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Phuong Trinh Maxwell 4105 PDF
Phuong Trinh Maxwell 4105 PDF
Lch s
Cc cng thc ca Maxwell vo nm 1865 bao gm 20 phng trnh vi 20 n s, nhiu
phng trnh trong c coi l ngun gc ca h phng trnh Maxwell ngy nay.
Cc phng trnh ca Maxwell tng qut ha cc nh lut thc nghim c nhng
ngi i trc pht hin ra: chnh sa nh lut Ampre (ba phng trnh cho ba chiu (x,
y, z)), nh lut Gauss cho in tch (mt phng trnh), mi quan h gia dng in tng
v dng in dch (ba phng trnh (x, y, z)), mi quan h gia t trng v th nng
vect (ba phng trnh (x, y, z), ch ra s khng tn ti ca t tch), mi quan h gia
in trng v th nng v hng cng nh th nng vect (ba phng trnh (x, y, z),
nh lut Faraday), mi quan h gia in trng v trng dch chuyn (ba phng trnh
(x, y, z)), nh lut Ohm v mt dng in v in trng (ba phng trnh (x, y, z)),
v phng trnh cho tnh lin tc (mt phng trnh). Cc phng trnh nguyn bn ca
Maxwell c vit li bi Oliver Heaviside v Willard Gibbs vo nm 1884 di dng
cc phng trnh vect. S thay i ny din t c tnh i xng ca cc trng trong
cch biu din ton hc. Nhng cng thc c tnh i xng ny l ngun gc hai bc
nhy ln trong vt l hin i l thuyt tng i hp v vt l lng t.
Tht vy, cc phng trnh ca Maxwell cho php on trc c s tn ti ca sng
in t, c ngha l khi c s thay i ca mt trong cc yu t nh cng dng in,
mt in tch... s sinh ra sng in t truyn i c trong khng gian. Vn tc ca
sng in t l c, c tnh bi phng trnh Maxwell, bng vi vn tc nh sng c
o trc bng thc nghim. iu ny cho php kt lun rng nh sng l sng in t.
Cc nghin cu v nh sng v sng in t, tiu biu l cc nghin cu ca Max Planck
v vt en v ca Heinrich Hertz v hin tng quang in cho ra i l thuyt lng
t.
S khng ph thuc ca vn tc nh sng vo chiu v h quy chiu - nhng kt lun
c rt ra t phng trnh Maxwell - l nn tng ca thuyt tng i. Ch rng khi ta
thay i h quy chiu, nhng bin i Galileo c in khng p dng c vo cc
phng trnh Maxwell m phi s dng mt bin i mi, l bin i Lorentz.
Einstein p dng bin i Lorentz vo c hc c in v cho ra i thuyt tng i
hp.
Tm tt
Bng sau y tm tt cc phng trnh v khi nim cho trng hp tng qut. K hiu
bng ch m l vect, trong khi nhng k hiu in nghing l v hng.
Tn
nh lut
Gauss:
inh lut
Gauss cho
t trng
(s khng
tn ti ca
t tch):
nh lut
Faraday
cho t
trng:
nh lut
Ampere
(vi s b
sung ca
Maxwell):
K hiu
ngha
n v trong
h SI
Cng in trng
volt / mt
Cng t trng
ampere / mt
in thm
coulomb / mt
vung
tesla,
Vect cm ng t
weber / mt
vung
Mt in tch,
coulomb / mt
khi
Mt dng in,
mt vung
mt khi
gi l rot)
mt
gi l div)
(cn
vung
(cn
ampere / mt
Cc i lng D v B lin h vi E v H bi :
trn mt
trong :
e l h s cm ng in ca mi trng,
m l h s cm ng t ca mi trng,
l hng s in mi ca mi trng, v
l hng s t mi ca mi trng.
Khi hai hng s and ph thuc vo cng in trng v t trng, ta c hin
tng phi tuyn; xem thm trong cc bi hiu ng Kerr v hiu ng Pockels.)
ng thi trong chn khng khng tn ti in tch cng nh dng in, phng trnh
Maxwell tr thnh :