...

0;

1
x
x

log

ln
x 0

ln(x ) ln( x ) '

x

ln(1) 0

(x , y )

ln(x ) ln( y ) x y
ln(x ) ln( y ) x y

x
ln ln(x ) ln( y )
y
ln(xy ) ln(x ) ln( y )
r ln(x ) r r ln(x )

ln

f (x ) 0

x ln(f (x )) '

f
f (x ) '
f (x )

0;

lim
x 0

lim ln(x )

ln(1 x )
1
x
ln(x )
0
lim
x

ln

lim ln(x ) ; limx ln(x ) 0

x 0

x 0

ln(x )

lim x 1 1
x 1

ln( x )
ln(a )

0;
log a

a 1

a
a e

a 10

log a , (a ) 1

;log a (1) 0