Generator [ABB Power T&D Company Inc. Relay Differential Relays For Protection of AC Generators, Transformers, and Station Bus Transformer‘Application Data 41-301 Page 2 General Application and Selection Table of Contents General Application and Selection Principles of Diferental Relays 2 Differential Protection Using Overcurrent Relays 5 Differential Protection Using Percentage Diferental Relays a Differential Protection Using High Impedance Relays 4 Differential Protection Using Linear Coupler Relays. 4 Generator Differential Relays. olay Type CA. 5 Relay Type SA-4 7 Bus Differential Relays Relay Type CA.16, ° Relay Type HU: 12 Relay Types LC-1, LC-2 14 olay Type KAB 18 Transtormer Differential Relays Relay Type CA 2 olay Type CA-26. 2 Relay Type HU 2 Relay Type HU 28 olay Type HU-4 25 Relay Type HRU 3 Principles of Differential Protection General information Differential relaying systems are universally used for the protection of generators, transformers, station buses. and transmis. son lines. Thess eiferanial systems are all baced on the principle of balancing oF comparing the eecondary currents inthe Current transformers atthe terminals of ‘equipment. Due tothe distance between terminals of a transmission line, the Comparison cannot be made directly. and transmission lie relaying therefore isa separate and distine! type of ciferential feloying. This subject is wreated elsewhere ‘The basic differential scheme is shown diagrammatically in Figure 1. Under normal toad conditions, currant flows through the protected equipment (generator. bus oF leanstormer) and the current transformer secondory currents I; andl, will circulate through path I: [With a protective relay connected between points 1 and 2, no current will low through the relay under normal conditions. Should § fault accur external to the equipment. {current flow will be Increased but willbe inthe same relative direction 3s under rormal conditions. and the relay will not ‘perate for this external faule condition, ‘When a fault occurs inthe protected eaulp: ment the cuttent flow on one side is reversed. upsetting the normal balance and teausing current o low thtough the relay from paint 110 peint 2, {As long asthe current wenstormer Secondary currents are nearly equel, 0 “ppreciable current wil flow through the felay operating cireult. Any error current however, 19 other phases arto ground. will Upset the balance and send current through the relay operating col If this current fexceeds the pickup setting f the relay. it ‘wil operate to rip the breaker and disconnect the fully apparatus Generator ditferental relays are usvally arranged to rip the generator. field circut. land neutral breakers simultaneously {ing a manually reset lockout auxiliary ‘lay. In some applications the differential felay also tips the throttle and admits (CO2 10 the generator for fire pratection In wansfarmer differential protectin, the high voltage cireut breaker is often located atthe remote end of the line serving the transformer. In this application the differential relay initiates a remote trip signal over apilot wire, tone or catier chonnel to the breaker location. Fig, 1, Basic differential relay connect ‘April 1991ABB Differential Protection Using Overcurrent Relays While standard overcurrent relays have been used in differential schemes [Figures Zand 3). the rapid increase inthe complexity and loading af integrated power systems has ereateg a mare selective line of differential relays each with its own operating characteristic, Sensitive relay settings are required to detect ground faults which may develop into phase-to-phase or three phase faults. The heutal impedance ofa generator limits the magnitude of the ground fault current However, relay selectivity requirements may prevent tne use of low-cutrent or Phase overcurrent protection has definite limitations from the consideration of sensitivity, selectivity. and speed operation finee overcurrent relays must be set above maximo load eutrent and must also have time settings which select with other relays onthe system, ‘The use of esteaining windings in diferen tial relay design permits more sensitive ralay Setting. This atfords greater protection than is possible with plain overcurrent relays whose trip settings must be high tenough to prevent undesired operation due to current transformer performance under heavy through fault current Differential Protection Using Percentage Differential Relays Percentage diferential relays have two (or more) additional windings called restraining tuindings (Figures 4 and 5). The restraining torque isn the contact opening direction {and ie proportional tothe vector sum of the Incoming and outgoing currents. On an external fault thie contact opening torque fe etrong and tends to prevent false tripping {due to the differential curren lp] eaused by saturation effect of the current transformers, On internat faults, most ofthe current in the restraining windings is in opposite directions so that th total restraint torque Isimuch less than in the ease of the external ‘The relay will rip when the operating torque (created by I.) fe greater than the restraining torque. that, when the operating current {higher than 9 certain percentage of the smaller or larger of the two resvaining Currents, depending upon the type of relay tobe used April, 1991 Application Data 41-3016 Page 3 General Application and Selection Fig, 2. External Fault Fig. 3. Internal Fault | Fa 5. nena Fou Some relays are designed to trip when 3 conatant percentage of unbalance exists between the restraining currents. Other felays operate over a varable range of Giferential current. These have a"variable percentage’ characteristics ond as the magnitude of the restraining current Increases, a greater amount of aperating, or diferental curent la required 10 tp the relay. The variable percentage relay is more sensitive than a constant percentage relay fon light internal faults, but less sensitive On heavy external faults; due to the variable percentage characteristic. tis particularly suitable where heavy saturation currents “The burden of the current transformers used in differential relaying schemes is of importance in maintaining the proper {elationship between the two sets of current transformers. “The current ranslormer should not saturate when carrying the maximum external Symmetrical fault current (i.e, exciting current should not exceed 1.0 Amp secondary rms for types SA-1 end CA-1B Felays. end 10 Amp for types CA 26 and MU relays, atl;= 100 AmpI. This‘Application Data 41-3016 Page 4 General Application and Selection requirement is metif the burden impedance dors not exceed (Ns Vex — lon —1001R,)/ gy, Ohne, where IN, = proportion of total numberof current transformer turas in use. Veq = currant transformer accuracy class © {or 10L) voltage lua, = maximum external fault current in Secondary rms, amperes. (Let “5100 if maximum external fault current is less than 100 Amp). Re = current transformer secondary winding resistance in ohm. k '33 for bus protection and 1.0 {or wanstormer protection For example, i the 400:5 tap of an 800:5 (C400 current anstormer is used, Ny=-400/800=0.5, if Iq, =120 Amp RE=1,0 ohms, the burden should not exceed Nexto —1001R, Ely 0.8 x 400—(720—100) x 1.0 133 x 120 = 1.13 ohms {for bus or ganerator protections. In caleulating the impedance burden, a less ‘accurate, But satisfactory method i For wye-connected ct 2)=1.13R, + Relay burden + Z, Where R,= one way lead resistance in (Ohms at 20°C for 3-phase fault consition, ands two way lead resistance in Ohms at 20°C for single phase to ground fault condition. For delta connected ct 2p=3(1.19R, + Relay burden + 2,) Where R.=one way lead resistance in Ohms at 20°C Note that the 1.13 multipliers used to 2¢ count for temperature rise o 60°C during faults 2.=an adaltional burden, f any, When using the type SA-1 relay for ganer ator gitferential protection the current transformer sets may have diferent accuracy classes, I go their burden factor, BF, should not differ by mare than a2to 1 ratio. The burden factor is deined a8: 1000 Ry BFF Van were Ry-resistance ofthe burden ‘excluding current transformers winding resistance For example: Assuming the sbove set of ‘curcent transformers has 3 Tesistance burden of ,=0.5 ohms, the burden factor i ‘1000 Fy Np Vew 1000 % 0.8 0067 x 20072 The other set of current transformers may then have a burden factor as high as 2 3.827.601 as low as 14 X3.8=19. ithe other set of current wanstormars also has ' burden of 0.5 ohms, 3 C100, C200 or {6400 for 10L100, 101200 or 101.400) rating would be setistactory since the burden factors are 7.6,3.8.and 1.9 respectively. Differential Protection Using High Impedance Relay While the high impedance differentiat scheme also uses conventional current transformers, it avoids the problom of Unequal current transformer performance by loading them with ahigh-impedance felay unit All current transformers are ‘connected in parallel then connected to a high impedance relay unit (Fig. 6). In normal operation the voltage atthe relay terminate is approximately zero. In the tase of an external fault the voltage st the relay terminals still remain lpproximately zero f both the source Chreent transformers and the faulted current teansformer are not saturated. However ‘uring severe external faults, the faulted Current transformer may saturate and 0 Voltage or current can be developed fram its secondary winding. The source current transformers would then have ta force theit ‘current flow into the faulted cutrent transformer and the relay. The impedance Inthe reley ie much higher than that in the faulted current ranstormer when itis fsturated, therefore, most of this external fault currant flows Inte the faulted currant transformer, preventing the relay from ‘operation due tothe saturation of the faulted hreent transformer ADE FADD Inthe case of internal faults, all impedances ofthe current transformers and the relay fre high, this makes a high impedance Burden to the current vansformers. A high voltage will anpoar atthe relay terminals {and will be well above the pickup seting. “The relay will operate ‘Tis type of protection is particularly applicable tothe protection of station buses lahere the de component of short cieult ‘current has ¢ long time constant and causes Saturation in current transformers. Fig. 6 Differential Protection Using Linear Coupler Relays Linear coupler transformers produce secondary voltages propartional to the applied primary currents ‘The linear coupler method of ditferential protection is essentially 2 voltage Giferential scheme and. consequent. @ parallel circuit employed with current transformer schemes nthe case of an external fault as shown In Figure 7. the sum fof the voltage Induced in the liner coupler 's zero. +E,~E,=0. This occurs because the sum of the currents flowing tothe Bus is equal to the um of the current flowing out tothe system... and the relay does not tp. In the case ofan internal fault. see Figure 8 the above voltage cancellation does not exist, and the aiference voltage appears at the torminals of high speed, low energy, linear coupler relay which trips instante: ously. The linear couplers are in effect aie core mutual reactors, They are similar to Current transformers in general appearance fad staictural detll except they have an alt core with a permeability of 1.0; thus will ‘when heavy primary currents exist This type of protection is particularly applicable to the protection of station buses ‘where the de component of short eireut Current nas fong time constant and eauses Saturation in current transtormers of Conventional design. ‘April, 1991Fig.7 External Fault Fig. 6 Internal Fault Generator Differential Relays ‘he relays described inthis section ae percentage differentia types. The magn {ude ofthe diferencal current requed to operate them increases asthe external fault {or through! current increases. In the type CA inverse timing relay the percentage ie constant. and in the type SA-t instantaneous 3-phasa relay the percentage ts variable “These relays are extremely sensitive, yor they will not tip an a through fault unless the difference current expressed as a percent of she smaller restraint current xceeds the percent sensitivity af the relay Type CA Single Phase, Inverse Timing, Constant Percentage The basic connections for this relay re shown in Figure Connected #8 shown, under normal condi tione current passes through the current transformers, relay testraining coils Ry end Ra and back ta the current transformers. “The current inthe relay restraining coils produces 9 restraining, o contact opening torque. [An internal fault in the protected machine tal unbalance the secondary currents, Horcing a diflerential current through the relay operating coil 0. The amount of differential or operating current required to Svercome the restraining torque and close the relay contacts fea xed (constant) percentage of the emaller restraining current (igure 10), Characteristics Singla phase, 25 to 60 Hertz, spst-cc or Gipstice contacts, FT-21 Flonitest case Operating time: See Figures 12 and 13 ‘Two restraining and one operating circuit No rtio taps Constant percentage differential Sensitivity: 10% or 25% unbalance 1 L] ea 6 at Application Data 41-301E Page S Generator Differential Relays Minimum tip (0.18 amperes for 10% relay (0.45 amperes for 25% relay Burden: See Figures 15 and 16 ‘Thermal capacity Restrain Cireuite: 10 amperes continuous Operating circuits: 10% relay. 2.5 amperes continuous, 70 amperes for 4 Second: 25% relay, 6.0 armpores continuous, 140 amperes for tsecond Relay Settings No seting is required forthe percentage fiferential unit except the setting of the time dial, which should be on the number ‘position Each rlay is designed fora specific ‘sensitivity and onee the correct rlay is Chosen for @ given application. no adjust iment is necessary, for some reason, {idjustment becomes necessary. tho spring fension contalling minimum operating trent may be altered slighty. In general, for generator protection. a study of the current traneformer characteristic Curves under short circuit conditions should indicate whether the high sensitivity (10%) bor the low sensitivity (258) relay should be Used, The 25% relay should be used if ac Saturation causes more than 1% ratio error in either set of curren ansformers, TTT 13} Goniace Cogs When Ooeie Fig. 9 ‘April, 1991 Soa “7 th PTL Z| t He + eee TI Normal ly cee) cr i Are | BE HA AVE seco + i Cl PES yao 5080 oa 7030 Smaller Reswaint Amperes Fig, 10. Typical operating curves, 10% CA O20 304580 Smaller Restaint Amperes 782207 Fig. 11. Typical operating curves, 25% CA relay‘Application Data 41-3016. Page 6 Generator Differen Type CA Single Phase, Inverse Timing, Constant Percentage Tor T rt of {14444 A lease p allea aries ia , s a 5 tT Tests weuy Je Ba a : : t a i a [ Li Case _] lea i 2 [eae eee seal] ror I Fig. 12, Typical ume curves, 10% CA relay. Fig. 12. Typical time curves, 25% CA relay. Fig, 14, Typical saturation curves, all CA relays Wim amowes deasee Sinamowes® "2 Eases! Further Description Descriptive Bulletin 41-302 Fig, 15, Typical burden curves, 10% CA relay. Fig, 16. Typical burden curves, 26% CA relay. Instruction Leafet 41-331.2 Apri, 1991ABB Type SA-1 Solid Stat Instantaneous, Variabl The SA-1 soli state relay is used for 3:phase, high-speed type differential protection of ac motors, generators. nd Shunt reactors. The variable percentage thatacterstie ofthe relay provides high Sensitivity fo ight, internal faults, and voids Incorrect tripping on heavy external faults. See Figures 17.18, “The standard SA-1 relay has a minimum pickup current of 0.14 emperes. oper 4 8% unbalance (.25 amperes) with 5 ‘amperes of restraint current. At 60 amps festaint, the operating circuit required to tip the relay is 30 amperes or 50% unbalance, With proper selection of curtent ans: formers, the relay is unaffected by de Uwanslents associated with asymmetrical faults through short circult conditions For special cases, such asa split.winding ‘generator protection the 0.5 amp minimum pickup relay should be used. Further Description Descriptive Bulletin 41-3565 Instruction Leaflet 4348.1 Apri, 1991 Characteristics Three phase. 60 Hz, § amperes Percentage slope curve. Figures 17. 18 Operating time: Figure 19, Frequency response: Figure 20. Minimum pick-up: 0.14 amperes, (0.5 fmpere relay for special applications) Burden and thermal ratings Each restraint circutt Burden: 0.25 volt amperes at § amperes, Continuous rating! 20 amperes. (One-second rating: 300 amperes. Operating circuit: Burden of te operating circut on each eurtent transformer is variable because of the saturating vansformer. Burden i 0.37 volt-amperes ot 0.5 amperes land 170 volt-amperes at 60 amperes, Continuous rating is 10 amperes ‘One second rating is 200 amperes. de burden on station battery Application Data ‘41-3016 Page? Generator Differential Relays Operating Curent in Ampere na Pitt Seeene G0 1 Sooo eC BS y | {1 H tsi i 8 It {| CH &Coeert = 350] \ & E300 8 280 - : i an) 2% 40 6OSCSCNOSCOSCT 88D Fig. 20. Typical frequency response curve.Abb ‘Application Data 41-3016 Page 8 ator Differential Relays Gener: ‘April 1981ABB Bus Differential Relays In generating stations tnd sub-stations there ara usually several incoming and outgoing lines connected tothe bus all of Wihieh must be included in the bus Giferential protection zone, For low impedance relays, the diferential scheme must provide a restraining circuit for teach cirevit thats connected to the bus, £0 {hat there willbe no response to external faults under any system concition and with the fauited current transformer saturated In sdaition, the relay should be sensitive at low current values to operate ana light inter nal faut. yet celatvely insensitive at high vl tes of eurrent to prevent tripping on heavy ‘external faults when the current transformer charactorstics might vary, For high impedance relays the arrangement terids to force the falee differentia currents through the faulted current transformer rather than through the relay operating oll wen the faulted current wanstormer is ‘The linear coupler system, uses a series connection between all the linear couplers Inthe protected tone witha simale low fenergy high speed ralay. This system fe Geseribed mare Tully on pages 14 through 19) Fig, 24. CA-16 relay typical time curve ‘April, 1991 ‘Type CA-16 Single Phase, Inverse Timing. Variable Percentage The CA-16 is designed for the differential protection of mult-cireut buses up toa {otal of six groups of circuits. The variable percentage characteristic provides the {esirable high sensitivity at small current ‘magnitudes and relative insensitivity at high currents will therefore detect light internal faults in the protected bus section 4nd. conversely, willot tip incorrectly on heavy external faults, The optional sensitive fault detector circuit consists of an autotransformer and a small solenoid type contactor switch, is used to ‘minimize the possibility of shock tripping. Choracteristics Single phase, 60 or 50 Hert, spst-ec or pst-ce contacts, PT-22 Flonitest case Fig. 22. Variable percentage slope curve, CA-16 relay with one restraint winding, mr TI | ‘Application Date 41-3016. Page 9 Bus Differential Relays Operating time: see Figure 26 Sineestrainteircults, one operating circuit No ratio taps Voriable percentage characteristics: see Figures 22 and 23, Minimum wip: 0.18 ampsres Buraen Each restraint circu 10.75 voltamperes at 5 amperes S4amperes continuous rating 460 amperes 1 sacond rating Operating circuit: burden, see Figure 25 ‘amperes continuous rating 280 amperes 1 second rating Relay settings: none eequired Performance curves: se0 Figures 22 t0 25, Further Information Descriptive Bulletin 41-3046 Instruction Leaflet 41-237.3 Fig, 23. Variable percentage slope curve, CA 16 rolay with six restaint windings in series, r eel fa | Fig, 25. CA-16 veloy ty ot+1 4 tt aft ff | Ss —t i | A 37957 ical burden operating cuvve,‘Application Data T 41-3016 + Page 10 Bus Differential Relays Feecee Grove Sy" Frese itera ay, tyne CA N6 Y ‘36: Opmsin cane Prats ase 1 eevee Element Fig. 26. External wiring ~ one set of CA-16 relays forthe protection of a six circuit bus with the feeder groups.ABB agit DD Page 1 Bus Differential Relays Sa aa aj Lg f enasee ie iterental Relay. Type CANS peeing Ca (Bottom #0 Element) Paired Reataine Co in Ty Tipcats Gdovom Ri Clement) | CA-18 - Paved Restraint Com R [Top Ltt Element T-baiteg Resvain Co Top Ri element) 196 Ruston Tisping Rely. Type WL Fig, 27. External schematic of one set of type CA-16 relays for the protection of 2 three and four circuit bus. ‘April, 1991Application Data 41-3016 Page 12 Bus Differenti ‘Type HU-4 Single Phas Variable Percentage ‘This relay is» high speed unit with tour testraint circults and one operating circu, In addition. ithas a second harmonic restraint unit for ue where a transformer Is fssociated with the bus differential scheme, ‘The harmonic restraint provides security agoinst false tripping on magnetizing inrush associated with the transformer energization The varible percentage characteristic provides high sensitivity at high cutrent, Iwill therefore detect ght internal faults ‘and will not rip incorrectly on heavy external faults, The type HU- may be applied to any bus circuit where the external fault current through the bus is wenty times tap value Secondary current or less. he. 100 amperes on ampere ta, Exiemal connections, as shown in Figure 31, with the relay input limited to four restraint ciruite Including transformer Characteristics Single phase, 60 or SOherte, dpst-ce contacts, FT-42 Flexitest case Operating time: see Figure 29 Four restraint circuits, one second harmonic feetraining circuit, and one operating cireuit, Ratio taps: 2.9.9.2. 9.5.3.8, 4.2, 5.0.8.7 ampere taps on each restvaint circuit Variable percentage characteristics: see Figure 28, Minimum trip: 30% or 35% of tap value LT is adjusted for an RAMS operating current [with the second harmonic component removed) pick-up of 15 times tap value current (e.g. 75 amperes on 5 amperes tap) Relay setings: Same as those for types HU and HUT relays, pages 25 1023. [Usd ig similar to HU and HU-1, except that ithas four restraint circuits.) Performance curves: see Figures 28 t0 30, Thermal rating: one second--300 amperes (Thermal capacities for short times other than one second may be calculated on the batis of time being inversely proportional tothe square of the current.) Further information Descriptive Bulletin 41-305 Instruction Leaflet 41-347.1 1b ee he egies og ny tage tp ve cen “Ae “CEE 19} Operating Current in Muttines of Tap Valve Larger Rosvaint Current in Mulvipies of Fig. 28. Variable percentage slope curve, HU-4 relay. % Bp ae baa 3a Be Soe BB Te Bo ae LTT | of + 7 a ~ | PEP aaeee ce Tepes caren soa Fig, 29, Typical time curve, MU relay, T T : El | 2 Li | bt | a t tut tt to H | | | = wo i: : KI I a TT - 1 | LL {ot ‘April 1991,‘Application Data 41-3016 Page 13 Bus Differential Relays farfelan)— [enfayaryay pepeatna) ee Te Sta isonet Ava 679878798787 ste eyesa L rose Ci Crcone raise pase and cal cee Se at Scouse ectose | oe | | See ntRcy 0 fe, ©ow sore ster oi © fot re ) a : ral “9 Fi, 31. Type HU externa schematic wyeswye-dta bank April, 1991Application Data 41-3016 Page 14 Bus Differential Relays Type LC-1, LC-2 Singl Instantaneous, Phase “The linear coupler method of bus protection Utilizes air core mutual reactore known az linear couples, instead of the usual current transtormers employs the voltage outaut fof the couplers in aseres voltage ‘ifferontia circuit. The energy output of the couplers makes possibie he use of low. tenetgy, high speed relays, types LC-1 and UC:2" Each is provided with impedance taps 50 thatthe impedance ofthe relay can be more clotely matched tothe impedance of the linear couplers when such is required for maximum sensitivity |When the relay and coupler impedances Bre matched, there isa maximum amount fof operating energy trarssterred from the ‘coupler tothe relay. Since the standard linear coupler Induces 5 volts secondary per 1000 amperes primary, the couplers (untike current transformers) can be safely open- ireuited. Danger to personnel from high Voltages is eliminated It is well to bear the following in mind when Using linear couplers for bus differential (1) Bushing space must be allocated tothe linear couple, rather than a current trans: former which is more universal in use (2) The tinear coupler has a low wattage output (31 The leads must be in the same duct or Conduit and transposed with respect to all ther cleulte, Relays Used ‘Type LC-1" Consists primarily of an impedance matching wansformer and solenoid unit which has trip contacts, It Covers four taps of 30. 40, 60 and 60 ohms andis adjustable to operate at energy levels fated from 0.510 8.0 volt-amperes, Curent Transtormer Secondary Current Fig. 32. Current tanstormers and linear ‘coupler saturation curve Type LC-2: The use of a de operating polar unit energized by a rectifier from the saturating impedance matching wansformer makes the LC-2 more sensitive than the LCA. it covers four taps of 30, 40, 60 and 80 ohms and is adjustable to operate at ‘energy levels rated from 0.0085 to 0.062 The auxiliary witch V, is a small de voltage operating clapper type switch used to minimize the possibility of shock tripping Current Transformers and Linear Couplers: Indiferental protective schemes, the relays and current wanstormers function a8 @ team. The current transtormers must Interpret in their secondary windings, the fe current conditions existing in the power ireult-. and transmit this information to the relays. The typical saturation curve shown beiow (Figure 32) indicates thot Secondary currents are proportional to primary currents atong the eurve portion Of of the curve corresponding to the ‘nominal rating of the transformer. When large short circuit eurrente acu. the secondary current of the heavily saturated Current transtarmer is indicated on the Upper portion of the curve, portion AB. and the ratio of transformation is rarely equal for two different types of cutrert ans magnitude ofthe error-currant. so that felays and tner sattings can be chosen to ompensate forthe current anslormer Saturation from ac Component of Fault Current ‘Ac saturation isnot particularly trouble ‘some since it can be calculated. and Compensation made for the resulting erors in secondary current. For a given current, Saturation results from: {a} insufcient {rose section of iron in the transformer Core, (b tao few secondary turns, (6) 109 high a secondary burden: or a combination Fig. 33. Typial bushing type linear couple. AT PAL ofall three, The degree of saturation due to the maximum ac current can Be taleulated from the formula 12,108 4d ofa when {8 =Flux density in the core in ines per square inch 1 = Maximum secondary short-circuit current in RMS amps 2,=Total secondary circuit impedance ineluding current transtocme: secondary Inohms, 1p =Number of secondary turns f =Frequeney, 2 =Iron cross-section in square inches 12 =Iron cross-section in square inches Thus. for a given short-circuit currant and ‘agiven transformer, Both dacreasing the Secondary impedance and increasing the Secondary turns wil Improve the perform lance ofthe transformer by requiring # lower flux donsity to supaly the burden. Its therefore recommended thatthe highest ‘ated available current transformer ratios be used. consistent wth the requirement ‘thatthe minimum internal foult ean be Safely vipped. If some saturation results, ft ‘may be possible to raise the relay setting {0 provide a sufficient margin of safety. ‘The minimum tip equicement must aot be exceeded. however, Saturation From de Component of Fault Current the fault current is asymmetrical a de ‘component is present. When it decoys Slowly Because of long de time constant Tlarge L/R ratio). transient saturation of the Fig. 34. Typical bar type linear coupler Apri, 1991