H2C2O4

Ka1=
Ka2=
CaC2O4
Ksp=

5.60E-02
5.42E-05
1.70E-09

total C2O4 species= {c2O4^2-]+[HC2O4^-]+[H2C2O4]

[HC2O4^-]= [H3O+]/Ka1*[C2O4^2-]
[H2C2O4]= [H3O^+]^2/(Ka1*Ka2)*[C2O4^2-]
total C2O4_species= (1+[H3O+]/Ka2+[H3O+]^2/(Ka1*Ka2))*[C2O4^2-]
[C2O4^2-]= [Ca2+]/factor
Ksp= [Ca2+]*[Ca2+]/factor
[Ca2+]=s= sqrt(Ksp*factor)
pH

[H3O+]
Factor
s (M)
1
0.1 5140.694 0.002956
2
0.01 218.4486 0.000609
3
0.001 19.77965 0.000183
4
0.0001 2.848313 6.96E-005
5 0.00001 1.184535 4.49E-005
6 0.000001 1.018451 4.16E-005
7 1.00E-007 1.001845 4.13E-005
8 1.00E-008 1.000185 4.12E-005
9 1.00E-009 1.000018 4.12E-005
10
1E-010 1.000002 4.12E-005
11
1E-011
1 4.12E-005
12
1E-012
1 4.12E-005
13
1E-013
1 4.12E-005
14
1E-014
1 4.12E-005

0.0035
0.003
0.0025
0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
0

Deposition of Metal Sulfides

CdS == Cd2+ + s^2Ksp= [Cd2+]*[S^2-]= 1.00E-27
Tl2S== 2Tl+ + S^2Ksp= [Tl+]^2*[S^2-] 6.00E-22
Initial concentration:
[Cd2+]= [Tl+]=
0.1 M
If we want to remove Cd2+, --> after precipitation as CdS, the [Cd2+] in solution must
1/1000 compared to the initial concentration
after precipitation
[Cd2+]=
0.0001 M
In order to achieve this concentration, [S^2-] must be = Ksp/[Cd2+]fin
[S^2-]=
1.00E-23 M
In this concentration, will Tl2S precipitate?

10

[Tl+]=
0.1 M
[S^2-]=
1.00E-23
[Tl+]^2*[S^2-]=
1.00E-25 <
6.00E-22 (Ksp Tl2S)
Tl2S will NOT precipitate, when the [S^2-]
and [Cd2+] is completely removed from the solution.
What [H3O+] in order to achieve the [S^2-]=
1.00E-23 M
[H3O+]=sqrt(Ka1*Ka2*[H2S]/[S^2-]
[H3O+]= 3.532704 M
[S^2-] to precipitate the Tl2S
[Tl2+]=
0.1 M
[S^2-]=Ksp/[Tl+]^2= 6.00E-20 M
[H3O+] to achieved the [S^2-]
[H3O+]= 0.045607 M

= factor

Column E

2+] in solution must

10

12

14

16

1.00E-23
d from the solution.