n mn hc

Nguyn c Ton

Phn II: Qu trnh v thit b truyn khi.

Tnh cc thng s c bn ca thit b (thp m) chuyn khi lm vic p sut kh
quyn (760 mm Hg) chng luyn hn hp hai cu t Axeton- Nc; m bo cc yu
cu v nng sut tnh theo hn hp u v thnh phn nguyn liu, nh v y. Cc yu
cu c th nh sau:
GF=2450kg/h, aF=20% , aw= 2% , ap=97%
1- Xc nh nng phn mol v lu lng (kmol/ h) ca nguyn liu, sn phm
nh v sn phm y.
2- V ng cn bng trn th x y.
3- Xc nh ch s hi lu thch hp, ng lm vic v s a l thuyt ca thp.
4- Xc nh ng knh, s a thc t v chiu cao c bn ca thp.
5- Xc nh nhit nh, y v v tr a tip liu ng vi trng hp nguyn liu
vo thp trng thi si.

Tnh ton thit b chnh

I. Tnh cn bng vt liu:

1. Tnh ton cn bng vt liu:

- Phng trnh cn bng vt liu chung cho ton thp.

F=P+W

[II 144]

- i vi cu t d bay hi
FaF = Pap+ Waw

[II 144]

- Lng sn phm nh l:
P F.

aF aw
a p aw

Trong :
F: nng sut tnh theo hn hp u, kg/s hoc kg/h
aF, ap, aw: ln lt l nng cu t d bay hi trong hn hp
u, sn phm
nh, sn phm y, phn
khi lng
u bi cho F = 2450kg/h.
Vy ta c lng sn phm nh l:
-3

 n mn hc

P F.

Nguyn c Ton

aF aw
0,20 0,02
2450.
464,21
a p aw
0,97 0,02

kg/h

- Lng sn phm y l:
W = F - P = 2450464,21 =1985,79 kg/h
2. i nng phn khi lng sang nng phn mol ca
aF, ap, aw:

p dng cng thc

aA
MA
aA
a
B
MA MB

[II 126]

Trong :
aA, aB: nng phn khi lng ca axeton v nc
Ma, MB: khi lng mol phn t ca axeton v nc
Vi Ma= MC3H6O=58 kg/kmol
Mb= MH20=18

kg/kmol

Thay s liu vo ta c:
aF
0,20
MA
58
xF
aF

1 a F 0,20 1 0,20 0,072

MA
MB
58
18
phn mol
aP
0,97
MA
58
xP
a P 1 a P 0,97 1 0,97 0,909

MA
MB
58
18
phn mol
aw
0,02
MA
58
xw
a w 1 a w 0,02 1 0,02 0,006

MA
MB
58
18
phn mol
3. Tnh khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp u, sn
phm nh, sn phm y:

Theo cng thc: M = x.MA + (1 - x)MB

-4

 n mn hc

Nguyn c Ton

Trong :
M: Khi lng phn t trung bnh, kg/kmol
x: Nng phn mol
- Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca sn phm nh:
Mp = xp.MA + (1 - xp)MB
Mp = 0,909.58 +(1- 0,909).18
Mp = 54,36 kg/kmol
- Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp u:
MF = xF.MA + (1 - xF)MB
MF = 0,072.58 +(1- 0,072).18
MF = 20,88 kg/kmol
- Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca sn phm y:
Mw = xw.MA + (1 - xw)MB
Mw = 0,006.58 +(1- 0,006).18
Mw = 18,24 kg/kmol
4. i n v ca F, P, W t kg/h sang kmol/h:
F

F kg / h 2450

117,34kmol / h
MF
20,88

P kg / h 464,21

8,54kmol / h
Mp
54,36

W kg / h 1985,79

108,87kmol / h
Mw
18,24

5. Lng hn hp u trn mt n v sn phm nh:

f

F 117,34

13,74
P
8,54

II. Xc nh s bc thay i nng :

1. Xc nh Rmin da trn th y x:

Dng ng cn bng theo s liu ng cn bng tra trong

bng phn cn bng lng hi v nhit si ca hai cu t
-5

 n mn hc

Nguyn c Ton

760mmHg (phn trm s mol) ca axeton v axit axetic ta c bng

sau: [II 145]

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

10
0

60,
3

72

80,
3

82,
7

84,
2

85,
5

86,
9

88,
2

90,
4

94,
3

10
0

100 77,9 69,6 64,5 62,

6

61,
6

60,
7

59,
8

59

58,
2

57,
5

56,
9

to C

Bng 1
- T s liu trong bng trn ta v th ng cn bng lng
(x) hi (y)
( c th k v th v vit l xem phn ph lc, in th ri ghp vo)
120
100
80
Y

60
40
20
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

(hnh 1), vi gi tr ca xF = 0,072 ta dng ln ng cn

bng v tm c gi tr y*F = 0,654
- Rmin: lng hi lu ti thiu c tnh theo cng thc
R xmin

x p y F*
y *F x F

[II 158]
-6

 n mn hc

Nguyn c Ton

y F: nng cu t d bay hi trong pha hi cn bng vi

nng trong pha lng xF ca hn hp.
*

=>

R xmin

x p y F*
y xF
*
F

0,909 0,654
0,438
0,654 0,072

2. Tnh ch s hi lu thch hp:

- Ch s hi lu lm vic thng c xc nh qua ch s hi lu ti thiu theo

cng thc (IX.25 [4]):
Rth = b.Rmin
trong b l h s d,
T ta c bng s liu sau.

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2.2

2,4

Rth

0,613

0,701

0,788

0,876

0,964

1,051

0,563

0,534

0,508

0,485

0,463

0,443

Nlt

8,4

7,5

7,1

6,8

6,6

6,5

Nlt(Rth + 1)

13,549

12,758

12,695

12,757

12,962

13,332

Xy dng th quan h gia Rx Nlt(Rx+1). ( c th k v th

v vit l xem phn ph lc, in th ri ghp vo)
13.8
13.6
13.4
13.2
Nlt(Rth+1)

13
12.8
12.6
12.4
12.2
0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.1

Rth

Qua th ta thy, vi Rx = 0,788 th Nlt(Rx + 1) l nh nht hay th tch thp

nh nht. Vy ta c Rth = 0.788 , Nlt= 7,1 on chng 3,4 a, on luyn 3,7 a.
3. Phng trnh ng nng lm vic ca on luyn:

-7

 n mn hc

Nguyn c Ton

Rx
XP
x
Rx 1
Rx 1

[II 148]

Trong :
y: l nng phn mol ca cu t d bay hi trong pha hi i t di ln.
x: l nng phn mol ca cu t d bay hi trong pha lng chy t a xung.
Rx : ch s hi lu.
Thay s liu vo ta c.
Rx
XP
0.788
0,909
x

x
Rx 1
R x 1 0.788 1
0.788 1

yL

yL= 0,441x + 0.508

4. Phng trnh ng nng lm vic ca on chng:
y

Rx f
f 1
x
xw
Rx 1
Rx 1

[II.158]

Trong :
f

F 117,34

13,74
P
8,54
: lng hn hp u tnh cho 1kmol sn phm nh.

Thay s liu vo ta c.
yC

Rx f
f 1
0.788 13,74
13,74 1
x
xw
x
.0,006
Rx 1
Rx 1
0,788 1
0.788 1

yc = 8,125x 0,0428
III. Tnh ng knh thp chng luyn:

ng knh thp c xc nh theo cng thc

D 0,0188

g tb
y . y tb

,m

[II - 181]

Trong :
gtb: lng hi trung bnh i trong thp, kg/h.
(y.y)tb: tc hi trung bnh i trong thp, kg/m2.s
V lng hi v lng lng thay i theo chiu cao ca thp v
khc nhau trong mi on nn ta phi tnh lng hi trung bnh
cho tng on.
-8

 n mn hc

Nguyn c Ton

1. ng knh on luyn:

a. Xc nh lng hi trung bnh i trong on luyn:

Lng hi trung bnh i trong on luyn tnh gn ng
bng trung bnh cng ca lng hi i ra khi a trn cng ca
thp v lng hi i vo a di cng ca on luyn.
g tb

g d g1
2
, kg/h

[II -

181]
Trong :
gtb: lng hi trung bnh i trong on luyn, kg/h.
g: lng hi i ra khi a trn cng ca thp, kg/h.
gl: lng hi i vo a di cng ca thp, kg/h.
* Lng hi ra khi nh thp:

g = GR + Gp = Gp(Rx+1)

[II

181]
g = 464,21(0,788 + 1)
g = 830,01 kg/h
* Lng hi i vo on luyn:

Lng hi g1, hm lng hi y1 v lng lng G1 i vi a th

nht ca on luyn c xc nh theo h phng trnh.

g1 = G1 + Gp

(1)

g1.y1 = G1.x1 + Gp.xp

(2)

g1.r1 = g.r

(3)

[II

182]

Trong :
y1: hm lng hi i vo a 1 ca on luyn, phn khi lng.
G1: lng lng i vi a th nht ca on luyn.
r1: n nhit ho hi ca hn hp hi i vo a.
r: n nhit ho hi ca hn hp hi i ra khi nh thp.
-9

 n mn hc

Nguyn c Ton

x1 = xF = 0,072 phn mol tng ng vi 0,2 phn khi lng

r1 = ra.y1 + (1-y1).rb

[II

182]
Vi ra, rb: n nhit ho hi ca cc cu t nguyn cht l Axeton
va Nc t01 = tF . ( c th k v th v vit l xem phn ph lc, in th
ri ghp vo)
120
100
80
60

40
20
0
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

T x1= xF = 0,072 tra th trn ta c t01 = tf = 74,20C

Vi t01 = 74,20 C ni suy theo bng I.212 trong [I 254] ta c;
ra rC 3 H 6O 502,81 kJ/kg.
rb rH 2O 2364,70 kJ/kg.

r1 = 502,81.y1 + (1 - y1).2364,70

r1 = -1861,89y1 + 2364,70 kJ/kg.

r = ra.y + (1 y).rb

[II -

182]
Vi ra, rb: n nhit ho hi ca cc cu t nguyn cht l Axeton
va Nc t02 = tp. T xp = 0,909 tra th lng hi trn ta c tp =
57,4
y: hm lng hi i ra khi nh thp, phn khi lng.
y = yp = 0,948phn mol.(ngoi suy ng cn bng xp=0,909
phn mol)
i ra phn khi lng:

- 10

 n mn hc

yd y p

Nguyn c Ton

0,948.58
0,983
0,948.58 (1 0,948).18

Vi t02 = tP = 57,40C ni suy theo bng I.212 trong [I 254] ta

c:
ra rC 3 H 6O 521,51 kJ/kg.
rb rH 2O 2425,52 kJ/kg.

r = 521,51.0,983 + (1 - 0,983).2425,52

r = 553,88kJ/kg.

Thay cc gi tr tnh c vo h phng trnh trn ta c

g1 = G1 + 464,21
g1.y1 = 0,2G1 + 464,21.0,97
g1 (-1861,89y1 + 2364,70) = 830,01.553,88=459724,42
Gii h phng trnh ta c:
g1 =564,79

kg/h

G1 = 100,58 kg/h
y1 = 0,833 phn khi lng
Thay y1 = 0,833 vo r1 ta c:
r1 = -1861,89.0,833 + 2364,70 = 813,98 kJ/kg
Vy lng hi trung bnh i trong on luyn l:
g tb L

g d g1 830,01 564,79

697,4
2
2
kg/h.

b. Tnh khi lng ring trung bnh

* Khi lng ring trung bnh i vi pha hi c tnh theo

ytb

y tb1 .M A (1 y tb1 ).M B

22,4.T

.273

, kg/m3.

Trong :
MA MB: khi lng phn mol ca cu t Axeton va Nc
T: nhit lm vic trung bnh ca thp, 0K.

- 11

[II - 183]

 n mn hc

Nguyn c Ton

ytb1: nng phn mol ca cu t 1 ly theo gi tr trung

bnh
y tb1
y d1 , y c1

Vi
mol.

y d1 y c1
2

[II - 183]

: nng lm vic ti 2 u mi on thp, phn

y d1

= yp = 0,948 phn mol

y c1

= y1 = 0,833 phn khi lng

i sang phn mol ta c:

0,833
58
y c1
0,608
0,833 1 0,833

58
18
phn mol
y tb1

y d1 y c1
2

0,948 0,608
0,778
2
phn mol

Nhit trung bnh on luyn.

T= (TF + TP)/2 = (74,2 + 57,4)/2 = 65,8 0C = 338,8 K
Vy khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi i vi on luyn
l:
y

tb L

ytb L

y tb1 .M 1 (1 y tb1 ).M 2

22,4.T

.273

0,778.58 (1 0,778).18
.273 1,767
22,4.338,8
kg/m3.

* Khi lng ring trung bnh i vi pha lng

a tb
1 a tb1
1
1
xtb xtb
xtb
1

, kg/m3

[II - 183]

Trong :
xtb

: khi lng ring trung bnh ca lng, kg/m3.

xtb1 , xtb2

: khi lng ring trung bnh ca cu t 1 v 2 ca pha

lng ly theo nhit trung bnh, kg/m3.
- 12

 n mn hc

a tb1

: phn khi lng trung bnh ca cu t 1 trong pha lng.

atb1

t tbo

Nguyn c Ton

a F a P 0,20 0,97

0,585
2
2
phn khi lng

: nhit trung bnh ca on luyn theo pha lng

ng vi t0 = 65,80C. Ni suy theo bng I.2 trong [I-9] ta c:

xtb1 738,17

kg/m3.

xtb2 979,81

kg/m3.

Vy khi lng ring trung bnh ca lng trong on luyn l:

a tb
1 a tb1
1
1
0,585 1 0,585
xtb xtb1
xtb2
738,17
979,81
xtb 822,33

kg/m3

Tnh ytb
Chn thp a li, lm vic u n (ng knh l 2,5mm, chiu
cao ng chy chuyn trn a 10 12 mm, thit din t do ca a
12,8%). Thng ly tc lm vic ytb khong 80 90% tc
gii hn gh: (IX.111 [4])

gh 0,05.

xtb
ytb

[m/s]

trong ytb, xtb l khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi

v pha lng ca on luyn.
Vy,

gh 0,05.

xtb
822,33
0,05.
1,08 [m/s]
ytb
1,767

Tc lm vic ytb c ly bng 0,9.gh, nn:

ytb = 0,9.1,08= 0,971 [m/s]
T cc thng s gtb, ytb, ytbtnh c, ta c ng knh
on luyn bng:

DO 0,0188

g tb
697,4
0,0188.
0,379 [m]
y . y tb
1,767.0,971

Quy chun ng knh. Do = 0,38 m

- 13

 n mn hc

Nguyn c Ton

2. ng knh on chng:

a. Lng hi trung bnh i trong thp

'

g tb

g ' n g '1

[II - 182]

Trong :
gn: lng hi i ra khi on chng, kg/h.
g1: lng hi i vo on chng, kg/h.
V lng hi i ra khi on chng bng lng hi i vo on
luyn (gn= g1) nn ta c th vit:
g ' tb

g 1 g '1
2

[II - 182]

Lng hi i vo on chng gl, lng lng G1 v hm lng lng xl

c xc nh theo h phng trnh cn bng vt liu v cn
bng nhit lng sau:
G 1 = g 1 + G w
G1.x1 = g1.yw + Gw.xw

[II - 182]

g1.r1 = g1.r1
Trong :
r1: n nhit ho hi ca hn hp hi i vo a th nht
ca on chng.
xw: thnh phn cu t d bay hi trong sn phm y.
r1: n nhit ho hi ca hn hp hi i vo a trn cng
ca on chng.
Ta c:
Gw = W = 1985,79 kg/h.
xw = 0,006 phn mol tng ng vi 0,02 phn khi lng
y1 = yw xc nh theo ng cn bng ng vi xw = 0,006
phn mol.

yw = 0,0724 phn mol.

i y1 = yw = 0,0724 phn mol ra phn khi lng ta c:

- 14

 n mn hc

y '1 y w

Nguyn c Ton

0,0724.58
0,201
0,0724.58 (1 0,0724).18
phn khi lng

r1 = ra. y1 + (1- y1).rb

[II 182]

Vi ra, rb: n nhit ho hi ca cc cu t nguyn cht t 0 = tw.

Vi xw = 0,006 tra th hnh 9 ta c tw = 97,30C. T t0 =tw
=97,30C ni suy theo bng I.212 trong [I 254] ta c.
ra 476,22 kJ/kg.
rb 2267,99 kJ/kg.

=>r1 = 476,22.0,201 + (1 - 0,201).2267,99

r1 = 1907,84 kJ/kg
Thay vo h phng trnh trn ta c:
G1 = g1 + 1985,79
G1.x1 = g1.0,201 + 1985,79.0,02
g1.1907,84 = 564,79.813,98
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
g1 = 240,97 kg/h
G1 = 2226,76 kg/h
x1 = 0,0396 phn khi lng
Vy lng hi trung bnh i trong on chng l:
'

g tb C

g 1 g '1 564,79 240,97

402,88
2
2
kg/h.

b. Tnh khi lng ring trung bnh:

* Khi lng ring trung bnh i vi pha hi c tnh theo:
y
tb

y tb1 .M A (1 y tb1 ).M B

22,4.T

.273

, kg/m3.

[II - 183]

Trong :
MA MB: khi lng phn mol ca cu t Axeton va Nc
T: nhit lm vic trung bnh ca thp, 0K.
ytbc: nng phn mol ca cu t 1 ly theo gi tr trung
bnh
- 15

 n mn hc

ytbC
y d1 , y c1

Vi
mol.

Nguyn c Ton

y d1 y c1
2

[II - 183]

: nng lm vic ti 2 u mi on thp, phn

y d1

= y1 = yw = 0,0724 phn mol

y c1

= y1 = 0,608 phn mol

y tbC

y d1 y c1
2

0,0724 0,608
0,3402
2
phn mol

nhit trung bnh on chng.

T =(TF + TW)/2 = (74,2 + 97,3)/2 = 85,80C = 358,8 K

Vy khi lng ring trung bnh ca pha hi i vi on chng
l:
y

tb C

ytbC

y tb1 .M 1 (1 y tb1 ).M 2

22,4.T

.273

0,3402.58 (1 0,3402).18
.273 1,074
22,4.358,8
kg/m3.

* Khi lng ring trung bnh i vi pha lng

a tb
1 a tb1
1
1
xtb xtb
xtb
1

, kg/m3

[II - 183]

Trong :
xtb

: khi lng ring trung bnh ca lng, kg/m3.

xtb1 , xtb2

: khi lng ring trung bnh ca cu t 1 v 2 ca pha

lng ly theo nhit trung bnh, kg/m3.
a tb1

: phn khi lng trung bnh ca cu t 1 trong pha lng.

atb1

a F a1'
2

Vi a1: nng phn khi lng ca pha lng a di cng

ca on chng.
Ta c: a1 = x1 = 0,0396 phn khi lng
- 16

 n mn hc

atb1
t tbo

Nguyn c Ton

aF a
0,20 0,0396

0,1198
2
2
phn khi lng
'
1

: nhit trung bnh ca on chng theo pha lng

ng vi t0 = 85,80C. Ni suy theo bng I.2 trong [I-9] ta c:

xtb1 711,46

kg/m3.

xtb2 967,94

kg/m3.

Vy khi lng ring trung bnh ca lng trong on chng l:

atb 1 atb1
1
1
0,1198 1 0,1198
xtb xtb1
xtb2
711,46
967,94
xtb 927,87

kg/m3

Vy,

gh 0,05.

xtb
927,87
0,05.
1,469 [m/s]
ytb
1,074

Tc lm vic ytb c ly bng 0,9.gh, nn:

ytb= 0,9.1,469= 1,323 [m/s]
T cc thng s gtb, ytb, ytbtnh c, ta c ng knh
on chng bng:

DU 0,0188

g tb
402,88
0,0188.
0,317 [m]
y . y tb
1,074.1,322

Quy chun ng knh : DU= 0,32 m

b. S ngn thc t Ntt :
S ngn thc t c tnh theo cng thc: (IX.59 [4])

N tt

N lt
tb
trong :
Nlt s bc thay i nng hay s a l thuyt
tb hiu sut trung bnh ca thit b:

tb

W F P
f ,
3

[4])
- 17

(IX.60

 n mn hc

l bay hi tng i ca hn hp:

Nguyn c Ton

y * 1 x
.
1 y * x

(IX.61 [4])
hh nht ca hn hp lng [N.s/m2]:

lg hh x. lg A 1 x lg B

A nht ca cu t A ph thuc nhit xt

B nht ca cu t B ph thuc nhit xt
Ti nh thp:
xP = 0,909 [phn mol]; yP* = 0,948[phn mol]; tP = 57,4 [oC];
suy ra:
= 1,825
A = 0,23416 .10-3 Ns/m2 (ni suy bng I.101 [3])
B = 0,4898 .10-3 Ns/m2 (ni suy bng I.101 [3])

lg hh x P . lg A 1 x P lg B
lg hh 3,606
hh 0,24767.10 -3 Ns / m 2
Vy, ta c:
. = 0,45

P=60%

( th hnh IX.11 [4])

Ti v tr tip liu:
xF = 0,072 [phn mol]; yF* = 0,654 [phn mol]; tF = 74,2 [oC];
suy ra:
= 24,36
A = 0,2087 [10-3 Ns/m2] (ngoi suy bng I.110 [3])
B = 0,38948 [10-3 Ns/m2] (ngoi suy bng I.101 [3])

lg hh x F . lg A 1 x F lg B
hh 0,3724 [10 -3 Ns / m 2 ]
Vy, ta c:
. = 9,1

F = 30%

(ngoi suy th hnh IX.11 [4])

Ti y thp:
xW = 0,006 [phn mol]; yW* = 0,0724 [phn mol]; tW = 97,3 [oC];
suy ra:
= 12,48
A = 0,17405[10-3 Ns/m2] (ngoi suy bng I.110 [3])
B = 0,293855 [10-3 Ns/m2] (ngoi suy bng I.101 [3])

lg hh x F . lg A 1 x F lg B
hh 0,2929 [10 -3 Ns / m 2 ]
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 n mn hc

Vy, ta c:
. =3,7

Nguyn c Ton

W = 35%

(ngoi suy th hnh IX.11 [4])

T cc gi tr P, F, Wtm c, tbbng:

tb

60 30 35
41,67%
3

Suy ra s ngn thc t ca thp :

N tt

N lt
7,1

17 [mm]
tb 0,4167

S a on luyn : 3,7/0,4167 =9 [mm]

S a on chng : 3.4/0,4167 = 8 [mm]
III. Chiu cao c bn ca thp:
H N tt . H d 0,8 1,0

[m]

(IX.54 [4])

trong Hd khong cch gia cc mm

chiu dy ca mm, chn = 4 [mm] = 0,004 [m]
Hd = 200 [mm] chn theo bng IX.4a [4] ng vi ng knh on luyn
DO = 380[mm] v DU = 320 [mm]
Vy,

H 17. 0,20 0,004 0,9 4,368 4,4 [m]

IV:Nhit nh, y v v tr tip liu ng vi trng hp nguyn liu vo

trng thi si:
T th t-x ta c th xc nh d dng nhit nh,y v v tr a tip liu
ca thp:
Tp=57,40C , TF= 74,20C , TW= 97,30C

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