0.47
215.9
1.4
3.9
0.13
217.9
-1.4
2.9
-0.13
218.4
-5.4
3.9
-0.47
217.9
-13.0
7.6
-1.14
215.9
-29.7
16.7
-2.61
211.2
10
-67.2
37.5
-5.9
200.5
11
-151.7
84.5
-13.32
176.2
3 .10
2 .10
Vridge 1 .105
j
Vs
i
0
5
1 .10
2 .10
6
j, i
10
12