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Sang Tac Ca Khuc A5
Sang Tac Ca Khuc A5
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Giao trnh Sang Tac Ca Khuc - do Ns. Hai Nguyen bien soan lai t
chng trnh day lp Sang Tac Ca khuc cua Co Nhac s Viet Chung.
Moi gop y, thac mac, th t xin lien lac theo a ch:
- Ns. Hai Nguyen, 873, ng Nguyen Duy Trinh, To 1, Khu pho 2,
Phng Phu Hu, Quan 9, Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh, Viet Nam.
- ien thoai: 084.08.7316104 - 084. 093 786 9626
- Email: josephhainguyen@yahoo.com
55
Ta nhan thay:
Hp am bac I: co u 3 not: I, III, V. (q.1, q.3, q.5).
Hp am bac II: co 2 not. (thieu not quang 3).
Hp am bac III: co 2 not. (thieu not quang 5).
Hp am bac IV: trong ngu cung khong co hp am bac IV.
Hp am bac V: co 2 not. (thieu not quang 3).
Hp am bac VI: co u 3 not. (q.1, q.3, q.5).
Hp am bac VII: trong ngu cung khong co hp am bac VII.
Dng hp am 3 not tren ngu cung:
54
M AU:
Nhng tuy vao s thch va kha nang cua moi sang tac gia ma 12
cao o o c dung theo cac he thong, cach thc . . . khac nhau, sinh
ra vo so tac pham khac la. Am thanh co tnh tng oi, na vi, hai
chieu . . . (la nh vay ma khong phai nh vay).
Con ngi tren the gii ai a so eu co s cam nhan am nhac
trong ngi, bat ke co kien thc hay khong . . . tat ca eu co t nhieu
xuc cam oi vi nghe thuat am thanh.
Tuy theo tng sac toc, a phng . . . ma phat sinh ra cac loai dan
ca, trng phai . . . khac nhau. The nhng nen nghe thuat am thanh
toan the gii eu gap nhau 12 not nhac. S khac biet la do tuy theo
he thong s dung so am thanh nhat nh cua tng loai dan ca, hnh
thai nhac ma thoi. Nh tnh chat quy ong hp nhat o ma toan the
gii eu de thong cam vi nhau du rang khac ngon ng, phong tuc . .
o la tnh chat u viet, phong phu cua am nhac so vi cac hnh nghe
thuat khac.
Sang tac am nhac la ghi chep lai cac cam hng am nhac cua mnh
bang cach ky am. Neu ta ghi ung, dien ung th ta a hoan thanh
cong viec bat gi cam hng cua Thng-e a trao ban cho moi con
ngi. Sang tac o mai mai se la cua ta, mai mai thuoc ve ta.
Theo ky am cua nhac Tay phng th 2 bien cung nay la not bac
IV va bac VII cua he thong. Ta co the dung cao o E va B thng
hoac Eb va Bb cung c, can lu y la neu dung cac bien cung th
phai tranh dung cac chuyen ong quang 2 th (D Eb, A Bb),
tr vai dong dan ca co net ac thu la quang 2 th, ngoai ra ta eu
phai tranh v neu co chuyen ong quang 2 th se mat tnh chat dan ca
Viet-Nam ngay.
Hai bien cung E va B co the gia hoac non theo dan ca tng vung.
Va th la E va B, gia th la F va C, non th la Eb va Bb, non qua th
la D va A.
53
Ten goi he thong va not nhac cha c thong nhat, nen nhat thi
ta dung ten goi cua he thong Tay phng e de hieu.
Moi loai dan ca theo vung th co thoi quen s dung rieng theo tnh
cach rieng cua vung o.
Khi viet dan ca mien nao th ta viet theo thoi quen cua mien o,
thng them bt mot vai not trong he thong va bien cung.
52
nhat la trong cac dp i chi xa, du lch, phong canh hu tnh, trang
thai tinh than thoai mai rat de nay sinh cam hng.
Trong khi sinh hoat, giao tiep vi cac moi trng ben ngoai nh: i
chung xe, chung o, chung tau . . . . ta nen dung cach ghi am bang
cac con so e tranh phien toai, tranh s hieu lam cua nhieu ngi cho
rang ta khoe khoang.
Ta mac nhien cong nhan cac con so thay cho cac bac am:
Ngu cung:
Ten goi cua cac bac am trong he thong nhac ngu am thng c
s dung:
51
Ta nhan thay hai day nhac cung co nhng ban cung giong nhau,
cung dung 12 ban cung nh nhau, ch khac mot ieu la nhac Tay
phng bat au t C, nhac ong phng bat au t F.
Trong nhac ong phng co 3 cung chnh phu hp 3 he thong: F,
Dm va G. Tuy nhien ta co the chuyen len hoac xuong cac cung khac,
mien la tuan theo th t cung va na cung trong tng he thong viet la
ra ngay.
Tat ca cac giong dan ca cua Viet-Nam eu da vao 5 not chnh: F,
G, A, C, D. Nhng tuy theo sac giong va tam tnh cua tng mien ma
ngi ta dung mot so not rieng biet e tao ra giong dan ca rieng cho
tng vung. Nhieu khi con dung them cac bien cung E, Eb, B va Bb e
tao net oc ao rieng cho tng mien, tng giong.
Muon viet giong dan ca mien nao th th ta viet theo cach moc noi
va s dung so not rieng cua mien o, ngoai ra ta con co the ket hp
them s chuyen he va cac bien cung e viet cho not nhac them
phong phu va ro net tng loai dan ca, tng mien dan ca . . .
V du: dan ca mien Thng, Trung, Nam, Bac . . .
a. Dan ca Tay Nguyen: a viet khai thac cac bien cung E va B,
khai thac triet e cac na cung E F, B C . . . (chu y quan trong:
dan ca Tay Nguyen kieng (khong dung) not bac II va not bac VI, vd:
Bai viet cung C, kieng not bac II la not D va not bac VI la not A),
khi em an cung phai chu y kieng 2 not nay)
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- Dau thang & dau giang ghi ngay canh ben trai cua con so .
V du: Sol trang: ( 5 - ), Sol en cham(nhp ri): ( 5 . ), Sol moc 1:
( 5 ), Sol trang cham:( 5 - . ), Sol trang hai cham, ( 5 -..) . . .
Tap nghe cac quang cua chuyen ong cho that chnh xac. ieu
kien e tap ly tng la ca oan. Cac cam nhan nay giup cho ta nang
cao kha nang ky xng am.
49
Cac nh cung, tam cung, t cung, ngu cung, luc cung, that cung nay
c dung theo tng giong ca van, oc xng, ngam th, hat . . . o
la s phat trien dan len cua nhac Viet-Nam.
Cac bai hat do ngi Mong-Co mang theo vao Viet-Nam co tat ca
10 bai: Tau Ma, Sn ong, Hng Ma, Lu Thuy, Hanh Van, Ly
Nga O . . .
48
10
Vien bao tang Trung-Hoa che ra 12 ong sao ung theo tng not
cua 12 ban cung nay. Bo ong sao o c goi la LUAT L. Bo ong
sao nay c cat trong bao tang vien e lam ky niem, v trong thc
te ngi ta ch dung co 5 am ma thoi, con cac not nhac kia hau nh
khong c dung ti ngoai tr Mi va Si.
Ngi Trung-Hoa goi ten cac cung bat au t F la Cung, Thng,
Gioc, Chuy, Vu theo chu trnh sinh quang 5.
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Ngi ta sap xep cac am thanh nghe c bang may chan ong lai
vi nhau th tao thanh hp am thuan va nghch.
- Not G c goi la ap am v phat sinh
ke ngay not C.
- Not E c goi la trung am v la am
gia C va G.
A-ong nhac phat trien bang he thong ngu am.
Tuc truyen rang: Trung-Hoa trong thi ky au ngi ta can uc
chuong e dung trong cung ien cac dp le lay. Tnh c ngi ta uc
c mot cai chuong phat ra am thanh co cao o bang not Fa. Truyen
thuyet ke rang khi anh chuong nay len th chim Phng-Hoang tren
tri cung hot theo, ngc lai khi chim Phng-Hoang tren tri hot th
chuong cung t nhien ngan len v hai giong o ung huyet cua nhau,
nhng vao thi o ho cha biet ieu nay nen tng la chuong than,
ngi ta goi cai chuong o ten la Hoang - Chung (chuong vua).
Da vao am Fa mau o ngi ta che ra mot ong truc thoi ung
cao o not Fa. C cat i 1/2 ong roi them vao 1/3 cua ong mi cat . . .
ngi ta tm c mot he thong nhac sinh ra theo quang 5.
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11
Trong nghe thuat phai tranh s can o bang ly tr, bang khoi oc . .
. bi v nghe thuat la sc song cua con tim, nghe thuat rat lai lang va
vo khuon voc.
S sang tac khong bao gi e go khuon trong ly thuyet. Luon co
gang cho co s sang tao, co suy ngh ung an, co mot t cach nghe
thuat la u, con cam hng th c e t do tung bay, mien la ng co
qua ang. Tat ca nhng cai o se tao ra nhng trng hp nghe thuat
bat ng rat hay ho va ly thu. Chap nhan vui ve nhng khuyet iem
trong tac pham cua mnh, coi o la nhng cai duyen nghe thuat cua
mnh, ch nen sa lai oi chut neu o la cai khuyet iem qua ln
hoac qua tho lech so vi ban chat cua nghe thuat. V vat the t nhien
bao gi cung can phai co nhng khuyet iem ng ben canh nhng
u iem, e khuyet iem ton them ve ep cua u iem, e u iem
che bt cai xau cua khuyet iem. o mi ung la mot tac pham t
nhien, v ch co nhng bc tng mi co c tat ca moi net hoan
my, nhng no se ch mai la mot bc tng ma thoi.
Trong am nhac co 3 yeu to can ban: am ieu, tiet ieu va hoa am.
Ta co gang dung hoa ca 3 yeu to o trong tac pham cua mnh, s
dung tng yeu to mot cach co suy ngh chn chan, yeu to nao thch
hp vi oan nao? Cho nao? . . . Neu ket hp c mot cach hai hoa,
co pha tron e tao s mi la, bat ng, hap dan . . . V tnh chat cua
nghe thuat am nhac la nh vay. Tranh viec dung n thuan mot yeu
to, lam dung 1 net ep, v se lam cho bai nhac tr thanh nham chan,
ngheo nan. V du: co 1 cau nhac hay, ta yeu qu no, ta dung no vai
lan, nhng phai kien quyet ch dung bat qua tam (khong qua 3 lan).
Trong cau nhac m au khong nen dng not I v kho co the gi
y e i tiep, v the nen cho dng tren not III hoac V, oi khi co the
dng tren not II hoac VI, t khi dng tren not IV, hiem khi dng tren
not VII.
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th cung a co sn giai ieu hoac hoa am san roi, khong s lam mat
i tnh chat va y o cua bai hat cua mnh.
Bai tap:
Viet nhac m au theo 4 loi tren cho cac bai sau ay:
1. Cam Men Hong An (Kim-Long).
2. Tan Tung Hong An (Vu-nh-Trac & Hai- Linh).
3. Xin Ta n (Viet-Chung).
4. Hang Be-Lem (Hai-Linh).
5. Kinh Hoa- Bnh (Kim-Long).
6. Cao Vi Khon V (Hung-Lan).
7. Me i! Xin oai Thng (Hai-Linh).
8. Sao Bien (Hai Linh).
9. Linh Hon Toi (Kim Long)
10. Giu-Se.
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t ri hoac ngh ch lau. Cau chuyen sao cho that de nghe va de bat
t cung cu qua cung mi.
3. Cau ket: la mot cau noi them, ta dung cau ket e nhoi them cho
y nhac c cc ln hoac cc nho. Cau ket dng cung bac chnh, co
the oi the tuy y. Dung cac hp am, cac bac cho la hn bai, mien la
ng la qua. e dien cho y nhac cc ln va cc nho ta nen khai thac
hai mat: cao o va tiet tau.
Cac cau nhac dan thng viet cho nhac cu va nhac kh. Co the
viet cho giong ngi, nhng phai chu y bt nhac tnh e de hat.
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13
14
NHAC DAN:
Nhac dan co 3 hnh thc:
1. M au: La cau nhac gii thieu bai, tom c tat ca cac y chnh
cua bai: cung the, tiet tau. Cau nhac m au viet bang cach: rut t y
nhac ac y nhat, rut t tiet tau nen cua bai.
Cach viet: Cau gii thieu phai nang ve nhac tnh v thng la viet
cho nhac cu hoac nhac kh, khong co li ca. Tiet tau ta nhan len gap
2 hoac gap 3 e cau m au c thoang va la. Chu trong vao phan
ket cua cau gii thieu o, thng la nen dng bac V hoac bac I sao
cho oi nghch vi au bai hat e la va hap dan, muon ngan lau hoac
vao ngay cung c (tuy y thch va cau au cua bai), cau gii thieu
ch va phai, ng dai hoac ngan qua, thng la khoang 4 o nhp.
2. Chuyen oan: cach viet tng t nh cau m au, sao cho dt
c cung cua oan cu va chuyen sang cung cua oan mi c t t
va ro rang. Nen viet ngay khi oan trc con ang ngan e tranh s
---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------
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d)-Vi nhng quang nho: gan va lien: rat thch hp cho nhac cu,
quang nho gan va lien nghe giai ieu uyen chuyen, lu loat . . .
e)-Vi quang ln: xa va cach: nghe manh bao, hung dung . . .dien
ta y ln va manh bao.
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15
nhanh hn, ch trong trng hp bai viet Choral (the loai nay hay hat
vi toc o cham) th ta co the tnh theo tng not.
Nhan xet: Vi chuyen ong cach nghe cng coi, v chuyen ong
vi cac quang am xa, kho hoa am, kho at li, gay kho cho cac be
ong chuyen. Bi the ta nen phoi hp ca hai chuyen ong lien va
cach e dong ca c mi la, de hat, de nghe.
Khi phoi hp ta nen s dung cac not qua, not theu . . . se giup cho
dong ca uyen chuyen, tot ep hn.
Vi tiet tau nhanh khong nen dung cac t co dau hoi , nga, nang
lien nhau, v se b ban dau, a thanh.
3. nh v tr s dung hp am:
a. Trong y nhac m au phai cho thay ro vai tro chu am va hp
am cua bai, tuy nhien cung co the xen ke nhng hp am bac tot,
rieng vi cac not hp am bac V nen xep at cac phach yeu va vi
tiet tau nhanh. Hp am bav IV th co the xep at ro hn.
C.
- oan A: lam 4 be uoi nhau tuy y.
- oan B: lam Solo, hac cac be phu hoa, chuyen Ton oan nay e
tao s mau thuan hoan toan oi vi A, co the oi them tiet tau, nhp
o . . .
- oan A: ke oan B, nhac e chnh rut ra t A phat trien them,
thng oan nay ta nhan tiet tau len viet thanh Choral.
- oan C: la phan boc, v ai, nhanh hn, ao at hn, co the lam
khong co lien quan vi cac oan tren. Neu muon khai thac t cac
oan tren th nen khai thac t oan B roi phat trien them ra. Nen gi
cung Ton vi oan A e tao s thuan nhat cho bai viet. Co the
chuyen bien sang cung khac, nen xai the trng v tnh chat v ai
cua oan C can en.
Ket thuan: Th Trng.
Tam tnh thuan: buon vui, thong tha o at . . .
16
41
Trong phan bai cac be uoi nhau ta chu y en so o nhp sao cho
ay u va can xng vi nhau, s vo be nhac e ke cung phai tuan
theo ieu le o.
Trong phan em cho 1 n ieu ma co 3 hoac 4 be em ta phai
chu y cho em vao cac v tr trong va cac v tr trong giong nhau cua
n ieu e lam thanh kieu em nhat mc.
e phong phu hn ta nen cho 2 be tren em giong nhau, Bass cho
em vi mot tiet tau biet lap. Tao hp am theo y mnh, ng e le
thuoc vao dong ca.
c. Khong nen chuyen the hoac chuyen cung ngay cau nhac m
au, du ch la thoang qua.
40
Viec s dung am ieu oi hoi nhieu kinh nghiem bang cach quan
sat, tm hieu cac loai he thong am nhac va thoi quen cua chung.
---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------
17
Ngoai ra cung can tm hieu cac loai am giai, cac tac gia tieu bieu,
cac tac pham noi tieng.
Khi s dung am ieu can chu y nhng iem sau:
- Not IV cua am giai trng nen cho chuyen ong xuong.
- Not VII cua cac am giai eu cho chuyen ong len chu am.
- Not IV cua am giai th co the cho chuyen ong len.
- Not VI cua am giai th nen cho chuyen ong xuong lien bac.
- Not VI cua am giai trng cho chuyen ong tuy y.
18
39
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phai tuan theo ieu kien la gi nguyen so o nhp bang vi cau I, tiet
tau cua moi o nhp cung phai gi nguyen bang vi cau I, khi va
ket phai that can oi vi cau I. Nh the co ngha la ta tha ho phong
tao ve am ieu, co the ca tiet tau na, cac bc i cua cau nhac . . .
nhng co gang e gi c cai tnh chat cua cau I. Cau II se dng
tren not bac II hoac V e dung hp am bac V (ban ket). Tranh dng
not cam am (tuy nhien, neu nhac hng can th ta van co the).
3. Cau III: Viet lai y nh cau I kem theo cac ieu kien: khong
dng not bac I, nen dng not bac VI, vi chuyen ong I xuong VI
th rat tot, e cho cau III nay c dng lanh ket. Nh vay ta van
phai gi nguyen so o nhp nhat nh nh cau I. am giai th, lanh
ket ngoai hp am bac VI con co the hieu la hp am bac IV na. Khi
khi cau III co the cho khi trc hoac sau so vi cau I khoang na
phach e tao s mi la cho cau III. Tuy nhien s sang tao nay cung
phai c dung tuy theo ieu kien khi cua tng cau nhac e co the
c ma thoi.
4. Cau IV: Gi nguyen so o nhp cho can oi vi cac cau tren. Ve
am ieu va tiet tau ta c hoan toan t do, mien la ng qua lac xa
vi cac cau tren. khi cau IV ta co the gi s sang tao ve khi cua
cau III (neu co) e tao thanh mot cai sang tao co y cua mnh. Cuoi
cau ta dan cau nhac ve toan ket. Co the dng sm hoac tre hn cac
cau khac mien la van gi u so o nhp.
Ngoai ra ta con phai e y them: Neu khi cau IV bang tiet tau
ong th nen dng sm vi tiet tau tnh. Neu khi cau IV vi tiet tau
tnh th ket vi tiet tau ong va ung bang cac cau tren ve so o nhp,
co the muon hn mot chut.
Nh vay: Mot oan nhac trung bnh c cau tao bang 4 cau
nhac trung bnh.
Cau I: khoang 4, 5 o nhp. Ket bang s ket.
Cau II: phong tao t cau I. Ket bang ban ket.
Cau III: viet lai cau I khoang 3/4. Ket bang lanh ket.
Cau IV: hoan toan t do. Ket bang toan ket.
---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------
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20
Ta chu trong s nhoi hp am, nhoi be trong cac cau nhac giong
nhau e s tiep nhan c ro rang va cai hay hoa am se c cam
nhan ro rang hn. Can phai tiet kiem nhng cai hay e lam nhieu
bai, hn la ham don nhieu cai hay vao mot bai se uong i, va nhieu
cai hay don lai trong mot bai se kho ma cam nhan het c.
Cac tac pham hp ca phai c tranh lam vi nhng Sanc co tiet
tau nho, hoa am se rat kho tnh toan va b vun ra. Ta cha cac khuyet
iem o bang cach chia oi cau ra, hoac nhan oi tiet tau len se rat
de hoa am Choral, phu hoa . . .
Trong loi viet phu hoa ta tao cho gia be chnh va cac be phu hoa
mang cac tnh chat tiet tau, s song rieng biet ma khong xa la qua,
gia be chnh va be phu hoa phai co mau thuan, trai nghch vi nhau:
tnh ong, nhanh cham, ln nho . . . be nay ng th be kia
chay . . .
Tnh chat cua mon hoa am la tao s mau thuan gia cac be, cac
sc song trong bai vi nhau, be nay len th be kia xuong, be nay ln
th be kia nho . . .
Loi viet phu hoa co u iem hn cac loai viet khac khi hoa am
cho cac bai hp ca.
37
36
nhan ban nhac o c mot s thang bang, can xng ve cac ieu
kien: tiet tau, am ieu, quang am . . .
Luat can oi c t do ve so o nhp cua cau, chan hoac le tuy y.
Mien sao cho cau nhac va oan nhac c can bang tng xng vi
nhau. Neu co s sang tao trong moi cau nhac th cung phai nghien
cu sao cho s mi la o khong tao ra s oi choi trong oan nhac,
khong lam mat i s thuan nhat trong oan nhac o.
LUAT CAN OI: so o nhp trong moi cau co the tuy y, co the
chan, co the le, cac cau nhac phai thang bang vi nhau e tao cho
thnh giac mot cam giac em em, bang ban, khong qua khch en noi
gay kho chu.
LUAT CAN PHNG: thoat thai t luat can oi. Luat can
phng ra i trong s oi hoi ve nhp cua trong Jass, Guirta bass,
an bass . . . Luat can phng quy nh ch co cau chan: 2, 4, 8, 16,
32 . . . e cho cac tay chi co s eu an trong cach chi, v thng
moi ieu (style) thng co 2 o nhp. Neu l co cau nhac le th phai
lam sao lien ket c vi cac cau khac e co oan chan. Nh vay s
gay tr ngai cho cac bc nhay, trong jass, an bass . . . se khong ln,
v neu co cau le th phai co oan chan. Luat can phng khe khat hn
luat can oi la v cac ap lc o.
Nhiem vu cao quy cua cac nhac s la luon luon co gang e sap
xep nhng lech lac c tr thanh can oi, thang bang. Cac viec lam
va sang tac lam sao cho s cam nhan cua thnh gia gi c s can
xng, thang bang, trong o co kem ca nhieu net mi la na ma van
khong tao s nghch cho thnh giac.
e cho tac pham cua mnh c ung an va phong phu hn, ta co
the tuy nghi sa oi cac luat le, phng phap sang tac . . . mien la co
mot s suy ngh ky cang va ung an la c. S sa oi o co the la
xep at cac giai ket cua cau, cac bc i cua am ieu, tiet tau cua
cau nhac . . . neu ta co y dung e dien ta mot li nhac, mot y tng
co suy tnh, co y thc.
---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------
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Chu y dan giai ieu cua tng be trong pham vi am vc cua tng
be, ra vo cho thch hp.
Cac be tren se c giai quyet phu thuoc vao phan sau cua be mi
xuat hien ve cac mat: tiet tau, hoa am, cai oc ao rieng . . .
Neu co the th lam them li cho cac bai tap.
HOA AM 4 BE CO LI:
Viet mot oan nhac vi cac hnh thc:
oi + ap + oi nho + ap nho + phat trien.
(8 + 8 + 4 + 4 + 8) hoac ( 4 + 4 + 2 + 2 + 4) . . .
Chu y: trong phan bai tap nay ta gi cho bai mot so o nhp nhat
nh, khong them bt so vi nhac e. Nh vay cac be phu se tuy
thuoc vao be 1 ve tiet tau, o nhp . . . them hoac bt cho va u.
a. Hoa am 2 be uoi nhau khac bac, be phu rut gon phan cuoi cho
phu hp vi ket cua nhac e.
b. Viet 4 be Choral (hoa am theo hang doc)
c. Viet 4 be phu hoa (3 be di phu hoa cho be chnh).
d. 4 be uoi nhau khac bac, rut gon phan cuoi cua cac be phu cho
hp vi dong ca phan ket. Vi so o nhp co nh. Ta dan cac be phu
theo be chnh ve cac mat: hoa am, tiet tau . . . trong cac am vc khac
nhau tng be.
Trong khi hoa am mot bai hat ta can phai co s xem xet ky, neu
bai hat co nhng cho xuong thap ta phai tuy nghi ma tang len mot
vai bac am, e cac be phu co the hat va chnh ta khi hoa be cung
c de dang. Neu Sanc qua thap ta co the cho Bass vao au cung
c (dung cau sanc), sau o cac be tren cho lp ngoi dan len bang
cach cho vao theo cac bac am khac nhau, be Sop hat tren cung ta co
the tuy nghi cho cau Sanc len mot quang 8. Neu Sanc cao th ta cho
lp ngoi t cao xuong thap. Cau Sanc neu e cho Bass hat trong
trng hp Choral se gap khuyet iem v b 3 be tren at mat, tuy
---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------
35
2. Phong tao tiet tau: gi nguyen chuyen ong bac am, ch thay
oi phan trng o ma thoi, hoac co the thay oi them cng o na,
bang cach la chia hai tiet tau, gap oi tiet tau . . .
So sanh hai cach phong tao: Trong mot tac pham nghe thuat
thng khi sang tac ta co gang tao cho trong o co mot s mau thuan
ve y tng, ve hnh thc . . . co the nang cao u iem gia cau nay
vi cau khac, oan nay vi oan khac . . . mi c cam nhan ro
rang. Trong bai nhac o se co nhieu u iem hn nh s mau thuan
c tao ra, sao cho s mau thuan o phai lam cho cac phan nh s
khac biet nhau ma noi bat len, ma khong lam chm phan khac xuong.
o mi la mot trnh o sang tao ly tng.
34
Nghe s la mot tha tac vien cua Thng-e, Ngai dung ngi
nghe s e sap xep, dan hoa, pha tron, xay dng cac mau sac, cac
tnh chat, cac s lech lac . . . trong t nhien tr thanh mot tac pham t
nhien ep e va song ong. Cac tac pham o phai la mot bac cau
cho cac tac pham khac, la s lien ket muon loai trong thien nhien
thanh mot khoi duy nhat. V muon vat, muon loai eu cung la tac
pham cua Thng-e, la lien ket anh em vi nhau. Nghe s phai la
mot ong lc thuc ay tao vat, lien ket tao vat e ca khen, chuc tung,
ton vinh Thng-e, la ang Chan-Thien-My i i vien man.
Ngi nghe s phai co gang phan au xay dng cho mnh mot kha
nang oc ao, tac pham cua mnh phai cha chan s sang tao, mi
me. Nhng phai co gang long trong s hai hoa, thong nhat cua moi
tao vat tren a cau.
Ta hay luon co gang gi lay cho mnh mot t cach, mot kha nang
hoan thien, e xng ang vi chc vu tha tac vien cua Thng-e
trong cong viec sang tao va ieu hoa moi tac pham thien nhien tuyet
vi cua Thng-e, ang Chan-Thien-My tuyet oi.
23
- Cau II: ban ket (bat buoc). (ket qua cung co the thay oi).
- Cau III: lanh ket (co the thay bang s ket).
- Cau IV: toan ket (bat buoc).
Nh the, ta nhan thay giai ket cua cau II va cau IV th ta phai
tuyet oi tuan theo quy luat giai ket. Con cau I va cau III th ta co the
hoan chuyen 2 giai ket cua 2 cau vi nhau (quan niem t do giai ket).
2. Lam bai tap cau dai:
Muon co cau dai th ta c lay ngay cau nhac e ngan phong tao
them ra, hoac nhoi lai y nhac . . . th ta se co cau dai. Neu co san cau
nhac hng dai th ta khoi phai phong tao. Cau dai khoang 8 o nhp
2/4, 4 o nhp C . . . Ta van phai gi lay tnh chat chan cua cau nhac.
Cach lam th hi khac so vi oan nhac ngan. Ta ch phai lam 2 cau
rieng biet thoi: cau I giong cau III, cau II giong cau IV, cac ieu kien
giai ket tuan theo y nh oan nhac ngan.
3. Lam bai tap cau le cong thanh oan chan:
Ta lam bai tap cau le, sao cho cac cau le cong lai thanh oan
chan. Co cac loai cau le:
3 + 4 > < 3 + 4 = 14 o nhp (oan).
4 + 5 > < 4 + 5 = 18 o nhp (oan).
3 + 5 > < 3 + 5 = 16 o nhp (oan).
Ta co the oi th t chan le.
Trong bai tap nay ta ket hp gia cau le va cau chan lai vi nhau
e tr thanh oan chan. Cau le va cau chan co the hoan v, thay oi
cho trc sau cung c, mien lam sao cho oan nhac o chan la can
oi roi.
4. Cau oi va cau ap:
Cau oi: la cau nhac e, nhac hng.
Cau ap: la cau phong tao t cau oi.
Ta lam bai tap theo phng phap oi ap:
oi + ap
Cau I
Cau II
24
oi nho + ap nho
Cau III
Phat trien
Cau IV
Thng ch viet cho 2 nhom hat ma thoi, neu tang len na th gap
kho khan khi viet, hoa am gia cac cau vi nhau rat kho can e hoan
chnh.
Khi viet th co bao nhieu nhom hat ta viet bay nhieu hang rieng
e co the kiem soat hoa am mot cach ro rang hn. Nh the ta se de
dang oi chieu theo hang doc ma sa cau cho hp vi yeu cau hoa
am oi hoi.
Nh v du tren ta nhan thay cac nhom hat van khong b truc trac
hoa am du rang vo bang v tr khong can xng.
Ke t phan nay trong khi lam bai tap ta co gang lam them li vao
bai tap cua mnh, e quen dan vi viec sang tac nhac va li.
33
Loi vao bai bang v tr khac ta gi cac ieu kien sau: nhom hat
uoi se hat lai y het ca bai so vi nhom 1, v the s sang tac mi se
phai can c e tnh sao cho khong kho nghe la c.
32
Nhan xet:
- Cau I: oi ln (4 o nhp).
- Cau II: ap ln (4 o nhp).
- Cau III: oi nho (2 o) + ap nho (2o) = (4 o nhp).
- Cau IV: T do (4 o nhp).
Vi oan nhac co cau truc cau nh tren se rat de e ap dung khi
pho th. Hnh thc cau ket nh vay rat hp vi the th song that luc
bat (7 ch + 7 ch + 6 ch + 8 ch).
oan nhac c cau truc bang phng phap nay rat de giup ta lam
cau dai, v y nhac co nhieu thay oi nen tao cho ngi nghe co cam
giac dai. Neu ta muon dai hn na th ap dung phng cach: cho cau
IV thay v ve toan ket th ta cho ve ban ket roi dung dau hoan cho
dien lai toan oan mot lan na roi a ve ket tron. A = ban ket, A =
toan ket.
Mot cau nhac th gom nhieu chi cau ghep lai, neu muon co cau
dai th ta ch viec ghep them nhieu chi cau na th cau nhac se dai
them.
Viec dung dau hoan e tao ra 2 oan nhac A va A se co them
ieu thuan li na la cau oi nho + ap nho se c nghe lai mot lan
na th thnh giac cua thnh gia se tham nhap c y nhac.
---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------
25
Thanh nhac la y dung nhac giup ta cau nguyen, v the y nhac can
phai de hat, de nghe, de cam . . . ta co the du di bang cach lam iep
khuc ngan thoi, roi lam tieu khuc co 3 hoac 4 li hoac 2, 3, 4 tieu
khuc khac nhau, the la mot bai hat rat ngan se c nghe i nghe lai,
de giup cho giao dan cam c ma cau nguyen. e tranh nham tai ta
co the khon kheo oi giai ket cuoi cac cau tao s mi la. Thng
th e ban ket, lanh ket, s ket . . . tieu khuc rat t khi dung toan
ket, e danh toan ket iep khuc.
Ngoai ra v cac ly do ac biet: tam tnh li ca, y nhac . . . ta sa
oi cac giai ket cho hp vi cac tam tnh o, v cac giai ket co cam
giac khac nhau ve tam tnh.
Lam them oan B:
Khi a tao c 2 oan A va A roi, ta co the lam them oan B
na. oan B nay phai co t cach oi nghch vi A va A, s mau
thuan nay co the tao ra tren cac phng dien: toc o, hnh not (trng
o), chuyen bien, hnh thc cau (A = A = 4 cau >< B = 2 cau, 6 cau),
chuyen nhp (bien cot) . . .
26
Nh vay loai nhac nay rat giau co nh loi hat uoi gia cac nhom.
Ta co the tang len 3, 4 . . . nhom hat th s sam uat cua bai hat cang
tang len.
Thong thng khi lam nhac ta xep cho moi cau mot hang, cau ke
se oi chieu theo cau tren ma lam ve tiet tau, hoa am cho hoan
chnh, mi la. Cau ke tiep na se can theo theo cau tren ma lam, nh
vay e at c tat ca cac ieu s ang nhat e lam nen cai hay, cai
ln.
Dt cua cac cau thng c cho vao phach 1, ta co the cho tiet
tau la hn bang cach cho dt cau vao phach 2 chang han . . .
31
Mot cung the thng co 7 cung the tng ng va tng tiep theo
bieu o:
Fm
Tng tiep
30
(C)
Tng tiep
Tng ng
hp am bac V
G
Tng ng
Dm
Cm
Am
Em
Tng tiep
Tng ng
Dm hn mot dau hoa (b)
(Am)
hp am bac V
Tng ng
F
C
Em
Khi chuyen bien t cung chnh qua cac cung phu ta eu co the
chuyen thang qua mot cach de dang, t gap kho khan. T the nay
sang the kia cung thng la de dang.
Khi chuyen bien t cung phu ve cung chnh ta se gap tr ngai
mot vai cung. Cac cung the Cm, Am, G se rat de tr ve cung chnh,
cac cung F, Fm, Dm, Em se gap kho khan khi tr ve cung chnh. V
neu muon tr ve cung chnh th ta xep at cho cuoi oan B ket sang
---------------Giao Trnh sang Tac Ca Khuc ---------------
27
Cm (I th)
Fm (IV)
D (II)
G (V)
Em (III)
Am
F (IV)
Am (VI)
A (I trng)
Bai tap:
28
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