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Sanyo LCD Training Manual
Sanyo LCD Training Manual
FILE NO.
CONTENTS
Pages
1. Construction of LCD Display ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 - 5
1-1 Principle of LCD Display ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
1-2 Construction of LCD Display --------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 - 3
1-3 Main Component of LCD Display --------------------------------------------------------------- 4 - 5
2. Principle of Liquid Crystal --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 - 8
2-1 Liquid Crystal --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
2-2 Rubbing-process------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6 - 7
2-3 Operation of Liquid Crystal ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
3. Principle of LCD --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 - 11
3-1 Operation of Polarized Board for LCD Panel (Shutter)----------------------------------------- 9
3-2 Operation of Alignment Film------------------------------------------------------------------------- 10
3-3 Operation of LCD Panel ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 10 - 11
3-4 Transparent Electrode -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
4. Type of LCD Display Construction ------------------------------------------------------------ 12 - 13
4-1 Twisted Nematic (TN) Type -------------------------------------------------------------------- 12- 13
4-2 Super TN (STN) Type---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12- 13
4-3 Triple STN (TSTN) Type / Film STN (FSTN) Type --------------------------------------- 12- 13
5. System of LCD Display ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14 - 20
5-1 Dot-Matrix System ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
5-2 Colorization ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 15
5-3 Drive System -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16
5-4 Passive Matrix System-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 16 - 17
5-5 Active Matrix System ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 18 - 19
5-6 Drive of Active Matrix System----------------------------------------------------------------- 19 - 20
6. Improvement Technology of LCD Display -------------------------------------------------- 21 - 27
6-1 Subject of LCD Display ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
6-1-1 Angle of View ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
6-1-2 Response Characteristic--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21
6-2 Angle of View-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 22
6-3 Multi-Domain System --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
6-4 MVA (Multi-domain Vertical Alignment) System ----------------------------------------------- 24
6-5 IPS (In-Plain Switching) System ------------------------------------------------------------------- 25
6-6 Optically Compensated Film ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26
6-7 OCB (Optically Compensated Birefringence) System ---------------------------------------- 26
6-8 Improvement of Response Speed ----------------------------------------------------------------- 27
6-8-1 Inpulse System--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27
6-8-2 FFD (Feed Forward Driving) System ----------------------------------------------------------- 27
7. Appendix ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 - 31
7-1 Backlight-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
7-2 LVDS Circuit--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29
7-3 Block Diagram Example ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 30 - 31
Backlight
A fluorescent light is used for the Backlight.
-2-
Backlight
Polarized
Board
Glass
Plate
Pixel
(Picture Element)
Transparent
TFT
Electrode
(Pixel, TFT)
Transparent
Electrode
(Common)
Color Filter
Glass
Plate
Polarized
Board
Board
Module
(TFT side)
LCD Layer
Board Module
(Common side)
Fig. 1 Construction
of LCD Display
Liquid Crystal
Liquid Crystal is a material whose state is between a solid and a liquid. It has both characteristics of
solids and liquids, and generally it is a white turbid liquid. Its molecules are normally arranged comparatively opaque and change to transparent with the application of voltage or heat.
Alignment Film
This is a film for arranging liquid crystal molecules and is made of Polymid resin.
Polarized Board
The light with a specified direction passes through a polarized board.
Drive Transistor
The thin film transistor (TFT) is used to drive the LCD shutter of each pixel.
Color Filter
It is a filter with three colors (R, G, B) arranged for each pixel.
Backlight
Liquid crystal does not emit light. A light source is needed for display. The light source placed on the
reverse side of the LCD panel is called Backlight.
-4-
Backlight
Polarized
Glass
Board
Plate
Transparent Electrode
(Pixel, TFT)
Module
(Back)
LCD
Shutter
Alignment Film
Liquid Crystal
Alignment Film
Transparent Electrode
(Common)
Color Filter
Glass Plate
Polarized
Board
LCD Layer
Module
(Front)
Fig. 2 Construction
of LCD Display
(Cross Section)
Backlight
LCD Panel
(LCD Shutter)
LCD
Display
LCD
Module
TFT Display
Drive Circuit
(with IC)
-5-
(a) Smectic
Molecules are in layers and arranged parallel to each other. The center of gravity is arranged at random
in the layer.
(b) Nematic
Molecules are not in layers. They are arranged parallel. The center of gravity is able to move freely to the
major axis.
(c) Cholesteric
Molecules are in layers and arranged parallel. The arranging direction of the major axis for the neighboring layers is shifted gradually.
In order to use liquid crystal for display, it is necessary to regularly arrange the molecules of Nematic
(Rubbing-process).
2-2 Rubbing-process
After chemicals for arranging are put on the glass plate, they are hardened, and then the surface on the
plate is rubbed with a cloth to fix the direction of the gaps that are made. The arranging direction of molecules is settled in the gaps.
This process is used to change the characteristics so the molecules that touch the rubbed surface are
arranged to the major axis of the rubbed direction.
This thin film on the glass plate is called Alignment film.
-6-
(a) Smectic
(b) Nematic
(c) Cholesteric
Rubbing
Direction
Alignment Film
Fig. 5 Rubbing-Process
-7-
Transparent
Electrode
Electric
Field
Liquid Crystal
Electric
Field
Liquid Crystal
Molecule
Electric
Dipole
-8-
Principle of LCD
3. Principle of LCD
3-1 Operation of Polarized Board for LCD Panel (Shutter)
Light is an electromagnetic wave that is oscillating at right angles to the direction of advance. In fact, the
oscillating directions of all light is mixed. A polarized board can let only the light in the specific direction
pass from the light with which these various oscillating directions were mixed. Therefore, only the light of
the same direction as the polarization direction of a polarized board can be taken out by letting the light
pass through this polarized board. That is, if the oscillating direction of light and the direction of a polarized board are in agreement, the light will pass through a polarized board. Moreover, if the direction of a
polarized board differs from the oscillating direction of light, the light cannot pass through a polarized
board. When the oscillating direction of a polarized board and light are shifted 90(right-angled), the light
is blocked completely. The light passes and looks bright if the two boards are in the same direction when
looking at two polarized boards in piles, however, if shifted at right-angles, the light is blocked and looks
dark.
Oscillating direction of light
Polarized
Board
The direction of a
polarized board differs
from the oscillating
direction of light
Passage
Light The two boards are
the same directions.
White
Fig. 7 Operation of
Polarized Board
Interception
Light The two boards are
shifted right-angled.
Black
-9-
Fig. 8 Operation of
Polarized Board
Alignment
Plate
Alignment
Film
Direction
of Groove
Liquid
Crystal
Molecule
By the upper-and-lower
alignment films, spirally, a
liquid crystal molecules are
twisted 90 and arranged.
Alignment
Film
Direction
of Groove
Fig. 9 Operation of
Alignment Film
On the contrary, in the condition (Switch-On) that voltage is supplied, the liquid crystal molecules are
arranged in a line at right angles to a glass plate. Since vertical liquid crystal molecules do not affect the
oscillating direction of light, the light that passed the upper polarized board passes as it is without changing the oscillating direction. Since the oscillating direction of this light differs from direction of the lower
polarized board which is shifted 90 and arranged, the light collides with this polarized board and cannot
pass. This is the liquid crystal shutter-off condition and the LCD panel (LCD shutter) blocks the light.
This is the basic structure (OnOff of the light by the LCD shutter) of an LCD panel. It is a sandwich
structure of the upper and lower sides of transparent electrodes, alignment films, and polarized boards,
with an enclosed liquid crystal material between them.
The LCD panel shown in Fig. 10 is a type of panel that changes the light into a passage condition when
voltage is not supplied between the upper-and-lower polarized boards that are arranged at 90. This type
of panel has the advantage that black contrast is improved, and it usually works well. This mode is called
Normally White Mode.
An LCD panel that passes light when voltage is not supplied is referred to as Normally Black Mode. In
practice, with this type (when the upper-and-lower polarized boards are arranged in the same direction),
displaying perfect black becomes difficult due to the leakage of light caused by variations in the arrangement of the liquid crystal molecules.
Lig
Lig
ht
ht
Polarized
Board
Transparent
Electrode
(Upper)
Polarized
Board
Transparent
Electrode
(Upper)
Alignment
Film
Alignment
Film
Liquid
Crystal
Liquid
Crystal
Alignment
Film
Transparent
Electrode
(Lower)
Polarized
Board
Alignment
Film
Transparent
Electrode
(Lower)
Polarized
Board
Fig. 10 Operation of
Passage
Interception
LCD Panel
-12-
TN Type
Module
LCD Layer
Module
Twist of molecule
(90)
STN Type
Module
LCD Layer
Module
Twist of molecule
(180 - 270)
TSTN Type
Optically
Compensated
Film
Module
LCD Layer
Module
Optically
Compensated
Film
Fig. 11 Type of LCD Display Construction
-13-
R G B
A character or a figure is
displayed by making the
pixel of each X and Y intersection turn on (or off).
Y
Fig. 12 Dot-Matrix System
-14-
5-2 Colorization
Since an LCD shutter only passes or blocks light, in itself it cannot display a color picture. The color picture is made by mixing the three colors of RGB (three primary colors of light) respectively, like the CRT
color television. The color LCD panel has a color filter of RGB attached to the monochrome panel. See
Fig. 13. In this color LCD panel, by controlling the voltages and the waveforms that are supplied at each
RGB pixel, the transparent ratio is controlled and hue and brightness are adjusted. Therefore, smaller
pixels and more numbers of pixels are required for the color LCD Display. For example, although the
SXGA panel described before has about 1,300,000 pixels, in colorization, there are about 4 million dots
(sub-pixels).
Backlight
Backlight
ite
ite
Wh
Wh
r
lo
Co
R G
B
m
hro
c
o
Mo
LCD Shutter
Color Panel
Monochrome Panel
Fig. 13 Colorization of LCD Display
-15-
Drive System
Y Electrode
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
Y4
Glass
Plate
X0
X1
X2
X3
Liquid
Crystal
Layer
X4
Glass
Plate
X Electrode
-16-
Y1
Y0
Y1
Y2
X0
X1
X2
Liquid
Crystal
X3
X2
Fig. 15 Passive Matrix System
In the dynamic drive system, since the electric signal (voltage) is supplied to the Y electrode and the X
electrode in sequence, the number of pixels which makes all pixels (the total number of pixels are X x
Y) turn on or off becomes X+Y. Therefore, compared with the static drive system that has an independent electrode for each pixel, the number of electrodes of the dynamic drive system is very few.
However, with this dynamic drive system, since the electrode itself is the wiring, it has resistance that
cannot be disregarded in the big screens. This resistance causes the speed of the shutter to become
slower. Therefore, when displaying moving pictures etc., an afterimage is generated.
This passive matrix system is not suitable for LCD televisions with big screens that require moving pictures and high resolution.
The active matrix system was developed in order to overcome these faults.
-17-
COMMON
Electrode
Pixel Electrode
(Pixel Pattern)
Liquid
Crystal
Layer
X Electrode
Glass Plate
(Lower)
Y Electrode
Equivalent Circuit
(TFT)
Liquid
Crystal
Y0
Y Electrode
Y1
COMMON
Electrode
Matrix System
Equivalent Circuit
(Switch)
COMMON
COMMON
COMMON
Electrode
TFT
(Switch Element)
Liquid
Crystal
Pixel
Electrode
Drain
Drain
X1
X Electrode X1
X2
TFT
Pixel Electrode
X1
Gate
Gate
Source
Source
Y0
TFT
-18-
Y0
Switch
(On / Off)
Y0
Y1
Y2
Y3
X0
TFT (Switch)
Liquid Crystal
COMMON Electrode
X1
X2
X3
The TFT LCD display consists of a matrix of n lines of X direction (X0 - Xn-1) and of n rows of Y direction
(Y0 - Yn-1). The line of X direction is called the gate line and the line (row) of Y direction is called the
data line.
First, the scan is started from the pixel address
Since the time for the drive voltage to reach its
required value is shorter in the active matrix system,
(X0, Y0), and when the address (X0, Yn-1) is
the response time of the display becomes quicker.
selected the scan of X0 line is completed. Next, all
the pixels from X1 line to Xn-1 line are scanned in
Active Matrix System
sequence, and the final address is (Xn-1, Yn-1).
The operation of selected pixel address (X1, Y2)
is explained below.
First, (signal) voltage is supplied to X1 line (gate
of TFT), next voltage is supplied to Y2 row (source
of TFT), and the address of the intersection of X1
Passive Matrix System
line and Y2 row is selected and its TFT is turned
On or Off. However, just switching the TFT on and
off will not change the brightness of the screen.
The brightness of a screen is changed by controlTime
ling the voltage of a data line (Y row). Fig. 19
shows the voltage characteristic of the matrix sysFig. 19 Voltage Characteristic of Matrix System
tem.
-19-
In Fig. 20, the voltage of the data line (Y2) is supplied in the positive direction to a common electrode
(DC drive). In practice a uniform AC voltage is supplied to the common electrode (AC drive) to prolong
the life of the liquid crystal.
Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Yn-1
X0
X1
X2
X3
Pixel
Electrode
Glass Plate
(Common)
Liquid
Crystal
Xn-1
Glass Plate
(TFT)
TFT
COMMON
X Direction
Variable
Voltage
Video Data
Processor Y Direction
Timming Controller
(Scan Converter)
Power
Circuit
COMMON
X1
Y2
TFT: On (X1, Y2)
Brightness
of Screen
Y2
COMMON
TFT: On
Y2
In practice, driven by AC signal
to COMMON. (AC Drive)
Y2
TFT: Off
Y2
-20-
Vertical
Angle of View
Horizontal
Angle of View
Fig. 21 Angle of View
6-1-2 Response Characteristic
The response characteristic of the LCD display is the speed at which the display is refreshed by the input
signal (video data signal).
If this response characteristic is slow, an afterimage will appear on the screen. Therefore, in large screen
LCD television, improving this response characteristic becomes very important.
-21-
Polarized
Board
Transparent Electrode
(Common)
Alignment Film
Glass
Plate
Alignment Film
Transparent Electrode
(Pixel, TFT)
Polarized
Board
Glass
Plate
-22-
Polarized
Board
Transparent Electrode
(Common)
Alignment Film
Glass
Plate
Glass
Plate
Alignment Film Alignment Film
(Left)
(Right)
Transparent Electrode
(Pixel, TFT)
Polarized
Board
Fig. 23 Multi-Domain System
-23-
Generally, a Posi-Nematic system is used that aligns the liquid crystal molecules by supplying voltage.
Polarized
Board
Transparent Electrode
(Common)
Alignment Film
Glass
Plate
(Right)
Glass
Plate
Transparent Electrode
(Pixel, TFT)
Polarized
Board
-24-
Polarized
Board
Glass Plate
(Without Transparent Electrode)
Alignment Film
Electric
Field
Transparent Electrode
(Pixel)
Alignment Film
Transparent Electrode
(Common)
Glass Plate
Liquid Crystal Molecule
(Vertical)
Polarized
Board
Polarized
Board
Alignment Film
Liquid Crystal
Molecule
(Vertical)
Polarized Board
Compensated
Film
Liquid Crystal
Polarized
Board
2 sheets / 1 side
2 sheets / 2 sides
Polarized Board
Compensated Film 1
Compensated Film 2
Polarized Board
Compensated
Film 1
Liquid Crystal
Polarized
Board
Liquid Crystal
Polarized
Board
Compensated
Film 2
Polarized Board
Optically Compensated
Film
Transparent Electrode
(Common)
Glass
Plate
Alignment Film
Liquid Crystal Molecule
Alignment Film
Transparent Electrode
(Pixel, TFT)
Polarized
Board
Glass
Plate
Black Data
Picture Data
Over-Shoot
Waveform (Normal)
Voltage
Voltage
The response speed of LCD brightness can be improved by adding over-shoot characteristic to the data
line voltage. Fig. 29 shows the actual overdrive circuit used in a digital drive system.
Time
Time
Response Time
Brightness
Brightness
Response
Time
Time
Voltage
Voltage
Time
Time
Time
Overdrive Circuit
-27-
Appendix
7 Appendix
7-1 Backlight
An LCD panel does not emit light itself. For the display, a light source is required, and normally fluorescent lights are used for the backlight of the LCD television.
The backlight consists of fluorescent lights, a reflective plate, and a diffusion sheet (or board). Fig. 30
shows the structure and photograph of 30V and 15V LCD televisions backlights.
30V Type
LCD Panel
Fluorescent Lights
(30V: 16pcs)
Reflective Plate
15V Type
LCD Panel
Fluorescent Lights
(15V: 2pcs, 20V:3pcs)
Diffusion Sheet
Reflective Plate
Fig. 30 Backlight
-28-
Appendix
Transmitter
(Driving
Circuit)
100
Terminated
3.5mA
Receiver
(LCD Panel)
LVDS Cable
1.2V
345/200mV
LVDS Transmitter
TxOUT
TxIN
LVDS Receiver
RxIN
RxOUT
Vsync
Vsync
Hsync
Hsync
BLANK
BLANK
PARITY
PARITY
PDWN
DCLK
TxCLKIN
DCLK
CLOCK (LVDS)
-29-
LVDS
RxCLKOUT
LCD Module
Appendix
Speaker (R)
U45
R
Audio AMP
LA4263
10
Tuner Board
1 30
DRO [0-7]
Video Decoder
VY [0-7]
V L R
L_PC
11
L2
GBE [0-7]
VCPU 33
37
Flash ROM
U30
8Mbits
V33D
AVDD
PVDD
V L R Y Cb Cr
G
H
Component
AV2 Input
B_PC
Red_PC
AV1 Input
THC63LVDM83A
54 30 48 31 43
R2
CVBS2
4
R1
V L R
Monitor Output
CVBS1
SY1
DBO [0-7]
MENORY
DATA
Graphic A/D
AD9883
R_PC
16
L1
SC1
7
S1
R_OUT
L_OUT
CVBS_OUT
AV Switch U46
CXA2089Q
33 30 32
LVDS
Interface
DGO [0-7]
U6
18
34
V33
5 4 6
GGE [0-7]
74 71
VUV [0-7]
VPC3230D
40 43 45
41 39
IC1
U36
INPUT_Y
INPUT_Cb/Pb
INPUT_Cr/Pr
CVBS
47 48 46
VCPU 33/18
U19
SELECTED_C
72
AUDIO_L
AUDIO_R
L_TV
R_TV
3
2
1
SELECTED_Y
CC_R
CC_G
CC_B
7 6
V_TV
Main Board
NJW1138M
Tuner / IF
TMQJ8
+9V
LCD Panel
Audio Processor
IIC
+CONTROL
17
Speaker (L)
GRE [0-7]
Sub CPU
M37272M6
16
HS_PC
G_PC
VS_PC
+9V
U101
TU201
U44
8 23
RX CLK+/-
Headphone (J26)
RX IN+/-[0-3]
+12V
B
V
D-SUB
PC Input
(2) CLT-2053
R
Speaker (R)
U45
R
4
Audio AMP
LA4263
10
+9V
Sub CPU
M37272M6
16
Audio Processor
1 30
Tuner / IF
TMQJ8
47 48 46
41 39
74 71
VUV [0-7]
VPC3230D
DGO [0-7]
DBO [0-7]
LCD Panel
4 6
U36
MENORY
DATA
U30
VCPU 33
37
Flash ROM
8Mbits
40 43 45
V L R
Monitor Output
V L R
AV1 Input
11
V L R
AV2 Input
R3
R2
L2
CVBS2
16
R1
CVBS1
L1
SC1
SY1
R_OUT
33 30 32
S1
AV Switch U46
CXA2089Q
L3
34
CVBS_OUT
VY [0-7]
18
L_OUT
+9V
DRO [0-7]
Video Decoder
INPUT_Y
INPUT_Cb/Pb
INPUT_Cr/Pr
CVBS
72
VCPU 33/18
U19
SELECTED_C
AUDIO_R
3
2
1
SELECTED_Y
CC_R
CC_G
CC_B
L_TV
R_TV
7 6
V_TV
17
Speaker (L)
Main Board
NJW1138M
IIC
+CONTROL
AUDIO_L
U101
TU201
U44
8 23
Tuner Board
Headphone (J26)
+14V
L R
Y Cb Cr
Audio
Board
Component
-30-
Appendix
S Video
Composite Video
Audio
AV1_CV 1
IC1001
IC801
TV_CV 5
Video SW
CPU
7
AV1/TV_Y/CV
5
AV2
AV2_V 1
AV3_Y 3
Composite Video
Audio
IC1002
36 37
22 23
OSD_HD VD
(For Caption)
12 10
5V
13 11
OSD_HD VD
154 153
85
IC2001
AD_Y 48
Audio
AD_Cr 54
IC301
IC4101
AD_HS
IP Converter
Screen Controller
(Y/UV)
38
AD_VS
IIC Bus
IC361
SDRAM
Sync Separation 15
R: 1
Tuner
IF
Sound Multiplex
AV3_L/R L: 28
R: 3
R: 4
TV_L/R L: 27
IIC Bus
LCD PANEL
(15V)
AD_CLAMP
28
AV1_L/R L: 30
R: 2
AV2_L/R L: 29
IC781
LVDS
Transmitter
IC1701
TV (A201)
R/G/B (0-7)
31
16
AD_Y 26
LCD PANEL
(20V)
(For 15V)
IIC Bus
(For 20V)
R/G/B (0-7)
IIC Bus
AD_R/G (0-7)
(480p)
DEC_Y/C (0-7)
with
AV3_Cb 94
Y/C Separation
(480i)
Component Video
OSD_CC
DD Converter
3.3V
AV3
18 19 20 21 16
R G B Y I
IC871
7 SEL_Y/CV
Video SW
AV1_C 90
IIC Bus
IC001
10 SEL_R
16 R-OUT (+)
13
Audio SW
Audio Control
21 SEL_L
Surround
IC101
15 R-OUT (-)
SPEAKER
(Right)
Audio AMP
9
24 L-OUT (+)
25 L-OUT (-)
IIC Bus
SPEAKER
(Left)
-31-
SEP / 2004
Printed in Japan