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    Materiales granulares

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    3 views22 pages

    Homogenization For Granular Materials

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    Keendy
    Materiales granulares

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Eur. Mech, ASoids, V4 n° 2, 285-276, 1995 Homogenization for granular materials B. CAMBOU, P. DUBUJET, F, EMERIAULT and F. SIDOROFF * Ausraact. ~The homogenization techniques allow the macroscopic consttive equations ofa given material to be derived from its microscopic behaviour. Te case of pranulat material is dificult because the microscopic level rust be desebed in discrete terms (contet forces and flative displacements). The present pape i devoted 10 a fener discussion of this problem and to a presentation of different models for ranular homogenization. Since ‘we shal primarily be concerned with methodological issues and with comparison (othe standard microcotinucus ase, tention will be focussed tothe simplest ease of micr-lastcty assuming a Tinea contact law 1. Introd Generally speaking the concept of homogenization refers to the derivation of ‘macroscopic constitutive equations for a given material starting from its microscopic behaviour and structure. In the usual sense this microscopic level is described in terms of continuum mechanics therefore introducing a local or microscopic stress and strain distributions @;; (x) and ¢;; (x). In this microcontinuous framework the global macroscopic stress and strain ©; and jj are obtained by averaging of their local counterparts [Suquet, 1980], [Suquet, 1983] (, (oij(a)) iy = (iy (@)) where the bracket denotes an appropriate averaging operator depending of the homogenization framework used. A great number of homogenization models exist and they have been successfully applied to a large variety of situations (composite materials, polycrystal, damaged materials...) More specifically an homogenization model is based on a localization rule allowing the computation of the microscopic stress {resp. strain] distribution from the applied macroscopic stress [resp. strain] tensor. In the linear case which will be considered in this paper this results in a stress [resp. strain] concentration tensor (2) ij (@) = Cijet (2) Ser * cole Centrale de Lyon - Laboratoire de Tbologie et Dynamique des Systémes, 36, avenue Guy de Collngue BBP 163, 69131 Ecully Cedex, France EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS, VOL. 14, N* 2, 1995) (0997-75389S1025 4.000 Gauthier-Villars 256 3. cammoU er al It is required as highly desirable-and fortunately verified in most cases-that Hill's macrohomogeneity condition [Suquet, 1983], (Hill, 1967] () (Cun (2) Bem (2)) = (Bei (2)) is satisfied for all virtual micro strain field de, (~). In the special case of a microscopic elastic constitutive equation (a) 13 (2) = ajar (2) eu (2) the homogenized elastic macroscopic behaviour is then obtained as (6) y= AGS A=) C(@)) = (Cl 2) a7 (@)C(@)) Where the identity of the two proposed forms for A~? directly results from the macrohomogencity condition (3) and where the second form corresponds to the identification of the macroscopic elastic energy with the average of the microscopic elastic energy (6) ‘a (x) a~" (x) a (x)) Of course a dual formalism may have been obtained starting, instead of (2), from the strain concentration tensor leading to identical (periodic homogenization) or slightly different (Hill Mandel’s homogenization with uniform boundary conditions on the representative volume element) results ‘The case of a granular material is entirely different and much more difficult because the microscopic level must be described in diserete terms replacing the local stress ‘and strain by an appropriate description of the contact forces FM and relative hhas been devoted to this subject in the recent years (theoretical approach as well ROO Fra Us q Fig 1. Definition of variables ina contact between the p and pats [EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, SOLIDS, VOL. 18, 8° 2, 1995 HOMOGENIZATION FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS 257 ‘as numerical simulations) the granular homogenization still remains largely unclear, ‘The present paper is devoted to a general discussion of this problem. Since we shall primarily be concerned with methodological issues and with comparison to the standard microcontinuous homogenization, attention will be focussed to the simplest special case of micto elasticity assuming a linear contact law. (7 P= K,Uyn+ Ke Ur between the contact force F and relative displacement U where Ky and K; respectively denote the normal and tangential stiffness which will be assumed constant in the following. 2. General framework 2.1, MACROGRANULAR DESCRIPTION AL the microscopic level a granular material consists in a large number of grains, Internal forces at this level must be described in terms of contact forces between particles, A complete description should give the contact forces F* for all existing contacts © between particles. More precisely if two grains p and q are in contact at c, F* will denote the force exerted through ¢ by p on q. ‘The applied macroscopic stress ¥,j can then be obtained as (Love, 1927], [Christoffersen et al., 1981], [Weber, 1966] 7 Fer where 1° is the vector jij relating the center of the two particles p and q which are in contact at ¢ and where the sum covers all contacts in V. In this relation the convention usually considered in soil mechanics o > 0 in compression is used. This relation was first introduced by Love and then used by Weber followed by many others, It can be proved in many different ways but the simplest is probably based on virtal work. This relation is the micro-discrete counterpart for the static average (11). The trouble is that in granular materials there is no counterpart for the kinematic average (12). The microkinematic description is simple enough through the relative contact displacement UF, ie. the displacement of the material point of p located at c with respect to the corresponding point of q. This description is obviously dual to the static description introduced above since the microscopic internal virtual power per unit volume is pri (8) 1 ® tine for any viral contact displacement U'°, But unfortunately there is no accepted general way of averaging this contact displacement in order to get the resulting macroscopic strain UROMPAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS, VOL. 14, N° 2, 1995 258 2 caMBOU et al From a fundamental point of view this is the basic difficulty for granular homogenization. A consequence ofthis is also the fact that the concept of kinematic compatibility does not exist naturally. The basic scheme therefore is the following Diy ey F Oy ‘Tamte 1. - Granular homogenization, Basic relations with the static averaging operator (8) and the local constitutive equation relating F* to US, which, in the following, will be taken as the elastic contact relation (7). ‘The basic idea for overriding the lack of kinematic averaging will be to use the macrohomogeneity condition (3) as a basic postulate (and not as a supplementary ‘condition to be satisfied). According to (5) and (6) it will follow from this that the elastic homogenized constitutive equation can be obtained from the averaged local microelastic energy. From a physical point of view, this postulate relates the micro and macro description through duality, i.e. through energetic considerations. Even in the classical case, this approach could be considered as more appropriate as the usual one. 2.2. CONTACT ORIENTATION DISTRIBUTION Further development of the homogenization process requires some more specific about the relevant statistical description to be used in the averaging (8). We shall restrict ourselves to spherical grains and our approach is based on the distribution of contact forces as a function of the contact orientation n [Cambou & Sidoroff, 1985}. More precisely we shall denote by P (n) the density function describing the distribution of contact orientations and by F(n) the average value of the contact force for all contacts with orientation n. The microscopic static distribution will then be described by the function x(d+1) ND (ao) £(n) = P(n) 3 where V and D respectively denote the number of contacts per unit volume and mean grain diameter and where d is the dimension of the space (d = 2 or 3). The factor (d+ 1) ND/S'is introduced for normalization. It will be seen later that the normalized quantity J (n) is analogous to the stress vector. It can be shown that the density P (m) depends on the loading process and therefore also includes some information about the internal state of the granular material. This is not however the essential variable. [EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, NSOLIDS, VOL. 14, N° 2, HOMOGENIZATION FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS. 59 According to this definition the static averaging (8) can be written as a) Baa [tendo Similarly the microkinematic description will be based on the function u(n) giving the average relative displacement for all contacts with orientation n. The microscopic Virtual work per unit volume (9) becomes in this case (a2) m= [ £00) a(anasié where i (m) denotes a virtual normalized microdisplacement. This is the granular version of the macrohomogeneity condition (3). In the elastic case this is completed by a linear relation F(n) = [mn tou) 3) uy (n) = u(n).n ug (n) =n) ~ up (nm Where & and ok are equivalent normal and tangential contact stiffness. ‘The constant a = K/Ky is an important material parameter, for instance a = 2(1—v)/(2—v) from the Hertz-Mindlin (Mindlin & Deresiewicz, 1953] solution of elastic contact between elastic spheres, and a = 0 for soap bubbles or more generally for pair interaction. Attention will be focussed in the following on the influence of a which may be considered as a significant physical parameter independent of particle or contact size. This is obviously not true for k which must be understood as a roughly defined mean value allowing simple explicit computation, Table I then becomes By ej ay f(n) 0) ala) “Toots I~ Granular homogenization wth espet wo contact orientation stibaton. with the static averaging operator (8) and the local constitutive equation relating P* to US, which, in the following, will be taken as the elastic contact relation (7). 3. Voigt’s homogenization 3.1. GENERAL FORMULATION ‘The macroscopic level is described in the vector space S of symmetric tensors with the usual inner product © : € = tr(2€). At the microscopic level the static and kinematic [BUROVEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS. VOL. 14, 8° 2, 1995 260 . caMnoU er al fields are defined in a Hilbert vector space V with inner product defined from the virtual work. The static averaging is a linear operator from V to S. Its adjoint operator is a linear operator from S to V defining therefore a canonic kinematic localization operator J which can be used as a first approximation In the micro continuous case this operator is defined by FiSV, €-e(r)=J(zE €: (0 (2)) = (I (x)€: 0 (2) for all admissible static microfield o (.r). It is easily shown that this operator is (4) (a5) e(x)=I(n)e=€ resulting in the Voigt’s approximation. The homogenization procedure based on J can therefore be viewed as an extension of the micro continuous Voigt’s homogenization, When applied to our granular homogenization based on (11) and (12), the corresponding, Voigt localization operator is defined as J:€—u(n) =J (nye 16) : : [seonan= [tm u(n) ae s s edt) © for all force distribution f (n). Using the linearity of the operator J and representation theorems for isotropic function it can be shown that (Appendix A.2): ‘The homogenization scheme can be completed as below » € fia) 1) ua) Taste I~ Voig's homogenization for granular materials Of course Reuss’s approximation can be obtained in the microcontinuous case by a symmetric approach, It cannot however be extended to granular homogenization because Of the lack of kinematic average in this case. 3.2. THE LINEAR ELASTIC CASE ‘The homogenization procedure will be completed in the special case ofthe linear contact, Jaw (13). Using the Voigt displacement (17), the contact force f (1m) is obtained as (as) ae mente) €n)n] ad UROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS VOL. 4, N° 2, 1985 HOMOGENIZATION FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS 261 Substitution of this expression in (11) leads (0 the stress tensor 2 (9) y= (4) fiw Ginny nj + (1-4) ern; ny mpm) a . (aon) Mis ie + (1-0) Mijas ui) using the M tensors introduced in Appendix A.1 My = fn nag = 24D) (+1) (A3) Maju = / apnjnem d= (645 Our + Bin yr +i Bjx) (d+ 2) The stress tensor is finally obtained as vE E 20 By = oe ce + Egy (20) Tan aey MOTTE ‘The macroelastic constants E, v or G, K can then be calculated Bk 2tad 4+20d l-a@ en w(d+1)d+ita "d+ita "~d+l+a E _ yp At2ad 44+2ad +n) 42d d-1+3a In particular, it can be noted that for d= 3, 3K = 2 ‘These relations are in agreement with previous results given in the literature [Walton, 1987; Chang er al., 1990; Jenkins, 1991]. They can also be obtained by substituting (17) in the elastic energy (22) w= fre+a-augjan qo en yt = gy] (2+) TED a For a = 0, the value 1/3 in 2D and 1/4 in 3D is obtained for the Poisson's ratio. This is the classical value for crystalline materials with pair interaction. Poisson's ratio vanishes for a = 1. This results from the fact that in this case f is proportional to u. In a simple deformation € = Ee @ e) the resulting contact displacement and forces then vanish for 1 perpendicular to e1 resulting in no stress and deformation in the transverse directions, [EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOUDS, VOL. 14, N° 2, 1995 262 . campou er al Figures 2 and 3 show the dependence of Young’s modulus E and Poisson's ratio » on a for d = 3 and for a fixed value of k. For a values between 0 (Kr = 0) and 1 (Kr = Ky), v varies between 0.25 and 0, and E/E between 1 and 2 Fig. 2. — Voit’ approach: Fig, 3. Voig’s approach Poisson's aio [Nonalized Young's modulus. Using the global behaviour defined by E and v depending on k and a, it is then possible starting from © to successively define €, u and f, resulting in the following relationship between 3 and £ W+2%a5,4 2Had 2+ad (23) f [(d+2)nEn- trB}n which can be viewed as the static localization operator resulting from the kinematic localization operator and the local elastic contact law. This appears as a special case of the general relation (26) to be discussed later. 4, Static localization 4.1. GENERAL FORMULATION A\ static approach for homogenization will be based on an appropriate static localization operator C giving the static microfield from the macroscopic stress ©. The kinematic rmicrofield is then obtained from the local constitutive equation but the procedure cannot bbe completed due to the lack of kinematic average. To overcome this, the simplest way is to introduce as kinematic average operator the adjoint operator of the postulated static localization C. In the micro continuous case a static localization operator is C:S2V Bale) =C(2) and the dual kinematic average is defined as (aay €:B=le(z):C(2)B) = (Cl (a)e(@)) B [EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS, VOL. 14, N° 2, 1995 HOMOGENIZATION FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS. 263 for all © which shows that the dual kinematic average is given by (25) € (ct ()e(@)) If Hill's macrohomogeneity condition (3) is satisfied, which is the case for all reasonable homogenization methods, this reduces to the usual average (12). The resulting homogenization then coincides with the usual result (5). This approach, which may be called dual homogenization, is thus equivalent to the classical one, but it does not require an a priori defined kinematic average. It can therefore be used in the granular case. In the isotropic case, a general form has been obtained [Sidoroff ef al., 1993] for the linear static localization operator. The basic idea is to start from the fact that f is isotropic with respect to :, m and finear in ©. A general form for f can then be derived from the representation theorems [Spencer, 1987] introducing three constants. Substitution of this form in the static equation (11) finally reduces f to (26) A ((24+d)n.2n-trE}n =hEn+ with one arbitrary constant ji which can be considered as an internal variable which characterizes the global orientation of f. Some physical interpretation will be given later. Its to be noted that this relation is similar to 23) but the parameter je should be here considered as an internal parameter. This simple form results from the normalization factor used in (10). Details of this derivation and of similar ones which will be encountered later can be found in Appendix A.3. ‘The relation (26) which has been initially established by Delyon et al. [1990] defines the static localization operator C (n). The macroscopic €;; may be obtained by (27) By ey = [ fiud® — E(n)=C(n)E for all macroscopic stress B. Substituting relation (26) in (27) leads to the kinematic averaging operator (28) ee [ (ms y+ 1S (2-40) minj — i] me «) an {A second homogenization scheme can then be proposed a5 follows = € es]ow |e f(n) oun) ‘TABLE IV. ~ Static homogenization for granular materials, EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS. NSOLIDS. VOL. 14, N° 2, 1995 264 8. CAMBOU ef al. ‘This scheme takes into account an internal variable jz which does not appear inthe first scheme (Voigt approximation), this internal variable coming from the static localization ‘operator. This second scheme therefore appears more general with one supplementary degree of freedom. 4.2. THE LINEAR ELASTIC CASE Starting from macroscopic stress ¥:, we successively derive the microfield f (m) from (26), the microdisplacement u(m) from (13) and finally € from (28). Thus resulting in the homogenized clastic law. Altematively the expression for f (in) can be used to obtain the macroscopic elastic energy by (29) we =4 G iit af) 2 Both approaches finally give, after some computation, the following expression in 3D Qn iene (62 + (5 — 37] Bij — 2p? +a (5 - 10" + 34)] Sas 515) (30) y= which is a standard isotropic elastic Iaw with elastic constants given by ak o o are ae may Baie) Bale pee(tarte) Gre(tn A (31) 2y2 +a (5-1 n +32) "= Tk +a(20-20n+6n) 10 Eya =F 3K 62 Fa (25 — 30n +9) ‘These values of v and £ have been represented as function of a on Figures 4 and 5 for different values of Fig. 4. — Static localization Fig 5. Static leaizaton: Poisson's ratio. [Normalized Young's modulus. FUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS, VOL. 14, N° 2, 1995 HOMOGENIZATION FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS. 265 I can be noted on these figures that the value of F obtained from the Voigt approach is an upper limit with respect to the values defined from this static approach, This result seems in accordance with classical results of elastic homogenization in continuum. mechanics. It should however be noted that a variational framework does not exist in our case. It can also be noted that the values of » obtained from the Voigt approach are lower than the corresponding values defined from the static approach. For a given value of jr it is possible to calculate the value of « for which the elastic solutions in the Voigt and static approaches coincide. Figure 6 shows these values of js with respect t0 « 5a Qn 32 X - anda (32) MT Ty80 — 3p : _ oa. 0s. os °. 0 02 04 06 08 1 Fig. 6. ~ Coincidence of Voig's and static approaches 5. Second level of kinematic localization 5.1. GENERAL FORMULATION In paragraph 3 a kinematic localization operator has been proposed leading to what has been called Voigt’s homogenization, This operator is very simple and unlike the static localization operator defined in the section 4 does not take into account any internal variable. In this paragraph a more general kinematic localization operator is proposed. For this we start from the kinematic averaging operator (28) and from the general form of the linear localization operator which is (33) u(n) = Cent (Atre+ Bnen)n Substitution of (33) in (28) allows two of the three constants to be eliminated (Appendix Ad). (a) cedor {fi +4(gdgn—t)}enss (men pte) 5} This new localization operator is defined with two internal variables, yz and b, the physical meanings of which will be clarified further on. LROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, SOLIDS VOL. 14, N* 2, 1998 266 B. CAMBOU ef al ‘Then the homogenization scheme defined on Table V can be used, with a new kinematic localization operator 4! (1, 6) depending on two internal variables y1 and 6. z e a) on | J(u, 6) fn) 0) u(n) “Tants V. ~ Second level of kinematic homogenization for granular materials 5.2. THE LINEAR ELASTIC CASE. Relation (34) allows u to be defined from €, then relation (13) allows £ to be calculated and relation (11) permits to obtain © on by BE { [1-0 -0(1-0(0-94))] ees + [p+ on! +30 and then the elastic constants can be calculated +80 [1-6 (1=3 Soyo Spio(1-a8)] -e[i-o(1-34 44262 4a [1-a(1-3 o-8% {o+0% +30 [1-0(1- (36) } aw =2m As in 4.2 for given values of and ja special value of b can be defined for which the present approach and the static approach are equivalent on p= Wal5=3p) = 200 _ 5a(5~3p)- 100 122 4+2(5-3pP a a (5—3p)y +62 For «= 2)1/(5 — 31) the three approaches presented are equivalent whatever the value of b is. Figures 7 and 8 show the values of E and v for different values of a, b (jis taken equal to 05). ‘The two bold curves represent the Young’s modulus and to the Voigt’s and static approach (j: = 0.5) It can be pointed out that for the three homogenization approaches proposed here the ‘macro bulk modulus Kis always constant equal to 2/3 Ey. For an isotropic material, an .on's ratio corresponding EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS. VOL. 14, N° 2, 1985 HOMOGENIZATION FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS. 267 we0s 0 02 04 06 08 1 Fig. 7. ~ Second level of kinematic localization Poisson's ratio. w=05 0 02 04 06 OR Fig. 8. — Second level of kinematic localization Noemalized Young's modulus isotropic loading leads to a unique isotropic mean contact force and contact displacement 4istribution, so the bulk modulus cannot depend on any internal variables. 1 must also be noted that the three approaches which have been presented in paragraphs 3.4, 5 are independent and generally incompatible, in particular the localization operators (6), £(E, 1), u(y, b, €) are not generally compatible. 6. Physical meanings of internal variables j. and In the definition of the localization operators used in the different homogenization approaches proposed in paragraphs 3, 4, 5, two parameters 1 and b have been introduced. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS, VOL. 14, N® 2, 1995 268 . CAMBOU et al ‘The purpose of this section is to give some physical insight on the meaning of these variables and to define their domain of variation corresponding to acceptable physical behaviour of granular materials [Cambou, 1993]. 6.1, VARIABLE: jt ‘This variable has been used to define the static localization operator. Considering relation (26) it can be noted that f is the sum of two vectors, one in direction Ein and the second one in direction n. Parameter 1 gives the relative proportion of Sn in this sum. Then for p= 0: fi for 1 = 1: f is colinear with En. [A ecomettical representation of f can be drawn in a n, t diagram (similar to the Mohr representation) or in a polar representation, Figures 9, 10, 11 show these representations for different values of colinear with mn, Fig 9.— Contact forces: Mohr representation, —ae0 9,-20,-20, Fig, 10 — Nowmal contact forces: Fig 1, Tangential cont fores polar representation polar representation. [PUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS VOL. 14, N° 2, 1995 HOMOGENIZATION FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS 269 OF particular interest is the decomposition of the stress tensor © and its deviatoric part Bp in two parts BS, BN and E7, BF respectively resulting from the normal and tangential components of f pent aur It can be easily shown that [Sidoroff er al, 1993] Bb =(1-4/2)2 ‘The parameter jc thus also represents the fraction of the deviatoric stress tensor supported. by the normal components of contact forces (from 1/2 for = 1 to I for x= 0) 6.2. Variaste D ‘This variable has appeared in addition to jx in the kinematic averaging operator proposed in paragraph 5 [Cambou, 1993]. ‘The normal and tangential displacements are for a general strain tensor € zarn|('+ 3 a 7+) [+6 Figure 12 is a representation of u in the uy, up diagram (similar to Mohr representation). Figures 13 and 14 are polar representations of w (n) and w! (n) for which the displacements are plotted with algebraic values with respect to a reference circle (corresponding to u = 0). ba _ te aya) Men Tat )} len- (nen) a] (38) Fig. 12. ~ Displacements: Mohr representation, jon of b increases the compression normal displacements in the direction of compression and allows extensional displacements in the minor principal direction (Fig. 13), Figure 14 shows that b decreases the tangential displacement, For b = 1/{1 ~ (3/5)] the tangential displacement vanishes whatever the value of n is. For b > 1/[1 ~ (3/5) EUROPEAN JOURNAL. OF MECHANICS, ASOUIDS VOL. 14, N® 2, 1995 270 . CAMBOU er a bea bso Feterence uy, =0 Fig, 13. — Nocmal displacement Fig, 4. — Tangential displacements polar representation por representation, tangential displacements seem physically not acceptable, because their orientations are inverse of the orientation of the continuous displacement field It follows that an upper limit of 6, noted 6", can be defined depending on ys (Fig. 15). 3 2s 2 bos, 1 0s: 0 0 02 04 06 08 1 u Fig, 15. — Upper limit of to have a physically acceptable kinematics ‘A physical significance of this variable 6 can be proposed considering the local kinematic at a contact point between two particles p and q (Fig. 1). ‘The relative displacement at the contact c can be expressed as follows (40) us = UP + eae bf ot where w” is the rotation of particle p and 4 the permutation symbol The normal and tangential components of the relative displacement can be computed (41) (usY = Uy —UFY EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, ASOLIDS VOL. 4, N° 2, 1985 HOMOGENIZATION FOR GRANULAR MATERIALS m (42) (OFF = (OP — UP + ease bo Mf — 09H] ‘These relations can be compared with relations (38). Moreover if the mean values of the displacements of the particle centers are identified to the continuous displacement field, it may be noted that b can be considered as a term allowing a description of the possible rotation term in U7 and the ereation and loss of contact in US. 7. Discussions and conclusions ‘Three homogenization approaches have been proposed for the modelling of granular ‘material behaviour. These three approaches differ by the used localization formulation. ‘The first one does not include any internal variable, the second one includes an internal Variable j1 defined from a statical analysis, the third one includes the internal variable 4 and an other, b, defined from a kinematical analysis. It should be emphasized that these approaches, which have been developped here in the case of a linear elastic contact, law, ate intended to be used for the description of granular material for which the contact laws are strongly non linear (Hertz contact, dry friction...) and are associated t0 ipative process. In this case only will the concept of internal state variables become significant. In fact our present approach can be viewed as describing the instantaneous unloading elasticity, in which case the present value of b and jt will depend on the previous loading history. ‘Comparison with experimental data can be achieved in term of elastic parameter v. As matter of fact this parameter seems to be independent of the non linearity of the contact law, so that our linear analysis can be significant for this global parameter v. This is not true for parameter E. Experimental results given in the litterature [El Hosti, 1984], [Agarwal & Ishibashi, 1992] give values of v between 0.2 and 0.5. These experimental values can be used to qualify the three described approaches using the Voigt approach, the experimental values of v can be explained only considering very small values of a (a < 0.2). — using the static approach, the experimental values of can be explained for all values of a (0

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