PS eee The Sealing Technology Guidebook TEM AENSection Locator FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL SEAL OPERATION AND DESIGN 4 DURA SEAL® DESIGNS | = kK] MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION c} ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS Lj STATIONARY INSERT AND GLAND RING DESIGN 6 AUXILIARIES ra DURA SEAL SELECTION AND APPLICATION E:] INSTALLATION, OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND TROUBLESHOOTING E} LAPPING AND SEAL FACE FLATNESS i {¢] TECHNICAL DATAOPERATION AND DESIGN el mn E FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL SEAL 1.1 Fundamentals of Mechanical Seal Oper: 1 1.1.1 Seal Requirements 1 1.1.2 Packed Stuffing Box 2 1.1.3 Simple Mechanical Seals 3 1.1.4 Seal Face Lubrication 5 1.1.5 Sealing Points 5 1.2 Basic Seal Designs 6 1.2.1. Pusher Seals 6 1.2.2 Nonpusher Seals 9 1.3 Variations of Basic Seal Designs 12 1.3.1 Unbalanced Seals 2 1.3.2 Balanced Seals 13 1.3.3 Mixer Seals 15 1.3.4 Split Seals 6 1.3.5 High Performance Seals 6 1.4 Mechanical Seal Arangements 7 1.4.1 Inside Seals 7 1.4.2 Outside Seals 7 1.4.3 Double Seals 7 1.4.4 Tandem Seals 19 1.4.5 Cartridge Seals 20Bless pica ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Cross Section of Tank and Mixer 1 1.2 Typical Centrifugal Pump 1 4:3. Centrifugal Pump, Liquid End 1 1.4 Fluid Flow in a Centrifugal Pump 2 14.5 Stuffing Box with Compression Packing 2 4.6 A Simple Mechanical Seal 4 1.7 Sealing Points for Mechanical Seal 5 1.8 Positive Drive Seals 7 4.9 Mechanical Seal with Multiple Springs 8 1.10 Metal Bellows Seal 9 4.11 Pusher vs. Bellows Seals 10 1,12 Elastomer Bellows Seal W 4.13 Inside Unbalanced Seal 12 1.14 Inside Balanced Seal 13 1.15 Outside Balanced Seal 14 4.16 Inside Welded Metal Bellows Seal 14 1.17 Mixer Seals 15 1.18 Split Seal 15 1.19 High Speed and High Pressure Seal 16 1.20 Double Back-to-Back Seal 7 1.21 Double Face-To-Face Seal 18 1.22 Tandem Seal 19 1.23 Cartridge Seal 20 TABLES Wo 1.1 Classification of Seal Designs 4 2 Fundamental Seal Design 6FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL SEAL OPERATION AND DESIGN “TSE 71 FUNDAMENTALS STMCn i Mm ocekccu ua laa es OF MECHANICAL SEAL OPERATION The purpose of this secton is to introduce and describe some of the basics of seal technology for those whose responsibilit include the specification or rraintenance of seals. We will discuss where and ae | wry seals are required, important typos of seals and their variations, and the most common mechani cal seal arrangements. ‘We will be defining our terms as we go along, but, if you find yoursef reading ahead, there s a helpful glossary in Section 10. ‘Motor 1.1.1 Seal Requirements Theve are two basic kinds of seals: static and dynamic. Static seals are employed where no movement occurs at the juncture to be sealed. Gaskets and Grrings are typical static seal. Gris Receeeo cu) j Dynamic seals are employed pump. See Figure 1.2. To best where surfaces move relative to. understand how such a seal Sealing Aree | one another. Dynamic seals are functors, a quick review of pump used, for example, where a re- fundamentals is in order qq} | ip. Ciprocating or rotating shaft ‘Any pump converts the transmits power or movement energy ofa prime mover, such as ‘Tank Wall y through the wall ofa tank, Figure an electric motor, into velocity or / 1.1; through the casing of a pump, pressure energy of the liquid or Figure 1.2; or through the housing gas product being pumped. Rotating ofother rotating equipment, such Ina centrfugal pump, the Shatt ac a filter or a screen. product enters the suction of the ‘A common application of pump at the center of the rotating sealing devices is to seal the impeller See Figures 13 and 1.4 roiating shaft of a centrifugalElfen” Grice War cnd ea clea) As the impeller vanes rotate, they transmit motion to the incoming product, which then leaves the impeller, collects in the pump casing, and leaves the pump under pressure through the pump discharge. Discharge pressure wil force some product down behind the impeller to the Grive shaft, where it attempts to escape along the rotating drive shaft. Pump manu- facturers use various design tachniques to reduce the pressure of the product trying to escape. Such techniques incude: 1) the addition of baarce holes through the impeller to permit most of the pressure to escape into the suc- tion se of the impelier, or 2) the addition of small pumping vanes on the back side of the impeller. However, as there is no way 10 eliminate this pressure completely, sealing devices are necessary 10 imt the escape of the product 10 the atmosphere. Such sealing devices are typically either ‘compression packing or end-iace mechanical seals, The choice of a sealing method must be carefully studied for each application with regard to installation, maintenance, energy requirements, product loss, and effluent treatment costs. (Consult $D-1350, “Maintenance Cost Survey, Packing vs. Seals,’ for calculations.) 1.1.2 Packed Stuffing Box Early attempts to control the leakage of the product around reciprocating or rotating shafts consisted of merely restricting the clearance between the shaft and the wall of the vessel or pump casing by packing a sott, resilient material around the shaft within an extension of the tank wall or pump back head called a stuffing box. These early packings have developed into the modem com- pression packing, which today is available in 2 variety of materials and shapes to meet a wide range of applications. Figure 1.5 shows a typical stuffing box sealed with square rings of compression packing, The compression pack- ing rings, which must be carefully installed ‘in a clean stuffing box, are held in place by a gland. AS the gland bot nuts ave tightened, pressure applied to the gland is transmitted to the compression packing, forcing it against the shaftor shatt sieeve and effecting a seal Because this pressure is not evenly distributed throughout the packing, most of the sealing, and consequently most of the wear, occurs in the first few rings adi Cent to the gland. See Figure 15, Frictional heat, which develops where the compression packing contacts the rotating shalt or sleeve, is reduced by permitting the product to leak to the atmo- sphere at a controlled rate, gener- ally about 90 drops (6 mlifters) per minute for a 2-inch (50-mm) shaft et eo ee) Minimum Packing Force ‘Maximum * Packing Forcebees” Compression packing is the However, a higher level of Ail mechanical seals are sealing method of chocein many training is required for mainte- constructed of three basic sets of applications because of its low nance crews, the intial installation parts. As shown in Figure 1.6, intial cost, ready availablity, and costs may be higher, andthe seal these are ease of installation. On the other may require custom designing fo" +p set of primary seal faces: one hand, compression packings are the application. ° relatvely expensive to mainiain There are twomajor grours of att atates and one atis saver and permit product losses to the seals for rotating shatts. ion. 9 environment in quantities that may One group is characterized by exceed emission standards. the theoretical absence of any 2. Aset of secondary seals known rubbing contact between the ro as shaft packings and insert tating and stationary elements of | mountings, such as O-rings, the seal. Bushings and labyrinth — wedges, and V-rings. 1.1.9 gimple Mechanical Fee oe ong es TOUR. ago. 3:Mechanical seal hardware Seals terized bya aect rubbing contac, eluding gland rings, collars, The mechanical seal was devel- between two seal surfaces as the ord ealiowe, rings, pins, springs, oped to overcome the disadvan: shaft rotates, Within this group are 2" Bellows. tages of compression packing. two major sub-groups. Lip seals Mechanical seals can be Leakage can be reduced to a and compression packings be- classified by design and arrange- level meeting the environmental long to one group, and end-face ments. as shown in Table 1.1, standards of local, state, and mechanical seals (often simply page 4. federal regulatory agencies; and called mechanical seals) belong maintenance costs are lowered. to the other group. EEL Insert Coil Spring Insert Mounting Gland Ring ‘Shaft Packing Seal Ring 7 cian Goat ———Dura Seat" Manual SPERM nese ed By Arrangement [a | (Double adi to Back Double Face to eee | “Tandem _ Lo _ Staged _ [singe] | inside [Outside 3 By Design [Unbalanced | | Bal Balanced _ 1 ene _Rotor | | Flexible | Stator |) [ Single Sprin Pusher Type _| | [Muttiple S| Spring | | | Non- on-Pusher Type | Bellows ws Sts] [etal | [Elastomer | |_1Fe | Wedge Ring | |Face onl Rotor | |Face on Stator |‘ fA Ra ee POINT c Gland Gasket POINT D Insert Mounting POINT A POINT B Shatt Packing The primary seal is achieved material such as carbon-graphite. by two very flat, lapped faces The other is usually a relatively which create a difficult leakage hard material. Usually dissimilar path perpendicular to the shatt. materials are used for the station- Rubbing contact between these ary insert and the rotating seal ring two fiat mating surfaces minimizes face in order to help prevent leakage. As in all seals, one face adhesion of the two faces. The isheld stationary in a housing, and softer face usually has the smaller the other face is fixed to, and — mating surface and is commonly rotates with, the shaft. One of the called the wear nose. faces is usually a non-galling Bs" 1.1.4 Seal Face Lubrication The faces in a typical mechanical seal are lubricated with a bound aty layer of gas oF quid between the faces. In designing seals for the desired leakage, seal lfe, and energy consumption, the desgner must consider how the faces are to be lubricated and select from a number of modes of seal face lubrication. To select the best seal design, itis necessary to know as much as possible about the operating conditions and the product to be sealed. See Section 4, "Environ- mental Controls,” and Section 7, “Dura Seal® ' Selection and Application” Complete information about the product and environ- ment can allow the best seal to be selected for long, troublesree operation. (1.5 Sealing Points There are four main seaiing points within an eng face mechanical seal, See Figure 1.7, The primaty seal is at the seal face, Point A The leakage path at Point 8 is blocked by either an O-ring, a V- ting, or a wedge. Leakage paths al Points C and D are blocked by gaske's or O-rings.OPERATION AND DESIGN E FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL SEAL 1.2 BASIC SEAL DESIGNS Most mechanical sea's can be classified into two basic seal designs: pusher seals anc non- pusher seals. Neither design is inherently better than the other, but an understanding of the dffer- ences between the two is necessary for the selection and ‘maintenance of the best design for @ specific application. 2:1 Pusher Type Seals Pusher seals incorporate secondary seals that move axially along a shait or sleeve to maintain contact at the seal faces to com- ‘pensate for seal face wear and for any seal wobble due to misalign- ment. Advantages of Pusher Seals Pusher seals are relatively inex- pensive and commercially avail able in a wide range of sizes for most popular rotating equipment. Designs are available for high pressure applications and for the low quantty, high technology ations beyond the limits of nonpusher designs, Limitations of Pusher Seals Pusher seals rely on secondary seals made of elastomers or TFE resins. These materials can be used with 2 relatively narrow range of temperature, Swelling due to chemical attack must be limited in pusher seals to less than 5% for dynamic and 10% for static secondary seals. These problems of temperature and chemical attack can often be overcome by creating a compatible environ: ment in the seal chamber, but the initial and continuing cost ot these irc) urnucues ee oe) FUNDAMENTAL SEAL DESIGNS PUSHER SEALS NON-PUSHER SEALS COMPRESSION ‘= SINGLE COIL SPRING» WELDED METAL BELLOWS ‘+ MULTIPLE SPRINGS ——_» ELASTOMER BELLOWS [SHAFT PACKING ‘= DYNAMIC + stanic ‘COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE 0.5 TD 20 INCHES, 0.75 To 12.00 INCHES SIZE RANGE (19 70 508 mm) (18-70 305 mm) ‘TEMPERATURE RANGE F TO 450°F -480°F TO 00°F (268°C To 232°C) (268°C TO 427°C) PRESSURE RANGE ‘TO 3000 psig (20690 KPa) TO 360 psig (2410 KPa) ‘TYPICAL DURA SEAL DESIGNS RO, PTO, GAO, BRO, canices PaAYPBS WRAL MX-201, MSS X-I0O/KAD1 X-2O0/K-201 ADVANTAGES “BROAD SIZE RANGE + FEWER PARTS + HH PRESSURE + SPECIAL DESIONS AVAILABLE + SPECIAL METALS + HOH TEMPERATURE AVAILABLE cost OFTEN LOWER OFTEN HIGHER environmental controls must be alignment of seal or pump compo- weighed against the cost of alternate seal designs. Normal weepage across the seal face can at times result in build-up of material on the atmos- pheric side of the seal faces and hang-up of the shaft packing. The seal is thus robbed of its ability to move forward to compensate for face wear. ‘A pusher seat is also suscept- ible 10 fretting corrosion of tha shatt or sleeve. The slightest mis- nents can be transmitted to the seal, causing it to wobble. Then, as the shaft packing moves rapidly over the shaft or sleeve, the pro- ‘tective metal oxide coating can be repeatedly wom off the metal surface, forming a groove that can become a leakage path. Costly shaft or sleeve replacement is often necessary. Pusher and non-pushe; seal designs are compared in Table 1.2.RE” i SINGLE COIL SPRING SEALS Rees ‘A mechanical seal using a single i coil spring has a wide range of applications, Such a seal features asimple, easyto-use design with large spring cross-sections which resist corrosion. Its chief limitations are its tendency to distort at high surlace speeds, the large axial and radial space it requires, and the necessity to stock a diferent size spring for each seal size. ‘The rotary units ofall types of mechanical seals are either friction drive or positive drive, Friction Drive The simple pusher type seal with @ single coil spring in Figure 1.6 is driven by the friction provided by the Oring shaft packing. The simplicity of this seal limits ts range of applications. Because it depends on friction to drive the rotary unit, this seal can only be used with nonubricating liquids such as water. Seals for use with ‘oil and other lubricating liquids typically have a positive drive rotary Unit Positive Drive Figure 1.8 shows two methods of converting a friction drive seal into a postive drive seal. Both me- thods utilize a collar which is held in posttion on the shaft with set screws, In Figure 1.8{a) tabs on either end of the spring engage notches in the collar and the seal ring. Thus torque is transmitted from the collar to the seal by the spring. Figure 1.8(b) shows the postive connection achieved by ‘means of pins extending over the spring ftom the collar to the seal ring. Other postive drive systems, such as lug drives, are also available.Dura Seal Manual a _ Drive Pins: ‘Compression Ring, Springs. 8 ing Pins: Set Screws: Collar: Pe ae ees Payee ; aS a compression—! UNIT ROTARY STATIONARY MULTIPLE SPRING SEALS ‘Some applications involving high speeds preclude the use of single coil spring seais. Figure 1.9 shows a pusher type seal design which Utlizes a number of small coil springs spaced aroun the rotary unit. These small springs are not as susceplibie to distortion at high speeds as are single coil springs, and they consequently exert an even closing pressure on the seal ring at all times. Moreover, the same size spring may be used with a wide range of shalt sizes. The Rotary Unit ‘The collar of a multiple spring seal is normally secured to the shaft by set screws, Pins link a compres: sion ring to the collar. This com- pression ring presses against and energizes the shat packing. Addi- tional pins extend from the com- pression ring and drive the seal ring. The collar, compression ring, pins, springs, and set screws com- prise a single unit, the compres- sion unit, which is assembled at the factory. This compression unit is com bined with a seal ring to form the rotary unit Sealing Points The sealing points of the above multiple spring seal are identical to those of the single coll spring seal shown in Figure 1.7.Bie’ Figure 1 oe | SEALING POINTS Bc A OD Insert Mounting 1.2.2 Nonpusher Seals. WEED METAL BELLOWS A second basic seal designs the In the welded metal bellows seal, Advantages of the Welded Metal Honpusher seal, The secondary Figure 1.16, the bellows itselt Bellows seal in anonpusher design does roviges the spring oading ne Not have to mave along the shaft Cen ig maintain lace cortact, TH Wolded_metal bellows seal or sleeve in order to maintain seal Bernie ine helowe @ e one, ofersa costettective solution toa wide range of high and low face contact Bleee unit supported both aFOUNC temperature sealing applications ‘The weided metal and elasto- imerBelons seals te pea off, cfoumference and aera. is TTS eget elon a this design. applied to all points on the seal design does not require a ‘dynamic shatt packing secondary ring,bwin” seal along the shat. Therefore, problems due to snatt packing hang-up — wherein the shaft packing is robbed of is abiity to move forward to compensate for face wear, misalignment and seal wobble — is vrtually eliminated. This also eliminates any possibility of shaft fretting which sometimes occurs where pusher type seals are used. See Figure 1.11 Welded metal bellows seals ate balanced, they have fewer pparts than most pushertype seals. and their unitized constructon permits easier handling and installation. Limitations of Welded Metal Bellows The welded metal bellows is actually a series of metal washers called leaflets. Because of the thin cross-sections of these leaflets, their metallurgy must be up- graded for use in corrosive environments. Sealing Points of Welded Metal Bellows The sealing ponts of a welded metal bellows seal are the same as those cf a pusher seal. See Figure 1,10. Note that the shaft packings a siatic secondary seal, which permits a wider range of elastomer selection than is poss- ible with the dynamic shaft packing of a pusher seal ee Pu in ESineiseaBlgece" Gree eed SEALING POINTS c oD RQ \ PAE) ‘STATIONARY ELASTOMER BELLOWS SEALS The elastomer bellows seal, Figure 112, is energized by a single coil spring which fits over the shaft and In addition to speed limitations, elastomer bellows. Theelastomer this seal is not reacily available in bellows seal offers many of the special sizes or elastomers, advaniages of a metal bellows because of the special molding of seal, bulitis subject to the same the bellows it requires. This seal speed limitations as a single coil also sulfers trom repair problems, spring seal because the elastomer bellows Advantages of Elastomer tends to bond to the shalt Bellows Seals Sealing Points and Drive This seat is tow cost and readily ¢f Elastomer Belovs Seals avaiable in standard sizes and ‘The sealing points of an elastomer materials in balanced and un- bellows seal ate primarly the For more information, see Section balanced designs. Being a non- same as those for conventional 2, “Dura Seal Designs’ and pusher seal, it is not suject to seals The bellows sleeve gins the Section 7, “Dura Sea! Selection shaft packing hang-up. shatt at the rear af the rotary unit and Application” Limitations of Elastomer assembly, transmitting drive to the Bollows Seals seal ring. See Figure 112 for the location of sealing points and the nomenclature proper to this seal Although the seal ilustrated is a friction drive seal, the increased friction provided by the bellows sleeve exemots this seal from the nonsubricating liquid! limitation imposed on conventional O-ring friction drive seals.OPERATION AND DESIGN i FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL SEAL —— 4.3 VARIATIONS OF BASIC SEAL DESIGNS All basic seal designs can be modified to meet the specilic re- quirements of the application. Many variations exist to meet specific operating conditions and environmental limitations, It is important to stress that no single type of seal is better than any other Each must be evaluated solely on how weil it meets the requirements of the application for which it was designed. Figure ———___—_—_—_ 1.3.1 Unbalanced Seals Unbalanced seals are often the design of choice for inside seals, See Figure 1.13, The amount of seal face leakage is inversely proportional to the amount of seal face loading; the higher the loading, the tower the face leakage. Unbalanced seals, having higher face loadings than balanced seals, 'eak less and are more stable when subjected to vibration, misalignment, or cave tation. They are often less expen Pee baie sive and more adaptable to standard stuffing boxes without the need for modification of etther the shalt sleeve or the stuffing box ‘One of the disadvantages of ‘an unbalanced seals its relatively low pressure limit. if the closing force exeried on the seal face exceeds that limit, the liquid lubricating film between the faces is squeezed out. Deprived of ubri- cation and highly loaded, the faces soon destroy themselves This problem is overcome by balancing the sealGree ne eee koe S Closing Force Balance Diameter Biase" ‘Opening Force Atmospheric Pressure 1.3.2 Balanced Seals Balancing a seal involves a simple design change which reduces the hydraulic forces acting to close the seal faces. It has nothing 10 do with the dynamic balancing as performed on an automobile te 7 a centrifugal pump impeler. ‘As seal faces rub together, the amount of heat they generale is determined by the amount of pressure applied, the lubricating film layer between the surfaces, and the relative speed of move- ment. High pressures and high valocities can produce excessive heat When excessive heat is generated, it can be removed by increasing the lubrication between the faces. Lubrication can be increased by reducing the effect of the seal cavity hydraulic pressure on the seal faces. Seal faces are held apart by a film of sealing fluid, The spring load and stuffing box hydraulic pressure act together on the ex posed area of the seal ring fo keep the faces closed, restricting leakage to an acceptable, usually undetectable, level, The hydraulic pressure surrounding the seal acts equally in all directions on all parts of the seal, Increases in pressure within the seal chamber result in an increase of closing force, much as an increase of pressure within a hydraulic oylinder inoreases the force of a piston. Continuing this analogy: where pressure is con stant, force may be reduced by changing the size of the piston, Balancing a typical inside seal involves reducing the area of the piston that the hydraulic forces can act upon. See Figure 1.44, This is done by building a step in the sleeve which allows the wear nose of the stationary insert to be moved toward the center of the seal, More of the seal ring face is thus exposed to the seal chamber pressufe, which, in turn, reduces the forces acting to close the seal faces,[Manual k eer" PRR Opening Force: Balance Diameter The method of balancing an outside seal isthe same as that ‘or balancing an inside seal, except the action is just the reverse. Figure 1.18 shows a cross section of an outside balanced seal, The shaft packing is forced against the collar, leaving an area under the seal ring exposed to stuffing box pressure. The closing force exerted by the stuffing box pressure acting against. the shoulder of the seal ring is sightly greater than the opening force exerted by the liquid film between the faces, thereby keeping the seal faces in contact at all times, Bellows seals are mherently balanced. See Figure 1.16. The balance diameter must be deter- mined at each given pressure because of leatlet distortion, At low pressures, the balance diameter Germ ROM ene cn Ca ee Balance ‘Diameter —otherwise known as the effective average diameter of the bellows diameter—approximates the — capsule.Pies Applications requiring a high degree af radial deflection, such as mixers, require specially de- signed seals. A typical mixer design is shown in Figure 1.17 The design must allow the shaft to deflect without damaging the seal parts, The seal faces must be designed to remain in contact during shalt deflection. Under most conditions of shait speed and pressure, the seal can be run ty’ ie, there can be a lubricating ges film between the seal faces ‘The selection of the appropriate seal design is critical for these applications. Genta | 1.3.4 Split Seals Split seals are available for ap- plications. involving equipment where itis hard to acoess the end of the shatt, This is most common with agitators or pump designs where access to the shall sealing area from either the agitator, im- peller, or drive end is difficult or impossible. For these cases, special seal designs ave available where either all or he replaceable com-panenis are split akong the axis of the shaft. These seals can be installed without equipment tear down and can be designed to un in dry or wet environments. The pnmary sealing faces mustbe cailbon, ceramic, or a carbide that can be fractured cleanly into two pieces, The secondary elastomer Seals are mechanically bonded or glued to produce a leak tight joint Machined two piece collars and gands are bolted together te hold the primary seal joints in a com. plete leak free assembly.——— Bigs" become stationary, and gland in- Applications involving seal cham- _sert mounting finishes are ground ber pressures over 600 psig 10.32 RMS finish to ensure flatness (41.40 kPa) of shat speeds over to reduce distortion. 4500 ipm (23 mis} reaute special “Figure 1.19 ilusirales the seal designs. Seal components configuration of a typical high per- are designed using Finite Element formance seal ‘Analysis (FEA) engineering com puter programs to define dimen- sions, leakage rates, and materials, as well as opening, closing, and centrifugal forces. In general, part cross. sections are TSS Righ Pewormanse BiG nsression sprnos TTICEBOM auOPERATION AND DESIGN E FUNDAMENTALS OF MECHANICAL SEAL 1.4 MECHANICAL SEAI ARRANGEMENTS 1.4.1 Inside Seals Figure 1.13 illustrates a single inside mechanical seal, the most common type of mechanical seal The materials of construction for the insde seal are selected to withstand corrosive liquids in the slufing box. These seals are easly modified 10 accommodate env ronmental contro's and can be balanced to withstand high stuf ing box pressures Inside seals require a suitable stuffing box housing for instalation and cannot be adjusted without dismartiing the equioment unless they are cartridge mounted. 1.4.2 Outside seals lian extremaly corrosive liquid has salistactory lubricating properties, an outside seal offers an econo- mical alternative to the expensive metallurgies required for an insice seal to resist corrosion. Figure 1.15 ilustrates a typical outside seal arrangement in which only the insert, seal rng and secondary seals are exposed to the product. All these components can be non- metalic. The metalic rotary unit parts are exposed 10 the atmo- sphere. Outside seals can also be used in equipment with stuffing boxes which wil not accommo: dete inside seals, and they are easier 10 access for adjustment and trouble-shooting The outside sea does have disadvantages. Because it 's ex posed, the seals vulnerable to damage from impact. Of greater importance, however, is an outside seals pressure limitation. The hydraulic pressure on an unbal- anced outside seal works to open, rather than tc close, the seal faces. The seal, therefore, relies upon the springs to maintain face contact, Even though a degree of balance can be designed into a balanced outside seal, as shown in Figure 1.15, all outside seals are limited to applications having moderate pressures, 1.4.3 Double Seals Some products are not compatible with a single mechanical seal Examples include toxic liquids whose leakage into the environ- ment would be hazardous, liquids whose suspended abrasives would rapidly wear the faces, or corrosive liquids requiring seals made of costy materials. There are two ways to design for such products ‘One method is to incorporate environmental controls. This method is discussed in detail in Section 4. & more economical solution may lie in the application of double mechanical seals There are two basic double ‘seal arrangements: back-to-back and face-to-face. It is necessary to understand the differences be- ween these two arrangements in ‘order to select the best design tor a specific application. DOUBLE BACK-TO-BACK SEALS Figure 1.20 ilustrates a typical double back-to-back seal installa- tion. A compatible lquid, usualy water, is injected into the seal chamber at Point A and exis at Point B. This liquid, called the barrier fluid, must be maintained between the seals at a higher pressure than that of the product behind the impeller. A valve loca- ted beyond Point B maintains this higher pressure within the double seal and, at the same tme, permits a minimal circulation of water through the box to carry away heat generated by friction at the seal faces. In this design, the barrier fluid prevents the product from RE ete Sealing Liquid Inlet Les Ue‘contacting the inner portion of fhe seal and provides jubrication to oth sets of seal faces. The in- board seal prevents the oarner fluid from entering the product, and the oulboard seal prevents it from escaping to the atmosphere. The double seal is unaffected by the groduct being pumped. The fe of a double back to- back seal can be up to five times that of @ single seal in certain severe environments The metal inner seal paris are never exposed to the product, so viscous, abrasive or thermosetting products can be easly sealed without a need for expensive metallurgy. The differential pressure across the inner seal is the Giference between the barrier fluid pressure and the product pressure acting on the seai nousing. The differential pressure across the outer seal is the difference in pressure between the barrier fluid and the atmosphere. Either o* both of the components of a doubie seal may be balanced if the differential pressures exceed te limitations of an unbalanced seal. ‘The back-to-back double seal is limited, however, in that it does not tolerate pressure reversals. Pressure upsets will esutt in seal failure. And because it cannot be bench tested, the seal’s perfor mance cannot be verfied until the it is aclually assembled in the pump. DOUBLE FACE-TO-FACE SEALS Sometimes a stufing box is 100 shallow to accommodate double back-to-back seals. An alternate seal arrangement for use in such cases is the double face-to-face seal. ‘The double face-to-face seal is usually cartridge mounted with one seal inside the stuffing box and one seal on the outside. Both seals rotate against common or separale stationary inserts. Figure 1.21 illustrates a double face-to- face cartridge seal assembly. “The face-to-fave arrangement may be used as either a tandem ‘seal or a double seal. If the liquid between the seals is at a higher pressure than the praduct in the stuffing box, the inner seal is lubri- cated by a sealing liquid. This ‘creation of an artificial environment Yor the mechanical seal is the role Gromer of @ true double seal. On the other hand, if the liquid is circulated between the seals at a lower pres: sure than the equipment stuffing bbox pressure, the purpose of the inner seal ‘s the same as trat of any single seal, and the outer seal simply serves as a backup or a ‘tandem seal. The double face-to-face seal cariidge, assembled at the fac- tory, is compact and easy to install it can be bench tested, using ait as a bartier fluid, before pump assembly; and pressure reversals wil not cause it to blow open The main limitation of the face- toface arrangement is in the exposure of the inner seal to the product. Viscous, abrasive, thetm- setting, or corrosive products can damage the inner seal and cause leakage1.4.4 Tandem Seals Due to heaith, safety and environ- mental considerations, there is a growing trend toward the use of a seal arrangement known 2s a tandem seal A typical tandem seal is ilus- vated in Figure 1.22. Under normal operating conditions, the inboard,” or primary, seal is designed to withsland full product, pressure. The outboard, ot se- condary, seal operates in a suit able buffer fluid at atmosoheric or very low pressure If the heat generated by the outboard seal is high, a pumping device is usually added 10 create flow trom the ete Cus ‘outboard seal cavity through the buffer fluid suoply tank ina closed loop. Cooling coils or a heat ex changer may be added if needed. See Section 4, “Environmental Controls” and Saction 6, “Auxiliary Accessories” Uncier normal oper- ating conditions, primary seal weepage is vented from the system through an office at the top of the outboard seal butter fluid reservoir assembly. Tandem seal systems are used for products such as viny! chloride, carbon monoxide, light hydro- carbons, and a wide range of other volatile, toxic, carcinogenic, or hazardous fluids Rises” and freezing of light hydrocarbons and other fluids which could tall below the almospheric freezing point of water in air (92°F or 0°C) Typical butter fluids in these applications are ethylene glyco) methanol, and propanol A tandem seal increases on: line reliability. If a primary seal failure occurs on a critical piece of ‘equipment, the outboard seal can take over and function until maintenance of the equipment can be scheduled. Alarm systems. are available. Tandem seals eliminate icing (Inboard) (Outboard) a TTTBisse 1.4.5 Cartridge Seals Nearly all mechanical seals can be provided in a cartridge design. See Figure 1.23. The seal is mounted — usvally with a gland ring —on a sleeve which fits directly over the equipment shatt or shatt sleeve. Many configura- tions are available, but ine major benefit of cartridge seals is that they do not require the usual seal setting measurements for their installation Cartridge seals have been availabie for over fifty years. Originally, they were used on verlical and between-bearing pumps where other designs could not be used. Today, cartridge seals are also used to reduce installation errors and turn-around, time for repairs of equipment with overhung shafts, such as ANSI horizontal purnps. The use of cartridge seals adds to the cost of a seal assembly, and mary stuffing boxes are too small to accommo- Gate them. A cartridge mount will add 1/8 to 1/4 inches (3.2 to 6.4 mm) to the seal assembly diameter eee wea ee Footnotes Reaisiered wacemark of Durametalie Corparationy. DURA SEAL’ ‘Single Unbalanced Seals RO Single Unbalanced Dura Sea ARO Positive Drive Single Coil Spring Dura Seal CRO Friction Drive Single Coil Spring Dura Seal FRO Positive Drive Single Coil Spring Dura Sea! 2 Single Balanced Seals 4 1 CBR Welded Metal Bellows Dura Seal 4 2 X-100 Cartridge Welded Metal Bellows Dura Seal 5 “3 PBR High Temperature Welded Metal Bellows Dura Seal 6 4 PTO Moderate Pressure Dura Seal 7 .5 APTO Moderate Pressure Single Coil Spring Dura Seaf 8 6 _P-50 Cartridge Mounted Dura Seal 8 .7 RA Outside Dura Seal 9 “8 PSS Split Dura Seal 10 9 — SL-5000 Abrasive Slurry Dura Seal 1 10 §B-200 Back-up Emissions Dura Seal 42 11 TBR Durafion Bellows Dura Seal 12 2.3 High Performance Seals 13 2.3.1. HSC/HSH/HSI High Performance Dura Seal 13 2.4 Double Seals 6 2.4.1 X-200 Cartridge Double Metal Bellows Dura Seal 6 24.2 Double CRO Friction Drive Dura Seal 7 24.3 Double RO Positive Drive Dura Seal 7 2.4.4 Double RX-O Positive Drive Dura Seal 18 2.4.5 SL-5200 Double Abrasive Slurry Dura Seal 8 2.4.6 P-200 Double Cartridge Dura Seal for General Services 2.4.7 GB-200 Gas Barrier Double Cartridge Zero Emissions Dura Seale Tandem Seals 20 ‘TMB-73 Dura Seal 20 X-200/X-201 Cartridge Tandem Dura Seal 20 Tandem PTO Dura Seat 20 2.6 Mixing Applications 21 2.6.1. VRA Dry Running Mixer Shaft Dura Seal 22 26.2 MSS Split Outside Dura Seal 22 2.63 MX-201 Cartridge Double Mixer Dura Seat 23 2.6.4 8RO Large Shaft Dura Seal 24 2.6.5 Double BRO Large Shaft Dura Seal 25pain i ILLUSTRATIONS 24 RO Single Unbalanced Dura Seal 1 22 ARO Positive Drive Single Coil Spring Dura Seal 2 2.3 GRO Friction Drive Single Coil Spring Dura Seat 2 24 CRO-P Positive Drive Single Coil Spring Dura Seal 3 25 FRO Positive Drive Single Coil Spring Dura Seal 3 26 CBR Welded Metal Bellows Dura Seal 4 27 CBS Welded Metal Bellows Dura Seal 4 28 Centroid Loaded Face Attachment 5 29 X-100 Cartridge Metal Bellows Dura Seal 5 2.10 X101 Cartridge Meta! Bellows Dura Seal 5 2.14 PBR Welded Metal Bellows Dura Sea! 6 312 PRS Welded Metal Bellows Oura Sea! 6 2.13 Durafite Mounted Insert ? 2.14 PTO Moderate Pressure Dura Seal 7 2.15 P-50 Cartridge Dura Seal 8 2.16 RA Outside Dura Seal 9 2.17 PSS Split Dura Seal 10 2.18 SL-5000 Abrasive Slurry Dura Seal a 2.19 SB-200 Back-up Emissions Dura Seal 12 2.20 TBR Duraflon Bellows Dura Seal 12 2.21 HSG/HSH High Performance Dura Seal 13 222 Operating Ranges of High Technology Dura Sea/ Designs 13 2.23 HSI High Performance Dura Seal 14 2.24 X-200 Cartridge Double Metal Bellows Dura Seal 15 2.25 X-Series Gland 16 2.26 X-201 Cartridge Double Metal Bellows Dura Sea 16 2.27 Double CRO Friction Drive Dura Seal 16 2.28 Double RO Positive Drive Dura Seal 7 2.29 Double RX-O Positive Drive Dura Seal 18 2.30 SL-5200 Double Abrasive Slurry Dura Seai 18 2.31 P-200 Double Cartridge Oura Seal 19 232 GB-200 Gas Barrier Double Cartridge Dura Seal 19 2.33 Tandem PT/PTO Dura Seal 20 2.34 VRA Dry Running Mixer Shaft Dura Seal 21 2.35 MSS Split Outside Dura Seal 22 2.36 MX-201 Cartridge Double Mixer Dura Seal 23 2.37 BRO Large Shaft Dura Seal 24 2.38 BPO Large Shaft Balanced Dura Seal 24 2.39 Double BRO Large Shaft Dura Seal 25 ES 1 Comparison of High Technology Dura Seal Designs 14 2 Pressure and Speed Limitations of Various Dura Sea! Designs 26DURA SEAL’ DESIGNS Durametallie manutactures a complete line of end face mechanical seals. This section describes the more popular seal designs avaiable. Durametallic has the engineering, research and development capabilities to design, Duild, and test custom seal designs tor unusual applica- tions, The operating concitions listed are general ranges only. Consult Section 7, "Dura Seal * Selection and Application” for further details. — 1 SINGLE UNBALANCED SEALS The unbalanced Dura Seal is capable of providing long, trouble-free life uncer moderate stuffing box pressures. Itis usually limited to use at pressures less than 300 psig (2070 KPa), de- pending upon the type of product and the shaft suriace speed 2.1.1 RO Single Unbalanced Dura Seal The RO Dura Seals the traditional mainstay of the Durametall¢ line. The RO Dura Seal, Figure 2.1.18 athree-pieve rotary Unt available ina wide variety of metallurgees of ‘ering flexible mechanical features with maximum reliability. Depend. ing on pressures, user prefer: fence, and the size of the stuffing box, an RO seal can be used either inside of outside the stutt- ing box. The normal operating limts as an inside seal are up to 200 psig (2070 kPa) and 4500 fom (23 m/s), devending on the operating conditions. See Section 7, ‘Dura Seal Selection anc: Ap: plications” However, outside seals of this design aré normally limited to 18 psig (100 kPa) stult ing box pressure. The basic RO seal is supplied with elastomer O-rings The RO-3T Dura Seat is sup- plied with Durattor® | V-rings. Since V-rings must be mechani cally energized, a nose at the end of the RO seal compression ring is employed to expand the V- rings, forming a seal between the shatt'and the seal ring, Altsecon- dary seals are dmensiovaly inter changeable. The RO Series Dura Seal is available in metric sizes conform ing to the seal cavity dimensions set forth in the International Organization for Standardization (iSO), International Standarc ISO 3069 “End Suction Centrifugal Pumps - Dimensions for Mechan cal Seals and for Soft Packing." Sizes are also available for Ger- man National Stanard DIN 24 ‘960 “Mechanical Seals. Cavities. Principle Mounting Dimensions tor Single Mechanical Seals.” The German standard extends the seal cavity cimensions in ISO 3062 to include the mounting d- mensions for the stationary insert.Pianist 2.1.2 ARO Positive Drive Single Coil Spring Dura Seal The ARO, Figure 2.2. is titted with, a single col spring instead of multiple springs. This singe coil spring, which is confined in a positive drive compression unit for easy assembly and installation, has the large cross-section prefer red in some corrosive environ: ments. Otherwise, the ARO is of similar construction to the RO seal. The range of application and material availabilty is the same as for the RO seal 2.1.3 CRO Friction Drive Single Coil Spring Dura Seal The CRO. Figure 23, is an economical, single-cell spring, fretion drive seal for use in low pressure applications. This seal cannot be used wih liquids hav- ing lubricating qualities greater than that of water, because such liquids would net provide enough inction between the elastomer O- ring, the shatt, and the seal ring to drive the rolaing face. The CRO seal ig available only with dlastomer Oxtings for secondary seals. Operating limits range up 10 300 psig (2070 kPa) and 4500 fom (23 ms). eter Cone CN eek Pobaienic ‘The CRO-P Dura Seat, Figure TS CRO-P Positive Drive Single Coil Spring 2.4.18 a positive drive seal. Rota ean tional drive is transmitted to the seal ring by pins in the collar which extend over the spring. Therefore, the CRO-P can be us ed in conjunction with liquids hav. ing lubricating properties greater than that of water. The CRO-P seal is avallable only with elastomer rings. Although it does not de- pend on Oring friction to drive the oary unit, the CRO-P is not equipped to mechanically ener. ize V-rings. Theretore, itis limited fo products and temperatures compatible with elastomer O- rings. 2.1.4 FRO Positive Drive Single Coll Spring ee ee Dura Seal eee ‘The FRO single Dura Seal, Figure 28. is another variation of the basic CRO design. Iteonforms to the short 1. overall seal length dimensions of German Standard DIN 24 960. Tabs on both ends of the single coil spring provide postive drve. The spring must be wound with the direction of shat rotation. When ordering, care must be taken to specify clack- wise or counter-clockwise rotation as viewed from the driver. This positive drive seal design hes the same wide range of appi- cations as the RO Series seal, but its use is imited by the size restric- tions of single coll springs. The ad: dition of an optional set-screw collar will extend the overall seal to the ly, dimension specified in DIN 24 860. is_ LL L—L&&xo<«€ © PAcesicns — 2.2SINGLEBALANCED [ii:buks ee Re Richelet eoeikalin SEALS Balanced mechanical seals are Gesigned to offset much of the pressure which pushes at the rear of a seal to close the faces. Dura- metalic offers many balanced seal designs. Because of their ver- sailly, welded metal bellows seals are of spacial interest. ——_—_—______—. .2.1 CBR Welded Metal Bellows Dura Seal The CBR is a welded metal bellows seal available ina wide range of corrosion-resistant materials for appications in the ‘chemical process industry. The ‘one piece bellows assembly r0- vides the necessary spring load to maintain face contact without the need for springs. The CBR Dura Seal, Figure 2.6, has a rotating bellows assembly, and the OBS Dura Seal, Figure 2.7, has a stationary bellows assembly. oth are de- signed with a builtin hydraulic ‘balance to assure lower heat generation and lower energy con: sumption than is possible with unbalanced seals. The CBR Dura Seat utilizes Durametallic Corporation's patent ed? press it, centroic-loaded, ‘ace attachment technology. This tech nology joins the seal ring to its metal holder, preventing distortion of the seal face which can occur when the thermal expansion rales of the face and the holder mater- ials difer. See Figure 2.8. Critical flainess of the sealing faces is maintained throughout the speci- fied range of operating conditions,paps Ieanane ponies anc! rece Pr Cer ek maintenance, A patented design permits the replacement of worn seal faves, a service oltered by al Ourametallic Service Centers, Reo eT eRe cd Face End Welded to Bellows. Center of Holding Force race | SEAL|RING END \ Seal Ring Centroid The CBR and CBS Dura Seat designs can be applied to condi- tions up to 400°F (204°C) and 300 psig (2070 kPa) in a wide vatiely oF corrosive environments, The CBR seal will tolerate speeds Up to 4500 fpm (28 mis), andl the CBS seal will tolerate speeds up t0 6500 fpm (33 mis). 2.2.2 X-100 Cartridge Welded Metal Bellows Dura Seal The X-100, Figure 2.9. incorpor- ating the CBR seal in 2 cartridge design, combines the superior performance of the welded metal bellows technology with the sim- pitied installation of the cartridge. ean GS am —beac” Tne X101 cartridge design option includes a special step- over sleeve design for use with equipment having a hook type sleeve over the shaft, See Figure 2.10. The hook type sleeve is sluinbed-off to perma installation of the X-101. This option is one of several ways to use a cartridge seal in equipment with limited seal chamber bore clearance. The option is also used to provide in- creased clearance between the seal and the chamber bore for im- proved seal-generated heat removal and as a means to reduce product hang-up around the seal. Some popular ANS! pump sizes have the same size shaft under the sleeve for several pump mode's. The use of the X-101 design in these cases can reduce the inventory of spare seals. The X100 can be upgraded to the X-200 Double Dura Seal, Section 2.4.1, using the same gland, steeve, and inner seal The X-Series seal can be operated under the same cond- tions as the CBR/CBS Series seal, up to 400°F (204°C), 300 psig (2070 kPa) and 4500 iprn (23 ms) 2.2.3 PBR High Temperature Welded Metal Bellows Dura Seal The PBR is a welded metal bellows seal designed for high temperature applications in the petroleurn industry. The PBR Dura Seal, Figure 2.11, has a rotating bellows assembly, and the PBS Dura Ssal, Figure 2.12, has_a stationary bellows assembly. Both are inher- ently balanced for pressures up to 350 psig (2410 kPa). PPT SMD ko oe rascal The PBR Dura Seal utilizes a patented* collar-packing design 10 seal the bellows assembly to the shaft, The secondary seal is com- pletely confined and mechanically loaded. Metal-to-metal contact is maintained between the collar and bellows assembly to prevent shaft packing extrusion and insure positive installation. Durafite” 1s the standard collar packing rnater- ial, but elastomer O-rings are dimensionally inter-changeablepapas Anadvanced face-attachnent >> PTO Moderate The PTO-E Dura Seal has a design allows the metal holderto 2-2-4 PTO Moderate custom designed face for use with expand with increased tempera. Pressure Dura Seal ght hydrocarbons having a ture without distortion of the seal Similar to the RO seal in design specific gravity less than that of face. This patented? feature helps and versatility, the PTO Dura Seal, heptane, 1.©., 0.68 sp.gr. at 85°F Koop the faces tlatthroughoutthe Figure 2.14. difers in thal it is 29°C) ‘ull temperature range of the seal, patanced for use with pressures: The PTO-HW Dura Seat is up to 750°F (400°C). This face- up to 600 psig (4140 kPa). A designed specifically for hot water attachment technology is als balancing step must be provided —_apolications, so that an expensive employes in the rotating face of on the shaft or sleeve of the pump —_system is not required to coo! the the PBS seal. No gasket is requit- to use the PTO seal. The multiple _ water before it reaches the seal. ed at the point of attachment, thus spring, three-piece rotary unit is Special hydraulic balancing is eliminating the possibility of — designed to acoommodale differ. incorporated into the design to leakage and making instalation ent types of shaft packing inter- provide proper sealing in spite of easier. changeably. The compression the inherently poor lubricating uit, Including the shaff packing, qualities of hot water at higher of this seal is interchangeable with temperatures, This design is that of an unbalanced RO seal of recommended for stuffing box abe 213 beri i the same size. temperatures from 250°F (121°C) ihulbinaedalinabd The PTO Dura Seal is sup: 10 50°F (180°C). pled with elastomer O-rings. TO balanced seals are avait ‘The PT Dura Sealis supplied able in sizes conforming to the er With Durafion V-rings. seal cavity and the stationary . “Tap Both seal designs are salistac- insert mounting dimensions of tory for use on shafts running at DIN Standard 24 960. surface speeds up to 4500 fom @3 mis) Pi aL a ee eed Another design patent? per- imits easy seal face replacement, so that the entire bellows assert bly does not have to be replaced. A patented®, double-taoered, stationary elements used to faci itate correct instalation of the stalionary insert mounting, See Figure 2.13. A|5° taper provides a Quide to position the stationary ingert mounting. A second, more subtle taper assures proper load ing of the stationary mounting and leak-ree performance The PBR seal can be applied to shafis running up to 4,600 fpm (23 mis), and the PBS seal can ‘un as high as 6,500 fpm (33 ms).papas 2.2.5 APTO Moderate Pressure Single Coil Spring Dura Seal The APTO, is designed for corro- sive applications whicn require a single coil spring design. The ‘APTO seal is available in the same wide variety of metallurgies and materials as the PTO Series and has the same range of applica- tions, Figure 2.2.6 P-50 Cartridge Dura Seal for General Service The cartridge mounted P-50 is ideal for a wice range of services and industries, such as many chemical processing, water treat ment and sewage plants, and pulp and paper appiications. Popular materials of construction ina balanced seai des gn, provide reliable seal performance on a wide variety of process equip: ment. A flexible stator design pro- vides that the springs be located in the stationary portion of the seal and oul of the process fluid, 1 ducing the problem of clogging and hang up. The P-50 flexible stator design can withstand face eccentricity and out of perpendi cularity better than conventional flexible rotor designs. The P-50 seal will operate up to 300 psig (2070 kPa), 300 F (150 C), and 3600 1pm. Standard designs will fit standard packed stuffing boxes without modifica tion.2.2.7 RA Outside Dura Seal Whenever an outside seal is required, pressure is a primary corsideration, The unbalariced RO seal should not be used as an oulside seal with liquids at pres: sure greater than 15 psig (100 kPa) in the stuffing box. An RA ‘Series balanced Dura Seal should bbe selected for this purpose. The RA Dura Seal, Figure 2.16, is an outside, balanced seal with a two-piece rotary unit con sisting of a collar and seal ring with drive pins and springs between them. The RAC Oura Seal, was esignad primarily for use with chemical products in plastic, glass, and other non-metallic pumps, Itcan be mounted outside the stuffing box and uses banded RO seal rings. The RA and RAC seals, ofr ed only with elastomer O-ring secondary seals, can withstand stuffing box pressures to 400 psig (2760 kP2) and speeds to 4500 fpm (23 rvs). Metric versions of the RA series are available in ISO standards. A protective guard must be in place when using the RA seal and the RA-C seal with rotary equip- ment. Durametallic Corporation supplies such @ guard as shown in Figure 2.16 Trea eee Protective quard has been tured to show seal dota.Prise 2.2.8 PSS Split Dura Seal ‘The Dura Sealisa precision craft ed device and, as such, is the leading edge of technology for sealing rotary shafts. However, there are many designs of rotary equipment where access to the sealing area is dificult, expensive, or, in some cases, mpossiole. To meet the need to seal these hard to access applications, Durame- talic offers the RA-S, PSS, and MSS Dura Sea! designs with all component parts split axially for installation Tho RA-S and MSS are pres: surized internally and are design ed basically for mixer and agitator applications The PSS Oura Seal, Figure 2.17, is designed for pump appli- Cations euch as those found in the pulp and paper, power genera: tion, wastewater treatment, and mining indusvies. Typical appica- tions are on end Suction, over- hung, between bearing, and vert. cal turbine pumps where access to the seal areas cifcuk, The seal isexternally pressurized. All com- ponent parts are spilt axially but ‘with the parts unitized for improy- ed installation, There are n%0 O- rings fo glue or snap together, no separate pins, gaskets, OF Springs, All of the component pars are pre-assembied, all secondary seals are bonded in place. The absence of the “fumble factor” areatiy reduces installation errors. ‘The seal is generally installed in less than 30 minutes by one person with no equipment disassembly. Centering tabs eliminate the need tor shim stock to center the seal. Special spring pins protrude from the gland to indicate when the Seal has been installed properly. Figure 2.17 PSS Split Dura Seal The precision cast gland bolts easily to the seal chamber. A flush connection tap allows for the in troduction of sealing fluid to the chamber fer cooling or to keep abrasive products away from the seal (aces, Universal 4-stot con- figuration its @ wide variety of pumps. A flexible stator design Compensates for seal chamber misalignment and ensures that tne soal faces are always parallel to each other. Special drive pads apply an aven torque to the seal faces. The PSS Dura Seat is design ed to operate at up to 250°F (1219C), 100 psig {690 kPa), and 3600 rpm in sizes up t0 3.5" (89 mm). Materials of construction in- clude 3165S metal paris, Hastel- oy? springs, carbon or silicon carbide stator, Peramic or silcon carbide rotor, and Viton® or EPR secondary seals.2.2.9 SL-5000 Abrasive Slurry Dura Seal Abrasive slurries are difficult seal ing appleations. The SL-Series of cartridge single and double balanced pusher seals use the latest technology to solve erosion, face wear, and hang-up problems associated with fibrous and non fibrous slurries The SL-5000, Figure 2.18, has pre-set unilized construction for efficient installation. The cartridge Gesign is intended for use in enlarged seal chambers in accor- dance with current ANS! 8 73.1 and API 610 pump standards The seal faces are located in the product for maximum transfer of seal generated heat so normally no bypass or exiemal flush 6 necessary. The smooth contoured part geometty reduces erosion The balanced, tlexible stator com pensates for any irregularities in shaft runout. Ns special geometry eliminates ait entrapment at the seal faces. A special shroud iso {ates the springs that energize the stator so they are protected from the product weepage. Their loca- tion in the stator also protects them from centrifugal forces The gland can be supped with an optional fixed throttle bushing to limit leadage in the ‘event of seal iailure or to permit the use of an external water quench to prevent buildup. of solids that may weep across the seal faces in normal operation Typical applications inckice driling mud, ciatomaceous earth, coal, phosphoric rock, clay, tte nium diozide, Ime, pulp fibers, black liquor, asphalt. pitch, and textile dye liquors papsaset PR Sed eI ar ic ed ‘The operating limits of the SL-5000 are up to 350°F 177°C) and 250 psig (1720 kPa). It is available in sizes from 1” to. 6" in 3168S construction with silicon or tungsten carbide rotors; silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, or car- bbon stators; and a range of elas- tomeric O-ring secondary seals.passa 2.2.10 SB-200 C: Self Lubricating Back-Up Emissions Dura Seal The cartridge SB-200 Dura Seal, Figure 2.19, is a flexible rotor design that provides reliabie per- formance as a self lubricating bacicup seal in a tandem con figuration. Any volatile organic ‘compounds (VOCS) that leak past the primary seal are stopped by the SB-200 and vented to a vapor recovery system, Emissions from the seal chamber will be equal to or less than background levels, The $8-200 can be mated with various. types of primary mechanicai seals. The stationary face of the $8-200 is a specially iormuiated, proprietary grade of carbon, developed to achieve at least 2 years’ Ife at 3800 rpm in a Gry iow pressure atmosphere. Upon fall ure of the primary seal, the $B-200 wil withstand systern pressure up to 300 psig (2070 kPa) for at least two weeks, while limiting the VOC emissions to mandated levets. ——___——__ 2.2.11 TBR Durafion Bellows Dura Seal ‘The TBR, Figure 2.20, isa chemi- cally resistant, outside balanced ‘Durafion bellows seal. The virgin Buratlon bellows is bonded to glass filed Duration face and Collar ends, The replaceable face ‘can be carbon, silicon carbide, or glass filled | Duraffon. This chemically resistant seal can be operated at pressures up to 75 psig (620 kPa), 160°F {71°C}, and shaft speeds up to 3600 rpm.pasenas 2.3 HIGH PERFORMANCE SEALS 2.3.1 HSC/HSH/HSI High Performance Dura Seal High performance Dura Seal de- signs are available for applications up to 12,500 fpm (64 mis) for boundary lubrication designs and in exoess of this peripheral speed in ful fluid fim lutyication designs. These are custom designs that re- quire the information detailed in Durametallic publcation SD-1435, “Data Required for HS Series Dura Seai Application Analysis,” to optimize seal fe and reliabilty Durametallic high perform: ance seal designs incorporate flexible stator geometry which has advantages for handling the ex ‘veme conaitions encountered in high pressure and high speed sealing. The term “flexible siator” describes a basic seal design where the springs that provide the closing force of the seal faces are located in the stationary portion ot the seal. The advantages of this design are that i eliminates fretting damage due to outoF-perpendic- Ularty between the gland or seal flange and the shaft axis. Also, the ‘eal stator is isolated from gland ‘waviness and distortion that can be transmitted to the gland ring due to mechanical and thermal loads. Finite Element Anelysis (FEA) is used by Durametellic to predict the behavior of seal components under extremes of pressure anc high speed. High stress points are identified and the optimum part geometry is platted. Using FEA, desirable seal face deflection rates are determined. ie eM cen The HSC and HSH Dura Seals, Figure 2.21, are boundary lubricated designs that can be applied up to 1200 psig (8,280 kPa). In these designs the faces are in rubbing contact with the product providing the necessary lubrication The HS! Dura Seal design, Figure 2.23, incorporates full fuid film lubrication for pressure appli- cations up to 3000 psig (20,690 kPa). in conventional seais, and those with hydropads, the seal faces are lubricated but nol separ- ated. They stil rub and weer. Full fluid film lubrication utilized in the HS/ design keeps the seal faces completely separated by a thin ‘ilm of liquid. Because the faces do not touch, there § 10 wear. Full {lui fim lubrication is achieved by using FEA in the design of these Geer eer) Pac eee eer sd HSI HSC ws Prossure Agrese Seal, pag. a HSH apape Grr ake Table 2.1 Comparison of High Technology piesa seals. Using FEA, tis possible to predict and contol the deflection [_ DESIGN FEATURE HSC HSH HSI ofthe seal faces under cyclic and 4 eangont coneitions. During non- | Mee of Lubrication Bounaay, | Bounseny, | Ful Fug Film ‘operation, heat causes the faces ‘Salanced Flexie| Balanced Pexile} Balanced Flenble| Patient ina convergent manner. | Basi Seal Georety | ‘Sialor ‘Sisor Stator The gap created by the face de- | One or Two Camponent ne or Two flection is measured in millionths |} Flexbie Stator Desgn One one (Gependng on ‘ofan inch. This amount of separ sestearen) Shon teenough to prevert wear | Fite =lementDesignes| Yes Yes Yes but not enough to allow large — | Seal Face Dimensions 4 amounts of leakage. and Hydraulic Balance Yes Yes Yes Table 2.1 compares the | Custom Designed design features of these high |, Custom Designed es an teas ond Figure 222, | coon Surpon Sree] Seng Retainer | Spring Retainer | CUsteR Desi shows approximate operating — | suppor Ring Concept ‘No No Yes ranges. However, for proper | 7 ereten ‘ot nigh performance | Maximum Peripheral | 1A 5005 12500 fom | > eS seals, a compiete evaluation by |— eS Durametallic Corporate Engineers | Pressure Velocity Limit") 57 57, cab purnetatie Deanotalc isadvisable. They wil analyze seal ae performance under expected — | Seal Leakage Nor-visible | Non-visible | imo: grsicanle operating conditions using FEA to | ang conto Giermine high relablity and long 0) PY civ sed ear to Duraretnierawra Nunes Fev Under gh pressure, high (0) Mncmumhyrotte pesure externa yee nga! stresses temperature, and high speed {c) Seay stato wats sevice contionspqsenasst o_o 4 DOUBLE SEALS The double mechanical seal is used to create an artticial environ mentin the seal chamber in order to extend seal Ife in conditions where the pumped liquid is abra- sive, toxic, volatile, or sufficiently corrosive te require very expen- sive materials in a single seal ‘A double seal is simply two conventional seais installed back- to-back oF face-to-face in the seal chamber. A clean barrier fluid, such as water, is circulated ‘between the two seals ata higher pressure than the product. The inner seal prevents the barrier fluid from entering the product, while the outer seal prevents the barrier fluid from leaking to the atmos- phere. In addition to acting as an alfective barrier between the pro- duct and the atmosphere, the barrier fluid serves as a lubricant for both seal faces. Circulation of the barrier fluid through the seal chamber carries away both the frictional heal gen erated at the seal faces and the heat generated by turbulence around the seal. See Sections 4.4.3 and 4.2.3 24.1 X-200 Cartridge Double (or Tandem) Metal Bellows Dura Seal The X-200 combines the superior performance of the welded bellows seal cesign with the in- slallation simplicity of the preset cartridge sea design. See Figure 2.24, With the Unique face-to-face arrangement of two CBR welded! metal bellows seals, the X200 seal can be used as either a double seal or a tandem seal When used as a deuible seal, the external sealing fuid between the seals is maintained at a pressure higher than the product in the stuffing box. When used as a tandem seal, the seating fluid s maintained at a pressute lower Figure ree box. The X-200 is designed with a minimum number of parts, anc the gland, the sleeve, and the in- nner Seal are interchangeable with those of the X-100 Dura Seal The -200 seal can be pressuretested prior to installation, and each is tested before leaving Durametalic Corporation. The inner seal is designed to withstand pressure reversals that would cause con- tamination of the sealing fluid ina conventional, back-to-back dauble seal The X-200 sea! is superior in abrasive service, The inner seal available in hard, waar resistant faces, and the centrifugal force of the inner rotary unt tenes fo throw abrasive particles away from the bellows and seal faces. Pe a encore)papas The gland of the X-200 seal contans 4 paterted® bi-directional ‘low inducer. This feature, Figure 2.25, assures an adequate flow of the sealing fluid to a Dura? Suppyy Tank system. Durametalic publication SD-1413 details the selection of supply tank systems for the X-Seres seals, ‘The X-200 seal can be opera ted up to 400°F (204°C), up to 200 psig (1380 kPa), and up to 4500 fpm (23 m/s). Itis available in a wide variety of materials for corrosive environments, The X-201 sleeve option al- lows this seal to be used in small Packing spaces. A hook type shaft sleeve, stubbed off to permit installation ofthe step over X 201 cartridge sleeve, Figure 2.26, is necessary. The improved heat dissipation, reduced product hang-up, and reduced inventory benefits are the same as doserib- ed for the X-101 Dura Seal. Soe Section 2.2.2. errr cea cn oe Pr Eee Sree ocr rica ka Maicun ee ceksce efei) Bi-directional Flow Inducer Shaft 0.0. Gland 4 Gland Outlet \potation-7 Outlet2.4.2 Double CRO Friction Drive Dura Seal The Double CAO, Figure 2.27, is widely accepted as an economi cal and reliable double seal in moderate pressure aoplications where water, or 2 liquid with luor- cating properties similar to water, can be used as a sealing fluid Because this seal depends upon friction between the shaft packing O-rings and the pump shaft to drive i, sealing fluids with lubrica- ting properties greater than that of water must not be used. The Double CRO seal is ex cepticnally easy to install, as it requires no dimension setting or drive collar Metric Double CRO seal de- signs are available. Their overall length conforms te twice the l1k dimension speciied in DIN 24 960. 2.4.3 Double RO Positive Drive Dura Seal The Double RO. Figure 2.28(a), is a postive orive, unbalanced seal The double RO is recommended in applications where a liquid with ‘greater lubrication properties than water must be used as a sealing fluid, where pressures will excood the limitations of a double CRO, or where an abrasive product will ‘be encountered, The Double RO/PTO Dura Seal, Figure 2.28(b), is suggested for use if the sealing fluid pressure must be elevated beyond the Imi: talons of an unbalanced outer seal. The 15 psig (100 kPa) minimum sealing tluid differential seldom requires the use of an inner balanced seal bv [Dura Seat” Manuat Similar double seals are available in metric dimensions as described under the sections covering single seals.paeansi 2.4.4 Double RX-O Positive Drive Dura Sea! The RX.O, Figure 2.29, is a dow ble seal, designed with the colar and compression rings integrated into a single piece, thereby reduc ing the seal chamber depth nor mally requited 1o accommodate a double seal. The FXO seai is riven in the standard manner by lightening setscrews provided in the collar against the shalt ‘The RX-OL Dura Seat is ident- ical to the AX-O except it uses & clamp style collar that grips ihe shat! upon removal of the capscrew, thus eliminating the use of setscrews, Both of these designs incor- porate standard RO design seal tings. 2.45 SL-5200 Double Abrasive Slurry Dura Seal For abrasive slurries that require a double seal, the SL-5200 's the seal of choice, Figure 2.30, With allo the rugged construction fea tures of the SL-5000 single slurry seal, the SL-5200 offers added protection in corrosive, toxic, or Tegulated product service. The inner and outer seal faces are interchangeao'e. The outer seal is shrouded by the gland as an added safety feature. Like the SL'5000, the inner seal is cooled by the product and normally no bypass or external flush is necessary. The outer seal can be cooled by an optional circulating feature, The operating limits of the 8L-200 are up to 350°F (177°C) and 250 9sig (1720 kPa). It is avaiable in sizes from 1" to 6 (25 to 182 mm) n 316 SS canstruction wtth silicon or tungsten carbide Gree eee oe Figure 2.30 SL-5200 Double Abrasive Slurry Dura Seal rotors: slicon carbide, tungsten carbide, or carbon stators; and a range of elastomeric O-ring secondary seals.2 % P-200 Double Cartridge Dura Seat for General Services ‘The cartridge mounted P-200, Figure 2.31, provides a wide application tange through the standarization of all 208S con- struction. A balanced double seal design, the P-200 provides reliable sealing performance for chemical processing, water treat- ment, sewage plants, and puip and_paper services ‘The flexible rotor design incor- porates a soft drive feature that cushions the inboard rotor drive pins. This provides superior torque capabilities and virtually ¢liminates the ch oping or fractur ing of components seen during high torque applications. The P-200 utlizes the proven patented bi-directional flow induc- er proneered in the X-Series line for forced circulation cooling. The P-200 will operate up to 400 psig (2760kPa}, 400°F (218°C), and 3600 rpm, and will fitstandard packed stuffing boxes ‘without modification. Pee Ee ee ar pase te es 2.4.7 GB-200 Gas Barrier Double Cartridge Zero Emissions Dura Seal ‘The GB-200, Figure 2.32, isa dry running, cartridge douttie seal that utilizes an inert gas, such as ritro- gen, as a barrier medium instead Of traditional fiquid barrier luis. Elimination of liquid lubricated Pee due kcuc eee sealing systems lowers mainte: nance costs, The GB-200 requires only a simple, easy to install, dependable barrier system from an inert gas line. Uniquely designed seal faces maintain a stable emissions‘ree sealing environment. Many of the factors that con- tribute to falure of conventional wet seals (loss of barrier lubnica- tion, dry running, pump cavitation, “off the curve" pump operation, etc.) can be handled by the GB-200, Because the GB-200 is contacting face seal dasign. 1 provides reliable, maintenance tree sealing for critcal pumps. even in these common conditions. ‘The GB-200 operates from full vacuum to 200 psig (1380 kPa), -40 to 250°F, (-40 0 121°C}, andi speeds from 0 to 3600 rpm. It ‘does not require a minimum peri: pheral speed to operate and contro) emissionspeqpunase™ — 2.5 TANDEM SEALS Many Dura Seal designs can be arranged in a tandem mode. As ‘explamed in paragraph 1.4.4, two seals are arranged either in series oF face-to-tace with a clean buffer fluid between the seals maintained at a pressure below the product pressure. The primary or inner seal runs in the product while the ‘outer seal runs in the butfer fui. While single seals using the best available sealing technology can meet emission contro} standards in services involving volatile and hazardous air pollutants, tandem and double seals can achieve zero emission levels. Some of the more popular tancem designs include the TMB-73, the X-200/ 201 , and variations of the PTO Dura Seal 2.5.1 TMB-73 Dura Seal ‘The TMB-73 is a self contained carvidge welded metal bellows tandem seai specially designed for use in ANSI Group | and I pumps equipped with enlarged seal chambers. The enlarged seal chamber allows for the use of ‘peefed-up seal component cross sections to minimize seal face distortion anc to ensure long seal lite and repairabity. The enlarged seal chamber also resuits in im proved seal stabiity and excellent removal of seal generated heat from the inner seal The seal is capable of operating up to 200 psig (1380 kPa), 400°F (215°C), and 4500 fom (23 mis). 2.5.2 X200/X201 Dura Seal This popular Dura Seal design can be operated in a tandem mode by maintaining the buffer fiuid pressure below that of the product in the inner seal chamber. The inner metal bellows seal is specially balanced to operate in both the double and tandem mode. The inner stator is locked in place to withstand pressure reversals. 2.5.3 Tandem PTO Dura Seal The PTO, Figure 2.93, is the ‘workhorse of the balanced pusher Dura Sea! designs. tts flexibility allows itto be incorporated as the inner seal with either a PTO or other Dura Seat as an outer secondary seal. As an inner seal in a standard seal chamber, a bypass flush irom the pump dis- charge API Plan 11, is usually us- €d for cooing. With light hydrocar- bons and other products that are pumped under conditions close to their boling or fash points, a close fitting bushing in the throat of the inner seal chamber can be used to pressurize the product in the seal chamber to al least 25 psig (1730 kPa) above the initial bik ing point (IBP} of the sealing fluid Otherwise the seal fluid must be cooled to at least 15°F (°C) below its IBP to prevent flashing and popping at the seal faces that can lead to excessive weepage and premature seal failure. A circulating feature should be io. cluded in the secondary outer seal design to ensure adequate cooling circulation of the butter flu. 2.5.4 SL-5200 Dura Sea! The SL-5200, Figure 2.30, double slurry seal can also be operated as a tanciam seal by maintaining the pressure of the buffer fluid below the inner seal chamber pro- uct pressure. When operated as a tandem seal, the inner seal is lubricated by the product which ‘can shorten seal face Ife. How: ever, there is no possibilly of contamination of the product by the butter fiuid. renee ME cue Oe oc LoDURA SEAL" DESIGNS v 2.6 MIXING APPLICATIONS Mixing applications in the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, refining. and pulp and paper industries. typically requite shaft sealing, either with compression packings. or with conventional double seals and an expensive external lubrication system. In today's critical process environments, top-entry mixers, side-entry mixers, and other rotating equipment with high shalt run-out require a dependable double seal or tandem seal to prevent leakage to the atmos. phere or product contamination DRY RUNNING DURA SEAL DESIGNS 3. Seal face tlainess is critical to reduced gas leakage, and seal face deflection, due to pressure o” thermal gradients, must be limited to reduce leakage and prevent failure. 4, Seal pressure balancing must be calculated on the basis of a pressure drop profile at the seal face, whichis much different from the “calculation basis used for conventional seals. Frequently, conventional cou- ble seals are used on top-entry mixers, agitators, or reactors on- ly because of the misconception that seals can not be run dry and thal a sealing fluid system must be provided to supply lubrication to the seal laces. Double seal systems are costly, are sometimes Gifficult to mstall, and are subject to failure if the sealing fluid is cir- ouiated! at the wrong pressure or volume or is not removing enough heat, Failure of the seal can result in sealing fluid contamination of the product. By eliminating the need for a double seal system, dry-running seal designs offer better overall performance, and they can often be installed at a lower cost than the double seal system Double seals may be required when dangerous or abjectionable products are being processed. In these cases, plant air or nitrogen can be dead-ended between the ‘dry running seals. These sealing fluids are generally available, more reliable, and less likely to be harmful to the product in the ves- ‘se! than @ sealing liquid would be. Cee eeeEe Figure 2.34 VRA Dry Running Mixer Shaft Dura Seal shown that. under proper condi- tions, mechanical seals can operate dry. ie. without liquid lubrication of the seal faces. Dura Seat dry running seals uliize Special designs in order to mini mize leakage rates. Several princi ples govern and explain. their ‘operation. 1. The seal faces must be of non: galling materials, Generally, one seal tace must be made of carbon-graphite, and the counter face must be of a relatively hard material with good thermal con: ductivity, such as Durchrome {chrome oxide coating) or tungsten cartice, 2. The heat generated at the seal faces must be dissipated, and seal chamber and seal face suriace temperatures must be kept within acceptable limitspain 2.6.1 VRA Dry Running Mixer Shaft Dura Seal The VRA Dura Seai, Figure 2.34, is a single, outside balanced mechanical seal specifically Gesigned for agitator shafts. This dry running seal design features heavy-duty construction to ac: commodate a combined out-of- concentricity and eccentricity of 0.150" (3.8 mm) FIM. A carbon graphite seal ring is mounted Concentric with the seai balance diameter, providing uniform face loading, regardiess of the shaft centerline location. A pin drive from the drive colar to milled stots in the carbon-graphite seal ring distributes the drive-torque oad over a large cross-section of the carbon- graphite, eliminating high stress areas. A flexibly mounted. stationary insert minimizes. the ‘occurrence of seal face distortion which can be caused by over- tightened gland pols. The VRA seal design can be applied to all topentry agitator shafts, where the seal chamber is subjected only 10 gas or vapors. Itcan aven be installed on a worn shaft. The dry running design eli. minates the need for costy bufter fluid systems and prevents contamination of the product. The outside seal design permits easy installation and inspection, whether mounted directly on the shaft or mounted as a cartridge. Materials include tungsten carbide, silicon carbide, and Durchromne vs. No. 5 carbon seal ring, Sizes range up to 7" (378 mma) shaft diameter. Operating limits include full vacuum up te 200 psig (1400 kPa), speeds up to 350 rpm, and temperatures up to 250°F (121°C). For higher temperature applications consult Durametailic Corporation. —— 2.6.2 MSS Split Outside Dura Seal There are many seal applications, particularly on large, heavy, or inaccessible equipment, where the cost of installing or replacing seals is prohibitive. In such cases, an economical solution is a spit sseal design wnich can be installed without dismanting the equip: ment. The MSS Dura Seal, Figuie 2.35, is similar in design to the \VRA Dura Seal, but all parts are spilitto facilate ease of installation and maintenance. The stationary insert 's split using fracture technology. The split machined gland plate pro vides distortion ire compression of the insert when installec. The carbon graphite rotating seal ring is also split using fracture tech: nology. The precisely matched thalves of the seal ring are joined together using cap screws, tor qued to a prescribed lim@. The split drive collar is also machined in either a clamp or set screw drive design, Muttiple springs are bonded into the colar to eliminate the problem of falling out during a vertical installation Geek eee pestThe secondary elastomer O- rings are molded to precise sizes, then split for assembly. industrial grade adhesive is used to bond the elastomer together around the shalt and provide positive frsttime sealing ‘The standard MSS is design- ed s0 components in contact with the process or vapors will be non- metallic, which eliminates corrosion or contamination. Available materials Include Peramic or tungsten carbide ver- sus carbon seal ring. Sizes range up to 12" (308 mm). Operating limits include full vacuum up to 75 psig (520 kPa), spaeds up to 360 Tpm, and temperatures up 10 250°F (120°C) The RAS Oura Seat is also available as a spit dry running mixer seal for pressures up to 100 ppsig (690 kPa) or for more rugged services demanding a heavier cross section seal design ——_—_______ 2.6.3 MX-201 Cartridge Double Mixer Dura Seal The MX-201 Oura Seal, Figure 2.36, is a preset cartridge canister seal, Installation is fast and easy The installer has only to tighten tne gland boits and setscrews and then connect the piping. No set- ting measurements are neces sary. Factory pre-set positioning tabs center the seat around the shalt, eliminating dependence on the stuffing box bore and the gland pilot for concentricity. The MX-201 is designed to fit a 5/6" {16 mm) packing space regard- jess of seal size ‘The MX-201 seal can be oper- ated as either a liquid-lubricated of a cry-running seal, offering added versatiliy and economy. Operation as a dry-running seal liminates any possibility of product contamination from butter fluids, The design of the MX-201 seal permits static bench testing to ‘identity any possible leakage pro- blems prior 10 installation. It is balanced in both directions, so it is able to handle system upsets without leakage or product con- tamination, offering greater satety and reliability than possibie with @ conventional double seal The seal faces and internal clearances of the MX-201 are de signed to handle the large shatt run-out found on mixers and agitators. The MX-201 can aocept a shaft run-out of up to 0.150" (4 mm) FIM without the addition of a special bearing assembly or exira shait support. The MX-201 can be operated up to 300°F (150°C), 275 psig (1900 kPa), and 200 rpmVARs —— 2.6.4 BRO Large Shaft Dura Seal For many years mechanical seal manufacturers inssted on mini- mum shaft run-out and deflection in order to insure postive, trouble- tree sealing. Mixers, blenders, and similar units with large shafts ‘extending far beyond the bearing support often presented a chal lenge that was aifficult to meet wih standard seal designs. Dura- metalic designed the BRO for ‘applications where such shaft de- flection isa eroblem. The BRO Dura Seat was designed for large diameter mixer shatis, Caroon is used for the rolating seal face in order to ‘control the carbon face distortion which can occur when extremely large pieces of carbon are care lesaly installed, The unique design allows a large cross-section of carbon to be used as a seal ring, so that the rotating carbon face can be assembled in the rotary unit by the seal manufacturer, Maximum flexibility of the rotating seal is achieved because the carbon seal ring can float within the shroud. The carson seal ring virually eliminates abrasion of the shaft packing, because the seal ring oscilates to follow the detiection of the shaft. The seat is applied to pressures up to 400 psig (2/00 kPa) and speeds of 3800 fpm (18 mis). The BRO Dura Seal, Figure 2.37, uses an elastomer O-ring as the secondary packing material. The BRT Dura Seal uses a Durafion taper ring as the second ary packing material The BPO Dura Seat, Figure 2.36, is @ balanced version of the BRO Seal. Balancing is achieved in the same manner as with the Gree so PTO seal. The BPO seal uses an elastomer O-ing as ihe shaft packing The BPT Series Dura Seat uses a Ouralion wedge as the shaft packing,‘5 Double BRO Large Shaft Dura Seal For installations requiring double seals, a double BRO Dura Seal can be applied as a liquid or dry- tunning seal within speed and pressure limitations. Used as a dryrunning seal, it, eliminates conventional sealing fluid systema problems by utilizing piant air or nitrogen, either of which is likely to be more reliable and less harm- ful to the product in the event of a seal failure. The BRO Double Dura Seat, Figure 2.99, 8 a conventional mixer doubie seal design specitc- ally engineered to accommodate the run-out concitions, up to 1/32" (0.8 mm) FIM, found on mixers, agitators, and reactors. Balanced and unbalanced seal designs are available, and they can be adaot- ec to all common mixers without modification to the equipment The heavy-duty construction of the B Series provides long seal Ife and excelent repairabiily Materials available include tungsten carbide, silicon carbide, Stelite’, and Durchrome versus No. 5 carbon seal ring. Sizes range up te 7" (178 mm) shaft cbameter. Operating limits include full vacuum to 100 psig (690 kPa), speeds up to 200 pm, and temp- ceratures up to 250°F (121 °C). For higher temperature applications consult Durametaliic Corporation The dynamic speed and tem. perature limitations of all the above Dura Sea! types are summarized in Table 2.2. For hydrostatic. pressure limitations, refer to Table 10.11 Paiiant fie aed eee eee Footnotes Registered wademark ot Durametale Corp. ® U.S. Patont No. 3,765,689, 5 US. Patont No, 4,261,581 + US, Patent No. 3.773.387 # U.S. Patent No. 3.655.206 US. Patent No, 4,366,671 Registered trademark of Haynes Intornatlonal Corporation | Registered trademark of E.. ‘hu Pont de Nemours & Co. ine} > US. Patent No, 4,560,173paps ioe, Inside Dura Seal Designs ie) ilacee ead a ovr sero oon eee Ll Dry Running Dura Sea! Designs Ce Max. Pressure Max. Spood ra Seat Deion ro ee oro mt + The above ratings are for estimating purposes, The exact pressure Iimtaions 5 cegendant upon a pressure-voccty {P-v) reletonanip nase on seal size, speed, seal ce tratevals and his worcty. Dutamtalc puciation SD-1205, Pressare-veloaly Custos, ists he exact pressure hits For Hyorostate Pressure Lenin, refer to Section 10, Table 10.11 Dura Seat Design PA RAG Fos S-CBR TBR Po Mss ura Seal Design Pro. BPO RA. RA, VAC PAS Mx201 Mx201 38-200 vo uss Dovbie Tandem 78 400" 300" Por 100" 10 toe" 200" 100" ns r00" ° 190° 1s 790" 60" 0 30° 520 Max, Pressure Max, Speed ‘Dura Sea Design PEN Oure Soni Design RO, ROT 300" 207O" 4800-23 PTO,PY.APTO.APT 600" 4140" 4500, 23. ARO, AROTT 200° 2070" 4500-23. PO. EPT ov 2750 850018 BRO, BAT por 1360" «3500-18 POS. geo" BAN" ODS cro. soo 2070" $00. 23, PBR so aso" 80028 XO, AKT 300" 0707400, 28S. 350" ano" 50D HSC, HSH. HS 1200" een" 12500 PTORW foot 440 4500. (OBR, X-100, X-101 2002070" 48008 cas 5002070" 65008 50 goo 2070" 300015, P-200 oo" 2760" 480028. 5.200 200980" 260013 %200,X-201 Double aout 108g" A500 23 200,201 Tandem — 200° 1380" 450028 hxco1 ube = 300", or hoxeor Tandem = 100g" NT Pss 100" 650" 9200 8 81-5000, L620 peor 720" 8004 TMB73 Dole = 125" B60" ASOD 2 Le qwe.73 Tangem 200" 1080" 480028 Outside Dura Seai Designs Cre) Ee] 4500 4500 200 420 130 2000 130MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION Face Materials Carbon Tungsten Carbide Silicon Carbide Tungsten and Silicon Carbide A and M Designs Peramic Durchrome Bronze Kalamate Duramate Glass Filled Durafion areransy RRADRAONOS 4 Leeeoeseseu Secondary Seal Materials 2 1 Buna N 2 Viton 3 Ethylene Propylene 4 Kalrez 5 Duraffon V-Rings 6 Neoprene 7 Duratlex insert Mounting 8 Duration Encapsulated O-Rings 3.2.9 Durafite 3.2.10 Interchangeability of Secondary Seals 3211 Gaskets SScoowmmmarny v 3.3 Mechanical Seal Hardware 1" 3.3.1 304 and 316 Stainless Steel "1 3.3.2 20 Stainless Stee! 1" 3.3.3 Hastelloy 1" 3.3.4 AM-350 Stainless Steel n 3.3.5 Inconel n 3.3.6 Monel 1 3.3.7 17-4 PH Stainless Steel n 3.3.8 Nickel 1 3.3.9 Tantalum 11 3310 Titanium 1"«yasr" | ILLUSTRATIONS 3.4 M and A Seal Rings 3 3.2 O-Ring Secondary Seals 7 3.3 V-Ring Secondary Seals 8 3.4 Duraflex Secondary Seals 9 3.5 Durafite Secondary Seals 9 3.6 Shaft Packing Interchangeability 10 37 Insert Mounting Interchangeability 10 TABLES Bed ty eee 34 Commonly Used Grades of Tungsten Carbide 2 3.2 Silicon Carbide Materials 2 33 Silicon Carbide Properties 3 34 Temperature Limitations of Dura Sea/ Face Materials 5 35 Seal Face Compatibility Chart 6 3.6 Temperature Limitations of Secondary Seal Materials 10 37 Composition of Common Metals 12MATERIALS OF EK] CONSTRUCTION This section discusses the pro perties of many of the materials Used for the construction of a Dura Seal ' Duramnetallic. Corporation's publication SO-634, “Dura Seat Selection Guide, Ists the recom: mended material combinations for various products and conditions This guide contains proven mater ral recommendations for many commonly encountered appli cations. Each material is selected for its unique physical properties for each application. Because me- chanical seals are used in a wide variety of products, great caro must be taken to select materials compatibe with the procuct being mixed or pumped. The corrosive properties, the lubricity, and the temperature of the product must each be considered. See Section 7, “Oura Seat Selection end Application.” Abasic knowledge of the ma- terials of construction is necessary for the proper setection, installa- tion, and maintenance of a Dura Seal 19 achieve maximurn sealife Each Dura Seatis centiied by a seven digit material code. See Section 10, pages 32 and 33. Each component of 2 Dura Sealis idenified by an eleven digit part code that detais the material of construction. See Section 10 page 24. —_— 3.1 FACE MATERIALS The selection of the mating wear face materials is one of the most important steps to ensure the greatest cost effectiveness of the seal, The materials must be hard, corrosion resistant, and capable of accepting 2 very flat finish Most face materials exhibit poor wear characteristics when in frictional contact with another surlace of the same material, Therefore, two dissimilar materials, one softer than the other, are usually selected In extramely abrasive or corrosive environments, itis sometimes. preferable to mate suriaces of identical materia's, but this is practical only with extremely hard matenals such as tungsten carbicie oF silicon carbide In these ‘cases, the sealing liquid or pra ‘duct must have adequate lubricity to prevent heat-cheoking of the taces, 3.1.1 Carbon Carbon is mast trequently used as a seal face material. Carbon has excellent antinetional qualities and is compatible with an extremely wide range of temperatures ang cortosive environments. However, due to its low elastic modulus, carbon-graphite may bend or distort easily under pressure No. 5 Carbon Ne. § Carbon, Durametallic Corgoration’s standard carbon material, has low porosity andl the highest elastic modulus of the many graces available. It's formed by combining carbon-graphite with @ pevoleum pitch binder. This mixture 8 sintered, causing the binder to carbonize The resulting structure is then impregnated with a resin to fil the voids in the base material. Although practically chernically inert, No.5 Carbon wil ‘oreak down in the presence of some strong oxidizing agents, such as nitric acid or sodium hypochlorite. No. 6 Carbon No. 6 Carbon has an impregnant that is chernically resistant to strong oxidizing agents including sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrofluoric, chro- mic, fluosticic, and sulfuric cies. ‘Other grades of carbon are available (or unique applications. 3.01.2 Tungsten Carbide Tungsten Carbide is one of the most versatile seal face materials available, having superior hard- ness, a wide range of chemical resistance, and excellent antifric: tional properties. The inital cost of tungsten carbide may be higher than that of other materials in some seal designs, but the extra cost is justified in many applica: tions where it pertorms signif cantly better. Tungsten carbide is routinely applied 10 high pressure applications where its high ‘modulus of elasticity helos prevent face distortion, Tungsten carbide also exhibits outstanding weer characteristics in the presence of liquids with extremely poor lubr: cating qualities. It’s usually repairable a number of times and runs longer between repairs than many materials The two grades of tungsten carbide regularly offered by Durametallic Corporation are fisted in Table 3.1Kas ree rn err uke Silicon Carbide 1 is a solid, Silicon Carbide 1 homogeneous, reaction-bonded onace | _sINDER REMARKS material, The corrosion and abrasion ‘resistance of silicon 28 Nickel | Standard grade. Wide range of applications. M ‘Sutted for hot HO, petroleum products, and carbides vary substantially wih variances in the materials percent age of free silicon, grain size. ree silicon distribution. and free car 24 Coat] Used in environments where nicke! binder of 2 Mi grade 626 would be attacked. bon conten. To obtain maximum A most chemicals: corrosion and abrasion resisiance, Durametaliic Corporation specties an 812% free-silcon, fine-grain 31a. Siicon Carbide cially tor applications in abra. Material 3.1.3. Silicon Carbide SPEC iO ae ei enmaents The low coefficient of friction, Silicon carbide is a bluisteblack such as nitric acid, hydrofluoric high hardness, and high modulus crystalline material manufactured acid, or sodium hypochlorite. of elasticty of Silicon Carbide 1 ‘oy fusing silica and coke al_a The two grades of silicon car- Make jt an ideal material to resist temperature 0! 4000°F (2000°C). bide offered by Duramelalic dellection in high-pressure, nigh; The resulting crystalline powder, Corporation are Siicon Carbide 1 temmperature, and high-speed with a hardness rating of 25000n and Silicon Carbide 2. The pro- applications. its extreme hardness the Knooo Scale, retains its — perties of these grades are sum: makes it a prime matenal for strength at elevated temperatures, marized in Table 3.2. abrasive applications. Silicon has a low thermal expansion rate, Table 3.2 compares the Carbide 1 exhibits excellent a high thermal sonductwity.and physical properties of silicon corrosion resistance, however fan excellent Sorrosion resistance. carbide with those of carbon ang some chemicals wil allack the free These properties make itan ideal tungsten carbide. siicon within #s structure, Such matenal for mechanical seal aces, chemicals include sodium hydroxide and other caustics, hydrofluoric acid, and phosphoric acid containing small amounts of oe) oe hydrofluoric acid Silicon Carbide 2 ren Sticon Ceroie |_| _ Siteon Comide = Silicon Carbide 2 is an alpha poston Said tre grain noma] Sols homogerenus shan ir Segre, gam ae. | SAGLAeHeaNRStee | sieved material with no iree gore, cage, cance, | cameceaweuersaim | silicon and no unreacted tree Exon meniaussractre | ho mpreprant carbon. The alpha. orysialline structure is achieved by the direct ‘Campatbie nat Tangsar cates, carson, | Tngsion Garde, can ui r fooeraterae Rime worse Wand | aieen cwae tang? bonding of silicon carbide at : cron Resa ceed ay 3600°F (200°). Siicon Carsice tea 2 has excolient abrasion resist abasin salons Frcelent Eicotent ance and is chemically nertto al Ropsraty Taalen, 908" vom | Baelnn, 0082" wom] — COTTOSIVe environments, bu it ong tng teigoal engi does not have the pressure. Fasity Sina commie Siar fo owas velocity (P-V) capabilities of the other silicon carbides,LE ou kn | See ree ees | cane, | SE co [we fa i ome} tom | mo | ame Fens rg | raw | ameno | cots eommenestonn — “gel ano | eoaoo | sae wee| ie | tae | Sa peamaccennety — “yu atin | aoe | sors Mo er | wr | two | Si sc] a | wo | ioe “amend Pyrama Hardness 3.1.4 Tungsten Carbide and Silicon Carbide Tung-Car M A and M Designs For applications where the use of neither sold tungsten carbice nor silicon carbide is possible, seal fings and stationary inserts made ‘of metal with a tungsten carbide isc ited at the face are available See Figure 3.1 Tone ee The Tung-Car M seal ring and in ser! are made by pressing a tungsten carbide disc into a body made of stainless steel or Has- tellay® @ C. A unique, patented? method of mounting the tungsten carbide element onto the body prevents distortion at the sealing face and eliminates the need for ro gasketing. However, since the body and the element materials have different coefficients of ther mal expansion, large temperature varianoes may cause the element to loosen Tung Car M with 316 stanless steel body is limited 10 250° (120°C), Tung-Car M with Hastet foy © body us limited to 425°F 218°C), Tung-Car A Tung-Car A is made by press fiting a tungsten carbide disc ele ment into 17-4 PH siainless steel body. 17-4 PH stainless stesl has a coefficient of thermal expansion near that of tungsten carbide, so it is suitable for services up to 750°F (400°C) Silicon Carbide M and M2 Silicon Carbice M has a body of 316 stainless steel (or a higher alloy stainless stee!) with a Silicon Carbide 1 element. The Slicon Carbide M2 uses a Silicon Car- bide 2 element. Maximum temperature limits af Silicon Carbide M and M2 are determined by the temperature limits of the metal seal body; up to 250°F (120°C) with a 316 stainless steel body and up to 00°F (260°C) with a Hasteiloy C body. Silicon Carbide A and A2 Silicon Carbide A and A? have an element of Silicon Carbide 1 or 2 press fitted into a body of 17-4 PH Stainless steel. Silicon Carbide A and A2 seal rings and inserts can be used with temperatures up to 750°F (400°C)Kies 3.1.5 Peramic Peramic, Duramelalic Corpora- tion's standard solid, high-purity ceramic seal face, contains 99.5% aluminum oxide. Because of ts hardness, Peramic offers ex- cellent wear characteristics. More- over, since Peramic contains less than 0.5% of silicates, It is chemically inert and can be applied 10 nearly any product, including sodium hydroxide and hycrottuoric acid. Because of its purity, Peramic can withstand a higher degree of thermal shock than lower purity ceramics, but Peramic seal faces are not as resistant 25 metallic seal faces. Peramic is limited to moderate pressures and speeds. Peramic is relatively low in cost in populer szes, but cost and delivery make solid ceramics im- practical in small quantities or in non-standard sizes. 3.1.6 Durchrome The Durchrome seal ring is made by coating the face of a metal seal ring body with chrome oxide. The standard coating contains 99% chrome oxide. This ceramic coat ing can be damaged by impact or thermal shock. but the Durchromie seal ring is considerably less traglle than the solid ceramic seai ring and can therefore be used at higher pressures and greater speeds. The use of a metal body makes it possibie to supply the Durchrome seal ring in non. standard sizes and in small quantities, Durchrome seal ring corrosion resistance is limited only by the metaluray of the body, which must be selected with & corrosion rate of less than 0.002" (0.05 mm) penetration per year Durehrome seal rings are available for use with most Durametallic® + seals. 3.1.7 Bronze Bronze is an excellent face mater- ial for mating against tungsten carbide. Having greater abrasion resistance and structural strength than carbon, bronze is used in water flood, pipeline, and crude oil services where abrasion commonty occurs. The higher modulus of elasticity and other physical properties of bronze permit its use in high pressure applications where carbon would be impractical because of its fragility. Bronze is also_ non sparking, an advantage in explo- sive and flammable environments. Bronze has a relatively low corro- sion resistance, so caution must be used when applying it in a corrosive environment. INis not ac ceptable for food service because of the tin and lead content. 3.1.8 Kalamate The Durametallic Corporation name for seal rings made from solid cast Stetite® ? is Kalamate Stelite can also be welded onto the face of a metal seal ring body, which is then called a “Stellted” seal ing. For all practical purpos es, these seal rings can be Used interchangeably. Kalamate, with corrosion resistance greater than tnat ofthe 300 series stainless steels, is com posed primarily of chrome and Cobalt with small percentages of nickel, iron, and tungsten, Kale: mate can be used with a wide range of products and lubricants, bulls not recommenced for use with water because cf water's tendency to leach out cobalt. Kalarnate has been largely replac- ed as a seal face material by the more versatile tungsten carbide. 3.1.9 Duramate Duramate is a hardened stainless steel. A Duramate sea face is compatible for use against 4 car bon seal face in the presence of liquids possessing lubricating pro erties equal to or greater than light hydrocarbons, Duramate has a corrosion resistance roughly equivalent to that of 304 stainless steel. Because of its limited service life, Duramate has een largely replaced by tungsten carbide. 3.1.10 Graphic/Graphite- led Duration” Duration is Durametalie's trade name lor TRE, Because ol its chemical resistance. Duraflon 's occasionally used as a seal face material. Carbon/graphic fibers are used to improve its stably and resistance 10 ‘cold flow However, Duration is a poor wearing material and its use is imac to very low pressure: velocity (P-V) ratings Temperature iimtations of Dura Seat face materials can be found in Table 3.4. Compatible face material combinations are shown in Table 3.5Reyes LCR Sac eRe eee eu MAX. TEMPERATURE MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION - - “c Stlte Face Wiolded Stoo Face on Metal Ring 350 7 Kalarate Soli Cast Stoo Ring 450 202 Tung-Car Soll Tungsten Carbide Ping 780 399 ‘Tung-Car M Sold Tungsten Carbide Element Mounted in 250 21 540 Siamese Stee! Boey Tung-Car M Solid Tungsten Carbide Element Mounted in 425 218 Hastoloy °C Body Tung-Car A Soli Tungsten Carbide Element Mounted in 790 209 12 PH Saless Stoel Body | uramate Solid Machined Stainloss Stee! Ring 600 a6 Bronze Solid Leaded Bronze Ring 260 7 Peramic Soli Pure Ceramic Bing a0" wr Durchrome Face | Chrome Oxide Facing on Metal Ring 60 7 No. § Carton Solid Carbon Graphite Ring 800 280 No. 6 Caroon Sollé Carbor-Graphite Ring 500 260 concer Sali Siicon Carbide Ring 00 227 : *s : Stigon Carbide Sold Sitcon Carbide Element Mounted in 20 1 , i i 516 Slainions Stee Body ' licon Carbide M2 Solid Silicon Carbide 2 Element Mounted in. 500 260 Hectoley "C Body ' Silicon Carbide Solid Silicon Carbide Element Mounted in 750, 399 Rene 124 PH Sainoss Steel Body | Gartenicraphite tied | Sot Ring 160 n wwaton Sub s vate tem mma! shock,kypsasi Rk mens PERAMIC DURCHROME KALAMATE DURAMATE TUNG CAR 626 SILICON CARBIDE + SILICON CARBIDE 2 coves: |A- Acids diluted and concentrated 8 Water and water solution © - Caustics diluted and concentrated D- Oil and lubricants, E - Ory running X= Nol recommendedMATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 3.2 SECONDARY SEAL MATERIALS Secondary seals must be capable of sealing between two surfaces. Durametalic Corporation specifies that these surfaces must have a finish of 32 Rg or better. Flasto- mers are the most reslient and east of all materials available for secondary seals. O-ings and gas kets are made of olastomers. Figuro 3.2 illustrates the use of elastomer O-rings as secondary seals, Other materials, which offer a higher resistance to temperature and chemical environments than elastomers, mustat times be used even though they may be less resilient or more expensive than elastomers. These materials, such as Durafion and Duralite® ', are provided in configurations ‘that tend to compensate for their limited resiliency, The following brielly reviews the various materials most fre- quently encountered as secon dary seals for mechanical seats. Specilic recommendations for the application of these materials are found in Section 7, "Dura Seal Selection and Appication."” This section covers only those materials found in Durametallic Corporation's publication SD-634, “Dura Seal Selection Guide.” While other materials are avail able, they are rarely applied to Dura Seat designs because their Properties do not generally offer any spacial advantages, Many of the names used for elastomeric materials in the “Dura Seal Selection Guide" are trace names that have been adopted as generic by the mechanical seal industry. Where this is the case, we have given the generic name of the base elastomer without referring to the manufacturer who compounded and molded the elastomer. Most of the basic elastomers are compounded and molded by a number of manu- facturers. Secondary seals pur- chased through Durametallic. Corporation have been subjected to added quality control inspec. tions to assure proper fitand! long Tite Pree mn a e O-Rings 3.2.1 Buna N Buna N, referred to as Nitrile or NBR, is @ copolymer of butadiene and ‘acrylonitrile. with excellent resistance to petroieur products and wide acceptance for use in water applications, Buna N has low resistance to ozone, sunlight, and weather, so spare Buna NO: rings should be stored in a pro- tected area where they will not be exposed to direct sunlight or ozone generating electrical equipment. Buna N can be used at temp: eratures ranging from -40°F to +225°F (40°C to + 105°C), A special grade of Buna N compounded of materials that meet FDA and USDA require: ments, is available for use in incidental contact with food products 3.2.2 FKM FIM is a fluorocarbon copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and_hexe: fluoropropylene. A lypical FKM is, Viton® «. FKM is used in a wide range of applications, including those involving petroleum ois, diester base lubricants, silicon fluids, halogenated hydrocarbons, water, low temperature steam. a wide’ variety of acids, and numerous other fluids. FKM will not tolerate ketones, anhyarous ammonia, amines, hot hydrofluoric acid, chlorosulfonic acids, or strong caustics FIM has excellent tolerance for use at temperatures ranging from O°F to +400°F (18°C to + 204°C), Special grades of FKM, compounded of materiais that meet FDA and USDA require: ments, are avaliable.bear” 3.2.3 EPR EPR, also known as_ ethylene propylene rubber or EPM, is a ‘copolymer made from ethylene and propylene monomers, EPT or EPDM, containing a third monomer, is an ethylene propylene terpolymer. Both EPR and EPT are widely used in the sealing industry. EPR has excellent corrosion resistance to dilute acids and alkalis, ketones, alcohols, water, steam, and phos- phate ester hydraulic fluids, but it is nol recommended for use with petroleum oils or diester base lubricants, EPT, with added resistance to oxidation and radiation, is recommended for nuclear service EPR and EPT materials are applicable for use at temperatures ranging from -40°F to +350°F (40°C to + 177°C) 3.2.4 Kalrez® « 3.2.5 Durafion V-Rings Duration V-rings are machined from solid pelytevafluoroethylene (TFE). Because of its inertness, Duration is oten applied as a secondary seal where elastomers would be subject to chemical attack. However, Duration lacks the resilience of elastomeric materia's, which are more reliable as secondary seal materials and should be used wherever possible. Figure 33 illustrates Verings applied as shaft packing, The lips Of the two rings, energized by the nose of the compression ring, are forced into contact with the O.D. of the shaft and with the shatt packing bore of the seal ring Duration Verings can be used at temperatures ranging from “100°F to +350°F (73°C to +177°O) \erings made of glass-filed Duration are also available. They can be used with temperatures ranging from -175°F to +450°F (115°C to 232°C) 3.2.6 Neoprene Neoprene, also known as CR, is ‘a homopolymer of chioroprene and chlorobutadiene. It was among the earhest of he synthetic rubbers to be made available for seal manufacture, It conhinues 0 be used tor sealing refrigerants, such as freon and ammonia, and for ather mild services. Neoprene has a unique resistance to petroleum lubricants. Like Buna N, Neoprene can be used at temperatures ranging from -40°F to +225°F (40°C to +107°C), Kalrez, a perfluoroelastomer, is 2 igure 3.3 V-Ring Secondary Seals copalymer of tetrafluoroethyiene and perflucromethyl vinyl ether. I has many of the elastomeric oro: perties of Viton and the chemical and heat resistance of TFE, with certain advantages over bath. Kalrez has excellent corrosion resistance to Solvents, inorganic and organic acids and bases strong oxidizing agents, metal halogen compounds, hot mer- cury, chiorine, fuels, and heat transfer fuids Kalez can be used at temper- atures ranging from 0°F to +600°F (18°C to +315°C). Durametallic Corporation stocks DuPont's standard 4079 Kalrez compound. Other Kairaz compounds are available on spacial request. Duraflex insort Mounting, \Ring Shaft Packing3.27 Duraflex Insert Mounting The Durallex® stationary insert mounting is made of Curation See Figute 33, The insert must be pinned to the gland to prevent it from turning with the seal ring, because Durafion does not pro: vide the same high frctonal holding quatity as ar clastomer The gland finish is important because sealing occurs between the axial sides of the Duraftex ring, the caroon face, and the gland See Figure 34 Duraflex insert mountings can be satislactaily applied al ternpera- tures from -100°F to +450°F (73°C t 232°C) igure 3.4 Duraflex oes Sealing Duratiex Points 3.2.8 Durafion Encapsulated O-Rings An elastomer O-ng, usualy made of Viton, sealed in a thin layer of Duration is available for Use 1 very corrosive environments ‘where the chemical resistance of Duratfon is required. Because the Duration layer can be easily damaged, the Duratfon encapsu- lated O-ring is not recommended for dynamic O-ring applications such as shait packing for a pusher seal, |ts use is limited to static secondary seal applications in bellows seals, such as the ‘OBRICBS and the X-Series seals. Because of the added thick: ness and stiffness of the Ourafion coating, special care must be taken during instalation to prevent damage. The Duration en capsulated O-ring should be lubricated with a silicone grease prior to installation 3.2.9 Duratite Durafite® |. an all graphite pro: duct, contains none of the resin binders or organi¢ materials which limit the use of other secondary sealing materia's: Durafie is almost completely chemically inert and 1s highly resistant to all forms. yee” of nuclear radiation. It is vulnerable to attack only by ‘oxidizing liquids such as nitric acid Figure 35 shows a PBR Dura Seal with Duratite used both as an insert mounting and 2s @ shaft packing. The insert requires an ant-otation pin, when Duratite is used as an insert mounting Because itis easly damaged, the Durafte ring must be handled carefully during installation of the seal and usually has 10 be re placed Upon reinstallation of the seal, Durafite has litle memory or spring-back when compressed Duraiite can be appied at temperatures ranging from -450°F to higher than +750°F (268°C to +400°C) Gm Ee Durafite Shaft Packing Insert Mounting3 ol 3.2.10 Interchangeability of Secondary Seals Most configurations of Durame- tallic Corporation's secondary seals are interchangeable. Figure 36 illustrates the interchange: atilty of shaft packings, and figure 7 illustrates the interchange: abilty of insert mountings The temperature limits of common Bure Sea! secondary sealing materials are found in Table 36 rues Router) Cae el 3.2.11 Gaskets DMC 340 and DMC 400 Gasket Materials DMC 340 and DMC 400 gaskets contain a synthetic organic fiber ‘bound with a nitrile binder. Having temperature limits up to 700°F (871 C) for DMC 340 and DMC 400, these relatively soft, pliable, easily cul sheet materia's are available in thicknesses of 1/64”, 1132", 1/16", and 1/8", DMC 340 is the standard gasket supplied with most Dura See! designs. DMC 500 Gasket Materiat This is a glasseintorced TEE sheet stock available in 1/64" tees [ou ees O-Ring a @©® Encapsulated O-Ring eC Te a anceecu Tid Enc sinc Tewe cit | AX TEMP LT= MATERIAL FORM Fic | | Buna N (Nite) oRing | a0 | a0 | +205 | +107 Neoprene ORing | 40 | -40 | +225} +107 FM O-Ring 0 | -18 | +400) +204 EPRIEPT (Ethylene Propylene} fing | 40 | -40 | +950) «177 katrez O-Ring 0 | -18 | +600) +315 Duratiex(TFEResin) | Square Ring | -100 | -73 | +450 | +232 Duration Coated Viton | O-Ring | 40 | 40 | +350| +177 Duration (TFE Resin) ving | -100 | -73 | +350) +177 Gasket | 100 | -73 | +350) +17 Glass filed Duration ving | -175 | 115 | +450 | +292 Gasket | 175) -115 | +450) +292 Duratite (Pure ‘Graphite) Square Ring | -450 | -268 | +750 | +400 Gasket | -450 | -268 | +1200) +650 DMc-340 Gasket | 175 | 115 | +700 | +371 DMC-400 Gasket | 176 | -118 | +700 | +371 DMc-soo Gasket. | -350 | 212 | +500) +260 “Te aint end manu Vs Ted we General Tre aastoner 1192", 1/16", 118" thicknesses This material ig relatively firm and slightly more difficult to cut than Tins and wil vary wih he Vaud w contac wi the standard Durametallic gasket materials, but it affords excellent chemical resistanceMATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION ——— 3.3 MECHANICAL SEAL HARDWARE The metals for mechanical seal hardware must be selected for the strength and corrosion resistance necessary to hold the seal in place and to drive the rotating seal elements, Section 7 and SD-634. “Dura Seat Selection Guide, recommend metals for use in specilic products, 3.3.1 304 and 316 Stainless Steel Grades 304 and 316 stainless see! are the metals commonly used in the oonstruction of rolary unit parts and gland rings. Unciouibledly the most popular material, 316 siain less stee! cifers, at an economical Cost, @ level of corrosion resistance appropriate for a wide variety ot products. Although 304 stainless steel is very similar to 316 stainlass steel, it slightly less resistant to chemical attack. 3.3.2 20 Stainless Steel Grade 20 stainless stee! is used in environments requiring greater corrosion resistance than ether 304 or 316 stainless steel Durametalic Corporation uses Grade 20 stainless stea! as the matenial of construction fora pins, springs, and setscrews in all 304 and 316 stainless — stee| Compression unt, because of the small cross-section of these parts. 3.3.3 Hastelloy® ? Hastelioy, a nickel-molybdenum material noted for high cocrosion resistance, is often used in environments that would attack other molals 3.3.4 AM-350 Stainless Steel Grade AM-350, a hardenable slainless steel having a corro- sion resistance similar to thal of Grade 304 slainless steel, is appropriate for use in mid environments. Properly heat- treated, AM-350 makes an excellent melal bellows capsule material because it has three limes the strength of either 304 or 316 slainiess steel 3.3.5 Inconel? & inconei 600 and 718 nickel chromiumiron alloys are excellent for use in corrosive environments at elevated temperatures. Both have excellent mechanical pro: parties at low (cryogenic) temper- atures as well 8 at elevated (pyrogenic) temperatures. They are used in applications too Corrosive for stainless steel, such as sour petroleum products containing hydrogen sulide, 3.3.6 Monel? © The use of Monel, a nickel-copper base metal, is sometimes required to resist attack from harsh liquids, such as hydrofluoric acia Because it has almost no iron content, Monel is more resistant to corrosion than Grade 20 stainless steel Monel rotary units are furnish ed with Monel springs, pins, and selscrews, 3.3.7 17-4 PH Stainless Steel Grade 17-4 PH stainless steel is used to hold seai ring and inser. aises in PBR/PBS Dura Seal designs and in tungsten carbide and silicon carbide ‘A’ seal rings it wil withstand corrosive attack better than any of the standard hardenable stainless steels and is comparable to Grades 302 and 304 stainless steel in most mecii. It is resistant 10 all foodstutis and sterilizing solutions, to most or ganic chemicals and_dyestutts, and to a wide variety of morganic chemicals, It has good resistance tornitric acid, moderate resistance to sulfuric and sulfurous acids and poor resistance to hydro chlorie acid. 3.3.8 Nickel Nickel is particularly suitable where resistance to caustic and other alkalies is required. It is also useful for protecting product purty in the handling of foods and synthetic fibers. 3.3.9 Tantalum The corrosion resistance of tantalum resembles that of glass. Both are inert to all acids excep! hydrofluoric acid, at normal temperatures, and both are attacked by hot, strong alkalies 3.3.10 Titanium Titanium has excellent corrosion resistance with proven resistance to nitric acid and chiorine dioxide In some environments, it offers corresion resistance superior to any other commercially available materialkyzasr” Table 3.7 reviews the compos: Corporation in the manufacture of available as required for specific ition of some ofthe more common bellows, rotary unit parts, and — environments. metals used by Durameiallic gland rings. Other materials are oo ee eke MATERIAL ‘COMPOSITION (96 OF EACH ELEMENT BY WEIGHT) 17-4 PH 20 8S 304 SS 316 SS AM-350 Bronze Hastelloy 8 Hastelloy © Inconel 600 Inconel 718 Monel Nickel Tantalum Titanium 18.5- 17.5 Chrome, 9-5 Nickel, 3-5 Copper, 72 - 78 Iron, < .07 Carbon, < 1 Manganese, < .04 Phosphorus, < .03 Sullur, < 1 Silicon, .15- 45 Columbium plus Titanium 19-21 Chrome, 32.6 - 36 Nickel, < .07 Carbon, 37 - 43 Iron, < 1 Silicon, <2 Manganese, 2- 3 Molybdenum, 3-4 Copper, < .035 Phosphorus, <.035 Sulfur, < 1 Columbium and Titanium 18-20 Chrome, 8-12 Nickel, < .08 Carbon, 64 - 70 Iron, < 1 Silicon, <2 Manganese, < .090 Sulfur, < .045 Phosphorus 16- 18 Chrome, 10- 14 Nickel, .08 Carbon, 62-71 Iron, < 1 Silicon, < 2 Manganese, 2-3 Molybdenum, < .090 Sullur, < .045 Phosphorus 75 Iron, 16.5 Chromium, 4.3 Nickel, 2.75 Molybdenum, .8 Manganese, 25 Silicon, .1 Nitrogen, .08 Carbon 78 - 82 Copper, 9-11 Tin, 8-11 Lead, < .8 Zinc, < .15 ron, < .55 Antimony, < 1.0 Nickel, < .08 Sulfur, < .15 Phosphorus, < 005 Aluminum, < .005 Cobalt 58-70 Nickel, < 1 Chrome, < .05 Carbon, 4-7 Iron, < 1 Silicon, < 1 Manganese, 26 - 30 Molybdenum, .2 -\6 Vanadium, < 04 Phosphorus, < .03 Sulfur, < 2.5 Cobalt 50 - 63 Nickel, 14.5- 16.5 Chrome, < 08 Carbon, 4-7 Iron, <1 Silicon, < 1 Manganese, 15-17 Molybdenum, 8 - 4.5 Tungsten, < 2.50 Cobalt, < .04 Phosphorus, < .03 Sulfur, < .35 Vanadium 72 Nickel (wth Cobatt), 14-17 Chromium, 6 - 10 iron, < .15 Carbon, < 1 Manganese, < .015 Sullur, < .05 Silicon, < .5 Copper 50 - 55 Nicke! (with Cobalt), 17 - 19 Chromium, 12 -24 Iron, 4.75 - 6.5 Columibium and Tantalum, 2.8 - 3.3 Molybdenum, .65 - 1.18 Titanium, 2-.8 Aluminum, <1 Colbalt, <3 Copper, < .006 Boron, < .08 Carbon, < .35 Manganese, < .35 Silicon, < .015 Phosphorus, < .015 Sulfur 63-70 Nickel, 24-31 Copper, < .30 Carbon, < 2.50 tron, < .50 Silicon, < 2 Manganese, < .024 Sulfur, Trace of Cobalt 99 Nickel (plus Cobalt), < .40 Iron, < 36 Silicon, < .25 Copper, <_.15 Carbon, < .85 Manganese, < .01 Vanadium 99.8 Tantalum, 005 Nickel, .005 Carbon, .01 Iron, .03 Tungsten, .02 Cobait, 03 Molybdenum, .002 Vanadium 99.2 Titanium, < 10 Carbon, < .2 Nitrogren, < .015 Hydrogen Footnotes: + Registered + Registorod US: Patent ‘trademark of Durametalic Corporation « Registered wademark of | duPont de Nemours & Co, (htc) ‘tademark of Haynes Inernational US. Patant No, 4,511,151 No, 8,765,689 ‘© Registered trademark of Inco Alloys IntersationalCONTROLS v ENVIRONMENTAL 4.1 Temperature Controt 1 4.1.1 Temperature Limits 2 41.2 Heat Load 2 41.3 Seal Flushing 4 Product or Bypass Flush External Flush 4.1.4 Dead-Ended or Thermal Convection Systems 8 44.5 Induced Circulation 10 44.6 Auxillary Cooling Systems 18 44.7 Cooling or Heating of Seal Housing or Gland 18 44.8 Quenching 19 4.2 Sealing of Contaminated, Corrosive, Low Boiling Point, and Hazardous Products 2i 4.2.1 Single Dura Seal Environment 21 Dead Ended Seal Flushed Seal Product Bypass Flush External Flush Throat Restrictions Floating Bushing Dura Lip Seal Flush Flow Rates 4.2.2 Double Dura Seal Environments 28 42.3 Tandem Dura Seal Environment 26ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 4.1 Bypass Flush 42 Bypass Flush Through Heat Exchanger 4.3 Bypass Flush Through Airfin Cooler 44 External Flush, Single Seal 45 External Flush, Double Seal 4.6 Recommended Piping for Double Seals 47 Sealing and Flushing Liquid Requirements 48 Dead-Ended, Single Seal 4.9 Thermal Convection Cooling, Double Seal 4.10 Thermal Convection Cooling, Tandem Seal 411 Single Seal with Circulating Ring and Heat Exchanger 4.12 Single Seal with Circulation Through Dura Airfin Cooler 4.13 Double Seal with Circulation Through a Dura Supply Tank 4.14 Double Seal with Circulation Through a Dura Supply Tank with Cooling Coil 4.15 Tandem Seal with Circulation Through a Dura Supply Tank with Cooling Coil 4.16 Double Seal with Circulation Through a Dura Airfin Cooler 4.17 Circulating Ring 4.18 Head-Capacity of Circulating Rings 4.19 Circulating Shroud 420 Head-Capacity of Circulating Shrouds 421 X-Series Flow Inducer 4.22 Head-Capacity of X-Series Flow Inducer 4.23 Dura Pumping Screw 4.24 Typical Pumping Screw Performance Curve 4.25 Dura High Energy Flow Tube (HEFT) 4.26 Typical HEFT Performance Curve 4.27 Jacketed Seal Housing 4.28 Two-Piece Steam Heated Gland 4.29 X-100 Dura Seal with Throttle Bushing 4.30 PBS Dura Seal with Steam Purge Bushing 4.31 Dura Dirt Diverter 4.32 Fixed Throat Bushings 4.33 Floating Throat Bushing 4.34 Dura Lip Seal 4.35 Dura Lip Seal 4.36 Estimated Flow Rates Required to Create 15 ftisec Velocity 4.37 Flow Rates for Close Clearance Bushings TABLES Coa 4.1 Allowable Seal Chamber and Sealing System ‘Temperature Rises 42 Piping Plan Cross Reference 3 3 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9ENVIRONMENTAL ‘CONTROLS Control of a mechanical seat’s environment is as important for proper operation and long service life as the choice of seal design and material, The seal environ- ment comprises temperature, abrasive conditions, the viscosity lubricity ofthe fluid between the seal faces, and mechanical condi tions siich as cavitation, vibration, and run-out. When @ mechanical seal of the proper design and material for an application is chosen, the environmental controls will be the Next priority factor determining the proper operation and service life of the seal. peepee! 4.1 TEMPERATURE CONTROL When a product is to be pumped ata high temperature, a seal specifically designed for high temperature service should be selected. The PBRIPBS Dura Seal®" designs, available for tem- peratures up to 80°F (230°C), provide a long service ife and high energy savings. A paper on “High Temperature Sealing” avail able from Durametalic Corpora- lian discusses this technology in detail The service hfe of any seal in a high temperature application will depend on its material of construc: tion and on the nature of the environmental control devices employed. Elastomers Certain components of traditional seals, such as secondary seals, may deteriorate when exposed to extremely high temperatures, The temperature limits of Dura Seal components are shown in Tables {I and ill of SD-634, "Dura Sea be Selection Guide” As a general rule, seal cavity temperatures should be maintained at least 50°F (28°C) below the temperature limits cited inthis guide. Thermal Expansion Some seals are composed of several different materials of construction. Temperature limits for these seals are set to allow for differences in coefficients of ther- mal expansion of the materials. Exceeding these limits may result in separation, freezing, hang-up, or fracture’ of critical seal ‘components Corrosion Seal faces, secondary seals, and hardware must be able to resist chemical attack by the product, and temperature is a factor in corrosion resistance. The corro- siveness of a chemical typically doubles with every 18°F (10°C) increase in temperature. Providing a cooling system for the seal can often help protect seal compo- ents irom corrosive attack. Vapor Pressure (Boiling Point) The boiling point of the product is an important temperature consid- eration. A product cannot be pumped at a temperature above its boing point, bul the small amount of heat generated at the seal faces and within the close confines of the seal chamber can accumulate enough to raise the temperature of the product above its bolling point, Vaporization of the sealing fluid between the seal faces can cause rapid face wear and the precipitation of saits, minerals, and other abrasive impurtties. The presence of these impurities can further accelerate face weer. The temperature of the liquic in the seal chamber should be maintained at least 50°F (28°C) below the boliing point of the product at seal housing pressure. Viscosity The viscosity of most fluids de- creases as temperatura increases, and at high temperatures a product can become so thin it will no longer lubricate the seal faces. Water, for example, has & viscosity of 1 op al 68°F (20°C), At T8O°F (82°C) its viscosity will bbe only 035 op, and at 212° (100°C) its viscosity will be 028 ep. Heptane, considered the thin: nest Fydrocarbon with which regular seal ‘aces will operale satisfactorily, has a viscosity ot al cp at 68°F (20°C). A tow viscosity product being pumped in the presence of high Temperatures willinvanably require special seal design considera. tions, Sealing Fluid Life High temperatures can cause 2 breakdown of the sealing tluid. The life of SAE #10 of as a sealing fluid, for example, is roughly cut in half with every 20°F (11°C) increase in temperature, because heat accelerates chemical pro- cases such as oxidation which can turn oil inte a sludge resem- bing varnish, lacquer, or even road tar The life of an oil at 200°F (€3°C) will be approximately one- Sixteenth that of the same oil at 120°F (49°C). Breakdown of the sealing fluid an cause rapid seal face wear and can also cause hang-up of ‘the moving parts of a mechanical sealsmear Bre AM Ue CRT OC me CCE Scumcuseru twas ‘Seal Chamber Over | Butfer/Barner Fluid Flowing ‘System Process Liquid ‘Through Seal Cavity Deadend 40°F (22°C) No Flow Thermal Convection 40°F (22°C) No Appreciable Flow Induced Circulation (No Limit” 40°F (22°C) Forced Circulation ‘No Limit* 40°F 22°C)" For VOC's: 20°F (11°C) Alowable Temporature Ps Melting Point Some products, such as wax or sulfur, will provide excellant lubri- cation while in the hot, liquid state, but will sol ify if allowed to cool. Such products must be main- tained at temperatures above their melting point to ensure a liquid environment for lubrication, Gas Generation A liquid can absorb gases up to its saturation point, which is inversely related to its temperature A temperature increase of 40°F (22°C) or more can release gas molecules from a solution. The presence of gas bubbles, called “foaming” in a liquid sealing fluid can destroy that fid’s heat trans. fer capabilty and create highly destructive seal cavity iempere- lures. Foaming sealing fluid is a common cause of premature seal failure, 3. no more than 40°F (22°C) above the temperature of the buffer fluid, 20°F (11°C) for volatile organic chemicals (OCS) 4, above the solitication temp- erature of the sealing fluid. seal face 4.1.2 Heat Load ‘Seal-Generated Heat The rather large salety margins list. ‘80 above are necessary because the heat generated by the sea can significant increase the tempera- ture within the seal chamber. Heat is generated by the shearing of the fiuid film between the seal faces and the rotation of the seal como: nents in the close confines of the seal chamber Variations in the amount of heat generated are the result of wide variations in seal design, balance ratios, and face loadings Ourametallic Corporation can provide calculations of seal 4.4.1 Temperature Li In summary, the seal cavity temperatures should be 4. al least 50°F (28°C) below the temperature limit of any material of construction inthe seal, See Section 3. 2. at least 50°F (28°C) below the bolting or ‘last: point of the sealing fluid. generated heat for specific seal types and sizes. When requesting these calculations, please provide the following information: 1. Seal type and size. 2. Seal materials of construc: tion. 3. Pressures. 4, Type of sealing fluid — in- cluding viscosity and heat transfer properties. Heat Soak Heat will soak into or out of the seal cavity depending on the temperature differential between the fluid in the seal chamber and the product in the pump or vessel A seal chamber temperature greaier than the product tempera {ure will result in heat loss (| rom the seal chamber. A seal chamber temperature lower than the pro duct temperature wall result in heat soak into (+) the seal chamber Durametallic Corporation can pro: vide neat soak calculations based on the following 1. The temperature differential between the seal chamber fluid and the product. 2. The design of the system. 3. The material of construction of the seal chamber walls 4. The thickness of the seal housing walls 5, The surface area of the seal housing walls. 6. The type of fluids on both sides of the seal housing Heat Load The heat load of a sealing system 1s the sum of the seal generated heat and the soakin heat See SD-162, “Sizing and Selecting Sealing Systems” for a further discussion of heat load Calculations based on heat joad help determine the best method of dissipating the neat in order 10 prevent seal damage. Often special piping systems and. auxliary equipment are required to ensure that seal cavity temper- atures are maintained within required imits. See Table 42 for a cross-reference of various piping plans,ioc 2 Piping Plan Cross Reference Dura Seal" Manual £ APUPlan 1 ANSI Plan 7301 Irsogralgeeral eceuaion ‘on pump charge fo Sea ‘ANSI Plan 7302 Dura Seal Manual Fig. 4 Beadendeg seal box with no cirevlation flush fold” Water Sega box jacket snd thos! "pushing required unless ‘iherwise specified Dura Seal Manual Fig. 4.1¢a) Fecircutation trom pump case rough onic fo seal 12 _ ANSI Pian 7312 ‘API Plan 2 SS mean a ‘API Plan 11 — ANSI Pian 7311 ecieutation trom pump case Through strainer and orice 1p Seah API Plan 13 ANSI Plan 7313 Dura Seal Manual Fig. 4.1(b) Feciculation ‘tom seal chamber ‘iwough erlice ana back 'o pump auction API Plan 21 ANSI Plan 7321 Dura Seal Manvel EPA te Fig. 4 aye Forovten fom pump ease mi ‘through onfiee ang hoat ‘exchanger to seal API Plan 22 ANSI Plan 7322 Rechaulation fom pump case Through seainer ones, ard ‘exchanger Ie seal ‘API Pian 23. ANSI Plan 7323 Dura Seal Manual Fig. 4.11, 4.12 Aecictalon to sal wih chchanger at bac eal ‘ANSI Plan 7331 Dura Seal Manual Fig. 4.31 Rcitculation trom pump ease tous ‘yclane seperate geivering cea Tid to sea) ane uid th sis Back to pump suehon ‘API Plan 32 ANSI Plan 7332 Dura Seal Manisal Fig. 4. ‘API Plan 31 API Plan 41 ‘ANSI Plan 7341 reultion rom pump case trough eyclone separa” ring clean Ti through ‘celer 9 soal an Tid mr Solids back te pup suction API Plan 81 ANSI Plan 7351 Dead-ended biantet. Fig. 4.15 External Mull ressrvorr onpressutzed, forced induced) oreuiaton “TWolcaly ised wath tandem Seas ‘API Plan 53 ANSI Pian 7353 Dura Seal Manual 7 Fig, 4.13, 4.14, 46 External fluid resorit API Plan 54 ANSI Plan 7354 Dura Seal Manual Fig. 4.5, 4.6 od Circulation of clean fluid from an extercal systor Typical Used with double soaks, ‘API Plan 61 ANSI Plan 7361 ae see API Plan 62, ANSI Plan 7362 Dura Seal Manusi Fig. 4.29 “Tapped connechans for Purchaser uso Extoral fic quench steam, ‘988, wale ee)Cie 4.1.3 Seal Flushing Seal flushing is the introduction of a fiuid through the seal chamber at a flow rate suticent to maintain the proper seal environment Product or Bypass Flush The most commoniy used fushing method is the product or bypass system wherein flush is achieved by the use of pipelines to recircu- late the product to the seal faces If the pump discharge pressure is higher than that within the seal chamber, the recirculation line is tun from the discharge nozzle or volute of the pump toa connection located just over the seal faces. See Figure 4.12). To be effective, this fuid must flow from the seal housing at a raie sufiiciently high to prevent, the product behind the impeller rom entering the seal chamber. Snce most seal housings are restricted at the throat at the bottom of the housing, velocty is mparted to the fusn iqud as t leaves the housing See Section 4.2.2 for a detailed discussion. If discharge pressure is equal to that wthin the seal chamber, the recrculation line ig run from the land ring back to the pump suc- ton or toanother low pressure site in the system, Sae Figure 4.1(b). When used with a single nsice seal, the gland rng flush metniod requires a driled and tapped nole in the gland ring to channel the liquid direcily over the seal taces to assure maximum cooling of the faces. See Figure 4.1(0). Wher used with asingle outside seal, the gland ring flush method requires the hole in the gland ring and anther hole through the staionary insert fo channel the flush into the space between the insert .D, and oe a (Orifice (when specified Bypass Flush Fror Pump Discharge : (a) 1 (b) API Plan 13, ANSI Plan 7313 the shaft. To seal the insert O.D. to the gland bore, tnis insert is mounted in two O-rngs or gaskets. See Figure 4.1(4)Flushing Inlet Flushing-Inside Seal Flushing Inlet. (d) Flushing-Outside Seal channe' the flush into the space between the insert |.D. and the shaft To seal the insert O.D. to the gland bore, this insert is mounted in two O-rings or gaskeis. See Figure 4.1(0) ‘A bypass fiush through a heat exchanger is sometmes neces- sary to stabilize temperature. The conventional water-cooled heat eichanger Figur 42) or the Dura®* Aifin Cooler (Figure 43) can be used for ths purpose The Dara Aifin Coors an air-cooled heat exchanger offering the follow- ing advantages: 1) no pping ‘stem for cooling water required, 2) no tube fouling, and 3) lower operating expense igure Pa ee eyecare hanger Het Product From Orifice (when specified): Pump Discharge Hot Product From Pump Discharge Throat Restriction 1 Heat : ‘O}|lexchanger : Cool Product Flush To Seal API Plan 21, ANSI Plan 7321 Teka um Mee Model 625FC Cooler® Dura Cool Product Flush To 5. to API Plan 21, ANSI Plan 7321Dura Seal” Manual External Fiuat Ue cunka in some applications, a compa- tole fluid trom an external source can be used to flush ether a single inside seal (Figure 4.4) or an ouiside seal. A close clearance restriction device in the throat of the seal chamber can be used to reduce product dilution 1o accept- Close able levels. Also, insome applica- Clearance tions, the product can be piped Throat from a cooler or cleaner point in Restriction the system to flush the seal. An external flush used wilh a double seal (Figure 4.5) must maintain the sealing barrier fluid between the seals at a minimum pressure of 15 psig (100 kPa) above stuffing box pressure. Pip- ih j= ing is shown in Figure 4.6 The flow rate of a flush fuid API Plan 32, ANSI Plan 7332 must be high enough to remove the total heat load, including both ‘sealgenerated heat and soak-in heat. See Figure 47 to estimate the proper flow rato, or provide complete operating conditions to La SOC UM rT ener) Durametallic Corporation to have proper flow rates calculated. Biri External Flushing Source External API Plan 54, ANSI Plan 7354cies Figure 4.6 Recommended Piping for Double Seals Aailabie Sealing Liquie Supply Needle Vlve for Control Qptional Solenoid Valve to Maint of Box Pressure Bor Prosaure on Shuttiown Ai) Carrer, ata eae snoninsr nts Abe sating Bon Proasue Mat ‘Be Hsinisined Between ne Double Seat Branch Line Gote Valve re of Y° Sediment Separator Procedure for Checking Dura Seal for Internal Loakage | 1. SiulOH Flow atNeoae Vaio. 2, Shut Oil ate Valve to Seale 1 seconds maximum) 2. IF Prgcue ip Sox Draps Rp Fer Than Gada We ‘ho Gato Valve Shot the Seatia Leaking Brcecoy | 4. Open Gate Valve Fi | 5 eset Vee on Oe Side ‘Atemate: To celewineoxat leakage fates. matched oa ecto mt are ar API Plan 54, ANSI Plan 7354 a Sea ec SEALING AND FLUSHING LIQUID REQUIREMENTS FOR DURA SEALS. ‘TO OPERATE IN A PROPER TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENT Continued Service ‘is Shown Above RPM FACTOR. A) DOUBLE SEAL WITH A SEALING LIQUID CIRCULATED BETWEEN THE SEALS AT econ Sg Se es on he Se PT Se fa [Far oy SME Ocha ee een ea UN a SN = STU SOLA PUSHED ratte Se SSE ete oy SrrPNs Box ON cE cd HRN Ee Saran So5 8) ie SePrevbcuNe Cee eee ay a 39 = - aa = =e ami ss vol | vette arena [555 [aR eer ow oe 28) a oe =a ° a er tt [etre ° 2 BP BO ee ‘2500. oe 2.0) so" a0 20 os 4 =e ; tee - ee gas 4 0 z z 5. L mere] 3), a vee) cial 3 = — are Sa F= se) 7 2b asp — os, 1 oa Oe 4 ‘ t voll ory OF 18, INCHES. 6 aos Sint $ ® % ea Ta SEAL SIZE4.1.4 Dead-Ended or Thermal Convection Systems When a product (bypass) or ex: ternal flush cannot be used to cool the seal cavity, three alternate methods can be considered These are: 1) thermal convaction, 2) induced circulation, anc. 3) an exeral pumping device. Both the relative eectiveness and the relative cost of these methods of circulating a sealing fluid should be considered when selecting a system. Thermal convection has the lowest initial Cost, but cifculales the least amount of fluid. Pumping rings, shrouds, and! flow inducers, which provide better flow, add to the ‘equipment purchase cost but cost considerably 'ess to operate than forced circulation systems ‘equipped with a separate pump. A dead-ended system is shown in Figure 48 A simple thermal convection system for double inside Dure Seal designs is shown in Figure 49 and for tandem Dura Seal designs in Figure 410. A thermal convection system consists of a supply tank with a Iquid level gage and inlevoutiet lines connected to the seal housing. A vent at the uppermost part of the system permits the release of ait or gas from the system prior to sar-up. The inlet! outlet ines should be adequately sized with a minimum number of elbows and valves, and they should sope uphill to the supply tank. See Section 645. Seal-generated heat will flow into the sealing fluid. As the seaiing fluid becomes hotter and lighter, it tends to flow upward and is dispaced by the cooler, heavier fluid entering the seal cavity from ieee ee 1 Plugged Connections API Plan 2, ANSI Plan 7302 the supply tank. The rate of this upward flow is minimal and may be further reduced by the mechanical action of the rotating seal components. The thermal conductvity of pump materials, the piping size, the locaton of the supply tank, and the layout of the pressure system are also impor- tani factors affecting the rate of fow. Thermal convection cannot be relied on to carry heat away from the seal chamber to the supply tank. Most of the heat s cissipated into the product through the seal housing walle and through the threat of the housing. The product ise thus acts as a cortinuous heat sink to carry the heat away from the seal cavity. For this reason, dead-ended and thermal convec- tion systems should not be used with a plaste pump or wth a seal design tequiring seal chamber temperatures below those of the PUMP processes. Dead-ended and thermal con- vection systems are also not recommended for use in appi- cations where seal chamber temperatures are expected to exceed that of the pump process liquid by more than 40°F (22°C) because of buffer fluid deteriora- tion or gas bubble generation (oaming) problems, Dead-ended and thermal ‘convection systems offer the following advantages: 1. Low initial cost 2. No cooling water or drain lines required, 3, No auxiliary power required to operate the system. 4, Leakage or dilution rates into the product for double sealing systemsare easly determined by a liquid level gage on the supply tank system reservoir.CD Yisnvat ie CUE une ae meee Pressure Gauge Pressure Source Vent [- Dura Supply Tonk Assembly =r Drain Dieu Orifice To Gas Pressure Alarm 031 Cenm Recovery and Switeh Solenoid Valve (normally open) Ee Bypass Vaive API Plan 11 Bypass Line From Pump Discharge (normally closed) Fill + ¥ Connection Dura Supply Tank AssemblyWhere flush or convection systems cannot be used, the fiuia must be induced to flow from the seal cavity to a pressure supply tank system or auxiliary device to provide added cooling ion S often preferred over a bypass flush systern because it partially isolates the sealing fluid in the seal cavity. This may por- mit the use of a smaller heat ‘exchanger, remove fewor BTUs from the system, and result in a 50 to 90% energy savings. Additional advantages in: clude: 4.No auxiliary power source required, 2. Simpler piping system 8. Lower maintenance cos's 4. Fewer spare parts to stock. 5, Dependable, iow cos! service when used correctly. Induced circulation, however, has come disadvantages as well These include 4.Relatively low differential pressures. Pumping features may generate only 1 to 3 psi differential (7 to 20 kPa) ina ‘common ANS! pum. 2. Flow rate is sensitive to the pid- ing system layout, restrictions, and buffer fluid viscosity. Typical induced circulating systems are shown in Figures 4.11 through 4.16. Serres uke uk a Raa fesiscicur cs Yent Hot Product From Circulating Ring Heat Exchan Cool Product Flush to Seal Circulating Ring Close Clearance Throat Restriction API Plan 23, ANSI Plan 7323 Figure 4.12 Single Seal with Circulation Through Pree ake od Vent |Model 625 FC ‘On bere Aitin [Cooler Hot Product From Circulating Ring Circulating Ring Close Clearance Throat Restriction API Plan 23, ANSI Plan 7323Gree eee a Through a Dura Supply Tank { Pressure Gauge Vent Pressure Source Circulating __—— pura Supply, Shroud Tank Assembly a i Drain PeSPII Relat cunace aie aad with Cooling Coil Grtiencs Pressure Gauge Pressure Source Vent |___— ura Supply Tank Assembly Circulating with Cooling Coil Shroud Coolent Iniet and Outlet Drain API Plan 53, ANSI Plan 7353.Figure 4.15 Tandem Seal with Circulation Through a Qura Supply Tank with Cooling Coil Orifice To Gas Preceareralain me SoU Com Recovery, ese ate Solenoid Valve (normally open) Bypass Valve APIPlan 11 eee) Bypass Line From Fil lump Discharge aD Fconnection 53 Orifice 12 Option _— Dura Supply Tank Assembly with Cooling Coils API Plan 52, ANSI Plan 7352 GOR CME ees RU AR LL Pressure Gauge Pressure Source Dura Supply Tank Assembly Circulating Shroud Model 625 FC Dura Airfin Cooler’ API Plan 53, ANSI Plan 7353Espen ear ear raes Flow Requirements between he OD of he pumping Gr) Induced circulation systems are [198 and the bore of the seal : selected on the basis of the total housing. When the ports pass system heat load and the flow Under the low pressure area at the (generated by the pumping device. scharge hole in the seal hous- Durametallic Corporation can ing, fluid is forced ‘out through the: calculate the sealing fluid slow pees. cure aur oa required to adec cool a seal ear comp ae aon. eel through heat exchanger cols. The ditions are supplied cooled fluid is returned to the seal housing vie a lush connection in the gland ring located directly over Dura Circulating Ring een fa The Dura circulating ring is an The ability of the circulating auxiliary pump of low head and ing to develop flow and head Capacity mounted inside the seal depends on the peripheral speed housing on the rotating shat. See —_of the ring’s outside diameter and Figure 4.17. Liquid is carried be- the configuration of the seal tween the slots of the pumping housing, The head-capacity curve ring ag the shaft rotates but is in Figure 418 shows performance restticted by the close clearance under varying condtions. ings Flow for Water 80 pm = rpm x shroud 0.D. in inches x 0.262 20 7.0) For oils and other liquids with 150 SSU viscosity, 2 bo & multiply flow by 0.25 and B | Bt head by 0.5 B50 = 2 . € sole g 7 Bro 330-8 2a 10 dl 16 Feet of Head 35 30 2000 fpm (10.2 mus) > 8? Meters of HeadDura Seal” Manual Dura Circulating Shroud At times a circulating shroud may be used to induce circulation. See Figure 4.19. This device is mounted over the rotating seal ring directly under an outlet hole in the gland ring. The head capacity curve for the Dura circu lating shroud is shown ia Figure 4.20. Flow can be quadrupled and head can be doubled by simply criling tangential outlet hole into the gland ring. O ou uaa Figure 4.20 Head-Capacity of Circulating Shrouds Flow Liters Per Minute Gallons Per Minute 1006 fom (5.1 ms} 2000 Ip (102 misy Flow for Water head by 05 6 7 8 9 10 ti Feet of Head z Meters of Head fm = rpm x ring 0.D. in inches x 0.262 For alls and other liquids with 150 SSU viscosity, multiply flow by 0.25 andrice eame ecu tiem cs Bi-directional Flow Inducer Ws, \Roiation: fee fied Liters Per Minute, Water Gallons Per Minute, Water ee f—Use this tne to estimate flow (water) Flow with al it should be light hydraulic ol below 50 SS. Bi-Directional Flow Inducer Gland Design Where an X-Series Dura Seal cannot be used with an external flush cooling system; a closed loop reservoir or a pressure tank system may be a suitable alterna- tive, See Section 6. The X-Series Dura Seai has a bi-directional flow inducer built into the gland. See Figure 4.21. As the shaft rotates, the velocity achieves in the barrier fluid 1s converted to pressure when the barner fluid meets the flow inducer. This pressure in- Guces flow through the sealing fluid system. The X-Series gland comes ready for hookup to a reservoir ea 03 x Flow with water ‘Steps to Use Fig. 4.22 4. Caloulate shaft speed by the fom = rom x shat OD. in Example’ 3800 rpm x 2,000" shaft x zee. 2 Locate the 1886 fom line @ 3. Follow the 1866 fpm line to the ule ine @ 2M, 4, Read flow © 0.43 gpm water oF LY 0.49 x 0.9 = 0.19 gpm oil sealing system and performs equally well regardless of the direction of pump rotation. The flow and head values generated by ths bi-directional flow inducer are shown in Figure 4.22, Note the excellent head and flow values wth water and oil buffer sealing fluids as compared to those for circulating rings and circulating shrouds, Durametallic Corporation recommends that the X:200/%-201 Dura Seal be used with a bypass ‘or external liquid flush connected to the flush gland tap whenever Possible fo prevent build-up of debris in the seal housing around the inner rotaing Delows seal assembly. 1886 fpr Feet of Head, Water or Oil 5 1 75 Meters of Head, Water or OilZNsaci Dura Pumping Screw (MeN ee ou The Dura pumping screw in- cludes a rotor with an OD. thread and a stator with ether an 1D. thread or smooth cylindrical wall, Figure 4.23. If both the rotor and stator are threaded, the screw is double acting. In a single acting screw only the rotor is threaded The double acting pumping screw develops more head and flow than_a single acting screw. Pumping screws are compu ter designed for special high performance seal designs, Actual flows and heads developed in industrial sized equipment were used to generate formula for per- formance characteristics. Figure 4.24 is an example of the perior- mance of a typical double-acting screw Flow 35, 3 ° x @ | Pumping Screw Output z Z7 Z 2 = E zs ~\ 29 # System Pressure Drop . £ 2 a 15 6 4 10) 5 2 5 1 2 4 6 8 0 e psig Developed Head 10 20 «630 40 50 «60 70 aoHEFT The Dura High Energy Flow Tube (HEFT) pumping device s a patentad® feature available tor use in high performance seal assemblies requiring optimum cooling iluid flow through the seal chamber. Soe Figure 4.25. A cylincrical tube has a rectangular opening of winciow for the fluid inlet wih a plate of special design formed at an optimum angle at tre base of the window. The fluid in the seal chamber rotates with the shait sieeve rotation. The velocity of the fluid entering the HEFT window develops head and low used to cool the seal. The use of a knurled shatt sleeve maximizes {luid flow. The head anc flow gen- erated by a HEFT is calculated by computer programs generated by pilot plant tests of actual equip- ment. A typical performance curve is shown in Figure 4.26. Flow 79 ed 2 2 i = = = sa 5 : é . @ 40 2 2 2 + 30} oO 2 18 16) Ra Secs kur ae Clea) HEFT Output 5 10 Developed Head ‘System Pressure Drop 5 iC CM aes ee 2 psig 0 ESFlush The steam purge bushing described in dotall in Section & is avaliable as an option for PER/ PBS Dura Sea/ designs. See Figure 4.30. This device permits the atmospheric side of these high temperature seals o be quenched CORE ee Tcl Steam Purge Iniet \G Z ‘Steam Purge Outlet API Plan 62, ANSI Plan 7362 with steam, thus reducing the Dulld-up of coke and other mater. ials, and allows their use at temp- eratures of up to 800° (430°C), ‘These high-temperature seal de- Signs retain system heat and can signiticantly reduce energy costs,4.1.8 Quenching Quenching a mechanical seal involves immersing the outer or atmospheric portion of the seal assembly in water, steam, or other fluid. One means of quenching is {to instal’ ventand-drain piping connections and a throttle busi ing in the gland exterior to the stationary insert Since the quench must drain through the outlet connection, this utlet or drain connection must be lower than the inlet or vent con nection, This arrangement, which effectively washes away any leak age al the seal faces, can be used a8 @ safeguard when handling & dangerous product or a product that would crystallize upon contact with the atmosphere Because most of the fluid quench fed to a gland under pressure would be forced out toward the driver or bearings through the unsealed space ‘between the shatt and gland ring bore, a close-fitting throttle bushing or an auxiliary seel housing with two rings of packing should be built into the gland to Protect the bearings. The X100X-101 Dura Seal designs incorporate such a bushing. See Figure 4.29. These gland outlet connections can funciio® as vent and drain con. nections for a liquid! quench or for a low-pressure steam quench on the atmospheric side of the single seal. A liquid quench can be limit ed to a few gallons per hour. A steam quench requires about 7 Isthr (3 kg/hr) of steam at 3 to 5 psig (20 10 35 kPa}, Cian PRC MeL CRS URL) Quench intet: Quench Outlet The vert, drain, and throttle bushing arrangement can be added to most Dura Sea! designs either to control the environment arcund the atmospheric side of a single seal or to provide a margin of safety. See Section 5.Dura Seal Manual igure 4.30 PBS Dura Seal with Steam Purge Bushing Flush Steam Purge Inlet Steam Purge Outlet API Plan 62, ANSI Plan 7362 The steam purge bushing with steam, thus reducing the descrited in detail in Section $ is build-up of coke and ather mater available as an option for PBRY ais, and allows their use at temp: PBS Dura Seal designs. See eratures ot up to 800°F (430°C) Figure 4.30, This device permits These high-temperature seal de the atmospheric side of these high signs retain system heat and can temperature seals to be quenched significantly reduce energy costs.epee 4.2 SEALING OF CONTAMINATED, CORROSIVE, LOW BOILING POINT, AND HAZARDOUS PRODUCTS Certain products are aifficut to seal because they are contam- ated wih solid partices, they are Corrosive to the seal components, they tlash to a vapor at seal cham: ber pressure, or their fugtive emissors present a hazard to the environment. in these appl catiors, the seal desgn and materals of construction must be pgracied for the specific appica ton Gf an isolaled envronment inust be created around the seal These artificial conditions can be established by the use of double of tandem seal desgns or by using a clean compatible sealing fuid flusi past 2 single seal in a chamber equpped with a close fitting throat bushing 4.2.1 Single Dura Seal ronment DEAD ENDED SEAL In some cases, the product is an acceptable sealing fluid and can be dead ended in the seal char- ber at the prevailing operating speeds and pressures. Ths can be patticulariy true with the en- larged ‘seal only" chambers Isted as options in the API and ANSI pump standards. At other tmes, the product in the seal chamber must be heated or coo!- ‘ed to be an acceptable sealing fuid. In these cases, it may be necessary 10 install a bushing in ‘the throat of the seal chamber to festrict product flow into and out of he chamber, see page 22. Peru Dura Dirt Diverter Abrasive Return To Clean Flush To Seal =) API Plan 31, ANSI Plan 7331 FLUSHED SEAL For seal installations involving contaminated, corrosive, or hazardous products, a clean com- Patble flush can be introducted into the seal chamber at a flow and pressure adequate to main: tain a clean environment around the seal. The flush & usually ped 10a and iap connection placed directly over the seal faces. wih products such as volatile hazar: dous air polluants (VHAP), it may be necessary to install a tandem seal to isolate the product rom the environment of @ double seal [0 competely segregate the product from both the seal and the ewvir- onment. A flush for a single seal can be of two types, product bypass and external PRODUCT BYPASS FLUSH A bypass flush othe product from the pump discharge to the seal chamber, Figure 4.1, is always recommended with a single Dura Seel design even ii operating conditions did not require a flush for tho removal of heat from or to prossurze the seal chamber. Most older soal chambers are actually stuffing boxes converted from compression packing and, be. cause of the limited radial space, thay are excellent traps far heat and debtis. Flushing helps to prevent heat and solids from accumulating and interfering with seal performance in these con- verted chambers. The X-Series Dura Seal is designed to fit both older and newer ANSI pumps and is furnished with a gland that is equipped with a flush feature New optional enlarged ‘seal orly" chambers olten do not require the use of a fush because of the improved heat and debris removal features built into the housing. However, there are excep- tions. A product contaminated with particles that are abrasive or that could obstruct seal perfor- mance must, at times, be cleaned before it can be used as a bypassCease” flush, This can be accomplished Controlin Refinery and Chemical by instaling a ter or a Dura Dirt Plant Service. A product bypass Diverter. Figure 4.31, in the flush used with a restacion bypass flush ine. Fiers should be bushing litted into the throat or used oniy in lightly contaminated bottom of the seal chamber can systems as extremely dirty pro- be used to increase the pressure ducts may clog them rapidly. in the seal chamber, soe below. They are olten used at start-up to prevent construction debris from damaging the seal. Parallel back EXTERNAL FLUSH up systems should be used soas Figure 4.4 shows a flush of a tonot interrupt the flush flow. The single seal with a clean fluid in Dura Dirt Diverter is a centrifugal oduced into the seal chamber Separator that can remove 90% from an external source ata of the solids larger than 2.5 pressure greater than that within microns under optimum pressure the chamber. The flush must be and flow conditions. It should be compatible with the product and applied only lo moderately dity the product must be able to sysloms where the contaminant {olerate a small amount of dilution size is known to be no smaler whch can be limted to a few than 9 microns. gallons per hour by use of a flow- Products with low Bolling —meterin the Mush line. Precautions points, such as light hycrocar- must be taken to ensure that an fons, can prasent unique pro- adequate volume of Hush is sup. toloms ifthey flash to vapor nthe pied al a constant pressure to seal chamber or at the seal faces. prevent the proguct irom entering ‘The resultant erratic seal pertor- the seal chamber. impairing seal mance can damage seal faces performance, and flowing back and other components. A margin into the seal fluid piping supply of at least 25 psig (170 kPa} system pressure over the inital ooling A bushing can increase the point ((BP) of these products must velocity of the flush at the throat be maintainedio prevent lashing, of the seal chamber, help keep See Durametalic Publications the product out ol the seal cham SD"1475 and $D-1482, Recom- ber, and reduce the amount of mendations for Fugitive Emissions flush needed THROAT RESTRICTIONS The seal housing throat is that portion of the pump, mixer, o” equipment housing that forms a Close clearance with the shaft at the bottom of the seal chamber or packing stuffing box. It forms a shoulder for the retention of com- pression packing, the inner insert of a double seal, o° a restriction bushing. In most types of equip- ment, the radial clearance of this throat is 0.030 to 0.040" (0.8 to 10 mm), For single mechanical seals, it may be necessary to reduce this clearance to. 1) in crease the velocity of the flush at the throat to keep produet out of the seal chamber, 2) raise the pressure of the sealing fluid in the chamber, or 3) isolate the sealing chamber from the product Durametalic supplies three basic types of throat restriction devices; fixed, floating, and the Dura Lip Seal FIXED BUSHING A fixed throat bushing can be supplied in many configurations Soe Figure 4.32. The practical radial clearance for a fixed throat bushing is 0.006 to 0.008" (0.15 £0 0.20 mm), Tighter clearances Lak eo Mes Press Fit (O-Ring Fit Split Flow Reducer tnediat clearance tradial clearance Racial Clearance (a) (b) (c) L Radial Clearance: 4 (@)‘can result in rubbing of the shaft in the event of shaft deflection or whip. urametallic’s Split Flow Reducer is a fixed throat bushing that is splt axially to permit nstal- lation without disassembly of the Pump or agitator. Designed to fit into standard stuffing boxes, with ‘or without a lantern ring, this is @ value added auxiiary to the PSS and MSS Dura Seaj designs. Because of the axial length of the Spit Flow Reducer, flush flows can be reduced to a8 iow as 0.25 GPM. The Spiit Flow Recucar is machined of glass-filad Duration and is designed to be soi centering with clearances ranging ftom 0.026 t0 0.031" (0.66 to 0.79 mir). Two driled and tapped holes on one face of the bushing are designed for easy removal with a Dura lantern gland puller FLOATING BUSHING Where smaller radial clearances are required to permit iower flush rates, a floating bushing can be used See Figure 4.33. The bush- ing has a smaller O.D. than the bore of the seal chamber, permit ting radial movement of the bush ing 1 the event of shatt defection ‘or whip. The bushing is held in the bottom of the seal chamber by springs that are loaded by a split Metal expansion collar. Radial clearances of 0.002 to 0.004” (0.05 to 0.10 mm) are used successfully DURA LIP SEAL Where a more positive product exclusion device is needed, the Dura Lip Seal can be used 10 create high flush velocities at the seal chamber throat with a mini mum of flush flvid flow and the least amount of product dilution. c panse Figure 4.33 Floating Throat Bushing Floating Bushing. Springs \ Expansion Collar == Li padiat clearance Throat —— Gti eee Expansion Collar N Duraflon Lip: Holding Pin Throat —-—=4 Le, ee eek Split Collar ‘Screw Set Pin tp,ype The Dura Lip Seal consists of a floating glass-filed Quration lio unit providing an interference fit around the shaft at zero cifferertial pressure. See Figure 4.34. The lip is held in place at the bottorn of the seal chamber by a split metal expansion colar, See Figure 4.35. ‘The actual flush flow must be cor trolled by a flowmeter in the flush supply line, the Dura Lip Seal only acts to increase the flush velocity and is not a flow control device. FLUSH FLOW RATES The recommended flush fluid flow Yate can be calculated by Dura- metallic using data from the Durametalic. Information Sheet, Form 284, Section 10, or itean be estimated as follows. 1. Regardiess of the throat re: striction device selected, a minimum flushing fluid flow rate is required for adequate cock ing of a single or double seal See Figure 4.7, Page 7. Each seal of a tandem seal is con: sidered asa single seal and the flow requirements are calcula: ted individually 2. IF the existing throat or a fixed or floating throat bushing is used with a single seal and the quaitties of the product make it necessary 10 exclude it rom the sal chamber, estimate the flow required to achieve a recom- mended 15 {sec (4.6 mis) velocity at the throat from Figure 4.36. With a 2” (51 mm) shaft and throat radial clear- ances of 0.035" (0.89 mm), a flushing liquict low rate of 10 gpm (88 lpm) is required to obtain this desired velocity. 3. Estimate the flush differential pressure (AP) anc bushing length (L) needed from Figure 4.37, see the example. Peer haar ta ace) Pe ORR te Ee vo ha al 8 “ty 3 4 ? q 2 oat | & st s4 = gu 2a &4 ey | é a = 4 ‘ z 734 SS 78S 200 a3) Radial Clearance in Thousands, Inch oF 0 55 Se ATT Radial Clearance in Millimeters 4.The required flush fluid pres- sure is the sum of the differen- tial pressure calculated in 3) above and the stuffing box pressure. Consult the equio- ment manufacturer or see Section 7.2.1 for formulas to estimate the stuffing box pressure for various pump designs. 5. For further information regard- ing throat restriction devices, see Durametallic Publication §D-1100Een GC Ra dan km cue eau) Flow Factor (F) 0] gl 7 6] 4] 4 3] 2 ri) 5] | 3 Q oS ‘ 2 38456789 20 304050 Psi. 10 ~-26~=304050 ~~ -100 200 kpa Differential Pressure (P,— 100-200 500 1000 Notes for Figure 4.37 Basic Formula: GPM=F x L x inch of shat 0.D. UPM=F x Lx mm shalt 0.0. - 67 for water al 70°F (2050), for ofl mutply by 0.12 Where: 1 factor from gragh vushing Iength factor trom table Derived formula: Fx L=gom ~ inch shait 0.0. (x L—lpm x 67 — mm sheftO.D) Exampl Estimate the gpm {ipm) of flush Fecuired to achieve 15 tsec vyelety al the seal chamber threat from Figure 4.36 for Shalt size 4°(102 err Radial clearance’ 0010%(25 mr) Flush required: 6 gam(23 lpm) *FxL=6opm - 4" @3 pm x67 102 mn) = 1.5 * Ita bushing length of 1.000" (25.4 mm) is selected, then = 1.00 from the table + Caleuiate Foi 5-L=152100=15 ‘¢ From the graph, a flaw factor ol 4.5 with a 0.010"10.25 mm) radial clearance woqures a AP of 5 pal Gd KPa) ‘il the sling box pressure ‘estimated from Section 7.2.1 18 ‘45 psi (310 KPa), the estimated flush pressure recuited ss 4545 =50 ps (945 kPa) in ths example, nn SHING LENGTH FACTOR Length [Factor i) ae | 500 27 oo rad, & fae og 6 tS is [et eet i ee aDura Seal” Manuat 4.2.2 Double Dura Seal Environments Double Dura Seat designs are usually selected for environments that would 1) corrode, erode. im- mobilize, or otherwise incapactate @ single seal or 2) in processes that cannot tolerate contamination ‘or dilution of the product from an external flush that might be re- quired with a single seal. A double seal requires a clean, cool barrier jluid between the seals for lubrica- tion of the seal faces. This fluid must be maintained at a minimum pressure of 18 psi (100 kPa) above the sluiting box pressure. The maximum pressure is deter mined from the pressure-velocity (PY) curve for the seal design and materials. See SD-1295, Pura Seai Pressuire-Velocity Limits. The barrier fluid must be supplied from an external source such as the plant seal water line, Figure 4.5 shows a suggested supply system for a double seal. The amount of barrier fluid flow can be eslimated trom Figure 4.7 or calculated by Duramptallic using data from the Durametallic Infor. mation Sheet, Form 284, Section 10. The barrier fluid can also be supplied trom a reservoir such as 2 Dura Supply Tank or Dura Circulator described in Section 6 Itis usually necessary to circulate and cool the barrier fluid. 4.2.3 Tandem Dura Seal Environment The primary or inner seal of a tandem Dura Seal is treated in much the same manner as a single seal, see 4.2.1 above. The outer oF secondary seal contains primary seal weepage, limiting fugitive emissions of VHAPS. It operates in a clean cool butter ‘iid at a pressure lower than that in the inner seal chamber. See Figure 4.15. Tne outer seal chamber is usually at atmospheric pressure with the puffer fluid cir- culated through @ Dura Supply Tank by use of a flow inducer such a3 a pumping shroud, a HEFT tube, ora cutwater builtinto the design. The supply tank can be equipped with cooling cois. Special features are available to permit venting of the primary seal weepage or leakage to an approved recovery system. See Section 6, 80-1475. and 50-1482. Footnotes " Registered trademark of Duramotalie Garparaion API Standard 610, American Payoleum Inattute, Washington, OC. ANSI 8 73, American Society of Machanieal Engineers, New York, NY. $US, Patont 4,580,173, 5 US, Patent 4,721,311GLAND RING DESIGN 1 Insert Mounting Designs 5.1.1 Flexible Mountings O-Ring Mounting Duraflex Mounting Gove Ring Mounting Durafite Mounting High Pressure Mounting Interchangeability 5.1.2 Clamped Style Mounting ‘Two O-Ring Mounting be STATIONARY INSERT AND ROONMNMIIS o Piloting of the Stationary Members Piloting with the Gland Ring Piloting with Centering Tabs Piloting with the Insert -—-_ero—o 5.3 Gaskets of the Stationary Members eo oonw 5. 5.2. 5.2: §.2. ~ 5.3.1. Unconfined Flat Gaskets 7 5.3.2 Confined Gaskets 8 Or 5.4 Gland Features 9 5.4.1 Gland Vent and Drain 9 5.4.2 Fixed Throttle Bushing 9 5.4.3 Floating Throttle Bushing 10 5.4.4 Auxiliary Stuffing Box 10 5.4.5 Steam Purge Bushing nLapeer” ILLUSTRATIONS Title Go 5.1. Flexibly Mounted Insert with O-Ring 1 5.2 Center O-Ring Mounted Insert 1 5.3 Duraflex Mounted Insert 2 5.4 Cove Ring Mounted Insert 2 5.5 Durafite Mounted Insert 2 5.6 High Pressure Insert Mounting 3 5.7 _ Insert Mounting Interchangeability 3 5.8 Clamped Style Insert, Gasketed 3 5.9 Clamped Style insert, O-Ring Mounted 4 5.10 Cross-Drilling the Seal Flush Connection 4 5.11 Piloting with the Gland Ring 5 5.12 Piloting with Centering Tabs 6 5.13 Piloting with the Insert 6 5.14 Confined Gland Ring Gasket 8 5.15 Vent and Drain with Fixed Throttle Bushing 9 5.16 Vent and Drain with Floating Throttle Bushing 10 5.17 Vent and Drain with Auxiliary Stuffing Box 10 5.18 Steam Purge Bushing 11 5.1 DMC Gasket MaterialsSTATIONARY INSERT AND 5] GLAND RING DESIGN In most mechanical seal designs the sialonary wearing face, known as the stationary insert. is held in place by the gland ring. The sta- tionary insert can be installed with avariely of secondary seals known aS insert mountings. A tlexible Mounting \s desirable, because it can panially compensate for sight gland surface imegularties and Gistortions, For a mechanical seal to oper- aie properly, the stationary insert must net contact the rotating shaft, i must be centered around the sha't and is wearing face rnust be perpendicular to the shat Ita Salionary inserts not centered, the seal laces can wipe across each other with a pumping action, causing excessive leakage. If the wearing face of the sta- tionary insert is not perpendicular to the shat, the rotating face will not tack proveriy, possibly resulting in fatigue damage to the ‘springs or bellows. In pusher type seals, this damage can cause shalt packing movement which, in tum, can cause repeated removal of the protective oxide coating on the metal shaft or shalt sieeve. This condition is known as fretting corrosion. Racial movement of seal faces, causing loss of seal face tracking ability 2nd, ultimately, excessive leakage. can also result from the siationary inser not being perpen- dicular % the shat Proper piacement of the insert around the shatt is accomplished by either 1 piloting the gland ring in) which the insert is mounted, off the stuting box face 2) using centering tabs to index tne gland off the shaft sleeve, or 3) piloting the insert into postion off the slutfing box bore. This section discusses insert mounting designs. techniques for assuring proper positioning, methods of gasketing the gland ring, ang various gland features a paneweperemmen 5.1 STATIONARY INSERT MOUNTING DESIGNS Stalionary insert mountings are classied according to the method used lo secure and seal the stationary insert in the gland ring. The design options fall into wo categories. flexible and clamped 5.1.1 Flexible Mountings When an insert is flexibly mounted within the gland cing bore, it is isolated tram the gland by an O- ring ot other secondary seal which is mounted on the rear shoulder of the stationary insert. There is no contact between the gland ring and the stationary insert in this design, thus lessening the effect of gland ring distortions and misalignments on mechanical sel performance. Inregularitias in the gland ring, the stuffing box face, or the stationary insert itself can cause misalignment at the seal faces, Thermal or pressure aistortion as well as pipe strain and coupling misalignment can cause distortions which will seriously impact seal perlormance The flexibly mounted insert is less aiected by these cistortions and misalignments than inserts with a clamped style mounting. O-Ring Mounting The most common flexible mounting is an O-ring filled to a shoulder on the rear of the Stationary insert See Figure 5.1 rer emer DTM with O-Ring With this placement the O-ring tends to isolale the stationary insert from the gland ring An O-ring can also be mounted in a groove cut in the center of the oulside diameter of a sialionary insert where it tends {o isolate the stationary insert from the gland bore but not from the back enc of the gland. See Figure 52 Any type of O-ring, including Duraffon®" encapsulated O-rings, can be Used for ‘lexibly mounting the slationary insert. & hiding pin is recommended with a Duratlon encapsulated O-ring, era ire mau’ Gland glen Flush tap Pilot t Gland Sy Ring +-0-Ring Insertiy beac" Duraflex? Mounting I the liquid in the stuffing box is not compatible with elastomeric mater- ials oF requires a higher tempera ture limit than possible with a Duration encapsulated O-ring, a Duraflex ring should be used. Because the Duraflex ring is made of TE resin, which has a low coetficient of friction, a hoiding pin myst be used to prevent the :nsert from turning with the shaft This holding pin can be postioned norizontally from the back of the nsert. Figure 5.3(a), or vertically trom the OLD. of the insert, Figure 5.3). Pee rcrred A Maes Duraflex Hoiding ta) Pin Holding Pin Duratiex (b) Figure 5.4 Cove Ring Figure 5.5 Durafite ea Murs eres Duratite sert Gland Ring Hand Ring Cove Ring O-Ring }—Insert SM a) Cove Ring Mounting Duration cove ring mounting isan other flexible insert mounting which uses an O-ring elastomer. This design was developed pri- marily for use in aoplications requiring the chemical resistant properties of Duration. The Duration cove ‘ing isolates the elastomer O-ring from chemical attack by the liquid prouct. A typical cove ring mounted insert is shown in Figure 5.4 Durafite®, Mounting Insert mountings made of Durafite are avaiable for use with high temperature PBR/PBS Dura Seal Gesigns. See Figure 9.5. Duratite is noted for its chemical inertness and resistance to extreme temper lures, but ithas a low coefficient of friction, so a holeing pin must bbe used to prevent the insert from luring the gland, Because Durafite has less “memory” or spring-back recov- ery than elastomer O-rings, these insert mountings are loaded by Use of a patented feature design: ed into the insert 0) High Pressure Mounting The rotating seal ring is sealed on the sleeve with an O-ring strateg- cally located undemeath it and confined within a sleeve cavity to assure that it maintains its position when used in high spead and high pressure applications. Figure 5.6 shows the placement of the O-ring seal ring mounting in a high pressure Dura Seai, Radial clearance between the seal ring and sleeve is kept very low and a backup fing is used to insure that the O-ring does not extrucie under high pressure ‘Axial force balance of the seal ring insures that the seal ring will remain seated against the sleeve. The sieeve support surface of the seal ring is kept highly parallel to the seal face to minimize the transfer of distortion to the seal ring seal face under high pressures.5.1.2 Clamped Style Mourning ‘A second method of securing a stationary insert is to clamp the insert between the face of the stuffing box and the gland. See Figure 5.8. A flat gasket is mounted between the insert and the stuffing box face to afect a ‘secondary seal. A second gasket is mounted between the insert and the gland to cushion the insert. Compared with the flexibly mounted designs, the clamped style is simpler and appears to be easier to use. However, when the insert is rigidly clamped to the stuffing box face, itis unforgiving Of distortions caused by thermal or pressure transients within the equipment and of misalignments niercl i within the pump or distortions 5 Inierhanoeabiy ‘caused by pipe strain or coupiing jete design review by Inserts furnished with a shoulder misalignment. Additionally, if the engineers is ne- on the rear of the insert and 2 seals gland is incorrectly aligned for selection of a seal for holding pin can accommodate or torqued, disiortions can be 1 pressure application several different mountings, as created in the stationary insert. shown in Figure 5.7. Seal Ring Mounting Gece mmornt ts) O-Ring Style Insert, Gasket < Gland Ring: InsertToa barge extent, the purpose of this design is to permit use of the same stationary insert with either an instle or an outside mounted seal Double O-ring mountings reduce the possibilty of insert dis- tortion dus to cvertightening of the giand ring bolts. See Figure 59 rea Seal Flush Connection All environmental contro! Procedures, except the flushing of an inside seal, can be accommo: dated by a clamped insert. To flush the faces of an inside seal with a clamped insert, it is Necessary to cross-drill a passage in the stuffing box housing. See Figure 5.10STATIONARY INSERT AND GLAND RING DESIGN 2 PILOTING OF THE STATIONARY MEMBERS Excessive leakage and damage can be caused by gland or seal components rubbing the shaft or boy seal face wipe. For long seal life within designed leakage raies at least three concitions must be met: 1) the stationary gortions of the mechanical seal must not con- tact the shaft al any point, 2) they must be concentlic with the rotat ing shaft, and 3) the insert face must be perpendicular to the shat axis Piloting the gland ring, index: ing with centering tabs from a cartridge sleeve, or piloting with the insert will assure proper centering of the stationary insert around the shaft See Section 8, “Installation Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting" for a detaled discussion of acceptable tolerances for stuffing box squareness and concentricity. 5.2.1 Piloting with the Gland Ring Most equigment has either a Machine turn at the stuffing box face over which a gland ring can be positively piloted or a suti- ciently large stuting bore to permit the gland ring to be piloted into the stufing box bore Figure 5.11 Utilization of either of these methods of pilating the gland plate and the slationary insert provides several signtieant advantages. In addition to proviging & positive pilot anda flexibly mounted insert, these designs also permit the use af any type or material gland gas- kei, such as a standard gasket, an O-ring, Durfol, or a spiral wound purge bushing can be used with metalic gasket. Any environmental {he gland ring design, This desan control, inciuding flush, vent and complies with API 610 and ANSI drain, steam quench, cra seam B73 pump design requirements CEA Ren Gland Ring Pilot: Gland Ring ser i Gland Ring Pitot Gland Ring InsertLeyes” 5.2.2 Piloting with 5.2.3 Piloting with the Insert [GIRTON UT Tary Centering Tabs — Clamp Style Only umes The gland and insert in many car- In some low-temperature, low {ridge seals, including tte X-100/ pressure applications utilzing Gland Ring. X-200 Series Dura Seal, are held small shaft dameter equipment, it in proper alignment curing in- may be possibie to machine a siallation by centering tabs. See shoulder on the insert O.D to pilot Insert Figure 5.12, The tabs center the the insert into the bore of the Pilot seal assembly around the shatt stuffing box. See Figure 5.13, The and preset the seal. No seal set- pilot centers the insert around the ting dimensions are necessary shaft and maintains the clearance and installation errors are greatly between the insert LO. and the reduced. Equipment turnaround shat. time is improved. The centering This arrangement does not -_—-—- tabs must be removed before star allow for the use cf a full range of up, butare retained for use when — environmental controls, specifi- the seal is removed for repairs or cally, a flush tap to be located any time the pump impelter is directly above the seal faces, readjusted. unless the stuffing box lap is cross dtiled. See Figure 5.10.GLAND RING DESIGN ky STATIONARY INSERT AND 5.3 GASKETS There are two conventional methods for sealing the gland ring to the face of the stuffing box: unconlined flat gaskets and con- fined gaskets 5.3.1 Unconfined Flat Gaskets An uncontined fiat gasket is used wath a gland ring that picts into the stuffing box bore, Figure 5.17¢@), or over a machined turn at the face of the soal chamber, Figure 5.110) Fiat gland gaskets of many Gitferent materials are available from Durametallic Corporation The material to be selected tor any particular application is deter- mined by the degree of resistance to heat and chemical attack required, DMC 340, DMC 400, DMC 500, Durien®* Duration, Durafte, andl spiral wound metal gaskets are available to an extremely wide range of temperatures and products. DMC 340s the standard gas ket applicable to temperatures ranging from -175°F to + 700°F (115°C to +3718C), Duraffon and Durafite flat gaskets are available for use in applications where DMC 340 is not suitable Duration can be used with temp: eratures ranging from -100°F to 4+350°F (75°C to +175°C) Durafite can de used with temperatures ranging from the lowest in the field, 450°F to temperatures in excess of 1200°F (270 to 650°C). feo Pera Ces Fil ‘Spal Wound] Durable style owe s4o | owe soo | omcsoo | buratton | ourarton | Duratte | Metalic | _Dueion* + Description | ciiwnes | Aue virite wie vente Black steeliGray | Light Green Plable — | Piano Ensyt0 cut | Easy to cut Easy to cut | cannot be | Piable Easy 10 cut | Easy 19 out cut Base Organic Jowane | Glass Fed | TFE Gass Fed [Foxble — [aoa se ‘rami Fiber Material | iver fiber TE TE grapnte | Grapnte tea Binder — | eve Nina - — None None ine specie Gravity | 185 160 222 213-220 |aze we tietier — |18 pH Range 111 14) 0:14 ow ot su nn ae Temperature ‘timit °F Maximum) 700 700 500 350 150 1200 000 750 Minium | 175 175 350 300 18 450 350 Ws *C Maximum) 371 an 50 Ww pee 60 538 490 Minimum | 115, 15 212 78 ns 268 212 m8, ‘Compress: vwiity, % | 7-25 rea? 12 ~ We - — a6 Recovery, min, % | 40 50 40 40 — 59Lefowners" 5.3.2 Confined Gaskets Confined gland ring gaskets are designed to be fited into a machined groove in the face of the gland “ring. Because they resist blow-out, they are especially suited to high pressure applica- tions and are specified for use with mechanical seals that must meet the require-ments of API (American Petroleum Institute) Standard 610. “Centrifugal Pumps tor General Refinery Services.” The use of a confined gasket in a groove also permits metal-to metal contact of the giand ring and the face of the stuffing box. Consequently, al gland bores anc shoulders will remain parallel and perpendicular to the shatt axis as long as the face of the stuffing box ‘3 maintained perpendicular to the shaft axis, This feature is an important consideration in gasket selection. The most common confined casket s the elastorer Oring, but in applications where tempera: tures or corrosiveness might exceed the limitations of commer cally avaiiable O-ring materials, metalic spiral-wound gaskets can be applied. Spiral-wound gaskets are available in a vasiety of alloys and filler materials. Spiral-wound ‘gaskets of slainless steel with a Grapiite filer are standard These confined gaskets can be applied interchangeably in the same gasket! groove. See Figure etd The surtace of the stuffing box face should be free of nicks and burrs and should have a 63 RMS or better finish to assure a proper Seal between the stuffing Dox face and the gland. Figure 5.14 Confined Gland Ring Gasket @ ORing IM) Ourtoit Spiral WoundGLAND RING DESIGN Ly STATIONARY INSERT AND 5.4 GLAND FEATURES: When @ mechanical seal fails, leakage occurs. It is necessary. when selecting a seal for a specific application, 1o determine whether leakage of the product would pose 2 threat to the equipment, the personnel, or the environment IH would, provisions must be made for containing the leakage. Mary options for leakage containment are available. A double or tandem seal can be used as discussed in Section 1.4, oF a single seal can be modified to include a vent and drain feature for colecting leakage. This section discusses Some of the features commonly built into glands 5.4.1 Gland with Vent and Drain Features & vent and drain can be applied to any inside seal by driling and tapping two openings into the gland ring outboard of the station aly inser. Vapor phase woepage wil evel up to the vent 16 a flare stack of other safe disposal. When liquid weepage cours, it will drop to the bottom of the gland ning and exit to the drain, again to a safe disposal area. A close clearance throttle bushing should be incor- porated in the gland ring to create a path of least resistance for the vapor to exit through the vent and the liquid to exit through the drain, rather than along the shatt sleeve. See Figures 5.15 and 5.16. Close clearance throttle bushings are discussed in Section 4.2.2 Figure 5.15 Vent and Drain with Fixed Throttle Bushi 5.4.2 Fixed Throttle Bushing Figure 5.15 shows a typroal fixed throttle bushing application, the type most often used in conjune- tion with the vent and drain feature. The fixed throttle bushing is pressed imo @ bora at the rear of the gland ring, where it will 8 backed up by the gland itselt Vent Throttle | me WN Drain The fixed throttle bushing is not free to float and conter itselt around the shaft, so it must be centered exactly upon installation A 0.025" (0.6 mm) diametric clearance between the |.D. of the bushing and the 0.0. of the shaft is the optimum clearance to accommadate slight misalign: ment of the gland or shatt run-out.Liens” 5.4.3 Floating Throttl Bushing Figure 5.16 shows a floating throttle bushing. The floating throttle bushing is free to center itself around the shalt. An optimurn racial clearance of only 0.002” (0.5 mm) between the bushing and the shaft makes the floating throtte bushing desirable for applications where maximum restriction is necessary, Throttle bushings are made of non-sparking materials, usually carbon or bronze. 5.4.4 Auxiliary Stuffing Box The application of an auxiliary stuffing box behind a mechanical seal is ilustrated in Figure 5.17. The auxiliary stuffing box can be used in one of two ways With the packing gland tight- ened to compress 1Wo rings of packing against the shaft, the auxiliary stuffing box provides shaft seal which will reduce leakage resulting from primary seal failure. When the auxiliary stuffing box is usad in this way, the packing must be properly lubri- cated and cooled fo avoid exces- sive wear on the shaft and the packing. This entails circulating a quid, usually water, through the vent and drain connections. When the auxiliary packing gland is lef loose and no packing Ubrication is provided, the auxi- ary stuffing box is avaitable to provide backup ifthe primary seal fails. The I.D. of the compression packing is enlarged, and the packing is operated dry until primary seal leakage occurs. The packing gland is then bghtened and the packing activated to minimize leakage. This method, Sere aes ere Eisai with Floating Throttle Vent Floating ‘Throttle Bushing Figure 5.17 Vent and Drain with Aw Flush Drain SR od Vent a Auxiliary Packing Packing ‘Gland aN however, is unacceptable if any leakage represents a fire or toxic hazard which could prevent ‘Drain access 10 the packing gland. In such cases a floating. throttie bushing would be a better choice.5.4.5 Steam Purge Bushing In applications involving hot hydrocarbons or thermosenstive liquids, @ stearn purge bushing ean be applied to a seal to prevent buildup of seal tace weepage. Steam purge bushings are used primarily in the PBR Dura Seal and the PBS Dura Seat, Figure 5.18, The normal weepage of high temperature liquids can form solids when it reaches the air A good exampie of this is the ox dation of hot petroleum producis known as coking, Although non: pusher seals operate free from seal hang-up probiems, even they can suffer seal hang-up and ultimate failure if an excessive buildup of deb’'sis allowed to accurnulate on the atmospheric side of the seal face, ‘An instaled steam purge bushing extends the full length of the beliows assembly. A purge of steam or inert gas is injected into a connection at the back of the slationary end of the gland ring The purge tnen flows under the assemibiy, between the I.D. of the bellows seal and the 0.0. of the steam purge bushing, around the end of the steam purge bushing located under the seal faces, and to the drain connection where it exits. The Use of a throttle bushing alone in a PBR or PBS Dura Sea! assembly cannot effectively direct the steam purge under the seal faces or under the bellows assem- bly, where the coking action is most likely to ocour. This is es- pecially true of the PBS stationary bellows because it does not rotale and is more susceptible to buildup of debris. The steam purge bush- ing provides a positive purge that prevents debris accumulation, Dura Seat" k ancel Lal ne Oe ea) ‘Steam to TON Steam Purge TAT Bushing 3 ai Steam Out When high pressure, 150 psig (1034 kPa}, steam ss used, a pres sure reducing valve reduces the pressure to 20 psig (198 kPa} and the steam ‘low is then controlled bya 1/16" (1.6 mm) onfice. Three to five psi (34 kPa} of steam to the Footnotes * Registaree bushing is suggested, This is just enough pressure to see a wisp of steam exiting along the sleeve under the bushing. The steam ffow must be kept to a minimum to prevent damage to the pump bearings ‘radematk of Duraretalic Corporation 2 U.S. Patant No. 413,151 2.US Patent + Rgisiored No. 4.386,561 lwademaré af Durable Corpoeation(3 AUXILIARIES 6.1 Auxiliaries for Controlling Dirt 1 6.1.1 Dura Dirt Diverter 1 6.1.2 Filters 4 6.2 Auxiliaries for Controlling Temperature 5 6.2.1 Dura Airfin Cooler 5 6.2.2 Dura Heat Exchanger 8 6.3 Auxiliaries for Controlling Dirt and Temperature " 6.4 Auxiliaries for Protecting Seals from Incompatible Products 12 6.4.1 Seal Gard™ 12 6.4.2 Dura Circulator 13 6.4.3 Supply Tanks 6 6.4.4 Induced Circulation Systems 16 8.4.5 Thermal Convection Systems 7 6.4.6 Tandem Sealing Systems 18 6.4.7 Bearing Protection 20(aan PCa 6.1 Dura Dirt Diverter 1 6.2 Operation of a Dura Dirt Diverter 2 6.3 Dura Dirt Diverter System 2 64 Dura Dirt Diverter Performance & Efficiency 3 6.5 Dura Airfin Cooler 5 6.6 Dura Airfin Cooler Piping Arrangement 6 6.7 Dura Heat Exchanger 8 6.8 Dura Heat Exchanger System 8 6.9 Dura Heat Exchanger System with Dura Circulating Ring 9 6.10 Dura Heat Exchanger—Dura Dirt Diverter System 1 6.11 Seal Gard and Il 2 6.12 Dura Circulator 13 613 Dura Circulator Components 14 6.14 Dura Circulator, Flow Diagram 14 6.15 Supply Tank Assembly 15 6.18 Induced Circulation System 16 6.17 Induced Circulation System with Cooler 16 6.18 Thermal Convection Cooling 7 6.19 Tandem Seal Systems Arrangement 18 6.20 Tandem Seal Systems 19 6.21 Bearing Gard Bearing Protector 20 6.22 BGM Dura Seal Bearing Protector 20 Ca a 6.1 Dura Airfin Cooler Selection Guide 7 62 Dura Airfin Cooler Pressure Ratings 7 6.3 Dura Heat Exchanger Selection Guide 10 64 Dura Heat Exchanger Pressure Ratings 10OE LLL ee (3 AUXILIARIES 6.11 Dua® Din Duenen continually be introduced into the el AUXILIARIES FOR 6.1.1 Dura® Dirt Diverters system, A impractical ty ts LLING The Dura Dirt Diverter is a them out. The fier element would cyclone separator that can be used rapidly become clogged. A product containing abrasive _ '0 femove abrasive solids from sus- The Dura Dirt Diverter is also solids in suspension must be Pension in a product i these solids suited for systems in which the cleaned before being used to ate heavier, ie, have greater solid, abrasive particles are a lubricate or cool seal faces. Adity specific gravity, than the product necessary part of the products product wil damage a mechanical liquid. See Figure 6.1 composition. The Diverter does not seal The Dura Dirt Diverter is part collect and retain solids, as a fitor ‘A bypass line can be installed ularly suited for systems in which would, but separates them from to divert @ portion of the product the diy productis circulated only the diverted product. The clean from the main flow. See Section once through the pump before product's then piped to flush the 4.1.3. This portion can then be continuing on to other processes. seal face. The solids are returned Processed through either a cy- Since additional solid abrasives will to the pump suction, clone separator or a fitter, circu- 4 lated through the seal as @ Coolant , or lubricant, and returned to the ' main flow of the product through 4 the seal chamber ed Whether a cyclone separator i or a fiter is selected for cleaning the product depends upon the ‘ype of product being pumped and the type of seal arrangement employed. Section 6.1 discusses those ‘variables which must be t considered when choosing between a cyclone separator and i a filter, Model 12 Model 1” 0DTho Dura Dirt Diverter, then, operates as a contnious-fow ccontiluge Particle separaton c- complished as ilustrated n Figure 62. The product is piped fo the feed of the cyclone separator, which s drilad on atangentto the cone-shaped bore inside the cyclone body. Upon entry, pres: sure drop spins the product around the wals of the bore, resulting in a centritugal force which causes the heavier solids to migrate from the center to the Cutside of the whiring liquid, The Lisuie Moves Inward ane Peavy outside liquid flow, contain- _UPward as Spriraling Vortex ing concentrated soids, folows the vwallot the cone-shaped bore to the Uncertiow and is returned to the Girty product atthe pump sucton. ‘The lighter dean iquid flows up the vortex to the overflow and is piped to the seal face. A typical Dura Dit Diverter piping arrangement. io shown in Figure 63 ‘Clean Liquid Overflow Slurry Rotation Develops High Centrifugal Forces Throughout Cyclone Abrasive Food ‘Suspended Solids Driven Toward Cyclone Wall and Downward in Accelerating Spiral ‘Abrasive Underflow jure Dura Dirt Diverter System Feed From Dura Dirt Diverter Abrasive Return To Pump Suction Clean Flush To Seal[aes The etficiency of a Dura Dirt feed flow is divided so that half is important factors in achieving Diverter depends to a great extent discharged through the overflow separation efficiency. Figure 6.4 on the pressure differential and the other half through the gives the performance and between the feed to the separator underflow. Efficient separation separation at various differential and the overllow and underlow. requires approximately equal — pressures by pariicle sizes. This pressure differential creates pressures at the seal chamber Dura Dirt Diverters are avail. the velocity in the vortex required and the pump suction, able in many materials to resist to insure separation of the solids, Concentration, particle size, chemical attack. . Most cyclone separators are de- and the relative specttic gravities of signed for a 60-50 split The inlet the liquid and the solids are other Tah ee neue Aeneas 13001 200) I T 7 Maximum Differential Pressure 180) . 200 psi (1380 kPa) g Moot 160 ¥ 2 140} t fmt ial | J ve pot L Minimum pitereniat Pressure ge 70, B 107 | . + 20 psi (140 kPa) i sof = | : cof : \ S sof ag . i 100| 207+ | ~ 4 al Ll 1 2 3 + S 6 gpm Flo a \ 1s 25 m 'w Rate Ip Separation Efficiency Tests Based on Liquid Sp. Gr. of 1.0, Solids Sp. Gr. of 3.9 W/St Vion Gaaet]|_w/Durate Gasket Diterenal] 3% * * ‘Material tor 400°F. Max. for 750°F, Max. Micron Pressure | Concen- Solids Solids: (asec) (a00°6) sze__[pa [ora] ‘wston | “Top | goto 7 7 as | 200 [seo | ae nl 10090 He Stainless | Model == O0EV | Mouel 1 ODES fee} © ae seo | _wocrosscrev | woctoosares eS} 348 353 fs |e Zio [stay a eC sins Et 200] 1380 | 36 64 36 | Ea CC ise] sof [aos | se era| oe sop} ae] sr ase [ae so [ae [io] 0 wo |e 3s [ae [rao vas | se $5 [ so fiesn | sr age [ee 25 [ior eso] aie | eas asf [oe] see | — wae asp [iw] a 378 | seaJura Sear Smanust 6.1.2 Filters Sold abrasives can also be remov- ‘ed from a dirty product by filering. A filter works particularly well in an application where the pro uct will move through the system in a closed loop. The same product will be pumped through the titer repeatedly, so with only a small amount of product by- passed through the fiter at one time, all of the dity product wall eventually be cleaned, A fiter can also work well on pumps equipped with deadended ‘double seals, such as those com: monly used on sewage pumps with low shaft speeds. The dirty product can be taken from the ump discharge, passed through a titer, and, after proper venting of the seal chamber, used to pressurize the seal cavty See S0-1078 “Dura Seal®_ Recorr: mendations for Effluent Treatment Plants" for limitations of shat size, shaft speeds, and sealing water ouality, Two important variables to be considered in selecting a filter rather than a Dura Dirt Diverter are: 1) the amount and size of solids that must be fitered out and 2) the cooling flush requirements of the seal a fiter's used, it must be of sufficient capacity to permit adequate pressure and flow of fluid to the seal Ina fiter system, dirty product enters the filter irom a bypass line and passes through the fiter ele- ‘ment, which traps and retains solid particles and allows the cleaned liquic!to pass through to the outiat connection. Filler elements are available in a variety of materials, the most common being cotton, paper, and fiberglass. Since these matenals vary widely in their resis- tance to chemical altack, care must be exerc’sed in selecting an element compatible with the product Accumulated dirt will event: ually clog a fiter element. To assure continuous flow, some industrial fters are equipped with a bypass valve which opens and allows the dirty product to circum- vent the fiter and go directly o the seal when the element becomes ‘clogged. Fiters not equipped with «4 bypass should have a flowmeter installed on the discharge side of the fiter manifold. This fiowmeter must be monitored at regular in- tervals to determine when a fiter element change is needed. Fiters should be installed in paits. When a fiter element gets plugged, flow of the dirty product can be diected to the reserve fiter, the dirty element can be replaced, and this filter becomes a reserve until the second fiter needs a new element. Filters should not be used with an extremely dirty system, because the filter elements become clogged rapidly and have to be replaced frequently. In these applications a cool, clean fluid from an outside source should be used for flushing the seal faces as described in Section 4.