Math Reference

if y = loga x

Trigonometry & Analysis

then

cos2 x + sin2 x = 1
2tan
tan(2 ) =
1 tan 2

M
log a ( M p ) = P log a M

loga = loga M loga N

N
sin(2 ) = 2sin ( ) cos( )

a log a x = x

1 cos
sin =
2
2
1

log a (a x ) = x

x = a y log a ( M N ) = log a M + log a N

1 cos
tan =
sin
2

cos(2 ) = cos2

sin2

1
aN

a N =

x log b x = b

loga a = 1

n M
ln x N
a
= a
loga x =
ln a

Sx = [ x (a + bi)] [ x ( a bi )] = x 2 2ax + (a2 + b2 )

cos(2 ) = 2cos2

James Lamberg

1 + cos
cos =
2
2

sin
1 + cos

cos(2 ) = 1 2sin 2

cos

cos

= 2 sin

+
2

sin

sin

sin

= 2 cos

+
2

sin

cos

+ cos

= 2 cos

+
2

cos

sin

+ sin

= 2 sin

+
2

cos

sin( +

) = sin

cos + cos sin

cos(

) = cos

cos

) = sin

cos( +

+ sin sin

cos + x = sin x
2

cos x = sin x
2

sin(

) = cos

cos cos sin

cos sin sin

tan + x = cot x
2

tan x = cot x
2

(
(

)
)

cos x = cos x
tan + x = tan x
3

tan x = tan x

cos
+ x = sin x
2

= cot x
tan
+
x
3

cos
x = sin x
2

tan
x = cot x
subset
2

superset
Q . E . D : Quod Erat Demonstandum
proper subset "that which was to be proved"
propor superset
x x1 y2 y1
Mid = 2
,
2
2
tan + tan
tan( + ) =
2
2
1 tan tan
Dist = ( x x ) + ( y y )
2

tan(

)=

tan tan
1 + tan tan

A =

1 2
r , sector area
2

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
x=

b b 2 4ac
2a

sin x = cos x
2

(
)
sin( x )
sin + x

= sin x

= sin x
3

sin
x = cos x
2

therefore
Q since
not
and
or

p precedes
C (fancy) compliment
f follows
implies
congruent to double implication
union
~ negation (or )
intersection d derive
for every
integrate
element of
there exists x=a evaluate with x = a
such that

proportional to

Page 1

\Math Reference

Trigonometry & Analysis

sin
a

sin
b

sin
c

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
2

b = a + c 2ac cos
a2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos

) + K,

y = A sin x -

M m
2

Amplitude = A =
Unit Circle

(cos,

sin

> 0

1
3

,60 = ,

3
2 2

( )

, 9 0 = 0,1
2

5
3 1

,150 =
,
6
2
2

1
=
period
2

Phase Shift =

K =

Critical Points =

1
bc sin
2

period
4

2
2

,45 =
,
4
2
2

2
1
3

,120 = ,

3
2 2

3
2
2

,135 =
,
4
2
2

, 1 8 0 = 1,0

5
2
2

,225 =
,
4
2
2

3
, 2 7 0 = 0, 1
4

Frequency =

3 1

,30 =
,
6
2 2

( )

0,0 = 1, 0

Period =

James Lamberg

7
3
1

,210 =
,
6
2
2

4
1
3

,240 = ,
3
2
2

5
1
3

,300 = ,
3
2
2

11
3
1

,330 =
,
6
2
2

Page 2

Math Reference

Calculus

James Lamberg

a
a a n = a n a a a a k iff k a k
=
b
b
a + b a + b a k iff a -k of a k
if a < b & b < c, then a < c
f ( x ) f ( c)
1 cos x
= 0 lim
if a < b & c < d, then a + c < b + d lim
xc
x
x c
x o
if a < b then a + k < b + k
d
sin x
d n
n1 d
C
=
0
csc x = csc x cot x
=
1
x
=
nx
lim
if a < b & k > 0, then ak < bk
dx
dx
x
dx
xo
if a < b & k < 0, then ak > bk
1 2
d
u
d
2
f
(
t
)
=
gt
+
v
t
+
s
u
=
u'

,u 0
0
0
d
d
2
dx
u
sin x = cos x
tan x = sec2 x dx cot x =csc x
dx
dx
v (t ) = f ' (t )
(
k
)
dx
=
kx
+
C
d
d
a(t ) = v' (t ) = f " (t )
sec x = sec x tan x
cos x =sin x
dx
dx
f (x ) increasing if f ' ( x ) > 0
d
( f ( x ) g( x )) = f ( x )g' ( x ) + g( x ) f ' ( x ) f (x ) decreasing if f ' ( x ) < 0 y dy = f ' ( x ) dx
dx
d f ( x ) g( x ) f ' ( x ) f ( x )g' ( x ) Profit = Revenue - C o s t= S o l d Price - C o s t
=
2
Critical # when f ' ( x ) = 0 or f' (x) DNE
dx g( x )
(g( x ))
x n+1
n
x
dx
=
+C
f ( b) f (a)
IPs if f "( x ) = 0 and f "( x ) changes sign ( )
n+1
MVT, f ' (c ) =
on [a,b ]
d
ba
f ( x )dx = f ( x )
dx
f (x ) concave down on (a,b )
if f' ( x ) is DEC x in a,b , f "( x ) < 0 TrapRule
a2 = a

ab = a b

f (x ) concave up on ( a, b)
if f' ( x ) is INC x in [ a, b] , f " (x ) > 0
Euler' s Method

f ( x )dx
a

b a
f ( a) + f (b) + 2( f ( x1) + f ( x2 ) + ... + f (x n ))
2n

( f ' ( x ) g' ( x ))dx = f ( x ) g( x ) (0 )dx = C

Start @ x, y f' ( x , y) x y = x f' (x,y ) (k f ' ( x ))dx = kf ( x ) + C

c = cn
Use y for change in next y
(csc(x ) cot( x ))dx = C csc( x)
n( n + 1)
cos
(
x
)
dx
=
sin
(
x
)
+
C
sec
(
x
)
dx
=
tan
(
x
)
+
C
(
)
(
)
i=

2
(sec( x ) tan( x ))dx = sec( x ) + C
sin
x
dx
=
C

cos
x
csc
x
dx
=
C

cot
x
(
(
)
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)

n ( n + 1)
n(n + 1)( 2n + 1)
i =

i
=

ba
4
6
lim f (c ) x, x c x ,x = n f ( x)dx = 0
n

i =1

i =1

x i =1

i a

i =1

i =1

f ( x )dx = f ( x )dx f ( x )dx = f ( x)dx + f (x)dx f ( x) g( x )dx = f ( x)dx g( x )dx

a

k f ( x )dx = k f ( x )dx

-a

f ( x )dx = F(b ) F(a ), F' ( x ) = f (x ) F' ( x ) = d f (t ) = f ( x )

dx a

If f is even, f (x )dx = 2 f (x)dx

Average Value of a
b

1
Function :
f ( x )dx
b - aa

If f is odd, f( x)dx = 0
-a

Page 1

Math Reference

Calculus

James Lamberg

ln (1) = 0 ln (a b) = ln (a ) + ln (b) e i + 1 = 0 ln (a) n = n ln(a ) ln (e x ) = x

1
ln ( x ) = dt, x > 0
e
t
a
1
1
ln = ln (a ) ln( b) ln (e) = 1 dt = 1 du = ln (u) + C e a e b = e a + b
b
u
t
1
ea
a b
d e
=
e
d
d
du
b
e
tan( x )dx = C ln cos(x ) = l n s e cx
( ) + C dx (e ) = 0
ln(u) =
ln u =

dx
dx
u
x
( ) + C = C l n c s cx
( ) sec( x )dx = ln sec( x ) + tan ( x ) + C e = lim 1 + 1
cot( x)dx = l n s i nx
x
x
1
1
d
f ( x ) = g( x ),g' (x ) =
e u du = e u du csc ( x) dx = C ln csc( x ) + cot( x )
g' (g( x )) dx ( )
d
du
1
ln (x )
1
(
log
(
u
)
)
=
a
d
f ( x ) = g( x ),( a,b) f , g' (b ) =
u
u
log a ( x ) =
dx
ln (a ) u
f ' (a ) dx (a ) = ln (a) a du
ln (a)
Compounded n times a year
ax
d n
d x
x
(n 1)
x
a
dx
=
( ) ln(a ) + C dx (u ) = n u du dx ( x ) = ( ln( x) + 1) x
nt

r
A = P 1+
n
Compounded Continously
y = arcsin( x ),iff sin( y) = x
x

y = arccos( x ),iff cos( y ) = x Newton' s Law of Cooling

y = arctan( x ),iff tan( y) = x dT = k (To Ts )
y = arcsin( x ),D :[-1,1], R : ,
dt
2 2
y = arccot( x ),iff cot( y) = x
d
1
y = arccos( x ), D: [-1,1],R : [0, ]
du
y = arcsec( x ),iff sec( y) = x dx (arcsin (u)) =
1 u 2

y = arctan( x ), D: (-, ),R : ,
y = arccsc ( x),iff csc( y ) = x d
2 2
1
(arc cot(u)) =
du
dx
1 + u2
d
1
y = arccot( x ), D (:-, ), R : ( 0, )
(arccos (u)) =
du
d
1
dx
1 u2
y = arcsec( x ), D (: x 1), R : (0, )
(arc csc(u)) =
du
2
dx
u
u

1
d
1

y = arccsc ( x), D (: x 1),R : , dx (arctan (u)) = 1 + u2 du
2 2
cosh( 2x ) = cosh 2 x sinh 2 x
d
1
du
1
u
(arc sec(u)) =
du 2
arctan + C sinh(2x ) = 2 sinh( x ) cosh( x )
2 =
2
dx
a +u
a
a
u u 1
cosh(2x ) 1
sinh 2 x =
du
du
1
u
u
ex e x
2
sinh( x ) =
u u 2 a 2 = a arcsec a + C a2 u 2 = arcsin a + C
2
cosh(2x ) + 1
cosh 2 x =
e x + e x
2
sinh( x + y ) = sinh( x ) cosh( y) + cosh( x ) sinh( y)
cosh( x ) =
2
2
2
sinh( x y ) = sinh( x ) cosh( y) cosh( x ) sinh( y) cosh x sinh x = 1
cosh (u) du = sinh(u) + C cosh( x + y ) = cosh( x ) cosh (y ) + sinh( x ) sinh( y ) tanh 2 x + sec h 2x = 1
sinh(u ) du = cosh(u) + C cosh( x y ) = cosh( x ) cosh (y ) sinh( x ) sinh( y ) coth 2 x csch 2x = 1
d
d
2
sinh(u ) = cosh(u) du
sec h2u du = tanh(u ) + C
coth(u ) = csc h u du
dx
dx
2
d
csc
h
u

du
=
C

coth
(
u
)
d

cosh (u) = sinh(u) du

sec h(u) = (sec h(u) tanh (u )) du dx
dx
d
sec h(u) tanh(u) du = C sec h(u) d
tanh(u ) = sech 2 u du
csc h(u) = (csch(u ) coth (u)) du dx
csc h(u) coth(u ) du = C csc h(u) dx
Page 2

A = P e rt

Math Reference

(
arccos h( x ) = ln( x +

)
1),D : (1, )

Calculus
d
arccos h(u) =
dx

arcsin h (x ) = ln x + x + 1 ,D : (,)
2

x2

James Lamberg
du
u2 1

d
d
du
arctan h(u) =
arccoth(u ) =
dx
dx
1 u 2

1 1+ x
arctan h( x ) = ln
,D : (1,1 )
du
1 a + u
2 1 X
ln
2
2 =

+ C u dv = uv v du
a

u
2a
a

1
x +1
arccoth( x ) = ln
,D : (,1) (1,)
du
d
2 x 1
arcsin h(u ) =
2

dx
2
u +1
1+
1
x
,D : (0,1]
arcsec h ( x) = ln

x
du
1 a + a 2 u2

ln
=
C

u a2 u 2
a
u

1
2
1+ x

arccsc h ( x) = ln +
,D : (,0) (0, )
Disk : Line to axis
x
x

b
d
du
d
du
of
revoluition,

f ( x )2 dx
arcsech(u ) =
arccsc h(u) =

2
2
dx
dx
a
u 1u
u 1+ u

du
= ln u + u 2 a 2 + C
2
u a
2

Area Between Two Curves Area of Revolved Surface :

b

Washer : f ( x ) g( x ) dx, f ( x ) g( x )
2

Shell : Line || to axis

Arc Length : s = 1 + f' ( x ) dx W = F ( x )dx

2

of revolution,2 r( x )h( x )dx,

S = 2 r( x ) 1+ f' (( x )) dx

f ( x ) g( x )dx

Coulomb' s Law for Charges :

k
Gas Pressure:F = ,
v
v = volume of gas

q q
F = k 1 2 2
d
Hooke' s Law : F = k d Law of Universal Gravitation :
c
Force of Gravity : F = 2 ,
Force needed to strech a
x
m m
F = k 1 2 2 ,m1 and m 2 are masses
x = distance from center of Earth
spring d distance from
d
a

r = radius, h= height

its natural length

Weight = Volume Density
Fluid Force F = Pressure Area

(Cross Section Area Distance)dy = Work

a

F = Depth Area
Work = Force Distance over which the force is applied
Fluid Pressure P = Weight Density h, Force Exerted by a Fluid : Center of Mass( x,y ) :
b
b
h = depth below surface
F = w ( h( y) l ( y))dy
m = ( f ( x ) g( x ))dx
Force = Mass Acceleration
a
a
Moment = m x
My
M
Theorem of Pappus :
x=
,y = x
Moments & Center of Mass of
m
m
V = 2 r A,
a Planar Lamina :
A = Area of Region R
b
f ( x ) + g( x )
Mx =
( f ( x ) g( x))dx sin 2k +1 ( x ) cosn ( x )dx = (1 cos2 ( x ))k cosn ( x )sin( x )dx

2
a
b

My =

x ( f ( x ) g( x ))dx
a

sin

( x ) cos

2 x +1

( x )dx = sin m ( x )(1 sin 2 ( x )) cos( x )dx

k

Page 3

Math Reference

Calculus
n 1
,n is odd,n 3
n

2 4 6

cos ( x )dx = 3 5 7 ...

n

James Lamberg

1 3 5 n 1
, n is even, n 2
n 2

cos ( x )dx = 2 4 6 ...

n

sec (x ) tan ( x )dx = (sec ( x )) tan (x ) sec (x )dx sec ( x ) tan ( x )dx = sec tan ( x ) sec( x ) tan( x )dx
tan (x )dx = tan ( x ) tan ( x)dx For Integrals Invloving a + u , For Integrals Invloving u - a ,
2k

k1

n2

2 k +1

For Integrals Invloving a 2 - u2 ,

m 1

u = atan( ), a 2 + u 2 = asec( )

u = asin( ), a 2 - u2 = acos( )

2k

u = asec( ), u2 - a2 = atan( )

f ( x )dx =

lim f ( x )dx

a
a

1 2
u
a arcsin + u a2 u 2 + C,a > 0

2
a
f ( x )dx
a f ( x )dx = lim
b
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a
u a du = 2 u u a a ln u + u a + C,u > a > 0
Indeterminate form, L' Hpital' s Rule
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
u + a du = 2 u u + a + a ln u + u + a + C,a > 0 lim f ( x ) = lim f' (x )
x c g( x )
x c g' ( x )

c
b
f ( x )dx
f ( x)dx = alim a f ( x )dx + lim
1 ,if p > 1
b
Discontinuity at a on (a , b]
1

c
p

1
dx
=

p
b
b
1 x
Discontinuity at b on [a, b)
Diverges,if p 1
f ( x )dx
b
c
a f ( x )dx = clim
a +
c
f ( x )dx
Discontinuity at c in (a, b)
a f ( x )dx = clim
b
a
( an bn ) = L K
b
c
b
lim
n
(C a n ) = C L
a f ( x)dx = lim
f ( x )dx + lim
f ( x )dx
lim
c b a
c a + c
n
an L
= , bn 0,k 0

lim
(
a

b
)
=
L

K
bn K
n
n
n
nth - term test an ,Diverges if lim an 0 lim
n

a2 u 2 du =

(
(

)
)

n =1

Geometric arn ,Converges if r < 1,Diverges if r 1

n=0

a
Sum is Sn =
,if it converges
1r

Telescoping, (bn bn +1 ),Converges if

lim b

n=1

=L

Sum is Sn = b1 L

a Converges
Conditional Convergence, a Converges,
but a Diverges
Absolute Convergence,

1
, Diverges if p 1
p ,Converges ifp > 1
n=1 n

p -series,

Alternating, (1)n 1 an,Converges if 0 < a n + 1 an ,lim an = 0

n

n=1

Remainder Rn an+1

n=1

Fails if

lim = 1
n

n=0

Root, an ,Converges if

Definition of Taylor Series

lim
n

an < 1, Diverges if

lim
n

an > 1

f n (c )
( x c )n
n!
if

lim a
n

= 0, then lim an = 0
n

Power Series, f ( x ) = an ( x c )n
n =0

Radius is x about c : c x
Page 4

Math Reference

Calculus

James Lamberg

Integral (Constant, Positive, Decreasing),

a ,a
n

Power Series, f ( x ) = an ( x c )n

= f ( n) 0,Converges if f ( n)dn Converges

n=1

n =0

f ' ( x ) = n an ( x c )

Diverges if

f (n) dn Diverges, Remainder 0< R < f ( n)dn

n

Ratio, an ,Converges if
n=1

Fails if

n=1

lim
n

an+1
< 1, Diverges if
an

lim
n

n1

an+1
>1
an

lim = 1

an ( x c) n+1
n+1
n= 0

f ( x )dx =C +

e x = 1 + x + ... +

xn
+ ...Converges (-, )
n!

Limit ( bn > 0), an ,

Direct ( bn > 0 ), an ,

n=1

n=1

an
Converges if 0 an bn , b n Converges, Converges if
= L > 0, b n Converges,
lim
n b n
Diverges if , 0 bn an , bn Diverges
a
Diverges if , lim n = L > 0, b n Diverges
n bn
f (x ) = Pn ( x ) + Rn , Rn ( x ) = ( f ( x ) Pn ( x ))

dx
= cos f ' ( ) f ( )sin
d
n
2
n
f ' (c )(x c) f' (c )( x c )
f (c )( x c )
Pn (x ) = f (c ) +
+
+
+ Rn ( x ) dy
= cos f ( ) + f ' ( )sin
1!
2!
n!
d
n+1
n+1
f ( z)( x c)
dy cos f ( ) + f ' ( ) sin
Rn ( x ) =
, z is between x and c
=
( x 1)!
dx cos f ' ( ) f ( ) sin
If f has n derivatives at x = c, then the polynomial
Position Function for a Projectile
2
n
n
f ' (c )(x c) f' (c )( x c )
f (c )( x c )
+
+
+ ... r (t ) = ( v cos )ti + h + (v sin )t 1 gt 2 j
Pn (x ) = f (c ) +
0
0
1!
2!
n!

2
This is the n - th Taylor polynomial for f at c
g = gravitational constant
If c = 0, then the polynomial is called Maclaurin
h = initial height
v 0 = initial velocity

1
n
n
= 1 (x 1) + ... + (1) ( x 1) + ...Converges (0,2)
x

= angle of elevation

3
1
n
= 1 x + ... + ( 1) x n + ...Converges ( -1,1) arcsin x = x + x + ... +
1+ x
23

x3
(1)n x 2n+1
sin x = x
+ ... +
+ ...Converges (-, )
3!
(2n + 1)!

Polar

( 1) n+1 ( x 1) n

tan =

ln x = ( x 1) + ... +

+ ...Converges (0,2)

(2n)!x 2n+1
+ ...Converges [-1,1]
(2 n n!) 2(2n + 1)

x = r cos , y = r sin
y 2
, x + y2 = r2
x

x3
(1) n x 2n +1
x2
(1)n x 2n
+ ... +
+ ...Converges [-1,1]
cos x = 1
+ ... +
+ ...Converges (-, ) arctan x = x
3!
2n + 1
2!
(2n )!
Page 5

Math Reference

Smooth Curve C, x = f ( t ), y = g( t )

Calculus
v
v =

James Lamberg

(q1 p1 ) + ( q2 p2 )
2

Horizontal Tangent Lines

= Norm

d dy
dy
2
dy dt
d y dt dx dx
Velocity = r' (t ), Acceleration = r"(t )
=
&
=
,
0
2
dx
dx dx
dx
dt
Speed = r' (t )
dt
dt
Unit Vector in the Direction of v
Limaon : r = a b cos
v
v
v
if a > b,limaon;if <a b,limaon w/ loop;
u= v
v
if a = b, cardioid
Rose Curve : r = a cos(n ),r = a sin( n )
if n is odd, n petals; even, 2n petals
Circles and Lemniscates

SurfaceX = 2 f ( ) sin
SurfaceY = 2 f ( ) cos

r1 (t ) r2 ( t ) = ( f1 (t )i + g1 (t ) j ) ( f2 (t )i + g2 (t ) j )
t a

t a

Continuous at point t = a if

lim ( r(t )) exists and lim (r( t )) = r(a)

1
( f ( )) d
2
2

r (t ) = f (t )i + g(t ) j

ta

( f ( )) + ( f' ( ))

Angle between two Vector

v v
u v
cos = v v
u v

lim ( r(t )) = lim ( f (t ))i + lim (g(t )) j

r 2 = a 2 sin(2 ),r 2 = a 2 cos(2 )

POLAR

Arc =

dy
dx
dy
= DNE,
= 0,
0
dx
d
d

r( t)dt = ( f (t )dt )i + ( g(t )dt) j

r = a cos( ),r = a sin( )

Area =

dy
dy
dx
= 0,
= 0,
0
dx
d
d
Vertical Tangent Lines

ta

t a

Arc =

( f ' (t )) + ( g' ( t )) dt
2

2
2
( f ( )) + ( f ' ( )) d

( f ( ))

+ ( f ' ( )) d
2

SurfaceX = 2 g( t )

( f' (t))

+ (g' (t )) dt

( f ' (t ))

+ ( g' (t )) dt

a
b

SurfaceY = 2 f (t )

v v
u v = u1 v1 + u2 v2 r' (t ) = f ' (t )i + g' (t ) j

Page 6

Math Reference

Linear Algebra & Differential Equations

James Lamberg

Square Matrix
Diagonal Matrix
Upper Triangular
Lower Triangular
# Rows = # Cols Square with all entries not on Lower left triangle from
Upper right triangle from
Matrix Elements
the main diagonal being zero main diagonal is all zeros main diagonal is all zeros
Rows X Columns
Row Vector
Column Vector Scalar
Transpose A : A t or A'
Identity Matrix : I
Switch rows and columns A 1 n Matrix A m 1 Matrix A real number
Diagonal matrix with positions with eachother
Dot Product
ones on main diagonal
Angle Between Two Vectors Sum of elements in two or more matrices
Length (Norm)
multiplied by each corresponding element
x y
cos

=
(
)
I A = A = A I
v = v v = v12 + v 22 + ...+ v n2
x y
Gaussian Elimination
Matrix Multiplication
How to solve a system
A |b |c
Multiply rows of A and columns of 1) Add a multiple of one equation
~
~
B to get an entry of the product C
to another equation
Using Elementary Row Ops
i th row of A jth column of B = Cij 2) Multiply an equation by a non - Into Row Echelon Form
N
zero scalar (constant)
Back Substitution
C ij = Aik Bkj
3)
Switch
the
orger
of
the
equations
k=1
Solving from row echelon form

( ) ( )

Pivot
A one on the main diagonal
used as a reference point for
solving a system of equations
and for determining the number
of equations in the system
Every Linear Equations is
given by a Matrix Multiplication

Free Variables
to row reduced echelon form
# Columns without pivots Matrices define linear functions A 1 A = I

Basic Variables
f x+y = f x + f y
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~
# Columns with pivots
Superposition Principle of f c x = c f x
~
~
~ ~
Homogenous Systems
Every Linear Function
-1
f
y = A 1 y
If x and y are solutions,
N
M
~
~
~
f :
~
~
so is x + y
Rank =# of Pivots
~
~
x

f
x
f x =A x
~
~ ~
A1 det A 0
~ ~
~
-1
-1
Composition = Matrix Multiplication Gauss - Jordan Method for A A is invertible ( A exists) iff
a b
( A | I ) Row Ops ( I | A -1 ) A has N pivots ( rank A = N)

A =
a b c
c d
Determinant of A

d b
det d e f = aej + bfg + cdh ceg afh bdj
1
a b
1

A =

a d b c c a A = c d
g h j
Equilibrium
det A = a d b c
Solve Initial Value Problem
Autonomous Differential Equations
Stable f ' ( x *) < 0
1) Solve the differential equation
dx
Unstable f ' ( x *) > 0
= f ( x)
2) Plug in initial conditions
dt
Need More Info f ' ( x *) = 0

() ()

()
( ) ()
()

Autonomous Ordinary Equilibrium Solutions Equilibrium Point

Differential Equations x(t ) = constant
If lim x(t ) = x* then x *
t
dx
dx
is
an
equilibrium point
= g( x )
=0
dt
dt

Page 1

Math Reference

Linear Algebra & Differential Equations

Uncoupled Linear Systems Sink : a < 0, b < 0

dx
= F (t, x, y )
dt
dx
Source : a > 0, b > 0
= a x, x ( t0 ) = x 0
dy
dt
Saddle : a < 0, b > 0
= G(t, x, y )
dt
dy
Crucial Equation
= b y, y (t 0 ) = y 0
x
t
,
y
t
parametrize
the
curve
dt
( ( ) ( ))
Av = v

James Lamberg
dx

~
= A x, x ( t0 ) = x
~
~
~0
dt
t
x (t ) = e v
~

x' ( t) a b x

=

~
~
y' ( t) c d y
is a scalar called an eigenvalue of
Characteristic Equation
is an eigenvalue of A
the matrix A and v is the corresponding is an eigenvalue of A If 0~ V then V
~
v1
is
not
a
subspace
iff
det
A

I
=
0
is an eigenvector
(
)
eigenvector and is not equal to 0
v 2

Eigenspace
Characteristic Polynomial x
a b v1
v
v1

= 1
t

=
e

All multiples of an eigenvector c d v 2

v
a

b
2
y

v 2

det
=0
c
d

Subspace w (Linearity)
A set of vectors
(a )( d ) b c = 0
1) If x and y are two vectors in w,
v1 ...v k is linearly
~
~
Vectors
span
a
plane
(all
linear
combinations)
dependent if there
then x +y is a vector in w
~
~
Let A be an m n matrix, the null
are scalars c1 ...c k = 0
2) If x is a vector in w, then c x is space (kernel) of A is the set of solutions to
~
~
~
i
e + 1= 0
a vector in w for any scalar c
the homogenous system of linear equations
A set of vectors v1 ...v k is a basis for a Dimension of v
Homogenous Linear Systems of
subspace v C n if they span v and are The number of vectors First Order Differential Equations
1
x ( t)
in any basis of v
dx
linearly independent
= i
~

= A x, x ( t) =
i

~
~
dt
y ( t)
Solving Systems
1) Compute eigenvalues & eigenvectors
2) Solve Equation (Real of Imaginary)
3) Find General Solutions
4) Solve the Initial Conditions

If A is real and = a +i b is an eigenvalue,

then so is its complex conjugate = a - i b
Euler' s Formula
e

i x

= cos( x ) + i sin( x )

Classification of planar hyperbolic

equilibria for given eigenvalues
Real and of opposite sign : Saddle
Complex with negative real part : Spiral Sink
Complex with positive real part : Spiral Source
Real, unequal, and negative : Nodal Sink
Real, unequal, and positive : Nodal Source
Real, equal, negative, only one : Improper Nodal Sink
Real, equal, positive, only one : Improper Nodal Source
Real, equal, negative, two : Focus Sink
Real, equal, positive, two : Focus Source

a i b
1
2
2 =
a +b
a+ ib

e (a +i b ) t = e at cos(b t ) + e ib t sin(b t )

Independent if det A 0
Spring Equation
d 2x
dx
+ k x
2 +
dt
dt
m = mass, = friction, k = spring constant
Fext (t ) = m

a b

A =
c d

a b
= a + d
tr
c d

tr( A) tr( A) 4 det ( A)

=
2
Trace is the sum
Spring Equation
of the diagonal
Fext (t ) = 0, homogenous
elements of a matrix Fext (t ) 0, inhomogenous
2

Page 2

Math Reference

Linear Algebra & Differential Equations

James Lamberg

Spring (or RCL Circuit)

Second Order Scalar ODEs General Solution to Inhomogenous
x(t) = x particular ( t) + c1 x ind #1 ( t) + c 2 x ind# 2 (t ) 2 > 4 m k, Overdamped
d 2x
dx
a 2 + b
+cx= d
dt
dt
2 = 4 m k, Critically Damped
If you are unable to
Spring (or RCL Circuit)
2 < 4 m k, Underdamped
solve the particular
2 > 4 m k, x1 = e 1 t , x 2 = e 2 t
solution, try
For Spring, B = k m
2 = 4 m k, x1 = e 1 t , x 2 = t e 2 t
increasing the
If B, Beats Occurs
2
t
t
< 4 m k, x1 = e cos( t), x2 = e sin( t) power of t
If = B, Resonance Occurs
Solving 2nd Order ODEs Quasi - Periodic
Laplace Derivatives
1) Solve Homogenous
Close to periodic
l( f ' (t )) = s F (s) f (0)
2) Find Particular Solution Laplace Transforms
l( f " (t )) = s2 F (s) s f (0) f ' (0)

3) Find General Solution

F (s) = e s t f ( t) dt
Dirac Delta Function
4) Solve Initial Conditions
0

Step Function
5) Combine for Solution
for t = c

Laplace Transforms
0
for t < c
0 for 0 t < c
H C (t ) =
C (t ) =
1 for t c
1
1 2 for c < t < c +
f ( t) = 1, F (s) =

s
for t > c +
0
n!
f ( t) = t n , F ( s) = n +1
Jacobian Matrix
The fixed point z = 0 is called hyperbolic
s
~
~
1
F x = F x + dF x x x
if no eigenvalue of the jacobian has 0 as
f ( t) = e at , F (s) =
~ ~
~ ~0
~0
~
~0
s a
f
a real part (no 0 or purely imaginary)
f
s
( x 0 , y0 )
( x , y )
f ( t) = cos( t), F ( s) = 2
y 0 0 If you are near a hyperbolic fixed
s + 2 dF x = x

~0
g
g

x 0 , y0 )
x 0 , y0 ) point, the phase portrait of the

(
(
f ( t) = sin( t ), F ( s) = 2
x
y
nonlinear system is essentially the
s + 2
same as its linearization
e c s
f ( t) = HC (t ), F (s) =
s
c s
f ( t) = C ( t), F ( s) = e

() ( )

Page 3

Math Reference
lim

( x,y ) ( a,b )

Multivariable

f x ( x, y ) = lim
h0

z = f ( x,b) y = b

dz
z
= lim
y
0
dy
y

f ( x, y ) = f (a,b) dz = lim z
dx x 0 x

James Lamberg
(x-curve)

z = f ( a, y ) x = a

(y-curve)

f ( x + h,y ) f ( x, y ) z f

= = f x ( x, y ) = f ( x,y ) = Dx [ f ( x, y )] = D1 [ f ( x, y )]
h

f ( x,y + k ) f ( x,y ) z f

f y ( x, y ) = lim
=
= f y ( x, y ) =
f ( x,y ) = Dy [ f ( x, y )] = D2 [ f ( x,y )]
k 0
k
y y
y
Plane Tangent to the surface z = f ( x,y ) at the Normal Vector to Tangent Plane
point P = ( a,b, f (a,b)) has the equation:
z f ( a,b) = f x (a,b)( x a) + f y ( a,b)(y b)

n = f x ( x 0 ,y 0 )i + f y ( x 0 ,y 0 ) j k =

f xy (a,b) = f yx (a,b)

Conditions for Extrema for f (x , y)

( f x )x

f
f 2 f
= f xx = x =
=
x x x x 2

(f )

= f yy =

f y f 2 f
=
=
y y y y 2

= f yx =

f y f 2 f
z
z
z
z

=
=
x x y yx dz = x x + y y = x dx + y dy

( f x )y

(f )

y x

z z
, ,1
x y

f x (a,b) = 0 = f y ( a,b)

df = f x ( x, y )x + f y ( x, y )y
f ( x + x, y + y ) = f ( x, y ) + f (exact)

F
z
F z
= x, = y
x
Fz y
Fz
f
f 2 f f ( x + x, y + y ) f ( x,y ) + df (appoximation)
= f xy = x =
=
y y x xy f ( a + x,b + y ) f (a,b) + f x ( a,b)x + f y (a,b)y
dw =

w
w
w
dx +
dy +
dz
x
y
z

x = f ( x, y,z) = f ( g(u,v ),h (u,v ),k ( u,v )) w is a funtion of x1, x2 , . . . , mx and each is D f ( P ) = f (P ) u, u = v
u
v
a funtion of the variables t 1 ,t 2 , . . . ,nt
w w x w y w z
=
+
+
w w x1 w x 2
w x m
u x u y u z u
=
+
+ ...+
D1 f (r( t)) = f ( r( t)) r'(t)
ti x1 ti x 2 ti
x m t i
w w x w y w z
=
+
+
for each i, 1 i n
v x v y v z v
x
y
x
y
= cos , = sin ,
= r sin ,
= r cos
r
r

w w x w y w
w
=
+
=
cos +
sin
r x r y r x
y
w w x w y
w
w
=
+
= r
sin + r
cos

x
y
x
y

f ( x,y,z) = f x ( x,y,z)i + f y ( x, y,z) j+ f z ( x, y,z)k

w w
w
w
= 2 cos2 + 2
cos sin + 2 sin 2
2
r
x
xy
y

Fx (x,y,z)(x - )a+ Fy (x, y,z)( y - )b+ Fz(x,y,z)(z - )c= 0

f =

w f ( P ) v,v = PQ = x,y,z
Tangent Plane to a Surfave F (x, y,z) at P = (a,b,c)

Volume = V =

A = f xx (a,b), B = f xy (a,b), C = f yy (a,b)

= D = AC B 2 = f xx (a,b) f yy ( a,b) [ f xy (a,b)]

f f f
f
f
f
, ,
= i+
j+ k
x y y
x y
z

If > 0 and A > 0, then f has a local minimum at (a , b)

If > 0 and A < 0, then f has a local maximum at (a , b)

f ( x,y )dA
R

f ( x,y )dA =
R

f ( x, y )dy dx = f ( x,y )dx dy

If < 0, then f has a saddle point at(a , b)

If = 0, no information is known for f at point (a,b)

Page 1

Math Reference

Multivariable

James Lamberg

x 2 + y 2 + z2 = a2 Sphere w/ Radius a

LaGrange Multipliers
Constraint : g(x, y) = 0

x 2 y 2 z2
+
+
= 1 Ellipsoid
Check Critical Points of F( x , y , ) = f ( x, y) g( x, y )
a2 b2 c 2
x2 y2 z2
f f
g g
+
= 1 Hyperboloid, 1 Sheet, z - a x i s
,
=
,
a2 b2 c 2
x y
x y
x 2 y2 z 2
f
f
g
g
2 + 2 = 1 Hyperboloid, 1 Sheet, y - a x i s
2

= 0,

=0
a
b
c
x
y
x
y
2
2
x
y
z2

+
+
= 1 Hyperboloid, 1 Sheet, x - a x i s
b
Vertically Simple : R f (x , y) dA
a 2 b 2 c2
A(y) = f ( x, y )dx 2
b y 2( x )
x
y 2 z2
a

= 1 Hyperboloid, 2 Sheets, yz-plane

V = f (x , y)dydx
d
a2 b 2 c 2
a y1 ( x)
A(x) = f ( x, y )dy
x 2 y 2 z2
c

+
= 1 Hyperboloid, 2 Sheets, xz-plane
Horizontally Simple : R f (x , y)dA
a2 b2 c 2
d x 2( y )
x 2 y 2 z2
V = f (x , y)dxdy
2 2 + 2 = 1 Hyperboloid, 2 Sheets, xy-plane
a
b
c
c x1 ( y)
Polar : a r b,

1
A = (a + b)( a b)( ) = rr
2
V=

f ( r cos

,r sin )rdrd

Centroid : ( x, y )

Volume Between Two Surfaces

V=

(z
R

top

mass = m =

zbottom )dA

1
m
1
y=
m
x=

( x,y )dA
R

Polar Moments of Inertia

Ix =
Iy =
x =

R
R

Ix
m

I0 = mr

( x, y )dA

x 2 ( x, y )dA
Iy
m
1
KE = m( r
2

V=

y ( x, y )dA

I
m
I is moment of inertia, m is mass around axis
r =

f (
U

sin cos , sin sin , cos

f ( r cos
U

sin d d d

( x, y,z)dV
Volume = V = dV
mass = m =

,r sin ,z)rdzdrd

Parametric
Moments of Inertia
r
x y
z
ru =
= x u ,y u ,zu = i +
j + k Ix = T (y 2 + z2 ) ( x, y,z) dA
u
u u
u
Iy = T (x 2 + z2 ) ( x, y,z) dA
r
x
y
z
rv =
= x v , y v ,zv = i +
j+ k
v
v
v
v
Iz = T ( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x, y,z) dA

1
T x ( x, y,z)dA
m
1
y = T y ( x, y,z)dA
m
1
z = T z ( x, y,z)dA
m
Surface Area

Cylindrical Surface Area

f f
1+
+
dxdy
x y
2

x ( x, y )dA

Radius of Gyration

Cylindrical x = r cos , y = r sin , z = z

V=

x=

Sphererical x = sin cos ,y = sin sin ,z = cos

y =

Centroid : (x, y, z)

A = a( S) =

Kinetic Energy due to Rotation

1 2 2
1
KE rot = R
r dA = I0 2
2
2
is angular speed

A = a( S) =

f
f
r2 + r +
drd
r
2

Page 2

Math Reference

Multivariable
x = f(u , v ,w)

Change of Variable

F ( x, y )dxdy
u = h( x, y )

y = g(u , v)

v = k(x , y)

Jacobian: JT ( u,v ) =

y = g(u , v , w
) z = hu
( , v ,w)

x
u
( x,y,z) y
Jacobian: JT ( u,v ) =
=
(u,v,w ) u
z
u

x = f (u,v )

James Lamberg

f u (u,v ) f v (u,v ) ( x,y )

=
gu ( u,v ) gv (u,v ) ( u,v )

x
v
y
v
z
v

x
w
y
w
z
w

F ( x, y )dxdy = F ( f (u,v ),g(u,v )) J ( u,v ) dudv F ( x,y,z)dxdydz = G( u,v,w ) (x,y,z) dudvdw

(u,v,w )
R

x, y
R F ( x, y )dxdy = S G(u,v ) ((u,v )) dudv

F ( x, y,z) = P ( x,y,z)i + Q( x,y,z)j + R ( x, y,z)k

F ( x,y ) = xi + yj = x 2 + y 2 = r
(af + bg) = af + bg Velocity Vector
v( x,y ) = ( yi + xj)
kr
f x (ti* ),y (t *i ),z(ti* ) si
f ( x, y,z) ds = lim
F ( x, y,z) = 3 ( fg ) = fg + gf
t 1
r
C
P Q R
k=GM
div F = F =
+
+
(aF + bG) = a( F ) + b( G ), mass = ( x,y,z)ds
x y z
C
( fG ) = ( f )( G) + (f ) G
1
i
j
k
x = x (x,y,z)ds

aF
+
bG
=
a
F
+
b

G,
(
)
mC

curl F = F =
( fG ) = ( f )( G) + (f ) G
1
x y z
y = y (x,y,z)ds
P Q R
mC
( x ,y,z )
f
(
x,y,z
)
=
F

Tds
=
F

Tds
R Q P R Q P

1
z = z ( x,y,z)ds
k
curl F =
i +
j +

C
( x 0 ,y 0 z ) 0
mC
y z z x x y
B
Centroid : ( x ,y ,z)
b
2
2
2
F

T
ds
=
F Tds

f
(
x,
y,z
)
ds
=
f
x
(
t
)
,y
(
t
)
,z
(
t
)
x'
(
t
)
+
y'
(
t
)
+
z'
(
t
)
dt

(
) ( ) ( ) ( )
C
A
Force Field

F Tds = Fdr = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz

P ( x, y,z) dx +Q( x, y,z) dy + R ( x, y,z)dz =

f ( x, y,z) dx = f ( x (t ), y (t ),z(t )) x' ( t) dt

P ( x (t ), y (t),z(t )) x' ( t)dt +

Q( x (t ), y (t),z(t )) y' ( t)dt +

R( x ( t),y ( t),z( t)) z' ( t)dt

Work
b

F Tds
a

W =

W =

f ( x, y,z) dz =

f ( x (t ), y (t ),z(t )) z' (t )dt

dy dx
i
j
ds
ds

Moment of Inertia

f dr = f ( r(b)) f (r(a)) = f ( B) f ( A)

W =

n=

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = Pdx + Qdy + Rdz

f ( x (t ), y (t ),z(t )) y' ( t) dt F n ds

Flux of a Vector
Field across C

f ( x, y,z) ds = f ( x, y,z) ds

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz

f ( x, y,z) dy =

Fdr
a

W =

I=

w ( x,y,z)ds
2

w = w( x,y,z) = distance

from (x , y ,)zto axis

F Tds = k w Tds
C

w = velocity vector

W =

F dr = V ( A) V ( B)
A

Page 3

Math Reference

Multivariable

James Lamberg

F Tds is independent

The vector field F defined on region D is conservative

C
provided that there exists a scalar funtion f defined on
of path in the region D iff F = f for some
D such that
funtion f defined on D
F = f
B
B
at each point of D, f is a potential funtion for F
F Tds = f dr = f (B ) f ( A)
The Line Integral

F (r (t )) = mr"( t) = mv' (t )

continuous 1st order partials in R = {(x , y) |

dr = r' (t )

a < x < b, c < y < d Then the vector field

F = Pi +Qj is conservative in R and has a
potential funtions f ( x, y ) on R irr at each point

F dr = 12 m(v )
B

A=

dA
Q
x y
R

Pdx + Qdy =

i
r r x
N=

=
u v u
x
v

j
y
u
y
v

R(r ( u ,v )) cos N(u ,v ) uv

i

R(r ( u ,v )) N( u ,v ) dudv
i

f ( x ( u,v ), y (u,v ),z( u,v ))

S

{div F }(P ) = lim

r0

F n = P cos + Qcos + R cos

Flux across S in
the direction of n
=

F ndS
S

( y,z) 2 (z,x ) 2 ( x, y) 2

+
+
dudv
( u,v ) (u,v ) ( u,v )

n=

h 2 h
f ( x, y,h( x,y )) 1+ + dxdy
x y

F ndS = FdV

2
h 2 h
dS = 1+ + dxdy
x y

Divergence Theorem

1
F nds
r2 Cr

z = h( x, y ) in xy -plane

r r ( y,z) (z, x )
( x, y )

=
i+
j+
k
u v ( u,v ) (u,v )
(u,v )

f ( x,y,z)dS =

{ F }( x 0 , y0 ) = lim
r 0

F nds = FdA
C

f ( x,y,z)dS

i=1

k
S
D
z
r r
u = D f (r ( ui,vi )) u v dudv
z
v dS = N( ui,v i) dudv = r r dudv
u v

m f (r ( ui,vi )) N( ui ,v i ) uv

N=

M N
+
x y

div F = F =

ydx + xdy = ydx = xdy

N
dA
+
F nds = M
x y

i=1

1
2

dA
Qdy = + Q
x

1
2
m (v A )
2

f ( x,y,z)dS = f (r( u ,v )) N( u ,v ) dudv

A N(ui ,v i ) uv

1
1
2
2
m(v A ) + V ( A) = m(v B ) + V ( B)
2
2

Green's Theorem

dt = v(t )

of R
P Q
=
y x

i=1

dA
Pdx = P
y

Newton's First Law gives:

Continuous funtions P( x,y ) and Q( x,y ) have

1
Vr

F ndS
Sr

S o u r c e{: div F}(P ) > 0

S i n k {: div F}(P ) < 0

N
= (cos
N

)i + (cos ) j + (cos )k

2 u 2 u 2 u 1 u
+
+
=
x 2 y 2 z2 k t
k =Thermal Diffusivity

F TdS = (curlF ) kdA

C

Page 4

Math Reference
cos = n i =
cos = n j =
cos = n k =

Multivariable

N i 1 ( y,z)
=
N
N ( u,v)

P( x,y,z)dydz = P( x,y,z) cos

S

N i 1 (z,x )
=
N
N (u,v )

(P cos

F ndS = 4GM

Gauss' Law for electric fields

Q
= E ndS =
S

q ndS = Ku ndS
S

+ Q cos + Rcos )dS

z
z
z
Q + R dxdy
P x
y
z
D

=
=

Rdxdy = Rcos

dS =0

s3

Rdxdy = R( x, y,z ( x, y)) dxdy

2

s2

Rdxdy = R ( x,y,z ( x, y )) dxdy

dV
Pdydz = P
x
S

dV
Qdzdx = Q
y

(Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy)

S3 is SA between S1 and S 2

s2

Heat -Flow Vector

q = Ku
K =Heat Conductivity

s3

Gauss' Law for flux

y,z)
(z,x )
( x,y )
+Q
+R
dudv
P (( u,v
( u,v)
) (u,v )
D

x, y

F ndS = Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy (P cos

=

)
dudv
Q(r ( u,v )) (( z,x
u,v )

R( x, y,z)dxdy = R( x,y,z) cos dS = R(r ( u,v )) ((u,v )) dudv

+ Q cos + Rcos )dS

dS =

y,z)
dudv
P (r (u,v )) ((u,v
)
D

Q( x,y,z)dydx = Q( x,y,z) cos

N i 1 ( x, y)
=
N
N ( u,v )

dS =

Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy

S

James Lamberg

Q R
+
+
dV
P
x y z
T

dV
Rdxdy = R
z
S

F dV = F ndS F ndS = F ndS

T

F n dS F n dS
2

S2

S1

Sa

r
dS
GMr
r
r
3

Sa

1dS
Sa
P y P z
Pdx = y y + z y dxdy C F TdS = S (curlF ) ndA = 4GM
C
D
P

R Q
Q P
P
P R
dzdy

dxdy

Pdx + Qdy + Rdz = y z dydz + z x dzdx + x y dxdy S z

z
C
S
P z P y
1
(Cr )

dxdy
*
=

{(curlF ) n}(P ) = lim

2 F Tds {(curlF ) n}(P )
2
z
y
y
y

r0 r
D
r
s1

Cr

(C ) =

F Tds
C

( x, y,z) = F Tds
C1

Stokes' Theorem

div v dV = v ndS = 0
T

div(

)=

2
+
+
=0
dx 2 dy 2 dz 2
2

GMr
a2

A vector field is irrotational iff

It is conservative and
F = for some scalar

2 u 2 u 2 u
+
+
=0
dx 2 dy 2 dz2

Page 5

Physics Reference

Electricity & Magnetism

James Lamberg

q1 q2
A shell of uniform charge
e 1.6 1019 C
2
4 0 r q = n e, n= 1,2 , . . .
attracts or repels a charged
1
N m 2 Point Charge particle that is outside the
k=
9 10 9
shell as if all the shell's charge
4 0
C E=k q
2
r
were concentrated at its center
Electric Fields Electric field lines extend
Torque
Electric Dipole
A shell of uniform charge
F
away from positive charge
E=
t = p E
q0
p = Dipole Moment
exerts no electrostatic force
and toward negative charge
Charged Ring
Charged Disk
2p 3(p r) p on a charged particle that is
E=k 3

qz
z
4 0 z3 located inside the shell.
z
E=
1

3 2 E =

Conducting Surface Line Of Charge Sheet Of Charge

4 0 ( z2 + R 2 )
2 0
z2 + R 2
Electric Charge
Charges with the same electrical
sign repel each other, and charges
with opposite electrical sign attract

F=

Potential Energy Gauss' Law : 0 =Qenclosed E =

E=
E=
2

r
20
0
0
Of A Dipole
Qenclosed
Flux = = E dA =
Electric Potential Electric Potential
Electric Diplole
U = p E
0
f
U = q W
p cos( )
Spherical Shell Spherical Shell Electric Potential
V f Vi = E ds = V V = k
W
n
r2
i
Field At r R Field At r < R
q
qi V = V f Vi =
V = k = k
q
dq
V
r
q
E=0
i=1 ri
V = k
ES =
E = V
E=
W
2
r
s
4 0 r
Vi =
Parallel Plate Cylindrical
q
Isolated Sphere
q1 q2
Capacitance
Capacitor
Capacitor
U
=
W
=
k
Spherical
r
C = 4 0 R
Q
L
0 A
C=
C=
C = 2 0
Capacitor
Parallel
Series
V
d
ln(b a)
Current
n
a

b
n
1
1
Potential Energy Energy Density
C = 4 0
dq
Ceff = Ci
=
b

a
i=
2
C
C
2
Q
1
i=1
eff
i=1
i
dt
U=
= C V 2 u = Q = 1 E 2 Dielectric
Resistance
2C 2
2C 2 0
E = J J = n e v drift
C
=

C
air
Current Density Current Density
V
R = , Ohm's Law Conductivity Resistivity
0 k E dA = Qenclosed
i
i = J dA
i
1
E
J = , Constant Resistance is a property of an object
L
=
=
A
R=
J
A
0 = 0 (T T0 ) Resistivity is a property of a material
Parallel
EMF
Resistivity
Of
A
Conductor
i
=
Power, Rate Of Transfer Resistive Dissapation
n
R
1
1
dW
(Such
As
Metal)
2
=

Of Electrical Energy
V
=
Reff i=1 Ri
P = i2 R =
dq
m
P = iV
R
= 2
e n
Series
EMF Power
Kirchoff's Loop Rule
n
Kirchoff's Junction Rule
dq
Pemf = i
The sum of the changes in
i
(
t
)
=
R
=
Ri
eff
The sum of the currents entering
dt
i=1
potential in a loops of a
any junction must equal the sum
Discharging A Capacitor
circuit must be zero
of the currents leaving that junction q(t ) = q e t R C
Charging A Capacitor
0
Charging A Capacitor
t R C
q
q(t ) = C (1 e
)
i( t) = 0 e t R C
t R C
VC = (1 e
RC
)
t R C
i(t ) = e
R
Page 1

Physics Reference

Electricity & Magnetism

James Lamberg

Magnetic Fields, B Opposite magnetic poles attract Circular Charged Path Mass Spectrometer
FB = q v B
Like magnetic poles repel
m v2
2 q V
qv B =
v=
Right Hand Rule, Positive Charge Hall Effect
r
m
2
Thumb Up, Pointer Pointing
V = E d Resonance Condition
B q x 2
m=
8V
and Middle Finger Perpendicular
Bi
f = f osc
n=
V le
Thumb =Magnetic Force Direction
1
q B Force On A Current Parallel currents
f=
= =
2 T 2 m dFB = i dL B
Pointer =Velocity Direction
attract and
Middle =Magnetic Field Direction Magnetic Dipole Moment Magnetic Potential Energy AntiParallel
Biot -Savart Law
= N i A, Moment
U( ) = B
currents repel
Like "Leo Bazaar"
t= B
Right Hand Rule
i ds r
7 T m Long Straight Wire Torid
dB = 0
Grasp the element with thumb
0 = 4 10
4 r3
A
0i
0 i N turns
B=
B=
pointing in the direction of the
Center Of Circular Arc
2 r
2 r
current, fingers curl in the
i
Ideal Solenoid
Force Between Two
B= 0
direction of the magnetic field
4 R
n = turns per unit length Parallel Wires
Ampre's Law
Magnetic Flux
Current Carrying Coil B = 0 i n
0 i1 i2
F=
L

A changing magnetic field

B ds = 0 ienclosed B = B dA
2 d
B(z) = 0 3
2 z
produces an electric field Faraday's Law Coil Of N Turns Faraday's Law
Current Loop + Magnetic Field Torque
d
d B
d B
= B
= N
E ds =
=

Torque + Magnetic Field Current? YES

dt
dt
dt
Inductance Solenoid
Self Induced emf Rise Of Current (Inductor) Decay Of Current (Inductor)
N B L = 0 n 2 A l
di
L
L
L=
L = L
i = (1 e t L ), L =
i = e t L = i0 e t L , L =
i
dt
R
R
R
R
Magnetic Energy Magnetic Energy Density Mutual Inductance
Gauss' Law, Magnetic Fields
2
1
2
B
di
di
1
UB = L i
uB =
= 1 = M 2 B = B dA = 0
2 = M
2
2 0
dt
dt
Spin Magnetic Dipole Moment Bohr Magneton
Maxwell's Equations
e
e h
J
Gauss' Law For Electricity
S
9.27 1024
s =
B =
m
4 m
T Speed Of Light
qenc
E dA = e
1
Potential Energy
Potential Energy
c=
0
0 0
Gauss' Law For Magnetism U = s B ext = s,z B U = orb B ext = orb,z Bext
Orbital Magnetic Inside A Circular Capacitor Outside A Circular Capacitor
B dA = 0
Dipole Moment
i
i
Faraday's Law
B= 0 d
B = 0 d2 r
e
2 r
2 R
Lorb
B
orb =
E ds = d
2m
Potential
Potential
LC Circuit
dt
Displacement Current
Ampre -Maxwell Law
Li
1
q2
UB =
d E
UE =
LC =
2
i = 0
LC
2C
E
+ 0 ienc d
B ds = 0 0 d
dt
dt
i = id , Capacitor
Page 2

Physics Reference
LC Circuit
d 2q q
+ =0
dt 2 C
q(t ) = Q cos( t +

Q2
cos 2 ( t +
2C
Q2
UB =
sin 2 ( t +
2C
UE =

i( t) = Q sin( t +

RLC Circuit w/ AC
di
Q
L + i R + = B sin(
dt
C
i( t) = iB sin( d t )
iB =

Electricity & Magnetism

t)

)
)

RLC Circuit
di
Q
L + iR + = 0
dt
C
t 2 LR
q(t ) = A e
cos(

Capacitive Reactance
1
XC =
d C
Current Amplitude
i=

rms potential
Average Power
V
P = rms irms cos( )
Vrms =
, rms = B av
2
2 Transformer Current
Transformer Voltage
N
i2nd = i1st 1st
N
N 2nd
V2nd = V1st 2nd
N1st

Maxwell's Equations (Integral)

E dA = qenc

ienc +

1 d
c 2 dt

LC

1 2

2 LR

Average Power relates

to the heating effect
RMS Power, while it
can be calculated is worthless

LC

LR

N 2
Req = 1st R
N 2nd

Maxwell's Equations (Derviative)

E =
0

B dA = 0
E ds = dtd B dA
0

L
Q2 t LR
U=
e
R
2C
Impedance
Phase Constant
2
Z = ( X L XC ) + R 2
X XC
tan( ) = L
R
Inductive Reactance
rms current
Resonance
XL = d L
i
1
Average Power
irms =
=
d =
2
2
LC
Pav = irms R
Not "rms Power" Resistance Load at Generator

B ds =

James Lamberg

B = 0

E dA

E =

B
t

B =

J+

1 E

c 2 dt

Page 3

Math Reference

Sequences & Series

James Lamberg

Q P is contrapositive of P Q N = Set of positive int egers

Z = Set of all i n tegers
and these are equivalent
Q = Set of rational numbers
Q P is converse of P Q
R = Set of real numbers
and these may not be equivalent
The set A is finite if A = or for some n N, Mathematical Induction :
1) n N, P or ve Base Case that
A has exactly n members.
The set A is infinite if A is not finite.
P(1) is true
Well Ordering Property of N :
2)Assume P ( n) and n N,
Every nonempty subset of N has
show P ( n) P ( n +1)
a smallest memeber
Pr inciple of Mathematical Induction
Strong Induction
P and Q is P Q
P or Q is P Q
not P is P
if P then Q is P Q
P if and only if Q is P Q
Existential Quantifier :
x : for all/every x
Universal Quantifier :
x : there exists x
: element of

Let P (n ) be a mathematical statement, if

a) P (1) is true, and

b) for every n N

P( n) P (n +1) is true,

then P ( n) is true for every n N

1) P (1) is true, and

2) for each n N, if [each P (1),...,P ( n) is true],

then P ( n +1) is true, then P ( n) is true n N

P is a necessary condition for Q : Q P

P is a sufficient condition for Q : P Q

( P Q) is P Q

( P Q) is P Q
The least upper bound, r, of A is the supremum Archimedean Property of N :
( P Q) is P Q
of and is denoted sup A, that is r =sup A if:
N is not bounded above
a) r is an upper bound of A, and
Completeness Axiom :Every nonempty
b) r r' for every upper bound r' of A
subset of R which is bounded above has
The greatest lower bound, r, of A is the infimum a least upper bound
of and is denoted inf A, that is r =inf A if:
For every positive real number x, there is
a) r is a lower bound of A, and
1
some positive i n teger n such that 0 < < x
b) r r' for every upper bound r' of A
n
sup A exists if A has a least upper bound and
For all real numbers x and y such that x < y,
inf A exists if A has a greatest lower bound
there is a rational number r such that x < r < y
For all real numbers x and y such that x < y,
Bounds: Suppose A is a set of real numbers
1) r R is an upper bound of A if no member there is an irrational number ir such that x < ir < y
of A is bigger than r : x A[ x r]

There is no rational number r such that r 2 = 2

2) r R is a lower bound of A if no member

of A is smaller than r : x A [r x ]

There is a real number x such that x2 = 2

Let n N. For every real number y > 0,

3) A is bounded above if r R which is an

upper bound of A
A is bounded below if r R which is a
lower bound of A
A is bounded if if is bounded above and below

there is a real number x > 0 such that x n = y

Completeness Axiom Corollary :Every
nonempty subset of R which is bounded
below has a greatest lower bound
Page 1

Math Reference

Sequences & Series

A sequence is a function whose domain is a

set of the form {n Z : n k}, where k Z
If s is a sequence, sn is the value of the
sequence at arg ument n.

James Lamberg

Definition of a Limit :
Let L be a real number.
lim sn = L iff
n

lim sn = L is
n

> 0 n0 n n0 [ sn L <

Given { an } and {bn } with domain D :

limsn = L is
sn L

The sequence s converges to L if lim sn = L .

{ an + bn } is sn = an + bn n D
{ an bn } is sn = an bn n D
{ an bn } is sn = an bn n D

The sequence s is convergent if there is some

L such that s converges to L.
The sequence s is divergent if is is not convergent

an
a

is sn = n n D,bn 0
bn
bn
{ c an } is sn = c an n D

If lim sn = L0 and sn = L1 , then L0 = L1

The sequence { sn } is bounded if

there is some r R such that sn r

If a sequence is convergent,
for all n in the domain of { sn }.
then it is bounded
Suppose l i msn = L1 , and lim tn = L2 , and c R. Suppose that for all sufficiently large n,
an bn c n
a) l i ms
( n + tn ) = L1 + L2
If lim an = L and limcn = L then limbn = L
b) lim (c sn ) = c L1
If lim sn = 0 , then l i msn = 0
c) lim (sn tn ) = L1 L2

Suppose : l i m
an = L, and f is a function which
is continuous at L, and for each n, an is in the
domain of f . Then lim f ( an ) = f ( L)

s L
d) lim n = 1 , L2 0 and n[ tn 0]
tn L2
f is continuous at x if for any > 0 there exists
some

> 0 so that if z - x < , then f ( z) - f ( x ) <

Let sn = f ( n). If lim f ( x) = L, then lim sn = L

x

The set of reals R is the completion of the set

of i n tegers Q. Or R = {sup A | A Q}

Let {sn } be a sequence. lim sn = if :

1
Mn0 n n0 [sn M ]
Let sn = f . If lim+ f ( x ) = L, then l i msn = L
n
x 0
limsn = if :
Mn0 n n0 [sn M ]

The sequence {sn } is:

Suppose {sn } is monotonic. Then Re cursively Defined Sequence is

increa sing if for all n, sn sn+1
defined in terms of sn for each n.
strictly increasin g if for all n, sn < sn+1 {sn } converges iff it is bounded.
decreasin g if for all n, sn sn +1
The sequence {sn } is a Cauchy sequence f is continuous and x a

strictly decreasin g if for all n, sn > sn+1 if for every > 0, there is some n such
0
If f ( x) dx converges
monotonic if any of the above are true
a
that sm - sn < for all m, n n 0

Cauchy sequences are bounded and converge

f ( x )dx = limsn = lim

f ( x )dx Geometric Series : a and r are real

a r , with r being the ratio

i

i =0

then

f (x )dx converges
a

If lim a i 0, then a i is divergent

i=1

Page 2

Math Reference

Sequences & Series

James Lamberg
Given a sequence { An } we form {Sn } by :

Comparison Test
0 f ( x ) g( x ), x a

f (x )dx converges, then g( x )dx converges

i)If

and
ii)If

Sn = ai

f ( x )dx g( x )dx

i=1

i) If {Sn } converges, we say the i n finite series :

n

a converges to a = limS , the value of the series

i

i=1

i=1

f ( x )dx diverges, then g( x )dx diverges

ii) If {Sn } diverges, we say the i n finite series :

a diverges also.

i) Suppose

a is convergent, for c R,
i

i=1

iii) If l i mSn = we say :

a
=
c
i ai
i=1
i=1

is convergent, and bi is convergent

iv) If lim Sn = we say :

(a + b ) = a + b
i=1

i=1

a r

i=1

converges to

a
1-r

ii) If r 1 and a 0 then

a r

and f ( x ) 0 for x 1

diverges

i= 0

n =1

f (n ) converges iff f ( n) converges.

an is absolutely convergent if

n=1

Ratio Test

x1 dx converges if p > 1

is convergent

x1

n=1

So an is convergent

converges if p > 1

and diverges if p 1

Comparison Test 0 an bn

{an } and {bn } are sequences

n =1

n =1

If bn converges then an converges

n =1

n =1

a n+1
= L < 1 then a n converges
an
n=1

If lim

a n+1
= L > 1 or then a n diverges
an
n=1

If an diverges then bn diverges

Root Test

For all n, 0 < a n

If lim(a n ) n = L < 1 then a n converges

1

n=1

n=1

For all n, 0 < a n

If lim

and diverges if p 1

i= 0

Integral Test
f is continuous and decrea sing on the i n terval [1, )

i) If r< 1 then the geometric series

i=1

a = and

the series diverges to min us i n finity.

then ( ai + bi ) is convergent a n d :
i

i=1

i=1

= and

the series diverges to inf inity.

i=1

a
i=1

ii) If

i=1

n=1

If lim(a n ) = L > 1 or then a n diverges

1
n

n=1

n th term test for divergence

If l i man 0, then an is divergent

n =1

Page 3

Math Reference

Sequences & Series

Limit - Comparison Test

For all n, 0< an and 0 < bn
a
If lim n = L > 0, L
bn

n =1

is the set

x : an x n is convergent at
n =0

n =1

converges then an converges

n =1

n= 0

a x

The power series

n =1

an 0

converges at the

n= 0

If lim

a x

{an } is a strictly decreasin g sequence

n =1

of the power series

converges then bn converges Then (1) n+1 a is convergent

n

a
If lim n = 0
bn

The int erval of convergence

Alternating - Series Test

For all n, an > 0

James Lamberg

real number x1 if an x1 converges and

n

n= 0

an

bn

diverges at x1 if an x1 n diverges

n= 0

diverges then an diverges

n =1

If the power series

n =1

a x
n

is :

n =0

a x

Differentiation and
Integration of power
series can be done
term by term

convergent only at x = 0 ,then the

radius of convergence is 0
the following is true :
Absolutely convergent at all x, then the
The power series converges only at x = 0
radius of convergence is
The power series absolutely converges at all x
Converges absolutely at all x such that
There is a number r > 0 such that the power
x < r and diverges at all x such that x > r,
series converges absolutely at all x such that
then the radius of convergence is r
x < r and diverges at all x such that x > r
If f ( x ) = a0 + a1 x + ...+ an x n + ... for x < r
Suppose that r > 0, and
Abel' s Theorem
For a given power series

, one of

n =0

Suppose f ( x ) = an x
n= 0

f ( x ) = an x for x < r
n

f ( x ) = f (0) + f ' (0) x + f ( n ) (0)

n= 0

xn
+ ...
n!

Taylor's Theorem
f ( n ) (0)
Then for all n 0, an =
Assume that f has continous derivatives

n!
If an converges, then
of order n +1 on [0 , x], then
for x < 1

n= 0

lim f ( x ) = an
x -1

R n ( x) =

1
n!

f ( ) (t)( x t )
n +1

dt

n= 0

Page 4

Math Reference

SAT IIC

Repeated Percent Increase

Final Amount = Original (1+ rate )
Repeated Percent Decrease

# changes

Final Amount = Original (1 rate) #changes

( x + y )2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2
( x y ) 2 = x 2 2xy + y 2
( x + y )( x y ) = x 2 y 2

James Lamberg

Percent Change log b ( xy) = log b ( x ) + log b ( y )

30-60-90 Triangle
Change
x

x
=
1: 3 : 2
Original 100 log b y = log b ( x ) log b ( y )
45-45-90 Triangle

log b ( x ) = n logb ( x )
n

distance = rate time

1:1: 2

Area of Square
TotalDistan ce
d2
AverageSpeed =
2
2
A
=
s
or
A
=
TotalTime
b b 4ac
2
x=
ex = n
2a
Triagle Area
Domain : x values
TriangleInternalAngles = 180
1
Range : y values
A = bh
Freds Theorem
2
Roots : f ( x ) = 0
Equilateral Triagle Area
2 II lines intersected make only 2 unique angles
log b n = x
3rd triangle side between sum and difference of other two
s2 3
A=
bx = n
4
a2 + b2 = c 2
Sum Internal Polygon w/ n Sides Rect Solid Surface Area
i1 = i
Parabola y = a( x h) 2 + k
SumAngles = ( n 2)180
2
2
i 2 = 1
SA = 2lw + 2wh + 2lh
Circle r 2 = ( x h) + ( y k )
2
2
y = mx + b
i 3 = i
Long Diagonal
( x h ) + (y k )
4
Ellipse
1=
y y1 = m( x x1 )
i =1
a2 + b2 + c 2 = d 2
a2
b2
deg rees radians
(x h )2 ( y k ) 2
d = ( x2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 )2 Area of Trapezoid
=
Hyperbola
1
=
360
2
a2
b2
b1 + b2
x 2 + x1 y 2 + y1
h
midpt =
,
A =
2
Work Done=rate of work
time
2
2
Arithmetic Series
Polar
x-axis
symmetry
opp
adj
opp sin
an = a1 + ( n 1)d
sin =
cos=
t a n=
=
x
=
r
cos
y
=
r
sin

f
x
and

f
x
x
(
)
(
)
hyp
hyp
adj cos
Arithmetic Sum
2
2
2
r
=
x
+
y
Infinite
Geometric
1
1
1
a +a
csc =
sec =
cot =
Sum = n 1 n
x
a1
sin
cos
cos
2
tan =
Sum =
,1< r < 1
2
2
y
1
r
sin x + cos x = 1
Even : f ( x ) = f (x ), y axis Contrapositive
sin
sin
sin
=
=
a
b
c
Odd : f ( x ) = f (x ),origin A B ~ B ~ A
2
2
2
c = a + b 2abcos
Geometric Series
Probabilty of Multiple Events
2
an = a1 r( n1)

( xi )
P( x n ) = P ( x1 ) P ( x 2 ) P ( x 3 ) P ( x 4 )...
Standard Deviation = =
Geometric Sum
N
Group Problem
n
Find the mean of the set
Total = Group1 + Group2 + Neither Both Sum = a1 (1 r )
1 r
Find difference between each value and mean
M e a n : Average of set elements
3
Square differences
Cube V = s SA = 6s2
Median : Middle Value
Average results
LongDiagonal = s 3
M o d e : Most Often
Square root the average
Cylinder V = r2 h
Range : Highest- Lowest
Number of outcomes that are x
SA = 2r 2 + 2rh
Probability( x) =
Total possible outcomes
Page 1
ln n = x
log e n = x

y = ax 2 + bx + c