CONTENTS [se on Trantation and Deter Acknolelgements Projo 1 Mateal Conditions of War Propaganda and Their Wantin the Ottoman Empixe 2 The Meslogical Foundations of Ottoman War Propigands 8. Patrietic Agitation inthe Cultral Sphere: From the Balkan War tothe Fase World War 4 Owtonan War Propaganda and Cuttre, 19141918 5 The Warand Poetry 6 The War and Prose Conetason Nats Digan 46 un wr 185 138 BeNOTE ON TRANSLITERATION AND DATES, Insertion fet frm the Arabic spo he Latin ip Cine tecusven Tush wage wha mor exception ot the Arai letters sand inthe ong, which are represented tie ere Gand Memos fd na change the peng "Li pation fhe pomagarl ok ows ear source onder ‘oct uefere with her pce octal sructres Ted the frm ‘xt persea ames sesordng to te crest wage, Le not Med Shick however, eter hemi they were in Lain sep Gh the ther hand wrote the fanly nares of prominent histor {Gt ananerary perionatis tn brakes rough te teat since the ange ofl name was enonaled in Dusky fer the any Names aot June 198 Tor the dates of tools and aces Delore the acceptance of Crue cllnaty ft gave the de the Mn cated (ab Stupid cso of the Gecqarian calendar) sd then ka equialent inthe Crinian calendar However nate hat the publston yee ‘of ok inthe Rum enna cannot be scaly repent by nn yore thertones gave he Cain dati rack ater the Rao date inthe se of bok, we ne provided the Rat {ite an hen the Christan ome stra sah ne ene ofa publ tn newspaper or periodACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ‘The present book originated ae» disetaton at the Boric Uninersy, Ista So 8008 Iwas hen published tn Tees with the tle Tish iene Brin Demy Sv: Popagendaden Milt “imi Fyne (19441918) leg Yanan 2004, This book, intr ina shortened enon of the Pures book “The ceagnal ty was supported bythe allowing nsw 0 which Tam grateful The Turkish Academy of Sienees which rant ‘Sdime smisemonth scholarship to maintain my research abroad Sid the Gener for Nile Raster Seadtes at Harvaed Univers, Cimvdge, Maseachsets, which accepted me sha allite in fescare fr the prio tn September 198 o Jone 199, Tam ‘Spectealy grata to Profesor Comal Kafadar, Profesor Roger ‘Seen and Barbara Henson, a fom dhe Gxnter of Mid Eastern ‘Senden Harvard Univernt, eho helped me and soled mv tus eens ding my say in the USA. Tam lo grateful to Frotaee foto: Aha om the Univers of Msahaset, Boson, es sped sts my peor ring my ay Tieelindebted to wo peope for thelr academic mentorship: Ini Engin whose ie fil geraor of my dinero and hug tho dy beeaseof ome bureaerate problems, helped te understand she craft erat scholarship and pated ead Ui cined my sow and ston cay paper ane rats and Zafer “Topeshwo, sca the teacher andthe te lil supervisor of tnyudaeraton, (encouraged guided) me towards cultural hie {hy il. Toes great debt of gratitude tothe readers ofthis book ati ferent sages int my profesor: ithe disertaon jury. Zafer “Topmk fue Pats Sil en ae Raya and Aa Krabread the text meticulously and criticized it ina generously support ine way. Then, the jury ofthe ‘Aft Inan Historical Sts Awad” honoured the book Trkih im 2005. Professor Rest Kass, Profesor Stanford Shaw aed Professor Ek}. Zurcher encouraged tnd helped ine to have the book published in English Tam espe Sihy gravel to Profesor Zireher fr bis kind and heateningSup- aland moral sipport that they provided during the composition of this teat Kany Renner, wh ea lays eager to encourage me Shout the argumentation ofthe daertation spe patently edited ‘ats; Adnan Tang, Nancy F- Ost, Any Spangler and Sinan ‘Turan, who helped me crestea proper Englsh et fron Sahat Sir, and Emin Nedre I Purant Akbaqand Covet ‘Scrbest from Saha Turks, whe helped me attain many rare we ten source Engin Kil, my collesgue and (iend from Sabanc Univers who supported me in numerous ways, materially and moray Sim Sr ura who oflered me convivial and joy ie itny roommate during my stayin Cambridge, Massachsets, and frovided important suggestions during dhe nial oudine tages of ny dissertation. nally 1 would ike (express my heartfelt apprecatlon 1 special individual: Profesor Naket Een, who, fst as my former Teacher and then ae my Hfelong ind, esd, evalated and supp ‘che whole proces writing tis book; 3d Honea, who tage fhe to cope wi the stream of researc ad weting by being what she PREEACE Jn mode historiography, the Fst World War I accepted asthe ‘eal begining of the wenteth century. Consequenthy, Mbrariesfall ‘of works concerning il agpects of thn war have been produced in Engh, Sech and Germain, which were the languages ofthe main beligerents, Since the twentieth centry was mainly a century of ation sites, mont of thee works were based on mations! perspee tives works based gn intertatonal perspectives were much fewer {number although such works did increase in number beginning from the second half of the twenteth century Beeause dhe Fist ‘World Wars pla ent comparaive approaches att above {he hownarer of atonal perspectives wold undoubtedly be more correct and productive. Jay Winter sted the effect of dhe Fist ‘World War on Exropean cultural history by means of scl a com parative approach. Ia his seminal work, Ses of Menory, Sits of ‘Mowrning he srsecs the fact that even the moat qualified works egarding thiswencoold not rise much shove thei ational bound Stes an that being able to do ao was one ofthe most important challenges facing dhe historians of our diy On the other hand, the moreimportan bates of te First World ‘War were fought on European Fronts the events easing al end- ing the war all happened in Europe. That why this war was ines. national event, buts primarily Huropean one, Europe was not ony thesite were war Boyan tata the peograpy were smal fects ‘were motstrongiy fet. twas only ater that the war spread o other parts of the word, Due this absolote fact the Targer perspective reached by comparative, including Winter, fs their queso ise hove nallonal boundarca wa lnted o's vague conception of Europe, ln coday's global word, which haa ben shaken up fe 0 ‘any respect, chan approach hasinevitahly led to ErocenteamOTTOMAN PROPAGANDA AND TURKISH IDENTITY LITERATURE IN TURKEY DURING WORLD WAR I BROL KOROGLUeine 201 techie tia anette non “pth © at ne 207 ‘he fe i eid shri a en a ‘ies mae. Ee bi a sei, be aca, as cen pion aa ind nt ey Than re niin mc ped enor ‘To the Unknown Victims of Wars, Jose or Unjust, Toral or Local, Past or Presentwiv Orvonin PaoracanDs anb Tunes IDENTITY and consequently reproduced the very imitations Iwas supposed In toys worl, whee scenic esearch elite bythe power smlance of pet aes eae In many eter subjects, research fon the First World War proceeds according toa cern hierar, {annge is the mont important actor ofthis hierarchy, acconing Toru ers of al, the war experience of the countries sping nyt French or Germany secondly, comparaist approaches Fegurdng these countries; thay, relatively minor beligerent ike uu the Ottoman Expire and the Balkan states; and finaly, she tar experlenceofariner colonies are considered worthy of arate WShsecest. In parila, she lst group as been stated in si ‘rinate poston in tlaion tothe great powers aif uhey were but one extas Un the power dicourse implicit in this rademic Ilerarchy isonercome, eal comparison regarding general gl i tory an pateas the Fuse World War wall nt be possible "Thisteok snc oferty, the goal of which focus ‘onthe Ottoman: Turkish war experience, which is component of the Fist World War that hae been neglected both by global histo- ogeaphy and by ss own national historiography. Otomae- Turkish rst Motory regarding the yeas 1OL4I018 fa fed which has {en meglected for many reasons Forth abovementioned reson Sitworks of national or vtersational cultural historiogeapy witha European perspecve have sudied the Fast World War according fo the prema of talern memory’ the subject ofthe debate Iter been the question af whether or not the war was telly point ‘ttranston betwen te adonal nineteenth centry and dhe mea Cinenentct century Gnen sich astuation, Ottoman-Turish ce fie whieh stout oe have ed any relation with moderais, thick was another Patopean development, and being aso lings “eat handicapped, has ot cen honoured with much internation SV mcrestecane the Ottoman Empire yas perceived 8 n00 ‘Westerns fslami-Onenta even though by 194 ha bee gto Wenteniee for more than scones, tu euural ed ke 30 many other elds regarding, wat prejdicialy considered to be Sta mfttie or derivative nature and was therefore not included ‘re in comporvtivesuadrs ofthe cultral histories ofall Bellies "rhe eutera apes of te Ottoman Turkish war experience have ‘been nected not only by international comparative sedis, but Prorace, 5 yloeal historiography se wel In Tukey nowadays, hat conve omaly defined adorn Turkish earl history and Iteratare™ Inchages both the Ite Ottoman period n he nineteenth andre the ccnaatis andthe Republican period. Nevertheless, the Fist World Wars which wae the determining event that brought bout {he elo the Ouwoman Empise and the consequent creation ofthe Republic of Turkey, has generally been elected, particulary 0 from a csitiral point of wew. According tothe dominant teleoog- Eslappoach, modern Turkish culture war sped within the com ental the post 1929 nation-state and national vent form; afer Some vapieexperimentation in the Ite Ottoman periods it found iesreal idan during the Republic Late Ottoman cultural ie, ana it tant breath inthe Fre World War ae seen only a nuance, ‘According to this percepion, the yeas which make up dhe wet {fen beok were velevant only ae transition from the multe icempite toa nationally dived natonstate ‘Nowntwtanding thisisternauonal and naGonal neglect, his book begins wih the premibe that the four year long Ottoman-Turksh Sor expesence Hegre 1914 and 1918's important not jst om The neglected polite), economic and socal points of vie but aso fom theeyen'more neglected cltural point of view. Bren though this book present isl asa atady of eatural history, the material Istudiescomiats predominant of itera texts itecentrates Terry txts rebted tothe war and writen beoween 1014 and 1918, Inhile the war was happening, The fact tha his study nevertheless oes aot present ieifas a eomvendonal or unconventional ers Ison des fom a distinctive preference: sv attempt to make 2 Sono hivariclincepretation hae on the cura contextualst- ‘on of leray ox ‘Tp to1now Turks hstsiography and modern Turki Hterary history have peterred to work separately and not justin de cular flied Wiha this contexe, dae approuch followed hus ar hasbeen ‘nein hich historians have prefered to uae Meray text as sec- ‘haar sarees porting denotativey ahistorical argument or nar ‘ation, Wt this approach, the speeiie ext stuctare and pro ‘Guedon nechaaisns at erary text ae not considered and are {sed entra unproblematic tekamony. On dhe our had, fon the poin’ afew af teary hitorians, the historia circumstances Jie lmpectant only a sinple contest sued to postion the kterary {Ent alsa nice the compledies of historical process are notmei OrroMan PRoPAcasoa AND Tunkist Inexrrry ‘considered The results that the probabil that there may be a ‘complex interaction betwen 1 literary text and it historical con texts overlooked and a relauonship, which could tem out to be Iighly productive for both fields, therefore fails wo be established "The nim of thie book ix preczelysach an interdeipinaity. He main methodalogieal preoccupation isthe question: Iran intra. ‘plnary terry and/or cata hitorograpy, which ales ek {er the Hterary text or the historical content, possible? eis wih {he sim of reals thi pons that Tri inthis work o inter pret the Inerary output concerning the Fist World War and wast ten daring the war, thin ultra history context “At this pont thay be ustul to move ot from the methodolog eal preferences on which the book is based to the hypotheses an ‘explanation thereof. The fs hypothesis concerns the pereepton, erolletion and representation of the Fst World War We fend perceive the Fist World War asa suaightforward and singular ent Sr despite dae face thatthe war stretched on for almost fxr ad Iaifyenrs between 1914 and 018. The Great War was termed the "ir War’ after asecond war broke aut some twenty year later. Bt when we stop and think about the whole incident, we realise dat Was acullys quite complicated hitoreal event The relaiel 100g “uration ofthe war, the great variety of events tha succeeded one Spother and tha a times, led from one to another and the many firet and indirect actors who played diferent roles inthe whole ‘event make I dificult for ustograrp the Fie World War a3 total iy. Bren the very mitor neidents ac occurred dung the war do nochave one singular telling, and diferent point ove dah when ‘comes to interpreting any event. “This conflict in understanding the war drcets our atenton to san important ste, and that ise question of is ecolection and Fepresentation, Neither our common world Mistry or our aio AT istoriesincde s fixed manner af deerbing war nate comm plextes inhibit such a comprehensive descripuon, thus leading to {atous interpretations origmating from the diferent narrators Of ‘cach national cultre Regards ofthe diferences, however, among points of view nd narrator the procese of recollection and representation have one ‘common fear: belatdnessA fiction write, ap author of me firs or even a historian all rely on teuospection in order to be able fo describe a historical event. This retroapecton create 4 uunbrdgeable gap between the historical event and itereollection, Inerpreation and narration, or in short ts poruayal. However he iurratee cannot datinguih the pap between that whichis nacrt fcdand the event sel because the very navestive mechani tht ‘eeu betwen the event and the narration act to make the gap vile Ie conser a writen narration, the process hat makes {his gap caren invisble is direct related to de mea eh the vter nweting At dhe moment of retrospect, while recllece Inga historical event, the author under the influence the pati ica, soco-cltral and psjehological conditions of his or her ow parte tine The present influences the recollection, intespre- {ation ard narration ofthe pats therefore, although we ay ink thatthe interpretation is based on the Biorieal event wear ced ‘ith 3 situation in which the istoriel event i base on the her: pretation due to the belstedaes inthe narrative “The belatedness present in all remembrances and interpretations ‘othistrical events pareularly relevant the case of stidies com ceming the Hirt World War For example, in bis book tiled Latte lt Wor 1914-1040: Repraenting “The Tine of Grote” in Germany, ‘Wolfgang G-Nater presents thecepresenttion ofthe war in Gra icrure inthe context ofthis Pelatednese. According to Rater, {he politcal soca economic and cultural conditions athe momen tthe cation ofthe Iterary work and the iastational relations| “sing rom these condiions are fundamental elements dteemite Ing how te war veil he remembered ad interpreted. Literary works created during the war uel, wen the environment was prepos Sevan nationals with many elements of propaganda, will under line and develop certain points while preferting to skip cersn other points wich maybe eppostional to those beng pu forward These ‘Same posts, which may have Deen at the Line willy overlooked Deeaute dey contrasted with the oficial way of deseribing the then current events, may, afer a period of being forgotten or act sie, beresniected in acordance with te changing conditions? ‘The way the First World Waris deseribed im Turkish leratare snay lan be interpreted within thie conten: Ase the ene in other Counties, Turkish Hirata also sues fom beatednes when “deseribng the Ottoman Turki Great War experience nd the hie tory of Ute war wa ewiten a 8 moment when efferent teal sles weresuuing for power-On te oer and, he element Fesuls ofthis rewriting proces have been diffrent in comparisonsiti Orroman Paoracasoa ANB Texts IDENTITY to what happened i Germany, England, France or Rusia, since the pend of Pushsh iterator i liferen i the same way that the ‘Tanish experience of wars deren fem that of Western nations ‘The genta sm of this book so desrbe and explain this der {ince To be able to explain tie I have w carly another anceps “ipoint he difference between Beary pieces describing the Fist ‘itetd War yan unfolding event and ery pieces desing the Fine World Wae ar an even of the past Few ofl [should point ot the fact that Kerry works created “during and ater he war have one ding in common in both eases the welerfivespreting the paris dhe light ofthe tne in which She/le i weiting. Ths, wie ster describing the Fst World ‘War after 1818 wil be remembering and interpreting the event of| 101 198 inthe light ofthe conditions presenti her/his ime, & Avis writing ducing the war years, while the events described are Mat cntolding wil lnterpret them By means of parallels and rel {Sons with er ie pt In hi way Herat created ring the years TOL TOIS il represent aa atemptovelnterpretihe concep ine el rom he pot inthe ightof the condone of te present time “Thiseffortis common toall ears, butsince ll atonal ealtures rebated on slilerentsrt of tadions, he resultsaf theinflaence ‘the past on the presen ill be diferent in each county Iisa Eavopesn counties, which were allowing ectoniak stand impenast polcies, wed thie Hera and cultural trations Inlerted fain the pat for propaganda purposes in the context of {hee “total nar Heginang from T9M, fm countries Hike England, France ad Geran, tate organs took over dhe job of influencing ocr! ad foreign public epinon, With the help of techology and Ot the mos developed cultura ineisons, dhe national eur ‘epertite wat ued forthe heneRt of common ai Essential the nun aim ofall warring nations ico create ae effective propaga Ge hework, wich wil rst ofall secure the home front an then the used offence and convince the public opinion of aled and ‘nen natons, Such a network requees a developed and indus “Sed infratracture. That s why the sucess the il of prop fens ton ety proportionate tomate ‘Wartime propagania derives from national cule, Itis2 mod: ‘em layelopnent bon from the atl nlaences beget the cal “End economic infartrueture and insetutions of whe superstructre suc a mona etre, Measure, storiography ad 0 on, which epencupon te procaat by mist nations ond oan sar wee ten ome socal scent Bmest Clie Kvemost mong ty ‘explant birth of nauonatim in confuncion sith he Indus: {ation of Western European societies The modern societies that we omens nist se ni et erst man thelr complex economic rte Lio Kramer Summarizes thts approach as such: "Nationale i a product of ‘modernising economies ana sppeas when te socal urachres ta eure egin to evolve sway tom the lately sable, hiro hil retationt of pemant cmnmaitiea* Thie approach af ‘Gene's has been eticiza by eheorss of nationals wo sre ‘ther points, butirom our pol of ew, what counts notso much sheer nd avaton has ge ho ata or oe ey Buc rather the close eatontnip benwcen the two procener® Ar indusiivaton unfolds and the economicinteasrecture serge ns dayne, atonal ure lo deepen rpc xn in'ccondance wit regret Aramcctycuanges froma wate peant society ta dymamiccap- ialstore ements ike indus. commerce, velar srt a cation and cuter develop proportions to cach other athe they obige cach other o develop. A nation-state, which isn the proce tng ed wie oct wa asa Pearante—in other word al te clement of sorely heen sch ‘Satte depends on the existence of s standardized sete, Such 8 ‘ation aate wll requires national edactonal acters {aniar ni ts sracares ter/ntelcn we te ola {tev wed by bah en snd incon tolear he van. at hiuoviat and crary Wadidons and cra industry consis ing of printer: plaers ne newappers nd magne ope {he tery and Clara ouput of tne tonal ntectat “The eereloped Eacopean talons, which had aren competed thelr induatiaeaon prior tothe outbreak ofthe Fist World War, vere alo very developed from the pot of view of national cate ‘Germany, gland and France hit itracy a ve leery School cpletioneses of nearly one unica percent. Om theore ‘ofthe wr the national euleareo dese countries had become try functoning industries. These were sorties made up of poy le who ea, wrote and knowingly shared common iteray and hi torical undidons and wo were renewing their mombersip i aae OrToman Paoracawo snp Tunxist IDentrry sng community gles ending newpaper on. daly Soy era et ce ce are ced at Serre nt a serine Soetoro er ay mat nike acco es Thea ras mgt eben oe ir seach atone te en eet a ere teats Siege rated co erae rece nen es “chibi aceite ta i ch hel ahr Tag ibis cena dae Spa ei Sa oe el iting gens tas ies meee Wn et, aor ire Bea i a grt ge Samia preteen tare gs crepes Fert th cipro Berar incon fae ad cia ane see enews elmer too rep ie epee abot ence Fe eet pegs neces tet ran ae ae ae are ay ic Oma iehremanccritel cree, os Sin Shana Beene ec eeu cara care rarer ta apace eae ee a be ai Seances ors ee unas sea afe Scsepop romana rete eee ibe th cee iceman eagle chm mide Meme Paerace = lage These very liferent currents were kept together by means ‘of compromises or, when the need arose, by mean of force. For thee reasons, dhe police thatthe goverment red wo apply during the war alo change equent Fr exampl, the Pantie land Ovomanise strategy applied atthe begining of the war lost Inch ofieforce after the Arab revolt and the defeats onthe yan find Ir! rons: Beginning irom 1917, Turkish nationale whieh tite Becoming increasingly secular and which wae evolving om ‘Turanian--PancTurkic nationalian at a global level—co a local Attain nationalism, gained the upper hand, “Thisbook il ry to create afoxndation fr these hypotheses and two explin them, AL this pointe book's ain argument concert {ng OttmanTuekibh eave in the ears 10141918 manifests ise Iecante ofall these unfavourable conditions, the teary outa of the year 19141018, even s'aupercaly fll of propagandist ams, tee essetally he continuation ofa project to uid a national cal {ie nherited from the prewar yearvand never completed Literary ntionastawere busy cresting smatonal ete by interpreting oe rents ef the time, while at he same tne ighting the represents: lies of other Meolagies. This process unfolded with many afin Xie, by ial and error ad with arious changer in direction. Not being aject to a egemoni decoy, writer sctie daring the pe (04 10141018 ted to interpret and describe evens om the bass of Scie pesonal ideas or those ofthe groups of which they were men bees Ween sum als up by ying thatthe Heraryoutptot TU 1918 dig not reflect a powerful propaganda ike that present inthe ‘West bet was more a dificalt attempt to create a ‘tinal dent 1 Theaional entre to evolve from these eifort was tobe all {hon other writers of te postr peod onthe bas the com Glowstoeetme "The took cosas of ix chapter and a conchsion The ft four ‘chapter dupy 3 chronologieal progresion with the al of cone ‘Sructing a coutest in accordasce with the "contextialzaton" approach, On the other hand the remaining vo chapters Focus on ting the literary texts podced betwee 1974 3nd 1918, the ‘tai ofthe content constructed. “The frst two chapters ay be considered as an introduction. {Chapter One dacs the development of propagsnidmectansns “employed bythe sate in Hurope i the ears 1OU1018, the lack of ‘Sch michanima in the Ouoman Ewmpire, the debates im the‘Otwoman pres doving the war concerning this tek and the ate Se Andry te This caper cis wo provide the arg est ths funaion snd forsee maser vaso St Tw sims fra themati explnaton of the prewar ie clog bacground of te wartime Ottoman caltoral sphere ad See tr sinascam sdclogis of the pert which were Guan, asm, Western ad Turks, Of ese fre eee wartime propaganda and the national ce const Fe es Nore connected eapecial to Tutknn. in tie chaptce wt Ffsetnn’s bith tm the pretaan War period has been ir ceca thc most important aracteradeof hs chapter ihe We Sehmmiam irech’s atom bung process approach im explain ig these four Kotor "chapues Three ard Four, which study the developments in dhe ‘onanabn canara sphere rin the Baas War to du ern the Fest Srudl Wars arerclted and comprise the core ofthe book's effort Uinta contece Hse chapters are sed onthe hee phased weekepinental pater tht Heh formulated wih regards 0 the JcShicn of natenal movements, Chapter Tce comentrate ‘he wry in which te pause agitation’ phase, ax Hoc calls Se Snel mong the pose akan War Otteman pebli opi [OTR pubic opinion formadon effors, which gained impe- tether tre 1912 Haltan War, were mpported by the orerament Mie este Ba Wr rates» Po Torani national BEE Mung tr uaiation with de Turks ving under the Rosin, ate The Pan-Turanist nana sae dhe Pst Workd War aa eso totealze hb dream Th chapter end with an empsis SerTthot and wansitery a dectiveperioa Aer the Balan Ws he CUP goverment the atonal clr sphere uC re Sse al during te three mont bene the begoning of mar hEurope in Angst 1944 sad November 1914, yen the Oxonat rape entered the war, there was a coordinated elfor of the «0 {Sudan public opinion up o Ore idea of emtening the war Chapels Fone ocuer on the sation ofthe euttarlopere de ign tour years ofthe First Work War and icbegin ith the end tiruskitnatonalst pao agitation, which had guined omen: Sho Sora, but aad Tater grown guiecent Became of the MEnwurable material ondions. Once confronted with dhe preve med ature and ent ofthe war, nationalist public ent and, notataanting al he efforts oF te tate, Prevac si Ikprovel impo o ean efectv wartime propaga ech: ‘nrg cw only toward the endl the war, whe ea tei the A (Nw gin) yh aa Spoken ya Cp, tat a monement aiming to develops aon: NGG he need npc farce catoeat cane, instead of amply corpng xt parse agatson ad propaganda, ‘aston Thineworsenaton wa ecrnnne nth conn of {O17 118, The mona deny comreton proces feted tthe ‘Slwalpere, ie ndaont of which ha been ly tipi ote end of the wear spoon fea Ing these, would reappeat during tne Antian National ‘Straggle thor of tasmpesal prspecterand wih 3 more mon: {inc oncted aproseltin ther ead “Or the latte chapters comprising the book's textual pat ‘Chops Hefocmeson por al Chapter Sion prose. The ar ‘Scan of era out nto these ro groupe nox aay Inthe terry ldo tht pried, dst ie shorty wie ‘vet poetor plaght were notconadcred ery importa oes cated orks inslmow ee Sea and were gency Eaown Spr goed or nr ron we). ‘Shoper Poe, er an invouctony section explaining the ater action ween tint p's pocuy tn come comcenaton three eprsennine mee Bye Cola, chet [ral sind Mcinet Af esp. Lterary tpt these poets ae inter rete cronclogiay by concenraingon te monet of ting a pulsing, Wie these pote ae snaoed tainly rom the fetta of ops etn wh aon Trtmowement tt folions wi tat prio oa nd uot ‘al Tush tatonasns are size ducted. ‘Chajer Sh whic sia the eld of prose, anaes x rate ty strange af aerial comparison opty Hae hgh {orl acy har more sub ld thon poy doc, the ace het {cw weve nocvery developed ad lo the ae proler ed {Gite var cen aluaton of car, xpecay afar prose ‘miter rpreenting te war ese concer Thain he ware ‘itp rn en sd ton poe hich ste namie ‘indo ar allowed by dete ies oo important prose a tou rer Seen and Ref Hatt (aay, chapc.1 MATERIAL CONDITIONS OF WAR PROPAGANDA AND THEIR WANT. IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE. “War of Words’ War Lterstre and Propaganda in Europe Due tos wide scope a tthe fat that hed for ery Tong time, dhe Fst World War inerodaced many new concepte and apple ‘aons The stalemate that began on the Bsropean Iront in 1415, Introduced new terms that rellected the station int the wat lex con, tenns ike "tench warfare’, wa OFatetton, ttl war" ops ‘ological war’ All dese new ferns wore alsa & gn thatthe wa ‘was tot much longer ehan war thought likey atthe begining. ‘The length ofthe war dd not concern jane those Fighting on the various Wont. The fact that the war lasted longer thas expected ‘obliged all he interested countries to adapt thelr ecomomy, ate “kdmintsratons and ealtural snd socal organisations tothe needs fring fom the war. That ik why the ten heme front becomes ielevane- The ean popilaion on the home front igthe enemy, but nevertheless they mere contebtng 0 the wr lfort by participating in proskactve activerain ‘scifi like spending Tes on food, clothing and oder personal reds Soil cas and polieal ferences andl relate conflicts were survended expecially during the fie eat of the way and all ‘ations had wrted bebind a common stjctve “Tis stuaton also determined the naire ofthe Iteraure crea fd during the war The intellectuals and att of various counties Cooperate with their governments for the bento their nations land crewed their works accordingly- At the eganing of the wat, this war de toa patriot widespread amon the polation, but atime vent by, eventhough the people started t become dinen: