Thiet Ke Catv 131024231000 Phpapp01

MC LC
Mc Lc .................................................................................................................. 1
Bng ch vit tt..................................................................................................... 3
Li ni u .............................................................................................................. 5
Chng I -Tng quan v truyn hnh cp hu tuyn ......................................... 8
1.1 Tng quan v truyn hnh cp ...................................................................... 8
1.2 - V tr cc mng truyn hnh cp v xu hng pht trin .............................. 9
1.3 - Cc cng ngh truy nhp cnh tranh........................................................... 10
1.3.1 - Cng ngh ADSL (Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line) ...................... 10
1.3.2 - Fiber-In-The-Loop (FITL) .................................................................... 13
1.3.3 - V tinh qung b trc tip DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite) .............. 14
1.3.4 - Dch v phn phi a im a knh (MMDS) ..................................... 15
Chng II Kin trc mng truyn hnh cp .................................................. 18
2.1 - Kin trc mng CATV truyn thng .......................................................... 18
2.2 - Kin trc mng c cu trc ......................................................................... 20
2.2.1 - Cc c im c bn mng HFC .......................................................... 20
2.2.2 - u v nhc im ca mng HFC ....................................................... 22
2.2.3 - Kt lun ................................................................................................. 24
Chng III Cc thit b chnh trong mng quang ......................................... 25
3.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Headend ........................................... 25
3.1.1 - S khi c bn ca Headend............................................................ 25
3.1.2 - Nguyn l hot ng ca Headend ....................................................... 27
3.1.3 - Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my pht quang .......................... 28
3.1.3.1 Cu to ............................................................................................ 28
3.1.3.2 Hot ng ca my pht ................................................................. 33
3.2 Cu to v hot ng ca node quang........................................................ 33
3.3 Si quang.................................................................................................... 35
3.3.1 - Cu to v dng si quang .................................................................... 35
3.3.2 - Si n mode v si a mode ............................................................... 35
3.3.3 - Cc c tnh ca si quang ................................................................... 37
3.3.3.1 Suy hao ........................................................................................... 37
3.3.3.2 Cc nguyn nhn gy nn suy hao ................................................. 37
3.3.4 - nhy thu v qu cng sut ............................................................... 40
3.3.5 - Cc gii hn bi suy hao....................................................................... 41
3.3.6 - Truyn lan nh sng trong si quang .................................................... 42
3.3.6.1 Truyn lan tn hiu trong si quang ............................................... 42
3.3.6.2 Cc mode truyn lan ....................................................................... 45
3.3.7 - Tn sc si quang .................................................................................. 47
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3.3.7.1 Tn sc trong mode (Intramode Dispersion) .................................. 47

3.3.7.2 Tn sc mode .................................................................................. 49
3.3.7.3 Tn sc tng cng ca si .............................................................. 50
3.3.7.4 S hn ch do tn sc ..................................................................... 51
3.4 - Cc mi hn v cc b kt ni (Connector) trong mng quang. ................ 52
3.4.1 - Phng php hn cp ............................................................................ 54
3.4.2 - Cc Connector ....................................................................................... 56
3.5 Ghp cng sut quang ................................................................................ 57
Chng IV - Cc thit b chnh trong mng ng trc .................................... 58
4.1 - Cp ng trc .............................................................................................. 58
4.1.1 - Suy hao do phn x ............................................................................... 58
4.1.2 - Tr khng vng ..................................................................................... 59
4.2 - Cc b khuch i RF (Radio Friquency) .................................................. 60
4.2.1 - c im cc b khuch i ................................................................. 60
4.2.1.1 - B khuch i trung k ................................................................... 60
4.2.1.2 - B khuch i fid .......................................................................... 61
4.2.1.3 - B khuch i ng dy ............................................................... 62
4.2.2 - CNR ca mt b khuch i n v nhiu b khuch i ni tip. ..... 62
4.3 - B chia v r tn hiu .................................................................................. 64
Chng V Phng Php thit k mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn ........... 65
5.1 La chn cc thng s k thut cho mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn...... 65
5.1.1 - Phn b di tn tn hiu ......................................................................... 65
5.1.2 - Tnh ton kch thc node quang cho yu cu hin ti ........................ 66
5.2 Thit k ....................................................................................................... 67
5.2.1 - La chn si quang ............................................................................... 67
5.2.2 - Tnh ton suy hao ca h thng ............................................................ 68
5.3 Nguyn tc thit k phn mng quang ....................................................... 69
5.4 Nguyn tc thit k phn mng ng trc ................................................. 72
5.5 Thuyt minh phn mng quang .................................................................. 72
5.6 Tnh ton phn mng quang ....................................................................... 73
5.7 Thuyt minh thit k phn mng ng trc ............................................... 78
5.8 Tnh ton phn mng ng trc ................................................................. 79
5.9 Thuyt minh thit k mng HFPC ............................................................. 85
5.10 Tnh ton mng HFPC ............................................................................. 85
5.11 So snh mng HFC v mng HFPC ......................................................... 89
Kt lun ................................................................................................................. 90
Ti liu tham kho ............................................................................................... 91
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ADSL
AGC
APD
ATM
BER
CATV
CNR
CO
DFB
DWDM
DBS
DSL
DSLAM
EQ
FDM
FTTC
FTTB
FTTH
FITL
GI
GVD
HDT
HFC
HFPC
HFW
HFR
HPF
ISDN
LPF
MDF
MMDS
NA
ONU
BNG CH VIT TT
Vng Thu bao s khng i xng
Asymetric Digital Subcriber Loop
T iu chnh h s khuch i
Automatic Gain Control
Tip xc gc
Angled Physical Contact
Phng thc truyn khng ng b
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
T s li bit
Bit Error Rate
H thng truyn hnh cp cng ng
Community Antenna Television
System
T s sng mang trn nhiu
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
Tng i trung tm
Central Office
Laser hi tip phn tn
Distributed Feedback laser
Ghp knh phn chia theo mt
Dense Wavelength Division
bc sng
Multiplexing
V tinh qung b trc tip
Direct Broatcast Satellite
ng thu bao s
Digital Subscriber Line
Ghp knh truy nhp ng thu bao
DSL Access Multiplexing
s
Khi cn bng
Equalizer
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Cp quang n khu vc
Fiber To The Curb
Cp quang n to nh
Fiber To The Building
Cp quang n gia nh
Fiber To The Home
Cp quang trong mng thu bao
Fiber In The Loop
Ch s chit sut Gradient
Gratded Index
Tn sc vn tc nhm
Group Velocity Dispersion
Thit b u cui s trung tm
Host Digital Terminal
Mng lai cp quang/ cp ng trc
Hybrid Fiber/ Coaxial network
Mng HFC th ng
Hybrid Fiber Passive/ Coaxial network Mng lai cp quang/ khng dy
Hybrid Fiber/ Wireless network
Mng lai cp quang/ v tuyn
Hybrid Fiber/ Radio network
B lc thng cao
Hight Pass Filter
Mng lin kt s a dch v
Intergrated Services Digital Network
B lc thng thp
Low Pass Filter
Gi phi dy chnh
Main Distribution Frame
Dch v phn phi a im a knh
Multipoint Multichanel Distribution
Service
Khu s
Numerical Aperture
n v mng quang
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OTU
POTS
QPSK
QAM
RF
SDH
SI
STB
SMF
STM
VOD
Optical Network Unit

Optical Terminal Unit
Plain Old Telephone Service
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
Quadrature Ampliture Modulation
Radio Frequency
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
Step Index
Set Top - Box
Single Mode Fiber
Synchronous Transfer Mode
Video On Demand
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n v u cui quang
Dch v thoi thng thng
iu ch kho dch pha cu phng
iu ch bin cu phng
Tn s cao tn
Phn cp s ng b
Ch s chit sut phn bc
u thu tn hiu s
Si quang n mode
Phng thc truyn ng b
Truyn hnh theo yu cu
LI NI U
Truyn hnh cp (CATV) t lu khng cn xa l i vi ngi dn cc
nc pht trin trn th gii. Tuy nhin vic pht trin v m rng cc mng
truyn hnh cp vn cha c quan tm nhiu bi v trc y mng truyn hnh
cp ch n thun cung cp cc dch v v truyn hnh, khng th cung cp cc
dch v khc nh thoi, s liuThut ng CATV xut hin ln u tin vo nm
1948 ti M khi thc hin thnh cng h thng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn v thut
ng CATV c hiu l h thng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn (Cable TV).
Mt nm sau, cng ti M h thng truyn hnh cng ng s dng anten
(Community Antenna Television-CATV) cung cp dch v cho thu bao bng
ng truyn v tuyn c lp t thnh cng. T thut ng CATV c
dng ch chung cho cc h thng truyn hnh cp v tuyn v hu tuyn.
Nhng nm gn y, do tng nhu cu thng thc cc chng trnh truyn
hnh cht lng cao, ni dung phong ph cng nh s tin b trong cng ngh,
cc mng truyn hnh cp c nhng bc pht trin mnh m. Gi y khng
ch cung cp cc chng trnh truyn hnh tha mn nhu cu ngy cng cao ca
ngi xem m chng cn tr thnh mt tim lc cnh tranh ng k i vi cc
mng vin thng khc trong cung cp cc dch v vin thng.
Ti Vit Nam hin nay c cc dch v truyn hnh nh truyn hnh qung
b, dch v truyn hnh MMDS v dch v truyn hnh cp hu tuyn. Truyn
hnh qung b s dng mi trng hon ton khng kh truyn tn hiu v cc
thu bao ch vic cm anten thu tn hiu t anten pht ca cc i truyn hnh
l c th xem chng trnh nn cc thu bao khng cn phi ng cc dch v
v cc nh sn xut chng trnh cng khng phi tn km v phng tin truyn
dn. Tuy nhin v l chng trnh truyn hnh tng t v s dng di tn s
ngoi khng gian nn ti nguyn b hn hp dn n s lng knh pht ra ca
dch v truyn hnh qung b rt hn ch v n chu nh hng mnh m bi cc
ngun nhiu ca mi trng truyn dn nh: nhiu cng nghip, nhiu t cc i
pht ln cn v n cng chu nh hng rt ln ca thi tit. Dch v truyn
hnh qung b khng th tng thm knh chng trnh khc do bng thng b hn
ch. V ti nguyn tn s khng gian l mt ti nguyn qu gi i vi mi quc
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gia v ngoi vic dnh cho dch v truyn hnh n cn dnh cho nhiu dch v
khc na nh: thng tin lin lc trong qun i, thng tin di ng
Cn dch v truyn hnh MMDS th s dng sng mang ph ca thng tin
vi ba (900MHz) truyn ti cc knh truyn hnh v ko cp t trung tm truyn
hnh n trm vi ba, s dng anten pht ca trm vi ba pht sng n cc vng
xung quanh trm trong mt phm vi bn knh nht nh, n c chia thnh cc
cell hnh di qut ph sng. i vi dch v ny th thu bao cng ch cn
dng ct anten l c th thu c chng trnh truyn hnh v gii m xem.
Tuy nhin y l phng thc truyn trong tm nhn thng nn anten thu ca thu
bao bt buc phi nhn thy anten pht ca trm vi ba gn n th mi thu c tn
hiu. y l mt nhc im ca dch v v n s hn ch i vi cc vng dn
c trong khu vc c nhiu to nh cao tng che chn (nh l cc khch sn) hoc
cc khu vc dn c c nhiu cy ci che ph. Cc khu vc khng th bt c
tn hiu do tn hiu khng th xuyn qua chng ngi vt hoc i cong xung.
Cn na n cng tng t nh dch v truyn hnh qung b ch bng thng b
hn ch nn knh truyn hnh pht ra cng b hn ch v n cng chu nh hng
mnh m ca cc ngun nhiu cng nghip, nhiu ca cc i pht ln cn v
chnh n cng gy nhiu cho cc i pht khc, cng chu nh hng mnh ca
thi tit.
Do cc hn ch ca cc dch v truyn hnh nh trn nn vic pht trin
truyn hnh cp hu tuyn HFC l iu tt yu v: Mng HFC s dng cp quang
mng truyn dn v phn phi tn hiu nn s dng c cc u im ca
cp quang so vi cc phng tin truyn dn khc nh: Bng thng ca cp quang
rt ln (1014 ~ 1015 Hz), suy hao ng truyn rt nh, khng chu nh hng bi
nhiu ca mi trng ngoi v nhiu in t, c th tch hp c nhiu dch v
trn cng mt ng truyn
Ti H Ni, nhu cu pht trin mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn qui m,
hin i cung cp nhiu chng trnh cho ngi dn Th c lp k hoch
pht trin v ang c trin khai trn din rng.
Cng vi s pht trin ny, ti tt nghip Phng php thit k mng
truyn hnh cp hu tuyn trnh by nhng ni dung c bn nht cc cng ngh
s dng trong mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn v kin trc mng HFC, hng
pht trin ca mng v so snh cc u nhc im ca mng HFC vi cc dch v
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truyn dn cnh tranh khc. Ni dung bn n gm nm chng c gii

thiu s lc sau y:
Chng I: Gii thiu tng quan v truyn hnh cp hu tuyn ni chung, v
tr ca truyn hnh cp trn th trng thng tin v xu hng pht trin ca n
trong thi gian tip theo sau ny. Ngoi ra cn im qua mt s cng ngh truy
nhp cnh tranh vi mng truyn hnh cp.
Chng II: Gii thiu v cc mng truyn hnh cp truyn thng v mng
truyn hnh kt hp. Gii thiu v so snh gia cc cu trc mng khc nhau.
Chng III: Gii thiu v mt s thit b quan trng s dng trong vic
thit k v lp t mng quang (mng truyn dn v mng phn phi tn hiu
truyn hnh). Nu nguyn tc lm vic ca mt trm trung tm truyn hnh cp c
bn, cu to ca thit b trung tm.
Chng IV: Gii thiu v cc thit b chnh dng trong mng cp ng
trc (mng truy nhp tn hiu).
Chng V: Nu nguyn tc thit k mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn v
thit k mt mng truyn hnh cp c th trn a bn thnh ph H Ni. Ngoi ra
c thit k thm th d v kin trc mng HFPC so snh vi kin trc mng
HFC v a ra kt lun v vic la chn kin trc mng no th ph hp cho tnh
hnh nc ta hin nay.Trong chng ny c tnh ton chi tit tn hiu t trung tm
n tn thit b nh thu bao. Tuy nhin ch chn la th im mt s vng nht
nh.
Trong qu trnh lm n do thi gian hn hp nn khng trnh khi
nhng s sut v mt s ni dung cha c chi tit, mong cc thy c gio gp
v thng cm.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio cng nh cc anh ch trong phng
thit k ca cng ty truyn hnh cp H Ni tn tnh gip trong qu
trnh lm n.
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CHNG I -TNG QUAN V TRUYN HNH CP HU TUYN

1.1 Tng quan v truyn hnh cp
Mng truyn hnh cp bao gm 3 thnh phn chnh: H thng thit b ti trung
tm, h thng mng phn phi tn hiu v thit b thu bao.
H thng thit b trung tm
H thng trung tm (Headend System) l ni cung cp, qun l chng trnh
h thng mng truyn hnh cp. y cng chnh l ni thu thp cc thng tin quan
st trng thi, kim tra hot ng mng v cung cp cc tn hiu iu khin.
Vi cc h thng mng hin i c kh nng cung cp cc dch v truyn
tng tc, truyn s liu, h thng thit b trung tm cn c thm cc nhim v
nh: m ho tn hiu qun l truy nhp, tnh cc truy nhp, giao tip vi cc
mng vin thng nh mng Internet...
Mng phn phi tn hiu truyn hnh cp:
Mng phn phi tn hiu truyn hnh cp l mi trng truyn dn tn hiu t
trung tm mng n cc thu bao. Tu theo c trng ca mi h thng truyn
hnh cp, mi trng truyn dn tn hiu s thay i: vi h thng truyn hnh cp
nh MMDS mi trng truyn dn tn hiu s l sng v tuyn. Ngc li, i
vi h thng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn (Cable TV) mi trng truyn dn s l
cc h thng cp hu tuyn (cp quang, cp ng trc, cp ng xon ...). Mng
phn phi tn hiu truyn hnh cp hu tuyn c nhim v nhn tn hiu pht ra t
cc thit b trung tm, iu ch, khuch i v truyn vo mng cp. Cc thit b
khc trong mng c nhim v khuch i, cp ngun v phn phi tn hiu hnh
n tn thit b ca thu bao. H thng mng phn phi tn hiu truyn hnh cp l
b phn quyt nh n i tng dch v, khong cch phc v, s lng thu
bao v kh nng m rng cung cp mng.
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hub th cp
node quang
TAP
headend
hub s cp
node quang
Mng truyn
Mng phn phi
Mng truy nhp
Hnh 1.2 Cu hnh mng truyn dn v phn phi tn hiu
Thit b ti nh thu bao

Vi mt mng truyn hnh cp s dng cng ngh tng t, thit b ti thu
bao c th ch l mt my thu hnh, thu tn hiu t mng phn phi tn hiu. Vi
mng truyn hnh cp s dng cng ngh hin i hn, thit b thu bao gm cc
b chia tn hiu, cc u thu tn hiu truyn hnh (Set-top-box) v cc cp dn...
Cc thit b ny c nhim v thu tn hiu v a n TV thu bao s dng cc
dch v ca mng: Chng trnh TV, truy nhp Internet, truyn d liu...
1.2 - V tr cc mng truyn hnh cp v xu hng pht trin

Cc mng CATV tri qua cc giai on pht trin t mng tng t
qung b mt chiu ng trc ti mng HFC tng tc 2 chiu truyn ti cc knh
Video tng t/ s v d liu tc cao. Mng ng trc bng rng kin trc cy
v nhnh truyn thng c h tr bi cng ngh RF phc v tt cc dch v
qung b v cc dch v im-a im. Dng nhiu b khuch i (30 40), c
th lm gim cht lng v tnh nng ca knh Video AM-VSB, lm gim th
hiu ca khch hng. Vic s dng cc kt ni vi ba mt t gim s lng cc
b khuch i, ci thin c hiu nng truyn dn cc knh qung b tng t.
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S tin b vt bc trong cng ngh si quang t cui nhng nm 80

khin cho cng nghip truyn hnh cp pht trin mnh m. S ra i ca laser
iu ch trc tip DM-DFB 550 MHz v cc b thu quang hot ng di bc
sng 1310 nm lm thay i kin trc truyn thng mng cp ng trc. Mng
HFC cho php truyn dn tin cy cc knh Video tng t qung b qua si n
mode SMF ti cc node quang, do s lng cc b khuch i RF c
gim i rt nhiu. Hn na cc nh iu hnh cn thc hin trin khai thit b
headend s dng cc Ring si quang kt ni gia headend trung tm v cc
headend th cp hoc cc Hub ti nhng v tr quan trng. Do vy, cc nh iu
hnh cp c th h gi thnh v ci thin hn na cht lng v tnh hu dng ca
cc dch v qung b truyn thng.
S pht trin ca nhiu thit b quan trng nh: Cc b iu ch QAM, cc
b thu QAM gi thnh h, cc b m ha v gii m tn hiu Video s, cho php
cc nh iu hnh cp cung cp thm khong 10 dch v Video s mi trong cc
knh Video AM/VSB dng vi STB s. Vic trin khai nhanh chng mng HFC
750 MHz v mt s dch v vin thng cung cp kh nng cnh tranh truy nhp
v nhiu loi hnh kinh doanh cho khch hng ti cc th trng quan trng.
Vo gia thp k 1990, kin trc mng HFC bt u c hng pht trin
mi. Cuc cch mng ny l do nhng p lc sau ca th trng:
- Bng n nhu cu truy nhp d liu tc cao trong cc khu vc dn c.
- Nhu cu chuyn pht cc dch v s tng tc.
- Gia tng cnh tranh t nhiu nh cung cp dch v vin thng v cc nh cung
cp dch v DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite).
- S tin b trong cng ngh si quang, c bit l laser v b thu quang v
qun l mng cp.
Nhng nhu cu v p lc ca th trng tc ng ti cc nh iu hnh cp
xem li kin trc mng HFC hin ti v tin ti mng truy nhp CATV DWDM
(Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing).
1.3 - Cc cng ngh truy nhp cnh tranh
C nhiu cng ngh truy nhp c th phc v cc dch v bng rng ti
thu bao. Phn ny s cung cp tng quan mt s cng ngh cnh tranh cng
nhng u nhc im tng loi.
1.3.1 - Cng ngh ADSL (Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line)
Cng ngh ADSL s dng ng dy thoi xon i hin c cung cp
bng thng yu cu cho cc dch v bng rng nh truy nhp Internet, thoi hi
ngh, a phng tin tng tc v VOD. Cng ngh ADSL c thit k gii
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quyt tnh trng tc nghn nghim trng hin nay trong cc mng thoi gia tng
i trung tm (CO: Central Office) v thu bao. ADSL c th chuyn pht tc
d liu trong khong t 64 kb/s n 8,192 Mb/s cho knh ng xung v tc
trong khong 16 kb/s ti 768 kb/s cho cc knh ng ln trong khi vn ng thi
dng cc dch v thoi truyn thng POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service).
ADSL rt ph hp p ng nhu cu truy nhp Internet tc cao.
ng truyn dn ADSL cung cp tc d liu ti 8 Mbit/s xung khch hng
v 640 Kbit/s lung ln m rng dung lng truy nhp m khng cn lp t thm
cp mi. Ngoi ra, vic s dng ADSL s chuyn lu lng dch v Internet qua
cc mng chuyn mch gi hoc ATM gip hot ng hiu qu hn, gii quyt
c vn tc nghn trn mng thoi.
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Cu trc mng c bn :
Chuyn mch ATM
Internet
PC
SDLA
ATU-C
MDF
splitter
POTS/ISDN
Mch
vng
TB
POTS/ISDN
SPLITTER
ATU-
Cc ng
khng phi
xDSL
PSTN
Chuyn mch CO
Hnh 1.4 Cu hnh h thng s dng cng ngh ADSL
Mch vng thu bao l mt i dy ng xon i ni cm thu bao v

tng i trung tm. i vi ADSL full-rate (cung cp tc 68 Mbit/s lung
xung), b Splitter c lp t ti c hai u cui mch vng. Pha khch hng
modem ADSL m dy ADSL kt ni ti gi l khi kt cui ADSL u xa (ATUR). pha tng i, cc b Splitter c lp t ni cc mch vng thu bao kt
cui trn gi phi dy chnh MDF (Main Distribution Frame), u ra c hai i
dy. i th nht kt ni ti mng chuyn mch thoi cung cp dch v thoi
truyn thng. i dy th hai kt ni ti khi kt cui ADSL trung tm (ATU-C).
truyn dn hiu qu, cc khi ATU-C c kt hp vi chc nng ghp
knh to nn b ghp knh truy nhp DSL (DSLAM: Digital Subscriber Line
Access Multiplexer) trong tng i trung tm v c kt ni ti mng cc nh
cung cp dch v. S liu qua ADSL c ng gi trong cc t bo ATM.
DSLAM cn c kh nng x l cc t bo ATM thc hin ghp knh lu
lng thng k. Tng tc cc ng ADSL qua tt c cc khi ATU-C c th
ln hn tc ng STM-1.
ng dng ca ADSL
c im truyn tc hai chiu khng i xng ca ADSL lm cho k thut
ny ph hp vi hu ht cc ng dng yu cu bng thng lung xung ln hn
bng thng lung ln. VoD l hng pht trin ban u ca ADSL nhng sau
truy nhp Internet tc cao nhanh chng tr thnh hng pht trin ch yu.
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Ngoi ra cn mt s ng dng khc ang c pht trin v s dng cng ngh

ny nh sau:
- Telecommuting: Dch v thoi v truy nhp d liu t xa, cho php ngi s
dng lm vic ti nh v kt ni ti c s d liu ti ni lm vic.
- Dch v truyn video hoc thng tin thi gian thc: ADSL cho php phn phi
nhng ng dng bng rng theo thi gian thc nh tin tc, token chng khon,
thi tit ...
- Chng trnh o to t xa: ADSL full-rate vi cht lng dch v m bo c
th cung cp lung video theo tiu chun MPEG-2 cho php cc trung tm
ging dy gi video minh ho bi dy v trao i trc tip vi hc vin t
nhiu v tr.
- Cha bnh t xa: Cc bc s c th chn on v khm cha bnh t xa.
- Hi ngh truyn hnh: Mc d dch v ny yu cu bng thng hai chiu i
xng nhng ADSL full-rate c th cung cp mt knh H0 (384384Kbit/s)
chuyn dng ngoi bng thng c sn ca ADSL cho ng dng ny trong khi
vn m bo phc v cc ng dng khc.
1.3.2 - Fiber-In-The-Loop (FITL)
Cng ngh truy nhp FITL thng dng cp quang theo kin trc hnh sao
(im-a im), gm mt h cc kin trc nh:
- Cp quang ti tn node FTTN
- Cp quang ti tn h dn c FTTC
- Cp quang ti tn h thu bao FTTH
Cc h thng FITL c pht trin theo hng tng thch vi cc dch v,
h thng truyn dn, h thng iu hnh ca cc nh khai thc ni vng (LEC).
Kin trc nguyn thy FITL c ch ra trong hnh 1.5.
Mt mng FITL gm mt kt cui host s (HDT: Host Digital Terminal)
vi cc khi ONU trong kin trc hnh sao, c HDT qun l. HDT cung cp
cc hot ng v giao din cn thit ca h thng FITL cho phn cn li ca mng
LEC.
V d, HDT c th tch ring lu lng chuyn mch ni ht v ra bn
ngoi qun l nh tuyn. Cc dch v bng rng nh Internet, tng tc a
phng tin v thoi c pht ti HDT, HDT c th c t ti CO hoc ti
u xa, nh tn hiu bng gc. iu ny tri ngc vi cc mng HFC, trong
cc dch v bng rng c iu ch RF. Ti HDT, tn hiu s bng gc c
chuyn mch v gi ti cc khi mng bng rng qua cp quang. ONU c t
gn thu bao v phc v nhiu khch hng. ONU thc hin chuyn i quang in
v cc chc nng quan trng khc. Tn hiu in sau c pht ti thu bao
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qua cp ng trc hoc cp ng xon i. Mt khi giao din mng t ti pha

thu bao s tch tn hiu Video, tn hiu d liu, v tn hiu thoi nh ch ra trong
hnh 1.5. Tn hiu Video s c tch knh v gii m bi mt STB.
Mng
PSTN
Video server
tng tc
ONU
s
pl
it
Mng
ATM
Video server
Cng Internet
H thng truy
nhp chuyn
mch s
Cp
ng
trc
Hnh 1.5 Cu hnh h thng Fiber in the loop
Mt kin trc FITL khc l FTTH. Nh tn gi ca n, cp quang s thay

th cp ng trc hoc cp ng xon i t ONU n thu bao. S khc nhau
gia kin trc FTTH v FTTC nm v tr lp t ca ONU.
Trong kin trc FTTH, ONU c t ti nh thu bao. V vy, nhu cu dng
cng ngh cp xon i ngoi nh thu bao c loi b trong kin trc FTTH.
Phn mng gia HDT v cc ONU tr thnh mng quang th ng, iu ny tr
nn rt quan trng khi nng cp trong tng lai. Bng thng rng sn c (hng
THz) ca si quang chuyn pht cc dch v bng rng cho thu bao l mt
trong nhng u im ca kin trc mng ton quang ny. Vi vic dng cng
ngh WDM, cc h thng FTTH c kh nng truyn ti tc hng Gb/s v d
OC-48/STM-16 (2.5GHz) hoc cc dch v bng rng tng thch vi
SONET/SDH ti thu bao. Hn na, v mi ONU c t ti nh thu bao, do
vy khng cn thit cng sut ngoi hoc bo dng thm.
Nhc im chnh ca FTTH l gi thnh mi OTU tng i cao v chi
ph lp t cp quang ban u. Bt chp nhc im ny, kin trc FTTH c
nhiu tim nng ha hn cung cp cc dch v bng rng cho thu bao.
1.3.3 - V tinh qung b trc tip DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite)
Cng ngh DBS da trn cc v tinh ng b a tnh cung cp cc chng
trnh truyn hnh a knh cho cc thu bao c trang b cc b thu DBS. Tuy nhin
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Vit Nam hin nay cha c v tinh ring v cng cha c cc knh truyn hnh
tr tin qua v tinh ring. Cc chng trnh truyn hnh qua v tinh c cung cp
bi cc nh cung cp dch v nc ngoi v thng qua cc v tinh nc ngoi.
Ngi dn mun ng k dch v truyn hnh qua v tinh cn phi c s cho
php ca B Vn Ho Thng Tin. V vy, truyn hnh tr tin qua v tinh Vit
Nam gp nhiu hn ch nh: khng c knh truyn hnh v ngn ng ting vit
ng k dch v phc tp, chi ph thu bao cao. Chnh v nhng l do ny m s
lng ngi xem truyn hnh qua v tinh Vit Nam rt t.
1.3.4 - Dch v phn phi a im a knh (MMDS)
(MMDS: Multipoint Multichanel Distribution Service)
Cng ngh truy nhp MMDS l mt cng ngh khng dy (wireless) khc
c da trn cc knh Video tng t v s qung b mt t. Kin trc c bn
MMDS gm cc khi pht v tuyn MMDS t ti cc thp radio cng vi anten,
mt anten ca thu bao, mt b h tn v mt STB. Mi vng phc v c chia
thnh cc cell c phn giao nhau, mi cell c bn knh 40 km. i vi truyn dn
yu cu mc tin cy cao, tm nhn gia anten pht v thu c yu cu bnh
thng. V tm nhn lun khng thun li nn nhn t nh hng ti cht lng
ch yu trong h thng MMDS l tn hiu fading nhiu ng. S dng cng
ngh MMDS c nhng thun li v kh khn sau:
1 Thun li
Trin khai mng n gin, chi ph thp: Do mi trng truyn dn tn hiu
MMDS l sng vi ba (sng v tuyn) cho nn khi trin khai mng n thu bao
khng cn phi ko cp ti tn h thu bao, m ch cn dng ct anten thu ti thu
bao sao cho c th nhn thy ct anten pht (ti ct anten ca i THVN) l c th
thu c tn hiu v gii m xem. c im ny s gip nh cung cp dch v
MMDS khng mt thi gian, cng sc v chi ph o ng ri cp, m bo m
quan th.
2 Kh khn
- Hn ch vng ph sng: Do s dng sng viba ti di tn 900MHz truyn
tn hiu Video, MMDS i hi anten pht v anten thu phi nhn thy nhau th
mi thu c tn hiu tt. V vy i vi cc h dn c nm pha sau cc khu
khch sn cao tng, cc khu cao c, vic thu tn hiu MMDS rt kh thc hin.
iu ny cng xy ra i vi cc gia nh trong cc ngi nh thp, b cc vt
cn nh cy ci che chn. t chnh l tr ngi ln cho vic cung cp dch v
MMDS n vi mi ngi dn s dng dch v.
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- Chu tc ng mnh bi nhiu cng nghip: Do s dng phng thc iu ch

tn hiu truyn hnh tng t (analog) khng c kh nng chng li, li truyn
bng sng v tuyn, tn hiu MMDS b nh hng rt mnh bi cc ngun
nhiu cng nghip: nhiu t mng in li, nhiu t cc thit b in: mt
in, qut in m khng c cch hn ch v khc phc. iu ny dn n
gim cht lng hnh nh ca dch v MMDS.
- Chu nh hng ln bi thi tit: khi thi tit xu, v d nh ma to, st tn
hiu MMDS v tuyn b suy hao rt ln trong khng gian, dn n gim mnh
cht lng tn hiu hnh nh.
- Yu cu ph tn s v tuyn qu ln: Mun c kh nng cung cp nhiu
chng trnh truyn hnh tng t, MMDS i hi phi c di tn ln . V
d: c th cung cp 13 knh truyn hnh tng t, MMDS i hi phi c
di tn ti thiu l 13knh x 8MHz/knh = 104MHz. y l mt di tn v
tuyn rt ln, v khi cng tng s lng chng trnh th yu cu rng bng
tn cng tng theo. Trong khi ph tn v tuyn l ngun ti nguyn qu gi
i vi mi mt quc gia. Khng ch c dch v truyn hnh MMDS, truyn
hnh qung b mt t s dng ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny, m cn rt nhiu
cc dch v vin thng khc cng nh cc trm pht v tuyn thuc nghip v
an ninh quc phng tham gia s dng ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny. V th
vic chim dng ph tn v tuyn qu ln ca MMDS l khng hiu qu.
- Gy can nhiu cc i pht v tuyn khc: Mc d c phn mt di tn
ring, nhng my pht MMDS cng nh cc my pht v tuyn khc lun sinh
ra cc tn s hi bc cao c th nh hng n cc trm pht v tuyn nghip
v khc.
- Kh khn trong vic cung cp dch v truyn hnh s: Hin nay vic khng s
dng MMDS cung cp dch v truyn hnh l xu hng thc t trn th gii
(do cc nhc im trn) . Chnh v th vic cc thit b pht tn hiu truyn
hnh s MMDS khng c pht trin, thm na, cc thit b gii m pha
thu bao cng khng c cc nh sn xut thit b nghin cu v sn xut. Do
vic ng dng truyn hnh s nng cao cht lng hnh nh, dch v ca
MMDS s khng c tnh kh thi.
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Khi pht v
tuyn MMDS
Mi trng
truyn dn
Khi h tn
STB
Trung tm
Hnh 1.6 Cu hnh mng dch v phn phi a knh a im MMDS
Mt cng ngh gn vi MMDS l cng ngh lai ghp gia cp quang v

khng dy (HFW) hay cn gi l lai ghp gia quang v v tuyn (HFR). Kin
trc ny tng t nh HFC mt headend trung tm pht cc dch v bng
rng ti nhiu cell RF qua cp n mode SMF, ti thu bao c thc hin qua 2
chiu MMDS.
C nhiu u im trong kin trc ny:
- Tng tin cy truyn dn 2 chiu gia thu bao v headend so vi kin trc
MMDS truyn thng.
- Gim lp t vng RF v chi ph bo dng.
- Kin trc ny thng ph hp trin khai trn din rng trong cc khu vc
thnh th ti mng cp quang c xy dng.
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CHNG II KIN TRC MNG TRUYN HNH CP

2.1 - Kin trc mng CATV truyn thng
Hnh 2.1 l s n gin ca mt mng cp ton ng trc. Cc chng
trnh thu c t v tinh hoc viba ti headend, headend thc hin nhim v sau:
Head
end
Thu
bao
Thu
bao
Thu
bao
Cp
trung k
Cp fid
Ch thch
Pad
B khuch
i
Spliter
Tap
Cp
thu bao
Hnh 2.1 Kin trc n gin mng CATV truyn thng
- Thu cc chng trnh (v d t NBC, CBS, v cc mng cp nh MTV&

ESPN)
- Chuyn i tng knh ti knh tn s RF mong mun, ngu nhin ha cc
knh khi c yu cu.
- Kt hp tt c cc tn s vo mt knh n tng t bng rng (ghp FDM).
- Pht qung b knh tng t tng hp ny xung cho cc thu bao .
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H thng mng truyn dn bao gm:

- Cp chnh trung k (Trunk cable).
- Fid cp: Cp r ra t cc cp trung k
- Cp thu bao (Drop cable): Phn cp kt ni t cp nhnh fid n thu bao h
gia nh.
Lu lng Video tng ng xung pht t headend v c a ti cc
cp trung k. cung cp cho ton mt vng, cc b chia tn hiu (spliter) s chia
lu lng ti cc cp nhnh fid t cp trung k. Tn hiu a n thu bao c
trch ra t cc cp nhnh (fid cp) nh b trch tn hiu Tap.
Mc tn hiu suy hao t l vi bnh phng tn s trung tm khi truyn qua
cp trc (cp trung k, cp fid v cp thu bao). Do vy tn hiu tn s cng
cao suy hao cng nhanh so vi tn s thp. l l do ti sao cc nh cung cp
mong mun t knh. Mc tn hiu cng b suy gim khi i qua cc b Spliter v
Tap .
Trn ng i ca tn hiu, cc b khuch i tn hiu c t cc
khong cch ph hp khi phc tn hiu b suy hao. Cc b khuch i c
cp ngun nh cc b cp ngun t ri rc trn ng i ca cp, cc b ngun
ny c nui t mng in s ti. Cc b khuch i xa ngun c cp ngun
cng chnh bng cp ng trc: dng in mt chiu c cng chung vi tn hiu
nh b cng. n cc b khuch i, dng mt chiu s c tch ring cp
ngun cho b khuch i.
V cc knh tn s cao tn hiu suy hao nhanh hn nht l trn khong cch
truyn dn di, cc knh tn s cao cn c mc khuch i cao hn so vi cc
knh tn s thp. Do cn phi cn bng cng sut trong di tn pht ti nhng
im cui gim mo. ph cho mt vng, mt b khuch i c th t
mc cao, kt qu l c mc tn hiu v mo u ln. Do vy ti nh thu bao gn
headend cn mt thit b th ng lm suy gim bt mc tn hiu gi l Pad.
Cc h thng cp ng trc ci thin ng k cht lng tn hiu thu ca
TV. Mc d nhiu vng tn hiu truyn hnh v tuyn qung b thu c c cht
lng kh tt nhng CATV vn c la chn ph bin v kh nng la chn
nhiu chng trnh. Tuy nhin mng ton cp ng trc c mt s nhc im
sau:
Mc d t c mt s thnh cng v cung cp dch v truyn hnh, cc h
thng thun ty cp trc khng th tha mn cc dch v bng rng tc cao.
Dung lng knh ca h thng khng p ng cho pht v tinh qung b
trc tip DBS. H thng cp ng trc c th cung cp hn 40 knh nhng cc
thu bao DBS c th thu c gp 2 ln s knh trn, cho h la chn
chng trnh. Cc mng cp yu cu cn thm dung lng knh tng cnh
tranh.
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Truyn dn tn hiu bng cp ng trc c suy hao rt ln, nn cn phi t

nhiu b khuch i tn hiu trn ng truyn. Do vy phi c cc chi ph
khc km theo: ngun cp cho b khuch i, cng sut tiu th ca mng tng
ln dn n chi ph cho mng ln.
Cc h thng cp ng trc thiu tin cy. Nu mt b khuch i gn
headend khng hot ng (v d nh mt ngun nui), tt c cc thu bao do
b khuch i cung cp s mt cc dch v.
Mc tn hiu (cht lng tn hiu) s khng p ng cho s lng ln cc
thu bao. Do s dng cc b khuch i b suy hao cp, nhiu ng truyn
tc ng vo tn hiu v nhiu ni b ca b khuch i c loi b khng ht
v tch t trn ng truyn, nn cng xa trung tm, cht lng tn hiu cng
gim, dn n hn ch bn knh phc v ca mng.
Cc h thng cp ng trc rt phc tp khi thit k v vn hnh hot ng.
Vic gi cho cng sut cn bng cho tt c cc thu bao l vn rt kh.
gii quyt cc nhc im trn, cc nh cung cp cng i ti tng s dng
cp quang thay cho cp trung k ng trc. Ton h thng s c c cp quang v
cp ng trc gi l mng lai gia cp quang v ng trc (mng lai HFC). Yu
cu i vi h thng quang tng t l duy tr s tng thch vi cc thit b cp
kim loi hin c.
2.2 - Kin trc mng c cu trc
2.2.1 - Cc c im c bn mng HFC
Khi nim:
Mng HFC (Hybrid Fiber/Coaxial network) l mng lai gia cp quang v
cp ng trc, s dng ng thi cp quang v cp ng trc truyn v phn
phi tn hiu. Vic truyn tn hiu t trung tm n cc node quang l cp quang,
cn t cc node quang n thu bao l cp ng trc.
Mng HFC bao gm 3 mng con (segment) gm:
- Mng truyn dn (Transport segment)
- Mng phn phi (Distribution segment)
- Mng truy nhp (Acess segment)
Mng truyn dn bao gm h thng cp quang v cc Hub s cp, nhim v
ca n l truyn dn tn hiu t headend n cc khu vc xa. Cc Hub s cp c
chc nng thu/pht quang t/n cc node quang v chuyn tip tn hiu quang ti
cc Hub khc.
Mng phn phi tn hiu bao gm h thng cp quang, cc Hub th cp v
cc node quang. Tn hiu quang t cc Hub s c chuyn thnh tn hiu in ti
cc node quang truyn n thu bao. Ngc li trong trng hp mng 2 chiu,
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tn hiu in t mng truy nhp s c thu ti node quang v chuyn thnh tn

hiu quang truyn n Hub v headend.
Mng truy nhp bao gm h thng cp ng trc, cc thit b thu pht cao
tn c nhim v truyn ti cc tn hiu cao tn RF gia node quang v cc thit b
thu bao. Thng thng bn knh phc v ca mng con truy nhp ti a khong
300m.
Mng truyn dn
(backbone)
Mng phn phi
Mng truy nhp
Hnh 2.2 Kin trc mng HFC
Hot ng ca mng:
Tn hiu Video tng t cng nh s t cc ngun khc nhau nh: Cc b
pht p v tinh, ngun qung b mt t, Video sever c a ti headend
trung tm. Ti y tn hiu c ghp knh v truyn i qua Ring si n mode
(SMF). Tn hiu c truyn t headend trung tm ti thng thng l 4 hoc 5
Hub s cp. Mi Hub s cp cung cp tn hiu cho khong hn 150.000 thu bao.
C khong 4 hoc 5 hub th cp v headend ni ht, mi hub s cp ch cung cp
cho khong 25000 thu bao. Hub th cp c s dng phn phi ph thm
cc tn hiu video tng t hoc s ghp knh vi mc ch gim vic pht
cng knh video ti cc headend s cp v th cp khc nhau. Cc knh s v
tng t ca headend trung tm c th cng c chia x s dng trn mng
backbone. Mng backbone c xy dng theo kin trc Ring s dng cng ngh
SONET/SDH hoc mt s cng ngh c quyn.
Cc c im ca SONET/SDH c nh ngha cp tc s liu chun t tc
OC-1 (51,84 Mb/s)/STM-1 (155,52 Mb/s) ti cc tc gp nguyn ln tc
ny.
Trong mng SONET/SDH, tn hiu Video tng t c s ho, iu ch,
ghp knh TDM v c truyn cc tc khc nhau t OC-12/STM-4 (622
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Mb/s) ti OC-48/STM-16 (2448 Mb/s). y s dng k thut ghp knh thng

k TDM tng rng bng tn s dng. Ghp knh thng k TDM thc hin
cp pht ng cc khe thi gian theo yu cu thc hin cc dch v c tc
bt thay i qua mng SONET/SDH. gim chi ph lp t, phn ln cc nh
iu hnh CATV la chn s dng thit b tng thch vi chun SONET/SDH,
tu theo cc giao din mng. Dung lng node quang c xc nh bi s lng
thu bao m n cung cp tn hiu. Node quang c th l node c nh vi khong
100 thu bao hoc c ln vi khong 2000 thu bao.
2.2.2 - u v nhc im ca mng HFC
- S dng cp quang truyn tn hiu, mng HFC s s dng cc u im vt
tri ca cp quang so vi cc phng tin truyn dn khc: Di thng cc ln,
suy hao tn hiu rt thp, t b nhiu in t, chng lo ha v n mn ha hc
tt. Vi cc si quang c sn xut vi cng ngh hin i ngy nay, cc si
quang cho php truyn cc tn hiu c tn s ln ti hng trm THz (1014
1015 Hz). y l di thng tn hiu v cng ln, c th p ng mi yu cu di
thng ng truyn m khng mt phng tin truyn dn no khc c th c
c.
- Tn hiu quang truyn trn si quang hin nay ch yu nm trong 2 ca s
bc sng quang l 1310 nm v 1550 nm. y l 2 ca s c suy hao tn hiu
rt nh: 0,3 dB/km vi bc sng 1310 nm v 0,2 nm vi bc sng 1550 nm.
Trong khi vi mt si cp ng trc loi suy hao thp nht cng phi mt
43 dB/km ti tn s 1 GHz.
- Tn hiu truyn trn si cp l tn hiu quang, v vy khng b nh hng bi
cc nhiu in t t mi trng dn n m bo c cht lng tn hiu trn
ng truyn. c ch to t cc cht trung tnh l Plastic v thy tinh, cc
si quang l cc vt liu khng b n mn ha hc dn n tui th ca si cao.
- C kh nng d phng trong trng hp si quang b t.
Trc y cc mng con truy nhp thng s dng cc thit b tch cc l
cc b khuch i tn hiu nhm b suy hao cp truyn tn hiu i xa. Theo
kinh nghim ca cc nh iu hnh mng cp ca chu u v chu M, trc trc
ca mng truyn hnh cp phn ln xy ra do cc b khuch i v cc thit b
ghp ngun cho chng. Cc thit b ny nm ri rc trn mng, v th vic nh v,
sa cha thng thng khng th thc hin nhanh c nn nh hng n cht
lng phc v khch hng ca mng. Vi cc mng truy nhp ng trc, khi cung
cp dch v 2 chiu, cc b khuch i cn tch hp phn t khuch i tn hiu
cho cc tn hiu ngc dng d n n nh ca mng gim. Hin nay xu
hng trn th gii ang chuyn dn sang s dng mng truy nhp th ng, ti
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khng s dng bt c mt thit b tch cc no na, m ch cn cc b chia tn

hiu, cc b ghp nh hng v cc b trch tn hiu th ng. Mt mng HFC
ch s dng cc thit b cao tn th ng c gi l mng HFC th ng HFPC
(Hybrid Fiber/Passive Coaxial) nh th hin trong hnh 2.3. S dng mng truy
nhp th ng hon ton s to ra cc u im sau:
- Cht lng tn hiu c nng cao do khng s dng cc b khuch i tn
hiu m hon ton ch dng cc thit b th ng nn tn hiu ti thu bao s
khng b nh hng ca nhiu tch t do cc b khuch i.
- S c ca mng s gim rt nhiu dn n tng n nh v cht lng phc
v mng v trc trc ca mng truyn hnh cp phn ln xy ra do cc b
khuch i v thit b ghp ngun cho chng.
- Cc thit b th ng u c kh nng truyn tn hiu theo 2 chiu v th n
nh ca mng vn cao khi cung cp dch v 2 chiu.
- S dng hon ton cc thit b th ng s gim chi ph rt ln cho vic cp
ngun bo dng, thay th v sa cha cc thit b tch cc dn n gim chi
ph iu hnh mng.
- Nu s dng mng ng trc th ng, s lng thu bao ti mt node quang
s gim i, dn n dung lng ng truyn cho tn hiu hng ln s tng
ln, to ra kh nng cung cp tt cc dch v 2 chiu tc cao cho thu bao.
Tuy nhin, mng truy nhp cp ng trc th ng HFPC cng c mt s
nhc im sau:
- Do khng s dng cc b khuch i tn hiu cao tn, tn hiu suy hao trn cp
s khng c b dn n hn ch ln bn knh phc v ca mng.
- Do khng ko cp ng trc i xa, s lng thu bao c th phc v bi mt
node quang c th gim i. c th phc v s lng thu bao ln nh khi s
dng cc b khuch i tn hiu, cn ko cp quang n gn thu bao hn v
tng s node quang dn n tng chi ph rt ln cho mng.
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B chia
B chia
Mng truyn dn
(Backbond)
Mng phn phi
Mng truy nhp
Hnh 2.3 Cu trc mng HFPC
2.2.3 - Kt lun
Nh trnh by trn, u im ca mng ny l nhc im ca mng
kia. Tu thuc vo m hnh kinh t, iu kin a l p dng loi mng no cho
ph hp. Nu xt trong cng mt phm vi phc v, mng HFPC yu cu s lng
node quang ln hn mng HFC. V vy:
- Trong iu kin mng quang c sn, nn chn phng n xy dng mng
HPFC nhm mc ch gim chi ph u t cho mng ng trc, y nhanh tc
trin khai mng, nng cao cht lng tn hiu v hiu qu khai thc.
- Trong iu kin mng quang cn hn hp, nn chn phng n xy dng mng
HFC. Khi , y nhanh tc m rng mng phi vn di mng ng
trc bng cch s dng cc b khuch i cao tn.
i vi tnh hnh nc ta hin nay th cu trc mng HFC hp l hn v
Vit Nam mng truyn hnh cp vn ang cn mi m, mng mi c a vo
s dng trong khong thi gian ngn nn c s h tng cn thiu thn. H thng
mng hu nh phi ko mi nn gim chi ph lp t cho c nh khai thc ln
cc thu bao th mng HFC l hp l nht nn trong phm vi n ny em ch xt
cu trc mng HFC v phng php thit k mng ny.
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CHNG III CC THIT B CHNH TRONG MNG QUANG

3.1 Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Headend
3.1.1 - S khi c bn ca Headend
1/ Khi RF/IF l khi chuyn i t tn hiu cao tn (RF) ca truyn hnh qung
b ln tn hiu trung tn (IF) ca h thng truyn hnh cp (hay cn gi l b
upconverter).
2/ Khi thu tn hiu v tinh l khi c chc nng chuyn i t tn hiu v tinh (l
hai tn hiu audio v video tch bit) c tn s cao xung tn hiu trung tn (IF)
ca h thng truyn hnh cp (gi l b downconverter).
3/ Khi IF/IF l b lc trung tn c chc nng lc ng tn s ca knh truyn
hnh cn thu.
4/ Khi IF/RF l khi chuyn i t tn hiu trung tn ln tn hiu cao tn trong
di tn ca h thng truyn hnh cp ghp knh v truyn ln mng n thu
bao.
5/ Khi combiner l khi kt hp knh hay cn gi l khi ghp knh n c chc
nng ghp cc knh truyn hnh thu c t truyn hnh qung b v t v tinh
vo mt di tn ng xung (65MHz ~ 862MHz) ca h thng truyn hnh cp
theo phng thc ghp knh theo tn s (FDM).
6/ Khuch i RF l b khuch i tn hiu cao tn trc khi a vo b chia tn
hiu cao tn vo my pht.
7/ My pht quang c chc nng chuyn i t tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang
v ghp n vo si quang truyn i.
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25
n tt nghip
26
Cp ng trc
IS
RF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
IF
A/V
A/V
A/V
A/V
A/V
A/V
IF
IF
IF
IF
RF
RF
RF
RF
Thu v
tinh (IF)
Thu v
tinh (IF)
Thu v
tinh (IF)
Thu v
tinh (IF)
Thu v
tinh (IF)
Thu v
tinh (IF)
IF
IF
IF
IF
IS
RF
RF
RF
RF
RF
RF
RF
RF
RF
IS
IS
IS
Combiner
RF
Si quang
Pht quang
(Tx)
Hnh 3.1 Trung tm Headen
3.1.2 - Nguyn l hot ng ca Headend

Cc chng trnh qung b mt t (VTV1, VTV2, VTV3, ) c thu
qua cc anten VHF (very hight friquency), mi mt knh truyn hnh c thu
qua mt anten ring, cc knh truyn hnh thu c sau a vo khi chuyn
i t tn hiu cao tn RF thnh tn hiu trung tn IF (upconverter). Lc ny tn
hiu thu c t mi anten l mt di tn bao gm knh tn hiu cn thu v cc
knh tn hiu khc lt vo (v d: anten VHF cn thu knh VTV3 nhng trong tn
hiu thu c c c cc knh khc nh HTV, VTV2). Tn hiu trung tn chung
ny c a qua b lc trung tn lc ly knh tn hiu cn thu (VTV3). Mi
b lc trung tn c iu chnh ch thu mt knh tn hiu. Tn hiu trung tn
ra khi b lc ch c mt knh duy nht. Cc knh tn hiu ny s c i ln tn
s RF qua b chuyn i IF/RF c tn hiu RF nm trong di tn ng
xung ca mng CATV. Sau tn hiu RF ny c a vo b kt hp
(combiner 16:1) ghp knh vi cc knh tn hiu khc theo phng thc ghp
knh theo tn s (FDM: Friquency Division Multiplexing).
Cc tn hiu v tinh c thu qua anten parabol l cc tn hiu truyn hnh
bao gm nhiu knh ghp li vi nhau, tch cc knh ny ra thnh cc knh
c lp th chng c chia thnh nhiu ng bng cc b chia v tinh. Sau
mi ng s c a vo b thu v tinh (downconverter) chuyn t tn s
cao thnh tn s thp, tn hiu ra khi b thu l tn hiu A/V. y cha phi l tn
hiu m CATV cn nn sau chng c a vo b chuyn i A/V thnh
IF.Tn hiu ra l tn hiu IF trn c Audeo v Video. Tn hiu trung tn ny vn l
s kt hp ca nhiu knh tn hiu , ly ra mt knh theo yu cu th chng
c a qua b lc trung tn ging nh khi thu cc chng trnh truyn hnh
qung b v tn hiu ra l knh tn hiu cn thu. Cc knh ny tip tc c a
vo b chuyn i IF/RF c tn hiu RF nm trong di tn CATV. Sau
c a vo combiner 16:1 ghp knh vi cc knh truyn hnh khc thu t
v tinh v cc knh truyn hnh qung b trong di tn ng xung (70MHz ~
862MHz). Tn hiu ra l tn hiu RF ghp knh bao gm nhiu knh c ghp
li vi nhau. Tn hiu ny c th a vo my thu hnh ca thu bao gii m
v xem c, nhng truyn i xa v theo nhiu hng khc nhau th n c
a vo b khuch i khuch i ln sau chia ra bng b chia tn hiu cao
tn (b chia k hiu ISV hoc IS). Tn hiu sau b chia mi ng c a vo
mt my pht quang, ti y tn hiu RF c chuyn thnh tn hiu quang v
ghp vo si quang truyn n thu bao qua mng HFC.
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3.1.3 - Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my pht quang

3.1.3.1 Cu to
Tn hiu
vo
B lp
m
B iu
khin
Ip
Ngun
quang
Tn hiu
quang ra
Hnh 3.2 S khi my pht tn hiu quang
My pht quang bao gm 3 khi chnh nh sau:

+ B lp m c chc nng chuyn cc m ng truyn khc nhau (RZ, NRZ,
AMI) thnh m ng truyn thch hp trn ng truyn quang, thng l m
Manchester.
+ B iu khin c chc nng chuyn tn hiu vo biu din theo p thnh tn hiu
biu din theo dng ph hp vi ngun laser. V ngun laser ch lm vic vi tn
hiu dng.
+ Ngun quang trong trng hp ny dng ngun laser loi phn b phn hi
(DFB) nng cao cht lng tn hiu. C cc loi ngun quang thng dng
sau:
1/ Laser iode c khoang cng hng Fabry perot
Laser ioe c cu trc d th kp nh LED , nhng c kh nng khuch i.
t c mc ch ny thng dng khoang cng hng Fabry-perot, bng cch
mi nhn hai u d th kp thnh hai gng phn x nh hnh 3.2a. Cu trc ny
ca laser diode c vit tt l FP-LD.
Khong cch hai gng trong laser diode Fabry-perot l L. cc gng ny
c kh nng to ra hi tip tch cc, tc l s quay li ca cc photon kch thch
trong vng hot tnh s kch thch nhiu photon hn. nh sng i ra ngoi qua hai
gng phn x.
Xt iu kin khuch i trong laser diode Fabry-perot: mt sng truyn t
gng bn tri ti gng bn phi, nh hnh 3.3b. Ti gng bn phi, sng ny
s phn x v tip tc truyn nh th. Dng sng ny gi l sng ng. trong
bung cng hng ch c sng vi bc sng n nh th n phi l sng ng.
Yu cu vt l ny c th c vit nh sau:
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28
N=
Trong :
2L
(3.1)
L: l khong cch hai gng

N: l s nguyn
tho mn iu kin cng hng, hai gng phn x phi cch nhau mt
khong l L bng s nguyn ln na bc sng.
Qu trnh pht x ca FP-LD c thc hin khi mt vi bc sng cng hng
nm trong ng cong khuch i c h s khuch i ln hn suy hao, nh trong
hnh 3.3c
Gng
Vng hot tnh

Vng hn ch
Vng hn ch
(a)
(b)
Cng sut u ra (mW)
(nm)
(c)
Hnh 3.3 Laser Fabry-perot: (a) Cu to ca khoang cng

hng; (b) Hnh thnh sng ng trong khoang cng hng;
(c) Ph pht x ca FP-LD
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Cng sut ra (mW)
c tnh P I ca laser diode nh hnh 3.4. c tnh ph ca FP LD nh hnh

3.3d.
Dng (mA)
Hnh 3.4 c tnh P I ca laser diode
2/ Laser diode DFB (Distributed FeedBack)

Nguyn l hot ng ca laser DFB l s dng hin tng phn x Bragg
vo mc ch nn cc mode bn trong v chn lc tn s. Trong thit b ny
bung cng hng Fabry-perot c thay th bng cch t nhiu x (Hnh 3.5).
Sng quang lan truyn song song vi cch t, do cch t c cu trc tun
hon chu k to hin tng giao thoa gia hai sng ghp la truyn ngc nhau.
hin tng giao thoa sng xy ra th sau mt chu k ca cch t pha ca sng
phi thay i 2m, trong m l s nguyn, c gi l bc nhiu x Bragg tc
l:
2neff
(3.2)
2m = 2
B
Vi neff l chit sut hiu dng ca mode (neff 3,4 i vi bc sng
1550nm InGaAsP laser). l chu k cch t, h s 2 xut hin trong biu thc
trn v nh sng phi phn x hai ln trng pha vi pha ca sng ti.
Nu iu kin (3.2) khng tho mn th nh sng tn x t cch t s giao
thoa trit tiu ln nhau, kt qu l sng khng th lan truyn i c. Khi m = 1
th bc sng B c gi l bc sng Bragg bc 1 v:
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30
B = 2neff
(3.3)
Lp tip xc
P
Cch t
Vng hot
tnh
Lp tip xc
Hnh 3.5 Cu trc diode laser hi tip phn tn DFB
Cng thc (3.3) l trng hp c bit ca nh lut Bragg v nu m = 1

n v th sng c gi l tho mn iu kin Bragg th nht. Ngoi ra cng c
th nh sng phn x tho mn iu kin Bragg th hai. Thc t th khi m = 2,
chu k cch t tng ln v d ch to hn. Lu rng cch t khng nm trong
lp hot tnh nguyn nhn l do cch t nm trong vng hot tnh s gy ra s
chuyn v b mt v iu ny s lm tng t l ti hp khng bc x. Lp cch t
c thc hin nh cng ngh quang khc hoc cng ngh n mn ho hc.
c tuyn P-I ca laser c th hin nh trong hnh 3.4 v chc nng iu
ch tn hiu tng t c th hin nh trong hnh3.6a v iu ch tn hiu s
c th hin nh trong hnh 3.6b. y logic 0 tng ng vi trng thi ti v
logic 1 tng ng vi trng thi sng ca nh sng laser. Mt tn hiu thay i
thng t gi tr di ngng n gi tr trn ngng ca c tuyn laser (dng
bm).
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P(mW)
Tn hiu quang u ra
IF (mA)
Ith
Ib
Tn hiu in u vo
Hnh 3.6.(a) iu ch tn hiu s
P(mW)
Tn hiu quang u ra
Ib
Ith
IF (mA)
Tn hiu in u vo
Hnh 3.6.(b) iu ch tng t
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3.1.3.2 Hot ng ca my pht

Tn hiu cao tn RF qua b lp m (nu l tn hiu s th n s c chuyn
i m ng truyn hin ti thnh m ng truyn thch hp cho ng truyn
quang thng l m Manchester) sau tn hiu c a vo b iu khin
chuyn tn hiu in p thnh tn hiu dng bm thch hp cho ngun laser v
ngun laser c chc nng chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu nh sng v ghp
vo si quang qua b ni.
3.2 Cu to v hot ng ca node quang
1 - S khi ca node quang 4 cng ra:
03
05
04
RF1
02
01
06
TP1
RF2
TP2
RF3
TP3
08
07
RF4
TP4
Hnh 3.7 S khi ca node quang 4 cng ra
2 - Cu to ca node quang bao gm cc khi c bn sau:
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33
(01) Khi thu quang c chc nng thu tn hiu t tuyn n v sau chuyn
thnh tn hiu cao tn (RF)
(02) Khi khi phc tn hiu: khi ny bao gm cc b chia tn hiu, b suy hao
(pad), b khuch i, chng C ch nng ln lt l chia u tn hiu cho cc
cng khc, iu chnh mc tn hiu ph hp vi yu cu u ra v khuch i tn
hiu.
(03) Khi khuch i cng sut trc khi a ra u ra.
(04) Khi Diplexer ba cng: c chc nng r tn hiu ng xung v ng ln.
Tn hiu c ng xung s i theo cng H (Hight) cn ng ln s theo cng L
(Low).
(05) L cc b r tn hiu (trch tn hiu ra ) kim tra.
(06) L khi kt hp (Combiner) tn hiu t hai cng theo hng ln (Hng tr
v trung tm)
TP (Test Point): l u kim tra,ti mi u ra s c mt u kim tra tn hiu
c trch ra bng khi chia tn hiu.
3 - Nguyn l hot ng ca node quang
Tn hiu quang ti u vo c chuyn thnh tn hiu cao tn (RF) qua
it quang in vo b khuch i, tn hiu cao tn (RF) c chia u thnh hai
hng vo hai khi tng t nhau. Ti y tn hiu c khi phc li nh b cn
chnh v khuch i ln a vo b chia, tn hiu li tip tc c chia thnh hai
hng vo b khuch i cng sut trc khi a ra cng. Tn hiu hng xung
i qua khi Diplexer s i qua cng H ra cng ra. Cn tn hiu cao tn hng ln
(i t pha thu bao) s i qua cng L vo khi Combiner v c kt hp vi tn
hiu n t cc cng khc qua b lc, b lc s lc ly khong tn hiu trong bng
tn hng ln (5MHz 65MHz) sau c khuch i v c a vo khi
pht quang. Ti y tn hiu cao tn (RF) s c chuyn thnh tn hiu quang
qua it in quang truyn v trung tm trn cc si cp hng ln.
4 - Chc nng ca node quang
Chc nng chnh ca node quang l chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn
hiu cao tn (RF) v ngc li. ng thi n cng khuch i tn hiu v cn
chnh li tn hiu tng t nh tn hiu ti my pht. V tn hiu khi truyn trn si
quang b suy hao v cc xung b gin ra do hin tng tn sc ca si quang m
c bit l truyn trn si n mode nn s nh hng ny li cng ln. Chng
lm suy gim cht lng tn hiu v vy cn cn chnh v khuch i. Tn hiu vo
ca node quang nm trong khong 2.5dBm +2dBm v tn hiu ra thng thng
ca mt node quang trong khong 108dBV. Khong bc sng hot ng l t
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34
1270 1550nm, trong truyn hnh cp dng ca s quang 1310nm c suy hao
trn si quang thp.
3.3 Si quang
3.3.1 - Cu to v dng si quang
V
Lp v bo v
Li
Hnh 3.8 Cu to si quang
truyn lan c nh sng, mt si quang c bn c cu to nh hnh 3.8.

Mc d trn thc t, si quang c th c nhiu lp nhng ch c hai lp c bn l
lp li (core) v lp v (cladding) ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh truyn
lan nh sng. C lp li v lp v c ch to t thu tinh Silic, tuy nhin chng
c chit xut khc nhau, li c chit xut ln hn v m bo iu kin phn
x c th duy tr vic truyn lan nh sng bn trong li si quang. Chnh lch
chit xut gia lp li v lp v thng khong mt vi phn trm. Hu ht cc
loi si quang u c ng knh lp v khong 125m. Bn ngoi lp v ny
thng l mt vi lp bc bo v trnh s tc ng c hc vo si gy bin i
cc c tnh c l ca si.
3.3.2 - Si n mode v si a mode
Khi nh sng truyn lan bn trong li ca mt si quang ph thuc vo h
s khc x ca li (h s khc x l hng s hoc thay i), c th c cc phn b
trng in t khc nhau qua mt ct ca si. Mi mt phn b thng tho mn
phng trnh Maxwell v cc iu kin bin ti mt phn cch li-v c gi l
mt mode quang (Transverse mode). Cc mode khc nhau truyn lan dc trn si
quang cc vn tc khc nhau. Si quang cho php lan truyn ch mt mode duy
nht c gi l si quang n mode (single mode fiber). Si quang cho php
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35
truyn lan nhiu mode ng thi c gi l si quang a mode (Multimode

fiber).
n2
n1
2a
n2
n1
(a)
2a
n2
(b)
n1
2a
(c)
Hnh 3.9 Mt ct v cc tia sng truyn trong (a) si a mode chit
xut phn bc, (b) si a mode chit xut Gradien v (c) si n
mode chit xut phn bc
iu mu cht trong vic thit k, ch to si truyn n mode l ng

knh li si phi nh, xut pht t mi quan h gia bc sng ct ca si vi
ng knh li. Bc sng ct c l bc sng m trn si ch c mt mode c
truyn v c tnh nh sau:
2a
(3.4)
c = V n1 - n2
Trong :
V = 2,405 i vi si c chit xut bc (SI fiber)
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36
a[m]: l bn knh ca li
n1 l chit xut ca li
n1 l chit xut ca v
Khi ng knh li ca si n mode khng ln hn nhiu so vi bc
sng th s c mt s phn chia cng sut ng k lp v. V th cn phi nh
ngha mt tham s khc c gi l ng knh trng mode (Mode Field
Diameter). Mt cch trc gic, chnh l rng ca trng mode. c bit,
ng knh trng mode chnh l trung bnh bnh phng rng ca trng nu
phn b trng theo Gauss. Khi phn b trng khng phi dng Gauss th c
nhiu cch nh ngha ng knh trng mode.
3.3.3 - Cc c tnh ca si quang
3.3.3.1 Suy hao
- Cng sut quang truyn ln si gim theo quy lut hm s m:
P(z) =
(- z)
P(0).10 10
(3.5)
Trong :
P(0)[mW]: l cng sut quang u si
P(z)[mW]: l cng sut quang c ly z
l h s suy hao
- suy hao ca si quang c tnh bi cng thc:
P2
A[dB] = -10lgP
1
Trong :
P1[dBm]: l cng sut quang u vo
P2[dBm]: l cng sut quang u ra
- H s suy hao trung bnh (suy hao trn mt n v chiu di):
A[dB]
[dB/km] = L[km]
Trong :
A[dB]: l suy hao ca si quang
L[km]: l chiu di si quang
(3.6)
(3.7)
3.3.3.2 Cc nguyn nhn gy nn suy hao

c 4 yu t gy suy hao c bn nh sau:
1 Suy hao hp th ca vt liu
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nh sng truyn lan trong si quang b hp th do cc vt liu si v c

bin i thnh nhit gy nn suy hao m khng lt nh snh ra ngoi. C hai dng
suy hao hp th vt liu c bn l suy hao do bn thn si quang v suy hao do c
tp cht trong thu tinh ch to si quang. Suy hao do bn thn vt liu si l do
cc cng hng nguyn t ca vt liu si. Trn hnh 3.9 cho chng ta thy s hp
th xy ra c hai min hng ngoi v cc tm. S hp th khng phi do bn
thn vt liu ch to si gy ra bi cc cng hng nguyn t ca cc thnh phn
khc cn gi l tp cht nh cc ion kim loi, ion Hydroxyn v cc lin kt OH
m tn s cng hng c bn ca n bc sng 2.8m. Do lin kt OH c th
hp th nh sng ti tn s cng hng v cc sng hi, do c nhiu nh hp
th ti cc bc sng 2.8/(n + 1) m, v d nh 1.4m, 0.93m v 0.7m (vi n
= 1,2 v 3) nh th hin hnh 3.10. Cc nh hp th khc nh l nh 1.24m
l do tc ng gia lin kt OH v SiO2.
Suy hao (dB/km)
Suy hao tng
ion OH
Tn x Rayleigh
3
2
Hp
th
hng ngoi
Hp th
cc tm
1
0
0.7
OH
0.8
0.9
850nm
1.ca s
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3 1.4
1300nm
2.ca s
Bc sng (m)
1.5 1.6
1550nm
3.ca s
Hnh 3.10 Suy hao tng ca si quang
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2 Suy hao do tn sc
C 4 loi suy hao tn sc trong si quang l Rayleigh, Mie, Brillouin v
Raman m trong quan trng nht l suy hao do tn sc Rayleigh. Suy hao do
tn sc Rayleigh t l thun vi 1/4 v c tnh nh sau:
1
(3.8)
R = CR 4 [dB/km]
y, CR c gi l h s tn sc Rayleigh. Gi tr thc t o c th
hin hnh 3.10 v nm trong khong t 0.8 1.0 (dB/km)/(m)2 v l mt hm
ca chnh lch chit xut giav li vi v, ng knh li v kiu ca vt liu.
Ni mt cch tng qut, chnh lch chit xut gia li v v cng ln th suy hao
do tn sc Rayleigh cng ln.
Suy hao tng bao gm suy hao vt liu v suy hao do tn sc Rayleigh c
th hin nh hnh 3.10 cho thy c hai ca s thp 1.3m v 1.55m. Do vy
hu ht cc ngun quang thng hot ng cc bc sng c suy hao l
nh nht.
Cc tn sc Rayleigh v Mie l cc tn sc tuyn tnh, trong cng sut
mt mode ca tng loi thit b bin thnh mode bc x bi tnh khng ng nht
ca ch s chit xut (Rayleigh) hoc tnh khng ng nht ca b mt dn sng
(Mie). Cc tn cc Brillouin v Raman l cc tn sc khng tuyn tnh , trong
cng sut mt mode ca tng loi b bin thnh mt mode c tn s khc. Tn sc
Brillouin c th coi nh mt s iu ch sng mang nh sng bi s dao ng
phn t nhit, tn s ca nh sng b iu ch s b dch ln hoc dch xung so
vi tn s sng mang vn c. Tn sc Raman ging nh tn sc Brillouin. Thc
t, c hai tn sc Brillouin v Raman cn cng sut ln, thng thng 100mW vi
Brillouin v 1W vi Raman. V th chng khng ng k khi cng sut c
truyn ch c vi mW.
3 Suy hao un cong
Tn hiu trong si quang cn chu suy hao bc x ti cc im un cong bi
cc mode vi phn c to ra. Trong thc t, suy hao un cong khng ng k tr
khi bn knh un cong si qu nh, do vy thng b qua suy hao un cong ny.
Tuy nhin khi tuyn truyn dn quang di v c nhiu im un cong th suy hao
do un cong c th ng k. Khi cn s dng cc si c ng knh trng
mode nh hn gim suy hao un cong.
4 Suy hao ghp ni v mi hn
Tn hiu quang cn b suy hao ti im kt ni gia hai si bng b ghp
ni hoc mi hn. Suy hao ny gy ra bi nhiu nguyn nhn sau y:
- Suy hao bi cc yu t bn ngoi:
n tt nghip
39
+ Khng ng tm gia hai li si

+ Mt ct si b nghing
+ C khe h gia hai u si c ni vi nhau
+ B mt u si khng phng
- Suy hao bi cc yu t ni ti:
+ Li si b elip
+ Khng tng thch v chit xut
+ Khng ng nht v ng knh trng mode
Thng thng suy hao ni ghp khong 0.2dB v suy hao mi ni khong
0.05dB.
3.3.4 - nhy thu v qu cng sut
Do suy hao si quang, cng sut nh sng s b suy gim khi lan truyn v
suy hao si s hn ch c ly lin lc v tc bt. Gii hn suy hao c th
c thy r thng qua khi nim nhy thu v qu cng sut.
1 - nhy thu
Trong mi h thng vin thng, mt cng sut thu ti thiu cn thit phi
c t c cc c tnh nht nh, cng sut thu ti thiu c gi l
nhy thu. Nu cng sut tn hiu thu c thp hn cng sut ti thiu cn thit
th h thng s khng tho mn cc ch tiu k thut hoc thm ch c th khng
lm vic c.
2 BER ca truyn dn s
Trong truyn dn s, phm cht c nh gi da trn thng s BER m
n l phn trm cc bt li thu c. Mt nguyn nhn c bn gy ra cc bt li
chnh l tp m. Cng sut tn hiu cng ln hn cng sut tp m th BER cng
nh. T kt qu cc nghin cu, BER i vi cc tp m trng phn b Gauss
(chnh l tp m nhit) c tnh nh sau:
BER =
1
2
x2
-2
dx = Q( SNR )
SNR
SNR
1
e 2
2SNR
(3.9)
Vi t s tn hiu trn tp m SNR >>1.

Nu BER yu cu nh hn 10-9 th SNR s phi t nht l 36 ln tc l
16dB. V vy, vi mt cng sut tp m tng cng cho ca h thng, nhy
thu s phi gp 36 ln cng sut tp m.
n tt nghip
40
3 Qu cng sut
Qu cng sut c nh ngha l hiu s gia mc cng sut pht v cng
sut thu cn thit v c tnh theo cng thc:
PTx
(3.10)
Bp = P
min
Hoc:
BD[dB] = PTx[dBm] PRxmin[dBm]
(3.11)
Vi: PTx[dBm]: l cng sut pht
PRxmin[dBm]: l cng sut thu ti thiu cn thit ( nhy thu)
Nh vy, suy hao tng cng trn ng truyn phi thp hn qu cng sut.
Trong si quang, suy hao c tnh theo dB/km. Nu mt si quang c di
L[km] v c suy hao si[dB/km] th suy hao tng cng ca si l si.L[dB]. V
vy ta cn c:
(3.12)
si.L + ghp ni.N + Aloss Qu cng sut
Trong :
si[dB/km]: l suy hao si
ghp ni[dB/mi hn]: l suy hao mi ghp ni
N: l tng s im ghp ni trn tuyn truyn dn
Alos[dB]: l cc suy hao khc
Qu cng sut c th c ci thin bng mt s cch, v d nh: c th
tng PTx bng cch tng cng sut ra ca laser hoc gim PRxmin bng cc b tch
sng quang dng thc l (Avalanche Photodetector). Qu cng sut cn c th
tng ln bng cch s dng cc b khuch i quang m chng c th rt quan
trng trong cc h thng thng tin xuyn i dng bi cc h thng ny th suy
hao l yu t v cng quan trng nh hng n h thng.
3.3.5 - Cc gii hn bi suy hao
T biu thc v qu cng sut (3.12) ta thy c ly truyn dn b hn ch
bi:
Lmax =
Trong :
1
{10lgPTx 10lgPRxmin - Aloss}
si
(3.13)
si[dB/km]: l suy hao si

PTx[dBm]: l cng sut pht
PRxmin[dBm]: l nhy thu m bo cht lng truyn dn nht
nh.
Alos[dB]: l cc suy hao khc
n tt nghip
41
Nu cng sut ra PTx ca b pht v suy hao si quang si l cho trc th

khong cch lin lc c th t c ph thuc c bn vo PRxmin.
V d: Nu PTx = 0dBm, PRxmin = -45dBm, si = 0.2dB/km, N = 2 v cc
suy hao khc trn h thng Aloss = 5dB th ta c:
Qu cng sut = 45dB.
T ta tnh c khong cch ti a:
Lmax = (45 5 -2)/0.2 = 190[km]
3.3.6 - Truyn lan nh sng trong si quang
Ngoi vn suy hao, tn sc si (Dispersion) cng l mt yu t hn ch
khc n vic truyn dn sng nh sng. Tn sc l mt hin tng m cc photon
(tc l cc mode) c tn s khc nhau truyn lan vi cc vn tc khc nhau. Do
vy, mt xung nh sng s tr nn rng hn v chng ln ln nhau khi n truyn
lan trn si quang. Trong phn ny s i vo c s vt l ca vic truyn lan nh
sng trong si quang, sau s cp n cc dng tn sc khc nhau trong si
v cc hn ch do tn sc. Vic truyn lan tn hiu trong si quang c th c m
t bng phng php quang hnh hoc bng cc hm Maxwell c th th hin mt
cch chnh xc, tuy nhin rt phc tp. n gin trong n ny ch yu xem
xt bn cht vt l ca vic truyn sng vi mt mc ton hc n gin nht.
3.3.6.1 Truyn lan tn hiu trong si quang
truyn c trong si quangth tia sng phi tun theo nh lut phn x
ton phn ca Snell. Trong si quang c hai loi tia c th truyn i trong l tia
kinh tuyn (Hnh 3.11) v tia nghing (Hnh 3.12). Tia kinh tuyn l tia truyn
dc theo si quang theo ng zic zc v cc tia ny ct ngang trc ca li si sau
mi ln phn x, cn tia nghing l tia truyn dc theo si quang theo ng xon
c v ng i ca cc tia ny thng di hn cc ng kinh tuyn do suy
hao mnh hn. V vy, vic i vo phn tch loi tia nghing ny l khng cn
thit v n khng phn nh v cc tia lan truyn trong si. Nn ch xem xt cc tia
kinh tuyn mi c ngha trong mc ch ny. Tuy nhin, cc tia nghing cng
gp phn vo vic kt lun qu trnh tip nhn cc tia sng v suy hao tn hiu ca
si quang.
Cc tia kinh tuyn c th hin trong hnh 3.11 l xt cho loi si c ch
s chit xut phn bc. Vi gc vo ca tia sng hp vi li trc mt gc 0. Theo
nh lut Snell th gcmin to ra s phn x ton phn s c xc nh nh sau:
n2
sinmin = n
(3.14)
1
n tt nghip
42
Trong :
min l gc ti hn
n1 l chit xut li
n2 l chit xut v
Nh vy, mi tia sng khi tip xc vo ranh gii li-v vi gc < min s
b khc x ra ngoi v v s b suy hao lp v. iu kin ca phng trnh 3.14
s b rng buc vi gc vo ln nht 0max theo phng trnh:
(3.15)
n0sin0max = n1sinc = n12 - n22
Trong c l gc khc x ti hn. Do vy, cc tia c gc vo 0 < 0max th
s phn x hon ton bn trong ti ranh gii li-v ca si quang. Hnh 3.10 cn
cho chng ta rt ra c hai nhn xt quan trng. Th nht, cc tia vi cc gc
> min c cc vn tc theo trc z l khc nhau. C th, vn tc theo trc z c
tnh bi:
C
(3.16)
vz = n sin
1
Vn tc ny ph thuc vo 1 do vy gy ra tr truyn lan khc nhau,
chnh l tn sc. Th hai, l cc tia c 1 cng ln th vn tc theo trc z cng ln
v do c vn tc gc cng nh. Nh trn hnh th hin th ta thy rng vn tc
gc cng ln th s thm thu ca nng lng nh sng vo lp v cng ln. Cc
tia c vn tc gc ln tng ng vi cc mode truyn lan bc cao. Khi vn tc gc
qu ln, tc l < min th tia sng s truyn lan vo lp v v khng phn x tr
li li c.
Phng trnh (3.15) cng xc nh khu s NA (Numerical Aperture) v
c nh ngha nh sau:
NA = n1sin0max = n12 - n22 = n1 2
(3.17)
n1 - n2
Vi = n
l chnh lch chit xut tng i gia li v v. Khu
1
s NA l mt thng s rt quan trng i vi si quang v n th hin s tip
nhn nh sng v kh nng tp trung cc tia sng ca si, cng v th m cho php
chng ta tnh ton c hiu qu ca qu trnh ghp ngun pht vo si dn
quang. Gi tr ca khu s NA lun nh hn mt n v v nm trong khong
n2
Tia khc x
Trc
n0
Tia phn x
0
n1
n
2
n tt nghip
Li
43
Hnh 3.11 Tia kinh tuyn trong si chit xut phn bc
t 0.14 0.5. i vi cc ng dng trong vin thng th NA nm trong khong

0.1 0.2 tng ng vi cc gc vo t 5.70 11.50. Do cc connector quang
thng c gc nghing tip xc l 80. ngha ca khu s NA c th hin
trong hnh 3.11.
n tt nghip
44
Trc
n1
n2
Hnh 3.12 Tia nghing trong si chit xut phn bc
3.3.6.2 Cc mode truyn lan

Phng php quang hnh trn ch cho thy mt cch gn ng s truyn lan
nh sng trong thc t. nghin cu chnh xc hn chng ta phi dng cc hm
Maxwell. Tuy nhin nu ch hiu cc c tnh truyn lan trong si v tn sc
ca si chng ta c th s dng cc phng php ton hc khng phc tp lm.
Vi iu kin bin ti giao din li-v (tng ng vi nh lut Snell cng thc
(3.14) trong phn phn tch quang hnh), ch c mt tp xc nh cc hm sng
tho mn phng trnh Maxwell mi c th truyn lan trong si quang, mi mt
hm sng c gi l mt mode truyn lan v c biu din di dng:
i(r,,z) = Ai(r,)ej(t - ziZ)
(3.18)
Trong :
i l ch s ca mode truyn lan i
Ai(r,): l phn b trng ngang
zi: l hng s truyn lan theo trc z
Biu thc (3.18) cho thy hm sng l hm theo thi gian v cc tham s
khng gian r, , z. H to tr c dng ay bi si quang chnh l mt ng
dn sng trn. Trong biu thc (3.18), tham s ej(t - ziZ) biu th vic truyn lan
sng dc theo trc z ca si.
Hng s truyn lan hng z: T khi nim cc mode truyn lan zi tho mn biu
thc tn sc nh sau:
n1
(3.19)
12 = C = zi2 + Ki2
n tt nghip
45
n1
Vi 12 = C l hng s truyn lan ca mt sng hi tn s v trong
mi trng in mi ng nht c chit xut n1. Ki l hng s truyn lan theo
phng ngang ca mode truyn lan th i.
T ta c, mi mode truyn lan c mt cp Ki, zi l s thc tho mn bt ng
thc sau:
(3.20)
12 - zi2 = Ki2 > 0
Cc mode truyn lan bc cng cao (i cng ln) th Ki cng ln v zi cng
nh. Khi Ki vt qu 1 th zi tr thnh s o v mode c mt s suy gim
hm m khi n truyn lan.
Biu thc (3.20) l iu kin truyn lan cho cc sng bn trong li si. C
mt s tng t cho lp v nhng vi iu kin khc:
zi2 - 22 > 0
(3.21)
n2
Vi 2 = C
iu kin ny c ngha l khng c truyn lan trn lp v, ni cch khc l
sng trong lp v b suy hao.
Cc biu thc (3.20) v (3.21) u yu cu zi nm trong khong:
n2 zi
(3.22)
n 1 < 1 < 1
iu kin (3.22) chnh l tng ng iu kin phn x ton phn trong phn
phn tch quang hnh. Biu thc (3.17) cho thy khi n2 xp x n1 th NA cng nh,
do ch c rt t mode lan truyn c.
Vn tc truyn lan theo trc z: Tng t vi nhn xt c nu trong phn phn
tch quang hnh, vn tc ca tia sng ph thuc vo gc ti . Vn tc theo trc z
ca mode lan truyn th i l hm ca hng s truyn lan zi ca n v c tnh
nh sau:
(3.23)
vgi =
zi
Vi vgi thng c gi l vn tc nhm v cho thy rng cng sut ca tn
hiu quang lan truyn nhanh nh th no. Vn tc nhm khc vi vn tc pha vpi
= /zi. Vn tc pha vpi cho bit pha ca tn hiu quang thay i nhanh nh th
no.Mc d vic tnh ton chnh xc vn tc nhm vgi cn phi bit zi l mt
hm ca , biu thc (3.20) c th c tnh xp x khi s ph thuc tn s ca Ki
l nh, khi :
zi
1
1
zi
Bi v 1 = n1/C
n tt nghip
46
n1
n1g 1
1 1 (n1) 1
=C
= C (n1 +
)= C =v
(3.24)
g
Vi n1g l ch s khc x nhm:
n1
(3.25)
n1g = n1 +
T kt qu trn, dng php rng buc ta c:

zi -1 zi 1 -1
1 n1g -1 C zi
zi
=(
) =(
) (
)
=
=
v
(3.26)
vgi =
g
n1g 1
1
zi C
1
zi
So snh (3.26) vi (3.16) ta thy t s zi/1 l tng ng vi sin1 hoc
t l vi C/n1 trong biu thc (3.10). Bi mi mode truyn lan c zi ring nn mi
mode c tr truyn lan khc nhau. iu ny khng nh iu nhn xt qu trnh
truyn lan trong phn phn tch quang hnh rng cc tia ti vi gc ti khc nhau
c vn tc theo trc z l khc nhau.
3.3.7 - Tn sc si quang
Nh nu trn, vn tc nhm vgi trong biu thc (3.26) l mt hm ca
tn s v ca cc mode truyn lan. Nu mt xung quang c cha cc thnh phn
tn s khc nhau v cc mode truyn lan khc nhau th cc tr truyn lan khc
nhau ca cc thnh phn ny s lm xung b gin rng v chng ln ln nhau
cui si quang.
Tng qut, c ba loi tn sc si nh sau:
- Tn sc vt liu (Material Dispersion).
- Tn sc ng dn sng (Waveguide Dispersion).
- Tn sc mode (Modal Dispersion).
Hai loi tn sc u (tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dn sng) c th quy
cho s ph thuc tn s ca vn tc truyn lan v gp chng li gi chung l tn
sc trong mode (intramode) hay cn gi l tn sc vn tc nhm (Group Velocity
Dispersion - GVD). Loi th ba (tn sc mode) c gi l tn sc gia cc mode
(intermode) do s ph thuc ca cc vn tc truyn lan vo cc mode truyn lan
khc nhau. T cch phn loi ny, si n mode ch c tn sc trong mode.
3.3.7.1 Tn sc trong mode (Intramode Dispersion)
Tn sc trong mode c th hiu nh sau: bi vn tc nhm ca mt mode l
ph thuc tn s nn tr truyn lan n v (tc l nghch o ca vn tc nhm)
cng ph thuc tn s. Khai trin chui Taylor i vi tr n v ti bc sng
xc nh ta c:
n tt nghip
47
2
g
2 g
g = g (0) + ( - 0)
+ 0.5( - 0) 2 +
(3.27)
Trong g (0) l tr truyn lan khong cch n v bc sng trung tm

0. T khai trin trn, tn sc trong mode c tnh bi:
g
1
z
=
(v ) =
(
)
(3.28)
Dintra =
g

Trong ch s i i vi zi c b i cho n gin. Biu thc (3.27) c
th tnh gn ng nh sau:
Dintra
(3.29)
g = g (0) + ( - 0)Dintra + 0.5( - 0)2
Nu ch gi li hai ton hng u, rng xung tng do tn sc bn thn

mode Dintra s c tnh bi:
g = Dintra
(3.30)
Vi l rng ph tn hiu.
tm Dintra ta dng nh ngha (3.28) v php rng buc ta c:
z 1
(
)
(3.31)
Dintra =
1
T (3.24) ta c Dintra:
1 n1g z n1g z
+ C
(
) = Dmaterial + Dwaveguide
(3.32)
Dintra = C
1
1
y tn sc vt liu:
1 n1g z 1
2n1 1 1
2n1
Dmaterial = C
(- 2 )
(- 2 )
1 C
z C
(3.33)
V tn sc ng dn sng:
n1g z
(
)
(3.34)
Dwaveguide = C
1
T cc nh ngha trn, lu rng Dmaterial l tham s khng ph thuc
mode lan truyn m ch ph thuc vo n1. Tn sc vt liu ca si quang Silic
thng thng c coi l mt hm ca bc sng v c m t hnh 3.12
n tt nghip
48
Ps/(nm.km)
20
10
0
-10
-20
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.5
Bc sng (m)
1.7
Hnh 3.13 Tn sc vt liu trong si quang
Tn sc ng dn sng th ngc li, n ph thuc vo mode lan truyn th i

c xc nh bi cu trc ng dn sng quang. Ni mt cch tng qut, vic tnh
ton tn sc ng dn sng l rt phc tp.
3.3.7.2 Tn sc mode
Tn sc mode l do s tr truyn lan khc nhau ca cc mode khc nhau.
T (3.20) zi l khc nhau i vi cc mode khc nhau. Do vy, vn tc nhm
tng ng vgi trong (3.23) cng khc nhau. C th, ta c th tnh tn sc mode nh
sau:
1
1
Dmode = v
-v
= g.max - g.min
(3.35)
g.min
g.max
Vi g.max v g.min l tr truyn lan nhm n v cc i v cc tiu.
Vi si chit xut bc (SI): c th tnh ton tn sc mode ca si SI bng
phng php quang hnh. Theo cng thc (3.16) ta c:
n1g 1
n1g n1
g.max C
= C n
(3.36)
sinmin
2
Vy tn sc mode:
n tt nghip
49
n1g n1
n1g
Dmode = g.max - g.min C (n - 1) = C
(3.37)
2
Kt qu (3.37) cho thy rng tn sc mode trong si SI t l thun vi
chnh lch chit xut . Do NA t l thun vi nn c mt s tng ng gia
hiu sut ghp ni v tn sc.
Vi si chit xut Gradient (GI): Mt ct ch s chit xut ca si GI c th
c biu th tng qut bi biu thc sau:
n(r) =
n1(1 - 2[r/a])1/2
n1(1 - 2)1/2
Vi r <a
Vi r a
(3.38)
Trong l tham s c ti u ho sao cho c th t c tn sc

mode cc tiu.
Tn sc mode trong si GI rt kh xc nh c trong phng php quang
hnh. Theo cc kt qu nghin cu th khi:
= 2(1 - )
(3.39)
th tn sc mode l cc tiu v c xc nh bng biu thc:
n1g 2
(3.40)
Dmode = C 8
Khi tn sc mode trong si GI l nh hn nhiu so vi si SI c tnh
bi (3.37) do yu t 2 (v < 1 nn 2 <<1).
Tng s mode c th truyn lan c trong si GI c tnh nh sau:
M = 212(
)
(3.41)
+2
3.3.7.3 Tn sc tng cng ca si
T tn sc trong mode v tn sc mode c th tnh c tn sc tng cng
ca si quang. Thay v cng trc tip chng, ngi ta dng cng thc tng bnh
phng nh sau (do tn sc c tnh ngu nhin):
D2total = D2intra2 + D2mode
(3.42)
Vi l rng ph ca nh sng c tnh bng nm.
Do mt si quang c th hin cho mt knh thng tin, tp m tng ca
si quang thng c dng c trng cho bng thng truyn dn:
1
(3.43)
Bsi = D L
total
Biu thc (3.43) cho thy tn sc tng v di si quang cng ln th tc
bt c th truyn cng thp.
n tt nghip
50
3.3.7.4 S hn ch do tn sc
Dng xung v bin
Tng t nh vi tn sc si, tn sc si lm hn ch c ly truyn cc i

mt tc bt nht nh c gi l gii hn tn sc v c th c hiu nh: Khi
tn hiu c truyn i trn si quang n u thu chng tr nn rng hn v
chng ln ln nhau, nu khong cch truyn dn qu ln th n mt lc no ta
khng th phn bit c cc xung v khng th tch tn hiu c ch ra c (th
hin trong hnh 3.14). S can nhiu ny trong truyn dn s c gi l can nhiu
gia cc bt v kt qu l lm tng BER (th hin trong hnh 3.15 l hnh xung
s).
Cc xung tch nhau t1

Cc xung cn phn bit
c t2
Kh phn bit xung t3
Giao nhau
Khng phn bit c

xung t4
Chiu di si
Hnh 3.14 S gin xung v suy hao ca hai xung k nhau khi
chng c truyn dc theo si
Ni chung BER khng tng ng k tr khi T = T T0 l qu ln. Mt

nguyn tc c bn l nu tho mn:
T0
1
(3.44)
T = T T0 = DtotalL 4 = 4B
th BER khng xung cp ng k.
Trong h thng thng tin cp si quang, s gin xung khng ch gy ra bi
tn sc si m cn do mt yu t khc l rng sn trc ngun pht quang
v ca b thu cng gy ra gin xung.
n tt nghip
51
Tng t vi tng bnh phng ca tn sc si tng cng, gin xung

tng cng l tng bnh phng ca tt c cc yu t:
T = t2 + r2 + (DtotalL)2
(3.45)
Vi t v r l rng sn trc ca my pht v my thu.
Kt hp (3.44) v (3.45) ta c:
1
< (4B )2
t2 + r2 + (DtotalL)2
(3.46)
y chnh l biu thc tng qut cho gii hn tn sc.
T0
Tn hiu pht
T
Tn hiu thu
Hnh 3.15 Dng cc xung pht v thu c
3.4 - Cc mi hn v cc b kt ni (Connector) trong mng quang.

Mt nhn t quan trng trong vic lp t h thng thng tin quang l s
kt ni qua li gia cc thit b hoc gia cc thnh phn vi nhau. Cc lin kt
xy ra ti ngun quang, thit b tch quang hay cc im trung chuyn trong
ng truyn khi c hai si quang hoc cc si cp ni vi nhau. Vic s dng
cc mi hn hay dng cc b kt ni (connector) tu thuc vo lin kt l tm
thi hay lu di. Lin kt lu di l cc im ni him khi thay i nh ni hai si
quang, ni gia si quang v dy nhy. Cn lin kt tm thi l lin kt gia cc
thit b c th thay i c nh: Gia si quang v node quang ,si quang v
hub, gia si quang v cc b chia,..Ni chung, cc mi hn c suy hao thp
hn so vi cc connector nhng li yu cu thit b hn t tin v nhiu nhn lc
hn connector.
i vi si n mode, yu cu chnh xc rt cao ti im kt ni gia
cc si quang. Cc nguyn nhn gy nn suy hao trong c connector v mi hn
c th chia lm hai loi c bn: Suy hao bi cc yu t bn ngoi v suy hao bi
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cc yu t ni ti. Suy hao bi cc yu t bn ngoi nh: S khng ng tm gia

hai li si, cht lng mt ct si v c khe h gia hai u si.
(a)
(c)
(b)
Hnh 3.16 Cc mi hn gy suy hao gia hai si quang (a) c khe h, (b) Trc
hai si b lch, (c u cui hai si to gc)
C 3 yu t gy suy hao bn ngoi trong mi hn quang c bn sau (Hnh

3.16)
+ C khe h gia hai si quang
+ Trc ca hai si b lch
+ Trc ca hai si to gc
Trong trng hp c khe h th trc ca hai si quang trng nhau nhng
mt ct ca hai si cch nhau mt khong s. Khong cch ny to ra mt vng
khng gian to ra s phn x v nu s phn x ny ln th ngi ta gi l phn x
Fresnel v gy ra suy hao. Cn trong trng hp lch trc l trc ca hai si song
song vi nhau nhng lch nhau mt khong d. Trng hp to gc l trc ca hai
si khng song song vi nhau m to vi nhau thnh mt gc hay mt ct gia hai
u cui si to thnh vi nhau mt gc nh trong hnh 3.16. khc phc suy
hao bi cc yu t bn ngoi th u cui hai si quang phi mn ,trc ca hai si
phi trng nhau v mt ct hai si phi kht nhau.
Suy hao bi cc yu t ni ti do cc nguyn nhn gy ra nh: ng knh
hai si khng bng nhau, li si hnh elip,
C hai loi suy hao bn trong v bn ngoi u nh hng n hiu sut
ghp ca si quang, hiu sut gia ngun v si quang. Trong si a mode, th
suy hao do b gc l ln nht ri n suy hao do lch trc v suy hao t nht l suy
hao do c khe h. i vi si n mode th suy hao do lch trc nhiu hn so vi
suy hao do c khe h v do b gc nh c th hin trong hnh 3.16. V trong si
n mode ch c mt mode c truyn lan v n truyn dc theo trc ca si nn
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nh sng ghp vo si khng ng tm s b suy hao mt cch nhanh chng. Do

, i vi kt ni suy hao thp ( 0.5dB) th gim suy hao do lch trc phi
1
c iu chnh chnh xc n n m (vi n l s nguyn) cn i vi si a mode
th iu chnh chnh xc n m.
0.5
Suy hao ghp (dB)
Gc ()
1.0
1.5
2.0
B gc
Lch trc
Khe
h
1
0
0
2
3
lch d (m)
10
20
30
Khong h s (m)
40
Hnh 3.17 Suy hao ghp trong si n mode i vi ngun

MDF v bc sng 10m trong cc trng hp: Khe h,
lch trc v b gc
3.4.1 - Phng php hn cp

Hn bng cch lm nng chy si quang: Trong phng php ny vic u tin
cn phi lm l gia cng b mt li si ni cn lm mn b mt si v mt ct phi
vung gc vi trc ca si. Sau hai u cui ca si phi c t vo ci gi
c rnh hnh ch V v chm u vi nhau nh trong hnh 3.18. Tip theo chng
c c nh bng cc thit b c iu khin bng tay hoc bng b vi x l.
Bc tip theo ti im tip xc c lm nng chy bng n h quang hoc
bng laser v vy u cui si quang b chy ra mt cch nhanh chng v lin kt
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li vi nhau. K thut ny c th c s dng cho cc si n mode v si a

mode vi suy hao nh hn 0.1dB. hn na, cc si quang nng chy c th bao
ph gn nh l kch thc si quang ban u. Hin nay hu nh cc my hn
quang u s dng phng php hn bng cch lm nng chy si quang. Cc si
quang c a vo my hn v n c iu chnh hon ton t ng bng b vi
x l v hn cng hon ton t ng. Cc nhn vin ko cp ch thc hin mt s
bc nh sau:
- u tin dng dao chuyn dng ct cp.
- Sau tut v bo v ngoi cng, tip theo l tut lp v ch nh mu ca
si quang v lp v trong sut.
- Ra sch si quang bng cn (thng u si cp tut v khong 1 1.5m)
v ct bng u cui si.
- Sau khi xong cc khu chun b th si quang c a vo my hn quang c
rnh ch V c nh cp.
- Sau khi nhn nt set th my s t ng iu chnh v tr tng i ca hai si
quang cn hn v hai tia h quang s lm nng chy si quang v chng c
lin kt li vi nhau mt cch nhanh chng.
in cc
Si quang
Rnh ch V
Cc thanh c nh cp
Hnh 3.18 Phng php hn si quang nng chy
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3.4.2 - Cc Connector
V bc c nh
Si quang vo
Si quang ra
Keo dnh
Thu knh
Hnh 3.19 Cu to ca conector
Trong mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn thng dng hai loi connector
chnh l FC/APC (Angled Physical Contact) v SC/APC. FC/APC l loi
connector u trn c ren vn c nh u cp. Cn SC/APC l loi u vung
khng c ren m ch c khp c nh khi cm vo. Tuy SC/APC n nh hn
FC/APC nhng li c suy hao ln hn. Cu to ca hai loi ny c th hin nh
trong hnh 3.19. Nguyn tc hot ng ca hai loi connector l bc x chm tia
si quang pha truyn v hi t li ti li ca si quang pha thu sau khi i qua hai
thu knh. Chc nng ca cc connector l kt ni gia cc thit b quang ni c
th d dng thay i v chuyn tuyn sau ny.
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3.5 Ghp cng sut quang

Vic ghp cng sut nh sng t ngun quang vo si quang phi xt n
khu s NA, kch c si, cng pht x v phn b cng sut theo gc ca
ngun quang.
Lng cng sut quang pht ra t ngun quang c th ghp c vo si
c c trng bi hiu sut ghp :
PF
=P
(3.47)
S
Trong :
PF: l cng sut c ghp vo si quang
PS: l cng sut pht ra t ngun quang
ph thuc vo loi si gn vo ngun v vo x l ghp (c s dng thu
knh ghp hoc cc bin php nng cao hiu sut ghp hay khng). Hnh 3.19 th
hin gc pht x tia sng ca ngun quang vo si quang v gc nhn nh sng
(cng chnh l khu s NA) ca si quang.
n2
V
Li
Ngun quang
n1
V
n2
Gc pht ca ngun
Gc nhn ca si
Hnh 3.20 Gc ghp ca ngun quang vo si quang
Trong mng truyn hnh cp thc t th vic ghp tn hiu t ngun quang
vo si hay ghp gia cc si quang vi nhau c th dng c hai phng php l
dng mt dy nhy hay cn gi l dy ui ln (pigtail) n bao gm mt on cp
quang ngn v mt connector v dng mi hn trc tip.
Dng dy nhy th tin li cho vic lp t, sa cha v chuyn tuyn sau
ny nhng n li c suy hao ln (suy hao tnh cho mt kt ni hon chnh t si
pht sang si thu l 0.8dB/kt ni). Cn hn trc tip th mi hn s c nh
khng thay i, khng sa cha c nhng li c suy hao nh hn (khong
0.05dB/mi hn).
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CHNG IV - CC THIT B CHNH TRONG MNG NG TRC

4.1 - Cp ng trc
Cp ng trc c s dng rng ri cho vic phn phi tn hiu cc trng
trnh truyn hnh . Hnh 4.1 v s cu trc cp ng trc s dng trong CATV.
Lp v nha
V bc nhm
Lp bt nha
Dy dn trong
( ng bc nhm)
Hnh 4.1 Cu to cp ng trc
Phn li ca dy dn trong thng lm bng ng vi in tr nh thun li

cho vic truyn dng in cng cao. Lp v ngoi cp v phn li trong
thng lm bng nhm. Vt liu gia hai lp nhm thng l nha. Gia li v
phn ngoi c cc ti khng kh gim khi lng v trnh thm nc. Ngoi
cng l mt lp v bc chng cc tc ng c hc.
ng knh tiu chun ca cp l 0.5; 0.75; 0.85 v 1 inch, tr khng c
tnh ca cp thng l 75. Tn hiu s b suy gim khi truyn theo chiu di ca
cp. Lng suy gim ph thuc vo ng knh cp, tn s, h s sng ng v
nhit .
Cc thng s ca cp ng trc:
4.1.1 - Suy hao do phn x
Suy hao do phn x l i lng c o bng khc bit ca tr khng
c tnh cp so vi gi tr danh nh. N bng t s gia cng sut ti trn cng
sut phn x:
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Pt
Lr[dB] = 10logP [dB]
(4.1)
Khi tr khng thc hin cng gn vi gi tr danh nh, cng sut phn x
cng nh v suy hao phn x cng nhiu. Khi phi hp l tng ta c Pr = 0. Tuy
nhin, trong thc t gi tr Lr vo khong 28dB 32dB. Nu suy hao phn x qu
nh, phn hi s xut hin trn ng dy v s to nn tn hiu c ting .
4.1.2 - Tr khng vng
Cng sut t cc b khuch i b li suy gim trn ng truyn thng
c cung cp bi dng mt chiu/xoay chiu in p thp truyn trong cp theo
tn s RF. Do mc in p thp, thng thng khong 45V, tr khng vng(tr
khng phi hp ca dy dn trong v ngoi ca cp) l mt c tnh quan trng.
Dng in ny chy qua trong ton b thit din ca cp, v v vy tr khng ca
dy dn trong i vi n s cao.
C ba loi cp ng trc khc nhau c s dng trong mng cp phn
phi:
+ Cp trung k
+ Cp fid
+ Cp thu bao
Khuch i
trung k
Node
quang
Cp fid
Khuch i
cu/trung k
Khuch i
ng dy
Cp thu
bao
Tap
Hnh 4.2 Phn cp ng trc trong kin trc cy v nhnh trong mng HFC
Cc loi cp v cc loi b khuch i
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Cp trung k: ng knh t 0.5 1 inch dng truyn tn hiu bt u t

node quang. Tn hao truyn dn i vi loi cp 1 inch l 0.89dB/100m tn s
50MHz v 3.97dB/100m 750MHz .
Cp fid c s dng ni gia cc b khuch i ng dy v cc b
chia tn hiu, cn cp thu bao c ng knh nh hn cp fid dng kt ni t
cc b chia ti thit b thu bao. V tr lp t trong mng c ch trong hnh 4.2.
4.2 - Cc b khuch i RF (Radio Friquency)
4.2.1 - c im cc b khuch i
Cc b khuch i ng truyn b li suy gim tn hiu, chng ng vai
tr quan trng khi thit k h thng. Mi b khuch i c cha mt b n nh
b li suy gim cc tn s khc nhau. Trong h thng truyn hnh cp thng
s dng b khuch i cu. Vi tr khng ln, tn hiu t ng trung chuyn c
th c ly ra m khng nh hng n cht lng ton b knh truyn. Yu cu
i vi b khuch i l n nh phi cao do c s tch lu suy hao ca nhiu
thnh phn mc ni tip :
- Chng phi lm vic c trn mi phm vi di tn rng, h s khuch i phi
t c gi tr ph hp ti cc min tn s cao.
- B n nh c kh nng b li suy gim theo tn s mt cch ph hp.
- B khuch i c c tuyn tuyn tnh cao trnh xuyn m.
- T ng iu chnh h s khuch i v c tuyn tn s b li s thay i do
nhit .
- T s CNR ca ring mt b khuch i phi ln chng c mc nhiu
tng ca cc b khuch i.
C ba loi b khuch i c s dng trong mng CATV HFC tu thuc
vo v tr ca chng:
+B khuch i trung k.
+B khuch i fid.
+B khuch i ng dy.
V tr ca tng loi trong mng c nu trong hnh 4.2.
c im ca tng loi:
4.2.1.1 - B khuch i trung k
c t ti im suy haoln ti 20 22dB tnh t b khuch i trc ,
mc u ra thng khong 30 36dBmV.
u im:
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Mc CNR cao(<80dB) c bit l i vi knh truyn hnh tn s cao

(>300MHz). V cp ng trc khi truyn dn tn hao ph thuc nhiu vo tn s
nn bin tn hiu Video pht i cn phi c gi cn bng nhm duy tr s
ng u trong ton vng ph tn hiu RF pht. Cc b gi cn bng ng
xung c thit k b cho cc on cp ng trc c di c nh. Bng
cch tng suy hao tn s thp, b cn bng cho php cc b khuch i trung k
duy tr mc khuch i thch hp vi tng khong tn s trong ph tn hiu truyn
dn. Ngoi ra, mt s b khuch i trung k cn c trang b b cn bng d
on trc (Bode Equalizer) b tn hao cp gy ra do s thay i ca nhit :
Tn hiu
vo
Phn u
(Flatness)
Khuch i
(Gain)
Postamp
D on
(Bode)
Khi cn
bng(EQ)
Tn hiu
ra
Tin
khuch i
HPF
24 V
LPF
Hnh 4.3 S khi n gin b khuch i trung k
Cc b khuch i trung k thng dng mch t iu chnh h s khuch

i (AGC: Automatic Gain Control). Khong iu chnh chnh lch mc khuch
i thng trong khong 6 10dB. Cc khi AGC trong b khuch i trung k
tch tn hiu mu ca cc knh hoa tiu ti u ra b khuch i, tn hiu mu ny
thng c dng to ra mc in p ph hp iu khin mc khuch i
(Gain) v dc (Slope) c tuyn ca b khuch i, cc tn s hoa tiu chun
khc nhau i vi tng nh sn xut. Tt c cc b khuch i trong truyn hnh
cp u dng mt s mch khuch i y ko gim thiu hi mo bc hai.
4.2.1.2 - B khuch i fid
c s dng khng ch pht xung nhnh knh tn hiu Video ti cc
b khuch i trung k m cn chia tn hiu ti cc fid cp khc nhau (thng l
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4 cp fid). Mc tn hiu ra thng khong 40 50dBmV(cao hn 12dB so vi

b khuch i trung k). Tuy nhin, u ra c mo phi tuyn mc cao hn so
vi b khuch i trung k.
4.2.1.3 - B khuch i ng dy
Khong cch gia cc b khuch i ny khong 120m 130m, t pha
gn thu bao. gim hiu ng mo phi tuyn tn hiuVideo pht i cng nh
duy tr s ng u trong ton di tn tn hiu, ti a ch s dng 2 4 b khuch
i ng dy, tu thuc vo s lng Tap (b trch tn hiu) gia cc b khuch
i ng dy di rng. Trong cc h thng CATV hai chiu c s dng mt
thit b c bit l b lc Diplexer (hnh 4.4) cho php tch ring tn hiu ng
ln v ng xung. Ti cc h thng truyn hnh cp ti Bc M cc knh tn
hiu ng ln c t di tn s 5 65MHz. Di tn s tn hiu ng xung
l 70 862MHz. Diplexer c cch ly gia cc di tn khong 60dB.
Cng H
Cng C
Cc b
lc
Cng L
Hnh 4.4 Minh ha n gin mt diplexer
Diplexer l mt thit b c ba cng: cng H, Cng L, Cng chung C.

ng t cng chung C ti cng thp L l mt b lc thng thp cho php tn
hiu ng ln bng tn thp hn c pht i. ng i t cng chung C ti
cng cao H l mt b lc thng cao cho php pht cc knh tn hiu ng xung.
Trong mt b khuch i ng dy (khuch i trung k v khuch i cu) cc
tn hiu ng xung chuyn qua cng H, tn hiu ng ln chuyn qua cng L.
4.2.2 - CNR ca mt b khuch i n v nhiu b khuch i ni tip.
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Mt trong nhng thng s quan trng nht nh gi hiu nng truyn dn

ca h thng CATV l t s sng mang trn nhiu (CNR: Carrier Noise Rate ).
CNR ca mt b khuch i n c tnh theo cng thc :
Pra
(4.2)
CNR[dB] = K TB - (-59.16) F G
B
Trong
Pra[dBV]: L cng sut ra ca b khuch i.
KB: L hng s Boltzman(1.38x10-23J/k).
T[k]: L nhit Kenvil ca b khuch i.
G[dB]: L h s khuch i.
B[MHz]: L di tn lm vic.
Gi tr (-59.16)dBmV l nhiu nhit trong di tn 4MHz.
F[dB]: L tp m nhit ca b khuch i.
Tp m nhit thng thng i vi cc b khuch i trung k thng trong
khong 7 10dB vi mc tn hiu vo l +10dBmV v h s khuch i l 20dB.
Trong trng hp c n b khuch i khc nhau mc ni tip:
Gi s b khuch i th n c tp m nhit l Fn v h s khuch i l Gn
nh trong hnh v:
Gn
G2
G1
CNRn
Fn
F2
F1
Hnh 4.5 S n b khuch i ni tip
Tp m nhit ca ton b h thng c tnh :

F2-1
F3-1
Fn-1
(4.3)
F = F1 + G + G G ++ G G .G
1
1 2
1 2
n
Trng hp n gin nht l tt c b khuch i RF l ging nhau th
CNR ca ton h thng l:
(4.4)
CNRn = CNR - 10log(n)
V d, nu mt h thng CATV c bn b khuch i ni tip vi CNR ca
mi b l 56dB th CNR ca ton h thng sau b khuch i th 4 l 50dB.
Trng hp tng qut CNRn ca ton h thng gm cc b khuch i khc nhau
c tnh theo cng thc :
(4.5)
CNRn[dB] = -10log[ 10-CNR1/10 + 10-CNR2/10 ++10-CNRn/10]
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4.3 - B chia v r tn hiu

S n gin ca b r tn hiu Tap cng ra suy hao 20dB:
ng ngun
AC
ng
vo
ng ra
Khi ghp
nh hng
ng RF
-12 dB
-4 dB
Chia tn
hiu
-4 dB
Hnh 4.6 S khi n gin ca Tap 4 ng suy hao 20 dB
Tap c s dng a tn hiu ti cc thu bao. Mt Tap in hnh bao

gm mt khi ghp nh hng RF v cc khi chia cng sut .
Khi ghp nh hng r ra mt phn nng lng tn hiu u vo, cn cc
khi chia cng sut (Spliter) chia tn hiu ti thng l 2,4,8 cng ra. Cng sut
tn hao gia cng vo so vi cng ra gi l suy hao xen (Insertion Loss), cn vi
cc cng ra khc (cng r) gi l suy hao cch ly (Isolation Loss).
Suy hao xen ca Tap thng c lp vi tn s v nhit .
Suy hao cch ly ln hn rt quang trng i vi cc h thng CATV hai
chiu ngn tn hiu ng ln ca mt thu bao ny lt vo tn hiu ng
xung ca thu bao khc. Thng thng suy hao cch ly vo khong 20dB gia
di tn ng ln v ng xung.
Tap c c trng bi gi tr r, c nh gi bng t l gia cng sut ra
v cng sut tn hiu vo. Gi tr r thng trong khong 4 35dB.
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CHNG V PHNG PHP THIT K MNG TRUYN HNH CP HU

TUYN
5.1 La chn cc thng s k thut cho mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn
5.1.1 - Phn b di tn tn hiu
Hu ht cc h thng HFC ti M hin nay u phn b di tn nh sau: t
5MHz 40MHz dnh cho di tn ngc (truyn s liu t thu bao n trung
tm), t 52MHz 750MHz dnh cho di tn hng xung trong : di tn t
52MHz 550MHz dng cho cc knh truyn hnh tng t, t 550MHz
750MHz dng cho cc knh truyn hnh s v cc knh truyn s liu hng
xung (downstream data). Vy di thng dnh cho cc knh truyn s liu hng
ln ch l 35MHz, trong khi di thng ca knh truyn s liu hng xung c
th t n 120MHz 150MHz. iu c th nhn thy di thng cho knh hng
ln nh hn nhiu so vi knh hng xung. Ngoi ra hu ht nhiu h thng
cng u xut hin ti cc tn s thp, phn cui ca ph tn, iu ny li cng
lm cho di thng hng ln nh hn.
750MHz
550MHz
500MHz
Analog Video
Dowstream
40MHz
50MHz
5MHz
Data, interative
upstream
Digital video,
data
Dowstream
Tn s
Hnh 5.1 Phn b di tn cho cc mng truyn hnh cp ti M
Do yu cu di thng cng ngy cng tng, c bit l di thng tn hiu

hng ln, hin nay cc thit b truyn hnh cp mi ra i u h tr cho phng
thc phn b di tn mi, trong di tn hng xung ln n 860 hoc
870MHz, ng thi di tn s hng ln cng c tng t 5 65MHz. Vi phn
b di tn ny, di thng hng ln tng gp i, trong di thng hng xung
cng tng hn 100MHz. Ta s la chn phn b tn s theo phng n ny cho
mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn.
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862MHz
550MHz
Digital video,
data
Dowstream
Analog Video
Dowstream
500MHz
70MHz
65MHz
5MHz
Data, interative
upstream
Data,
interative
upstream
Tn s
Hnh 5.2 Phn b di tn cho cc mng truyn hnh cp Chu u
5.1.2 - Tnh ton kch thc node quang cho yu cu hin ti

Kch thc node quang l s lng thu bao c cung cp dch v ti mt
node quang. S lng thu bao ti mt node quang l thng s quan trng hng
u khi thit k mng, v nh hng n mt lot cc thng s quan trng ca
mng, nh: tc bt tn hiu hng ln ca mi thu bao (i vi mng hai
chiu), cu hnh mng truy nhp, kh nng cung cp dch v cho thu bao hin ti
v tng lai, kh nng pht trin v nng cp mng trong tng lai.
Mt h thng mng c xy dng thng thng phi p ng c yu
cu s dng t nht trong 15 n 20 nm, v phi c kh nng nng cp p
ng trong nhng nm tip theo. V vy trin khai mng truy nhp ng trc cn
tnh n mc tp trung ca thu bao v cu trc mng cp quang ca khu vc
node quang bao ph, cn kt hp cc yu t nh cu trc a l thnh ph, hng
ng ph v nh hng pht trin ca thu bao trong thi gian tip theo, cn c
vo tnh hnh thc t xc nh s lng thu bao ca mi node quang.
Nu thu bao tp trung th 1000 ~ 1500 thu bao/ node quang l ph hp.
Khi s dng 1500 thu bao /1 node quang th nn chn node quang c 4 cng ra,
mng phn phi cp ng trc th nn chn cu trc dng sao v c gng cn i
s lng thu bao cc cng ra ca mi node quang tin cho vic nng cp sau
ny.
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5.2 Thit k
Thit k mt h thng cp quang l mt quy trnh phc tp. Ngi thit k
phi nh gi nhiu yu t nh: tc d liu, suy hao ng truyn, mi trng,
loi cp, thit b c c, cc loi giao din in t, b ni, hn quang, cc giao
thc
Mt quy trnh hon chnh s rt phc tp, tuy nhin n c th c n
gin ho nh cc ch dn km theo cc thit b quang do cc nh sn xut cung
cp. Nhng ch dn ny thng mang y cc thng tin c th chn c
loi cp quang thch hp v d lp t. Nhng yu t khc nh loi cp, panel,
jumper, mi trng, th ngi thit k phi t nh gi.
Phn ny s trnh by phng php thit k n gin da trn cc khuyn
ngh ca nh sn xut. Cc phng php tnh ton chn la loi cp quang s
dng trong mng.
5.2.1 - La chn si quang
iu u tin phi c quyt nh l lp t h thng quang n mode hay
a mode. C hai h thng u c nhng u nhc im ca mnh.
Cc u im ca h thng si quang n mode
1. Si quang n mode c bng tn truyn dn rt ln, l tng cho truyn dn
c ly xa.
2. Si quang n mode c suy hao nh hn si quang a mode.
3. Cp si quang n mode r hn si quang a mode.
4. Si quang n mode hin c hot ng bc sng 1310nm hoc 1550nm
u im ca h thng si quang a mode
1. Si quang a mode thch hp cho cc c ly di 2km.
2. H thng si quang a mode c bng tn t ph thuc vo chiu di ca si .
C th truyn s liu tc 100Mbps, c ly nh hn 2km, s dng si quang
FI tiu chun 62,5/125.
3. Thit b quang a mode thng r hn n mode. Cc LED r thng c
dng lm ngun quang.
4. Cp si quang a mode thng t hn n mode, nhng i vi nhng ng
dng c ly ngn th s tit kim chi ph t cc thit b quang c th b li chi
ph cp quang a mode.
5. Si quang a mode hin c hot ng bc sng 850nm hoc 1310nm.
C th kt lun chung rng cc u im nu trn ca si quang n mode
thch hp hn cho mng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn. Cn si quang a mode ch
n tt nghip
67
c th c lp t cho h thng phc v cho cc ngnh cng nghip khc c ly

ngn.
5.2.2 - Tnh ton suy hao ca h thng
Tng suy hao tuyn l suy hao cng sut trong mt tuyn si quang do tt
c cc yu t bao gm: cc b ni, mi hn, suy hao si quang, cong ca cp
Suy hao cng sut quang do cc b ni gn vi thit b quang c th b qua v n
c tnh gp vo thit b. Tng suy hao tuyn phi nm trong phm vi cho
php ca thit b quang th h thng mi c th hot ng tt. iu ny c xc
nh nh vic lp k hoch chi tit cc suy hao cng sut cho ton b h thng
quang. Tt c cc yu t c lin quan hoc c th s lin quan n suy hao tuyn
u cn phi c tnh n.
Cc nh sn xut thit b quang thng khuyn ngh mt hoc nhiu loi
si quang c th s dng ph hp vi thit b ca h. Nhng loi si quang ny
c th nghim vi thit b ca h trong mt cu hnh im - im tiu chun
cho cc ch s di v suy hao cc i ca si quang. Thit b s hot ng tt
nu ta s dng loi si quang c khuyn ngh trong cc gii hn v chiu di
v suy hao ca si.
Mt phng php dng xc nh tng suy hao tuyn l nh gi phn b
suy hao tuyn quang. nh gi ny lit k tt c cc yu t lin quan hoc s lin
quan n suy hao quang ca h thng. Kt qu s a ra tng suy hao tuyn yu
cu cho h thng si quang. Sau s so snh vi suy hao cc i ca thit b
xc nh liu thit k c t ch tiu v suy hao hay khng.
1. Cc yu t nh gi h thng quang
- Cc khuyn ngh v bn knh si quang (125m)
- Khuyn ngh v suy hao cc i ca si quang (0,35dB/km)
- Khuyn ngh v m s cc i ca si quang (NA)
- Khuyn ngh v bng tn si quang cc i (MHz*km) ti bc sng hot ng
(1310nm)
- Khuyn ngh v chiu di cc i ca si quang
- Cc thng s suy hao cc i ca thit b
- nhy thu ca thit b
- Cng sut ra trung bnh ca b pht ca thit b
- Di ng ca b thu
Nu suy hao cc i c cung cp v b thu c di ng l ton b di
cng sut lm vic ca b pht th khng cn cc thng tin v nhy b thu v
cng sut ra trung bnh ca b pht.
Suy hao cc i = cng sut ra trung bnh b pht - nhy b thu
n tt nghip
68
2. T k hoch lp t si quang, cn xc nh
- Tng chiu di tuyn si quang
- S lng mi ni cn thit v suy hao ca mi mi ni
- D tr cho thit k
- Cc suy hao quang do cc thnh phn khc trong h thng
3. Kt lun phn b suy hao tuyn quang
- Suy hao si quang ti bc sng hot ng: dB/km
- Suy hao mi hn: s mi hn*dB/mi hn
- Suy hao mi ni: s mi ni*dB/mi ni
- Cc suy hao thnh phn khc
- D tr cho thit k
- Tng suy hao tuyn
- Cng sut u ra trung bnh ca b pht
- Cng sut u vo b thu
- Di ng ca b thu
- nhy ca b thu
- D tr cn li
4. D tr cn li nn ln hn 0. Nu khng t c iu ny th cn phi xem
xt li suy hao ton tuyn gim suy hao ton tuyn.
5.3 Nguyn tc thit k phn mng quang
Mng quang l mng truyn dn khng th thiu trong tng th mng
truyn hnh cp xy dng theo cu hnh HFC hay HFPC nhm mc ch truyn
dn tn hiu quang t Trung tm n cc im t node quang (thc cht l b
chuyn i quang in O/E) v trong tng lai l truyn dn tn hiu ngc dng
t cc u cui thu bao (Modem cp, thoi, h thng bo chy, Set-top-box...).
Tu theo quy m pht trin mng m mng quang c th c chia thnh nhiu
cp khc nhau, y ta ch xem xt v tnh ton quy hoch cho mt mng truyn
hnh cp c quy m va phi v ch s dng mt cp truyn dn quang v ch tnh
ton cho hng tn hiu ng xung (t Trung tm n my thu thu bao).
Vic quy hoch v pht trin mng quang gn lin vi c im a hnh,
dn c v tnh hnh pht trin cc dch v gi tr gia tng trong tng lai v iu
ny lin quan n vic quyt nh s s dng cu hnh mng quang, mng ng
trc v h thng thit b ph hp vi tng cu hnh mng. V d Vit Nam, vic
s dng cu hnh HFC hay HFPC ph thuc rt nhiu vo mt bng quy hoch
th . trin khai dch v truyn hnh cp trn cc tuyn ph trn a bn thnh
ph H Ni hay mt s thnh ph c s lng dn c ng c, h thng giao
thng phc tp ng thi c s h tng, ng mng, ct in lc, ct n chiu
sng... khng n nh th vic trin khai mng theo cu hnh HFPC l khng c
n tt nghip
69
tnh kh thi m thch hp hn l trin khai mng theo cu hnh HFC. Do tnh
khng n nh nu trn cho nn s nh hng rt nhiu n mng quang dy c
trn a bn thnh ph (nu xy dng theo cu hnh HFPC) m thc t thi cng,
khc phc s c mng quang cc k phc tp. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc khu vc
ngoi thnh vic quy hoch cc khu chung c th mi ang c trin khai mt
cch rng ln v t s l ni rt thch hp trin khai mng truyn hnh cp v
cc dch v gia tng trn mng cp theo cu hnh mng HFPC. Chi tit vic quy
hoch, phn tch v tnh ton mt mng quang cho cc khu quy hoch ny s c
xem xt k hn phn sau. Ni nh vy khng c ngha l ch cc khu quy
hoch mi mi c th trin khai c mng theo cu hnh HFPC, m khu vc
ni thnh cng c th trin khai thnh cng nhng cn c thi gian v phi lp k
hoch trin khai tng bc (tc l nng cp dn mng HFC ln thnh mng HFPC
da trn c s h tng quy hoch th ca thnh ph).
Cc s liu cn thit thit k c tng hp t nhiu ngun khc nhau,
bao gm cc s liu v tnh hnh kinh t chnh tr, mt dn c, trnh dn tr
v cc yu t khc lin quan n vic trin khai c hiu qu dch v truyn hnh
v a hnh cng l iu kin quan trng lin quan n vic la chn cu hnh
mng.
Xc s lng v nh v tr t node quang: S cc node quang c nh
gi theo ton vng dn c v vng dch v thu bao thun li nht. nh gi ny
c s dng lm c s xem xt cu trc mng. Do vy cn thit xc nh c
vng dch v thu bao ti u, xem xt nh gi cho ng thut bao v node
quang. V tr t node quang ni thu bao tp trung l hiu qu nht. Vng
trung tm c xc nh ph hp vi s thng nht v kinh t v vn ho trong
khu vc. i vi cc khu vc thnh ph Vit nam hin nay, hu ht cc tuyn
cp ng trc sau node quang u ang trin khai treo trn cc h thng ct in
lc, ct n chiu sng... m cc h thng ct ny hu ht chy dc theo cc tuyn
ph. Do v tr t mt node quang thch hp trong a bn thnh ph thng l
nhng im giao ct ng ph.
Vic la chn cc thng s thit b cho mng quang ph thuc vo cc s
liu tng hp c qua h s kho st tuyn quang bao gm cc thng tin v
chiu di tuyn, hng tuyn v cc yu t khc v d: Hin nay rt nhiu cc
tuyn cp thuc cc n v khc nhau hu ht treo trn h thng ct in lc v
ct n chiu sng, nh vy tuyn cp qua cc khu ph c cc tuyn ct nh vy
phi p ng tiu chun cp treo, c dy vng chu lc. Nhng thc t hin nay
nhiu tuyn ng ng c tin hnh ngm ho, h thng ct b d b v do
cc thit b khi trin khai cng phi ph hp vi iu kin ngm ho.
H thng mng quang t bit quan trng l node quang. Hu ht cc
thit b node quang hin nay u s dng l node quang 4 cng ra cao tn RF,
n tt nghip
70
mc tn hiu cao tn ra thng 108dBV vi cng sut quang vo chun l

0dBm. Di thu ca tng node quang do tng hng sn xut c nhiu di khc
nhau, nhng hu ht di thu ca node quang thng nm trong khong t -2 n
+2 dBm.
Qu trnh tnh ton mt tuyn quang c th cho mt node quang c th c
s bin i gia cc n v dBm v mW tu theo cng on tnh ton. V d, suy
hao connector, cp, mi hn... c tnh theo n v dBm, nhng ti cc b chia
tnh c cng sut chia quang cn quy i n v dBm thnh n v mW.
Cc cng thc cn thit tnh ton suy hao ton tuyn cho mt node
quang: Gi A l cng sut sau chia cn thit cp cho mt node quang, A c tnh
nh sau:
A[dB] = Loss[dB] + Pvo node [dBm]
(5.1)
Vi:
Loss[dB] = hn*N + connector*M + Suy hao b chia
(5.2)
Trong :
Loss[dB]: Suy hao trn tuyn.
Pvo node[dBm]: Cng sut quang u vo node quang (chun l 0dBm)
hn[dB]: Suy hao mi hn (cho php 0.05dB)
connector[dB]: Suy hao mt connector (cho php 0.8dB)
N: S mi hn trn mt tuyn
M: Tng s connector trn mt tuyn
Suy hao b chia cho php 0.1dB
i n v dBm thnh mW:
A[dB]
A[mW] = 10
(5.3)
10
Tnh ton phn trm cng sut ca b chia:

A[mW]
A% = P [mW] *100%
vchia
(5.4)
Vi Pvchia[mW]: Cng sut vo b chia c quy i thnh mW.
Tnh ton tng t nh vy i vi tt c cc node quang trong b chia .
Vic la chn my pht quang ph thuc vo s lng cc node quang, di
tuyn v cc im u ni trn tuyn cho nn trong qu trnh tnh ton mng cn
nghin cu k cc iu kin c lin quan nhm ti u ho bn thit k. Tt nhin,
tng s % sau b chia phi nh hn 100%. Tu vo tnh hnh thc t s trin
khai v d phng trong tng lai s c s la chn mt pht quang c cng sut
ph hp.
n tt nghip
71
5.4 Nguyn tc thit k phn mng ng trc

- S dng cp QR540 (suy hao 7dB/100m) cho ng trc.
- S dng cp RG11 (suy hao 12dB/100m) cho ng nhnh.
- S dng cp RG6 (suy hao 18dB/100m) cho ng thu bao (ko t thit b
chia trong nh IS n thit b thu bao TV).
Mng ng trc: Cp ng trc QR540 c s dng lm cp trc chnh. Trn
mng cp trc chnh m bo ch lp cc thit b chia ng trc (S, DC), b
khuch i ng trc v thit b chn ngun (nu c). T cc b chia ng trc,
tch tn hiu a vo cc b khuch i nhnh, thng qua cp trc nhnh RG11
cp tn hiu vo mng thu bao.
Yu cu khi thi cng ko cp ng trc:
- Cp phi c ko cng, no cn thn vo ct in lc hoc ct bu in.
Khng lm gy, xon, nt cp.
- Ti cc im ct cp a vo b chia hoc khuch i, khng d qu nhiu
cp gy tn hao vt t, tn hiu, mt m quan (ch d khong 1 2.2m). Nu
cc thit b chia nhnh, thu bao c t trn cng mt ct th c th dng
cp RG6 (ngn hn 1m) ni vi nhau.
- Cc connector c kt ni cn thn, ng loi, ng tiu chun. Nu cp
QR540 c thit k a vo/ ra b khuch i th s dng trc tip F-male
connector hoc 5/8 connector cho cp QR540 kt ni.
- Ti cc im mng xng cp phi chc chn, gn, c qun bng dnh cch in,
chng thm nc.
- Trong trng hp b chia u ch (phc v m rng sau ny hoc a
vo ng su, hp, khng ct hoc cha c thu bao) th nht thit phi lp
cc thit b phi hp tr khng 5/8TC hoc 75TC m bo tn hiu.
- i vi cc b khuch i ng trc, khuch i nhnh v cc b chia ng
trc phi c lp mt, tip t phmg r r, chp in.
Phn thu bao: Cp phn phi tn hiu n h thu bao s dng loi cp ng trc
RG6. Trong trng hp khong cch t v tr b chia n thu bao ln hn
40mt th phi dng cp RG11 gim suy hao ng truyn, trnh nh hng
n mc tn hiu u vo ca thu bao, sau s dng u ni F-F connector
ni gia cp RG11 v RG6 a n im thu trong nh thu bao.
5.5 Thuyt minh phn mng quang
Ti Trung tm (Headend) cc ngun tn hiu truyn hnh qung b mt t,
tn hiu truyn hnh v tinh, video server... c x l v ghp knh trong di tn
ng xung nm trong khong t 60-862Mhz. Tn hiu cao tn RF sau ghp
knh ny c khuch i v chia cng sut v a vo cc my pht quang.
n tt nghip
72
Trong bn thit k ny s dng mt my pht cng sut 13dBm (tng ng

20mW) t ti trung tm Headend cung cp tn hiu cho 9 node quang t ti
cc im: Trung T, Ng T S, Kim Giang, Bch Mai, Phng Mai, Kim Hoa,
X n, Vn Chng, Ho Nam v mt u d phng (2dBm). Mi im t mt
node quang 4 cng vi mc cng sut cao tn RF mi cng 114dBV.
My pht quang t ti trung tm, s dng cp quang 8 si vi chiu di
3288 mt ko t trung tm n Trung T. Ti Trung t t mt b chia 10 cng
vi t l phn trm cc cng (12%/8%/10%/12%/10%/8%/10%/10%/10%/10%).
Ti y t mt hp phi dy MDF (Main Distributed Fiber) (HUB) xem nh l
im trung tm u nhy cc si quang ko i cc node cc hng khc
nhau. Mi node quang cn ti thiu 4 si quang: trong 2si s dng cho hng
xung, mt si truyn tn hiu truyn hnh hin ti v mt si dng cho d phng.
Cn hai si cn li dng cho vic pht trin mng 2 chiu truyn tn hiu
ngc chiu, mt si truyn v mt si d phng. Tuy nhin, trong mng truyn
hnh cp nu ch thit k mng cho vic truyn tn hiu truyn hnh m khng d
phng cho vic m rng mng sau ny th c th ch cn ko hai si cho mt node
quang.Nhng trong ny em thit k mng dng cho c vic m rng mng sau
ny nn s dng 4 si quang cho mt node quang. V vy trong khi ko cp ta c
th ko loi cp nhiu si hn yu cu v c th s s dng cho vic pht trin
mng. Hn na, cp quang thng c sn xut vi s lng si chn (8, 16, 24,
32) khng sn xut theo si l.
Vng dn c ni ny c s lng ct in y v chc chn ph hp cho
vic ko cp nn y s dng ton cp treo. Cc thit b quang c lp t cn
thn trn ct in v u c hp bo v trnh cc s tc ng t bn ngoi lm
hng thit b. Trong khi lp t yu cu cc thit b quang: b chia, node quang
phi c tip mt, tip t trnh r r, chp in. Sau y l phn tnh ton suy
hao v cng sut vo cho cc node quang.
5.6 Tnh ton phn mng quang
Cc thng s k thut ca thit b chnh dng trong mng quang
+ My pht quang:
- Tn hiu quang ra: 13dBm (20mW)
- Bc sng hot ng: 1310nm
+ Node quang
- Bng thng: 80 860MHz
- Bc sng hot ng: 1290 1600nm
- u vo quang: -2.5 +2dBm (chun l 0dBm)
n tt nghip
73
- u ra cao tn (RF): 46dBmV (106dBV)

- Connector RF: 5/8
- Connector quang: SC/APC
+ Dy nhy (dy quang 3m + 1 connector): suy hao 8dB
+ Mi hn quang: suy hao 0.05dB
+ B chia quang theo cng sut: suy hao 0.1dB
+ Si quang n mode: suy hao 0.35dB/km
Phn tnh ton
Cng thc tnh:
A[dB] = Loss[dB] + Pvo node [dBm]
(5.1)
Vi:
Loss[dB] = hn*N + connector*M + Suy hao b chia
(5.2)
Trong :
Loss[dB]: Suy hao ton tuyn
Pvo node[dBm]: Cng sut quang u vo node quang (chun l 0dBm)
hn[dB]: Suy hao mi hn (thng ly khong 0.05dB)
connector[dB]: Suy hao mt connector (Thng ly khong 0.8dB)
N: S mi hn trn mt tuyn
M: Tng s connector trn mt tuyn
Suy hao b chia thng ly 0.1dB
Sau khi c c cng sut ton tuyn tnh theo n v dB th i thnh n v
mW:
A[dB]
A[mW] = 10
(5.3)
10
Sau tnh xem n chim bao nhiu phn trm cng sut u vo b chia:
A[mW]
A% = P [mW] *100%
vchia
(5.4)
Vi Pvchia[mW]: Cng sut vo b chia
1 Ly u vo chun cho tt c cc node quang l 0dBm
Tn hiu vo b chia:
- Suy hao ng truyn: 3.28*0.35 = 1.148dB.
- Cng sut vo b chia: 13dBm 1.148dB = 11.852dBm.
- i sang n v mW: 10
11.852
10
15.32mW
Node quang Trung T:
n tt nghip
74
0.9
0dBm + 0.8 + 0.1 = 0.9dB. => 10 10 1.23mW.

1.23mW
15.32mW *100% 9%.
Node Ng T S:
->
1.72
0dBm + 0.05 + 2.2*0.35 + 0.8 + 0.1 = 1.72dB. => 10 10 1.49mW.

1.49mW
15.32mW *100% 10%.
Node Kim Giang:
->
3.1
0dBm + 0.05 + (1.65 + 2.2)*0.35 + 0.8*2 + 0.1 3.1dB. => 10 10 2.04mW.

2.04mW
15.32mW *100% 14%.
Node Bch Mai:
->
1.76
0dBm + 0.05 + 2.31*0.35 + 0.8 + 0.1 = 1.76dB. => 10 10 1.5mW.

1.5mW
15.32mW *100% 10%.
Node Kim Hoa:
->
1.44
0dBm + 0.05 + 1.4*0.35 + 0.8 + 0.1 = 1.44dB. => 10 10 1.39mW.

1.39mW
15.32mW *100% 10%.
Node Phng Mai:
->
2.6
0dBm + 0.05 + (1.05 + 1.4)*0.35 + 0.8*2 + 0.1 = 2.6dB. => 10 10 1.82mW.

1.82mW
15.32mW *100% 12%.
Node X n:
->
1.41
0dBm + 0.05 + 1.32*0.35 + 0.8 + 0.1 = 1.41dB. => 10 10 1.38mW.

1.38mW
15.32mW *100% 10%.
Node Vn Chng:
->
2.37
0dBm + 0.05 + (0.45 + 1.32)*0.35 + 0.8*2 + 0.1 = 2.37dB. => 10 10 1.73mW.
n tt nghip
75
1.73mW
15.32mW *100% 12%.
Node Ho Nam:
->
2.68
0dBm + 0.05 + (1.35 + 1.32)*0.35 + 0.8*2 + 0.1 2.68dB. => 10 10 1.86mW.

1.68mW
15.32mW *100% 13%.
Mt tuyn d phng 2dBm:
2
1.58mW
=>1010 1.58mW. -> 15.32mW *100% 12%
% = 9 + 10 + 14 + 12 +10 + 10 + 10 + 12 + 13 + 12 = 112% > 100%
Vy c ngha l my pht ny khng cng sut cp cho tt c cc node
quang mc vo chun l 0dBm. V vy ta phi gim tn hiu vo ca mt s
node quang sao cho hp l bng cch gim s phn trm cng sut m mi node
quang chim ti b chia (tng s phn trm phi gim l 12%). Chng ta khng
dng phng php tng cng sut ca my pht v nh vy th chi ph cho thit b
s tng ln trong khi c th dung ho mc cng sut vo ca cc node quang nm
trong di nhy thu cho php (-2.5 +2dBm). Sau y ta s thay i s phn
trm ca mt s node quang v tin hnh tnh ton li mc cng sut vo ca
node quang tng ng.
2 Tnh ton li cng sut vo cc node quang sau khi thay i
Node Trung T:
Gim 1% -> cn li 8%: Mc cng sut vo node l:
8
100 *15.32mW 1.23mW. => 10lg1.23[mW] 0.89dB = loss + pvnode.
->
Pvnode = 0.88 - loss = 0.89 (0.8 + 0.1) = -0.01dBm.
Node Ng T S:
Khng thay i: cng sut vo node 0dBm chim 10%.
Node Kim Giang:
Gim 2% -> cn li 12%: mc cng sut vo node l:
12
100 *15.32mW 1.83mW => 10lg1.83[mW] 2.62dB .
->
Pvnode = 2.62 3.1 = -0.48dBm.
Node Bch Mai:
Node Kim Hoa:
->
n tt nghip
76
8
100 *15.32mW 1.23mW. => 10lg1.23[mW] 0.89dB.
->
Pvnode = 0.89 1.44 = -0.55dBm.
Node Phng Mai:
10
100 *15.32mW 1.53mW. => 10lg1.53[mW] 1.85dB.
->
Pvnode = 1.85 2.6 = -0.75dBm.
Node X n:
Node Vn Chng:
10
100 *15.32mW 1.53mW. => 10lg1.53[mW] 1.85dB.
->
Pvnode = 1.85 2.37 = - 0.52dBm.
Node Ho Nam:
10
100 *15.32mW 1.53mW. => 10lg1.53[mW] 1.85dB.
->
Pvnode = 1.85 2.68 = - 0.83dBm.
Tuyn d phng 2dBm: Khng thay i chim 12% cng sut vo b chia.
% = 8 + 10 + 12 + 10 + 8 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 12 = 100%.
Vi mc cng sut vo mi node quang nh trn th hp l i vi my
pht 13dBm ny. Sau khi tnh ton xong cc thng s cn thit th by gi c
th t mt b chia quang theo cng sut vi t l phn trm cc cng nh sau:
S dng b chia 1x10 (/12%/8%//10%//12%//10%//8%//10%//10%//10%//10%).
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5.7 Thuyt minh thit k phn mng ng trc

Sau khi thit k, tnh ton xong phn mng quang ta bt u thit k,
tnh ton phn mng ng trc. Trong phm vi bn n ny em ch chn mt
node quang trong s 9 node quang tnh ton phn mng quang thit k cn
cc node quang cn li c th tnh ton tng t. Tuy nhin vic phn b thit b
trong mng v m hnh mng th phi tu thuc vo c im ca tng vng dn
c khc nhau, c th hon ton s dng cp treo hoc cng c th kt hp c cp
treo v cp chn nu vng dn c khng c ct in hoc ct bu in. Mun
thit k c mng v tnh ton c cc thng s th trc ht phi kho st c
im vng dn c ni , sau t cc thit b k thut, o c khong cch sau
tin hnh tnh ton. Phng php tnh ton th c th ging nhau nhng cch
b tr cc thit b v s dng loi thit b no th li hon ton khc nhau v n
ph thuc vo vng dn c ni t node quang.
y em chn node quang X n thit k, node quang X n s
dng node quang 4 cng. Mi cng ra khong 114dBV. Mc tn hiu vo node
quang X n theo thit k mng quang l 0dBm (tng ng 20mW). Trong
4 cng ca node quang X n em chn tnh ton cho cng A ca node, cn cc
cng cn li th tnh ton tng t da vo a hnh ca vng. (Cng A, B, C hay
D ch l tn gi, cc cng ny nh nhau n khng quy nh cho mt iu g m
ch phn bit sau ny l tn hiu ca thit b ny, vng ny c cp tn hiu t
cng quang no (cng A, B, C hay D) v cng thuc node quang no) .
Trong phn tnh ton ca mng ng trc th em ch tnh ton t node
quang n cc khuch i trc v t cc khuch i trc n cc khuch i
nhnh. Sau chn tnh ton i din cho mt khuch i nhnh, cn cc khuch
i nhnh khc c th tnh ton tng t. Cc thit b s dng sau khuch i
nhnh ch yu l cc b chia v r tn hiu (bao gm b chia nhnh v cc b chia
thu bao). y chn khuch i nhnh t ti ct in c k hiu A03
Trong phm vi bn n ny em khng trnh by phng php thit k v
tnh ton cho cc b cp ngun, cp cho cc thit b ca mng ng trc, m ch
c th im qua nguyn tc cp ngun cho mng l: cp ngun theo phng php
cp ngun ti ch (cp ngun phn b). Ly ngun in t ngun in li ca
thnh ph cp trc tip cho cc thit b mng. ng cp ngun v ng
truyn tn hiu l trn cng mt ng. Trong lc thi cng nu thy ui ngun
cp u th cp ti v cc thit b cp ngun ny c th cp ngun ngc tr
li cho cc thit b pha u ngun. Cc thit b ng trc th cho php dng in
cp ngun i qua cn cc thit b nhnh ti thu bao th khng. Quan trng l thit
b trc khi a vo thit b nh thu bao phi ngt ngun in trnh lm hng
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thit b nh thu bao. Mi thit b trong mng ng trc u c cc cu ch ti

cng vo v cng ra cho php ng hoc ngt ngun in ti cng theo yu
cu ca thit k. Cc thit b cp ngun u c cc c quy d phng trong trng
hp ngun in li b mt. Tuy nhin n ch c th duy tr trong mt khong thi
gian ngn.
Trong phn mng ng trc trong bn n ny c s dng hai b cp
ngun t ti cc ct in c k hiu A01 v A07.
- Ngun t ti A01 cp ngun cho cc b khuch i t ti cc ct in: A01,
A08, A09, A10, A13, A12.
- Ngun t ti A07 cp ngun cho cc b khuch i t ti cc ct in: A07,
A06, A05, A04, A03.
Sau y l phn tnh ton cho mng ng trc:
5.8 Tnh ton phn mng ng trc
Cc ch tiu k thut ca cc thit b dng trong mng ng trc
- Thit b khuch i (c khuch i trc v khuch i nhnh):
+ Cng sut vo: 80 85dBV.
+ Cng sut ra: 108dBV.
+ Ngun cp: 220V/60Hz/10A.
- Cc thit b khc:
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ch tiu k thut
K hiu ting anh
V tr t thit b
S2
ng trc
S3UB
ng trc
DC8
ng trc
DC16
ng trc
DC20
ng trc
IT1-6
ng nhnh
IT1-10
ng nhnh
IT1-12
ng nhnh
IT1-14
ng nhnh
IT1-16
ng nhnh
IT1-18
ng nhnh
IT2-8
ng nhnh
IT2-16
ng nhnh
IT2-20
ng nhnh
IS2
ng nhnh
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Suy hao(dB)
5.5
Out:5/Tap:9
5.5
2.5
2
3
2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1
4
2
1.5
4
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
IS3
IS4
ISV6
ISV8
QR540
RG11
RG6
ng nhnh
ng nhnh
ng thu bao
ng thu bao
Cp trc
Cp nhnh
Cp thu bao
6
8
11
12.5
7dB/100m
12dB/100m
18dB/100m
1 Tnh ton phn mng trc trong mng ng trc

(T node quang n cc b khuch i trc, nhnh)
- Tn hiu ra ti cng A node quang X n: 108dBV.
- Suy hao qua b chn ngun l 2dB: cng sut cn li l: 108 2 = 106dBV.
+ A01.
- Cng sut vo DC20 (2dB): 106[dBV] 0.25*7 104.25 dBV.
- Out DC20: 104.25 2 = 102.25 dBV.
- Tap DC20: 104.25 20 = 84.25 dBV. Vo khuch i nhnh ti A01.
+ A02.
- Cng sut vo S3UB: 102.25 0.45*7 99.1 dBV.
- Hai u Tap S3UB: 99.1 9 = 90.1 dBV.
- Out S3UB: 99.1 5 = 94.1 dBV
+ A03.
- Cng sut vo khuch i nhnh: 90.1 0.72*7 85.06 dBV.
+ A04.
- Cng sut vo khuch i trc: 90.1 0.72*7 85.06 dBV.
- Cng sut ra khuch i trc: 104 dBV vo DC20.
- Out DC20: 104 2 = 102 dBV.
- Tap DC20: 104 20 = 84 dBV vo khuch i nhnh.
+ A05.
- Cng sut vo DC8: 102 1.62*7 90.66 dBV.
- Out DC8: 90.66 5.5 = 85.16 dBV.
- Tap DC8: 90.66 8 = 82.66 dBV vo khuch i nhnh.
+ A06.
- Cng sut vo khuch i trc: 85.16 0.74*7 79.98 dBV.
- Cng sut ra khuch i trc: 104 dBV vo DC20.
- Out DC20: 104 2 = 102 dBV.
- Tap DC20: 104 20 = 84 dBV vo khuch i nhnh.
+ A07.
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- Cng sut vo DC8(qua b chn ngun suy hao 2dB): 102 2 0.80*7
94.4dBV.
- Out DC8: 94.4 5.5 = 88.9 dBV vo S2.
- Tap DC8: 94.4 8 = 86.4 dBV lp b phi hp tr khng 5/8TC dng cho d
phng.
- Hai u Out S2: 88.9 5.5 = 83.9 dBV. vo hai b khuch i nhnh tng
ng.
+ A08.
- cng sut vo khuch i trc ti A08: 94.1 1.85*7 81.15 dBV.
- cng sut ra khuch i trc: 108 dBV vo b chia DC16.
- Out DC16 (2.5dB): 108 2.5 = 105.5 dBV.
- Tap DC16: 108 16 = 92 dBV. Vo DC8.
- Out DC8 (5.5dB): 92 5.5 = 86.5 dBV. Lp b phi hp tr khng 5/8TC
dng cho d phng.
- Tap DC8: 92 8 = 84 dBV. Vo khuch i nhnh.
+ A09.
- cng sut vo DC8: 105.5 1.9*7 92.2 dBV.
- out DC8: 92.2 5.5 = 86.7 dBV.
- tap DC8: 92.2 8 = 84.2 dBV.
+ A10.
- cng sut vo khuch i trc ti A10: 86.7 0.91*7 80.33 dBV.
- cng sut ra khuch i trc: 102 dBV vo DC20.
- Out DC20: 102 2 = 100 dBV.
- Tap DC20: 102 20 = 80 dBV. Vo khuch i nhnh.
+ A11.
- Cng sut vo S2: 100 0.79*7 94.47 dBV.
- Hai u out S2 (5.5dB): 94.47 5.5 = 88.97 dBV.
+ A12.
- cng sut vo khuch i nhnh: 88.97 0.66*7 84.35 dBV.
+ A13.
- cng sut vo khuch i nhnh: 88.97 0.60*7 84.77 dBV.
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2 Tnh ton phn mng thu bao ca mng ng trc

Cng sut vo thit b ca nh thu bao(khong chun): 62 4 dBV.
+ A03.
- Cng sut vo khuch i nhnh: 85.06 dBV.
- Cng sut ra khuch i nhnh: 104dBV vo IT1 6.
- Tap IT1 6: 104 6 = 98dBV. vo IT2 1 6
- Out IT2 16 (2dB): 98 2 = 96dBV.
- Tap IT2 16: 98 16 = 82dBV. vo hai ISV6.
- Cng sut vo thit b ca cc nh thu bao, tnh t trn xung
+ 82 11 0.29*18 65.78 dBV.
+ 82 11 0.31*18 65.42 dBV.
+ 82 11 0.33*18 65.06 dBV.
+ 82 11 0.36*18 64.52 dBV.
+ 82 11 0.34*18 64.88 dBV.
+ 82 11 0.32*18 65.24 dBV.
+ a31.
- Cng sut vo IT1 10: 96 0.35*12 91.8 dBV.
- Out IT1 10: 91.8 2 = 89.8 dBV.
- Tap IT1 16: 91.8 - 10 = 81.8 dBV.vo ISV6
- Cng sut vo thit b ca cc nh thu bao, tnh t trn xung
+ 81.8 11 0.29*18 65.58dBV.
+ 81.8 11 0.31*18 65.22dBV.
+ 81.8 11 0.33*18 64.86dBV.
+ 81.8 11 0.36*18 64.32dBV.
+ 81.8 11 0.34*18 64.68 dBV.
+ 81.8 11 0.32*18 65 dBV.
+ a32.
- Cng sut vo ISV6: 89.8 0.21*12 87.28 dBV.
- Cng sut vo thit b cc nh thu bao, tnh t trn xung
+ 87.28 11 0.29*18 71dBV.
+ 87.28 11 0.31*18 70dBV.
+ 87.28 11 0.33*18 70.34dBV.
+ 87.28 11 0.36*18 69.8dBV.
+ 87.28 11 0.34*18 70.16dBV.
+ 87.28 11 0.32*18 70.52dBV.
+ a33.
- Cng sut vo IT1 14: 101 0.26*12 97.88 dBV.
- Out IT1 14: 97.88 1.5 = 96.38 dBV.
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- Tap IT1 14: 97.88 14 = 83.88 dBV. vo ISV8

- Cng sut vo thit b cc nh thu bao, tnh t trn xung:
+ 83.88 12.5 0.27*18 66.52 dBV.
+ 83.88 12.5 0.29*18 66.16 dBV.
+ 83.88 12.5 0.31*18 65.8 dBV.
+ 83.88 12.5 0.33*18 65.44 dBV.
+ 83.88 12.5 0.36*18 64.9 dBV.
+ 83.88 12.5 0.34*18 65.26 dBV.
+ 83.88 12.5 0.32*18 65.62 dBV.
+ 83.88 12.5 0.30*18 65.98 dBV.
+ a34.
- Cng sut vo IT2 8: 96.38 0.15*12 94.58 dBV.
- Out IT2 8: 94.58 4 = 90.58 dBV.
- Tap IT2 8: 85.86 8 = 86.58 dBV. vo ISV8
- Cng sut vo thit b nh thu bao, tnh t trn xung
+ 86.58 12.5 0.27*18 69.22 dBV.
+ 86.58 12.5 0.29*28 68.86 dBV.
+ 86.58 12.5 0.31*18 68.5 dBV.
+ 86.58 12.5 0.33*18 68.14 dBV.
+ 86.58 12.5 0.36*18 67.6 dBV.
+ 86.58 12.5 0.34*18 67.9 dBV.
+ 86.58 12.5 0.32*18 68.32 dBV.
+ 86.58 12.5 0.30*18 68.68 dBV.
+ a35
- Cng sut vo IS2: 90.58 0.17*12 88.54 dBV.
- Out IS2: 88.54 4 = 84.54 dBV. vo ISV8.
+84.54 12.5 0.27*18 67.18 dBV.
+ 84.54 12.5 0.29*18 66.82 dBV.
+ 84.54 12.5 0.31*18 66.46 dBV.
+ 84.54 12.5 0.33*18 66 dBV.
+ 84.54 12.5 0.36*18 65.56 dBV.
+ 84.54 12.5 0.34*18 65.92 dBV.
+ 84.54 12.5 0.32*18 66.28 dBV.
+ 84.54 12.5 0.30*18 66.64 dBV.
+a36.
- Cng sut vo ISV6: 84.54 0.17*12 82.5 dBV.
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- Cng sut vo thit b cc nh thu bao, tnh t trn xung

+ 82.5 11 0.29*18 66.28dBV.
+ 82.5 11 0.31*18 65.9dBV.
+ 82.5 11 0.33*18 65.56dBV.
+ 82.5 11 0.36*18 65dBV.
+ 82.5 11 0.34*18 65.38dBV.
+ 82.5 11 0.32*18 65.74dBV.
+ a37
- Cng sut vo IS2: 86.58 0.13*12 85.02 dBV.
- Out IS2: 85.02 4 = 81.54 dBV. vo ISV6.
+ 85.02 11 0.29*18 64.8 dBV.
+ 85.02 11 0.31*18 64.4 dBV.
+ 85.02 11 0.33*18 64 dBV.
+ 85.02 11 0.36*18 63.54 dBV.
+ 85.02 11 0.34*18 63.9 dBV.
+ 85.02 11 0.32*18 64.26 dBV.
+ a38
- Cng sut vo IS4: 81.02 0.20*12 78.62 dBV.
+ 78.62 8 0.31*18 65 dBV.
+ 78.62 8 0.33*18 64.68 dBV.
+ 78.62 8 0.36*18 64.14 dBV.
+ 78.62 8 0.34*18 64.45 dBV.
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5.9 Thuyt minh thit k mng HFPC

Kin trc mng ny thit k cho mt khu tp th gm c 4 to nh cao tng,
mi to nh gm 8 tng, mi tng 4 h v mi h c 3 phng. Ti tng 1 ca to
nh CT1 t mt trm lp quang gm mt my thu v mt my pht cng sut
7dBm (5mW). Tn hiu quang c a vo b chia 4 cng cp tn hiu cho 4
node quang. Mi node quang cp tn hiu cho mt to nh. Cc thit b quang:
my pht, my thu, b chia, node quang u c t ti phng k thut ti tng 1
ca cc to nh cao tng. V y l mng HFPC khng s dng cc b khuch i
cao tn nn yu cu cng sut ra ca cc node quang cao, do cc node quang
ny c mc cng sut ra khong 120dBV.
Trong phn mng ng trc t cc b chia cao tn ti cc tng 2, 4, 6 v
tng 8 ca mi to nh, cc b chia ny c t trong hp k thut chung ca
tng . Trong phn mng ny ch yu s dng cp RG11 V RG6 v khong
cch ko cp ngn, cc b chia ch yu s dng cc b chia nhnh (IT, ISV). Do
khng c khuch i nn mc cng sut vo cc thit b c th cao hn so vi
mng theo kin trc HFC.
5.10 Tnh ton mng HFPC
1 - Tnh ton phn mng quang trong kin trc HFPC
Tn hiu quang vo my thu c th ly t mt node quang no ln cn.
Sau khi c khi phc v a vo my pht cng sut 7dBm (5mW), tn hiu
quang c a vo b chia quang theo cng sut c 4 cng. T l mi cng sau
khi tnh ton l (20%//25%//30%//25%). Cc ng ny c a n node
quang t ti phng k thut ti tng 1 ca cc to nh cp tn hiu cho cc to
nh .
a/ Tnh ton t l cc cng b chia khi mc cng sut vo node quang ti 0dBm
1.23mW
+ CT1: 0dBm + 0.8 + 0.1 = 0.9dB -> 5mW *100% 25%
1.27mW
+ CT2: 0dBm + 0.05 + 0.3*0.35 + 0.8 + 0.1 = 1.055dB -> 5mW *100% 26%
+ CT3: 0dBm + 0.05 + (0.3 + 0.25)*0.35 + 0.8*2 +0.1 = 1.94dB
1.56mW
-> 5mW *100% 31%
1.26mW
+CT4: 0dBm + 0.05 + 0.25*0.35 + 0.8 + 0.1 = 1.03dB -> 5mW *100% 25%
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- Tnh tng phn trm cc cng:

% = 25% + 26% + 31% + 25% = 107% >100%
Ta thy my pht ny khng cng sut cung cp cho cc node quang ti
mc chun 0dBm. Do ta c th gim cng sut vo cc node quang xung cho
ph hp bng cch gim mt vi phn trm cng sut ti cc cng ca b chia.
Khng nn dng phng php tng cng sut ra ca my pht bng cch thay i
my pht khc c cng sut ln hn v nh vy c th gy lng ph tn hiu v
tng chi ph thit b v my pht c cng sut cng ln th chi ph cng cao.
b/ Tnh ton li cng sut vo cc node quang sau khi gim phn trm mt s
cng ca b chia
+ CT1: gim 5% cn li 20%:
0.20*5 = 1mW -> Pvnde = 10lg1mW 0.9 = -0.9dBm.
+ CT2: Gim 1% cn li 25%:
0.25*5 = 1.25mW -> Pvnde = 10lg1.25mW 1.055 -0.085dBm.
+ CT3: Gim 1% cn li 30%:
0.30*5 = 1.5mW -> Pvnde = 10lg1.5mW 1.94 -0.18dBm.
+ CT4: Khng thay i (25%)
- Tng phn trm cc cng sau khi thay i:
% = 20% + 25% + 30% + 25% = 100%.
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2 Tnh ton phn mng ng trc trong kin trc HFPC

La chn tnh ton cho mt to nh (chn to nh CT1). Trong to nh ny
t ba b chia (IT) v mt b chia ISV8 trn ng cp nhnh (RG11), cc b
chia (IS) trn ng cp thu bao (RG6). Mi cn h t mt b chia IS3 dng
cho 3 tivi cho ba phng (mi phng mt tivi).
- Cng sut vo node quang: -0.9dBm
- Cng sut ra node quang: 106 2 = 104 dBV.
- Cng sut vo IT8 26: 104 0.06*12 103.28dBV.
- Out IT8 26: 103.28 2 = 101.28 dBV.
- Tap IT8 26: 103.28 26 = 77.28 dBV.
+ Cng sut vo IT8 26 ti tng 4: 101.28 0.13*12 99.72dBV.
+ Out IT8 26: 99.72 2 = 97.72 dBV.
+ Tap IT8 26: 99.72 26 =73.72 dBV.
- Cng sut vo IT8 24 ti tng 6: 97.72 0.13*12 96.16 dBV.
- Out IT8 24: 96.16 2.2 = 93.96 dBV.
- Tap IT8 24: 96.16 24 = 72.16 dBV.
+ Cng sut vo ISV8 ti tng 8: 93.96 0.13*12 92.4 dBV.
+ Tng 1:
- 77.28 0.15*18 74.58 dBV.
- 77.28 0.24*18 72.96 dBV.
+ Tng 2:
- 77.28 0.09*18 75.66 dBV.
- 77.28 0.18*18 74.04 dBV.
+ Tng 3:
- 73.72 0.15*18 71 dBV.
- 73.72 0.24*18 69.4 dBV.
+ Tng 4:
- 73.72 0.09*18 72.1 dBV.
- 73.72 0.18*18 70.48 dBV.
+ Tng 5:
- 72.16 0.15*18 69.46 dBV.
- 72.16 0.24*18 67.84 dBV.
+ Tng 6:
- 72.16 0.09*18 70.54 dBV.
- 72.16 0.18*18 68.92 dBV.
+ Tng 7:
- 92.4 12.5 0.15*18 77.2 dBV.
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- 92.4 12.5 0.24*18 75.58 dBV.

+ Tng 8:
- 92.4 12.5 0.09*18 78.28 dBV.
- 92.4 12.5 0.18*18 76.66 dBV.
Cng sut tnh ti mi tng l tn hiu ko vo tng h gia nh, ti u vo
b chia IS3 t ti hp k thut trong h gia nh . Cn tn hiu ra mi b chia
IS3 th c 3 ng tn hiu bng nhau v gim so vi tn hiu vo l 6dB (suy hao
b chia IS3). Mc tn hiu vo my thu t yu cu trong khong 624dBV.
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5.11 So snh mng HFC v mng HFPC

Kin trc mng HFPC l mng khng s dng cc phn t tch cc trong
phn mng ng trc, m ch s dng cc b chia chia tn hiu. Do bn knh
bao ph ca mng hp, thch hp cho vng dn c tp trung nh cc khu tp th
nh cao tng, cc khu chung c. Cn cc vng dn c phn b ri rc, tha tht
th vic dng kin trc mng HFPC l khng c hiu qu v nu ko di mng
ng trc th tn hiu s b suy yu. Tuy vng ph sng ca mng khng ln
nhng i li cht lng tn hiu li cao v n ch s dng cc b chia m khng
dng cc b khuch i nn thun li cho vic nng cp thnh mng hai chiu sau
ny. ng thi vic sa cha v bo dng mng d dng hn. tin cy ca
mng cao hn.
Cn kin trc mng HFC l mng c s dng cc phn t tch cc trong
phn mng ng trc nn c th truyn tn hiu i xa c v bao ph c mt
vng rng ln. Do c th gim c chi ph cho thu bao khi lp t. Tuy
nhin, do c s dng cc b khuch i nn ko theo mt lot cc vn l: v
phn mng ng trc vn di nn phi s dng thm cc b cp ngun nm ri
rc trn mng nn an ton mng khng cao. Nu mt b cp ngun b hng th
ko theo cc thit b do b cp ngun cung cp s khng c ngun v ngng
hot ng v vng thu bao s b mt tn hiu, vic bo dng mng gp nhiu
kh khn. S dng nhiu b khuch i dn n suy hao tch lu trn cc b
khuch i ln nn cht lng tn hiu khng cao.
Theo nh phn tch trn v xt trong iu kin a l v kinh t Vit
Nam th s dng kin trc mng HFC l thch hp nht. C th bao ph c mt
vng rng ln, v vy c th gim chi ph u t ko cp cho c nh cung cp ln
thu bao, gim gi cc thu bao.
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KT LUN
Trong tnh hnh nn kinh t nc ta hin nay ang trong thi k m ca v
hi nhp nn nhu cu v cp nht thng tin ngy cng cao. Trinh dn tr ca
ngi dn cng ngy cng cao nn s i hi v cc nhu cu gii tr cng ngy
cng cao. M trn thc t cc knh truyn hnh qung b khng th p ng kp
s pht trin ca cc nhu cu gii tr ca ngi dn. Do s pht trin ca cng
ngh truyn hnh cp hu tuyn l tt yu.
S dng truyn hnh cp hu tuyn ngi dn c th xem c nhiu knh
truyn hnh c trong nc v quc t, cc knh thi s nng bng, cc knh th
thao, phim truyn vi dung lng knh truyn ln v cht lng m bo
khng chu tc ng ca mi trng ngoi. Trong giai on hin nay mi trin
khai dch v truyn hnh cp, nhng trong tng lai gn y s trin khai thm
dch v internet v cc dch v tng tc khc trn mng. Lc ngi dn c th
c thm rt nhiu s la chn dch v theo yu cu. Do pht trin mng truyn
hnh cp hu tuyn l iu tt yu hin nay.
Trong bn n ny thit k mng ch mang tnh m hnh da trn s liu
tng i ca mt vng dn c a bn H Ni. Trong phm vi ti ca mnh,
ti ch phc ho nhng nt khi qut qu trnh thit k mng v gii php pht
trin mng hin ti. Trong qu trnh lm n do iu kin thi gian v kin thc
c hn nn c th c mt vi vn cn s si, cha chuyn su. Ti s hon
thnh nhng vn k thut cha khai thc ht trong qu trnh hc tp v cng
tc sau ny.
Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio, cc anh ch trong
phng thit k gip em trong qu trnh thc hin n. Xin chn thnh cm
n thy TS. Bi Vit Khi tn tnh hng dn em hon thnh bn n
ny.
n tt nghip
90
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] K thut thng tin quang Tng cng ty bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam
[2] Nghin cu xut cc gii php k hoch v cc bc thay th cp ng
bng cp quang M s 001-96-TCT-RD - Vin khoa hc k thut Bu in.
[3] Optical communications J. H. Franz V. K. Jain.
[4] H thng truyn hnh cp H Ni i truyn cp hnh H Ni.
[5] Fiber Optic communication Technology Djafar K.Mynbaev Lowell
L.Scheiner
[6] H thng thng tin si quang Phng Vn Vn - 2002
n tt nghip
91

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MC LC

3.3.7.1 Tn sc trong mode (Intramode Dispersion) .................................. 47

Optical Network Unit

truyn dn cnh tranh khc. Ni dung bn n gm nm chng c gii

CHNG I -TNG QUAN V TRUYN HNH CP HU TUYN

Mng phn phi

Mng truy nhp

Hnh 1.2 Cu hnh mng truyn dn v phn phi tn hiu

Thit b ti nh thu bao

1.2 - V tr cc mng truyn hnh cp v xu hng pht trin

S tin b vt bc trong cng ngh si quang t cui nhng nm 80

Hnh 1.4 Cu hnh h thng s dng cng ngh ADSL

Mch vng thu bao l mt i dy ng xon i ni cm thu bao v

Ngoi ra cn mt s ng dng khc ang c pht trin v s dng cng ngh

qua cp ng trc hoc cp ng xon i. Mt khi giao din mng t ti pha

Hnh 1.5 Cu hnh h thng Fiber in the loop

Mt kin trc FITL khc l FTTH. Nh tn gi ca n, cp quang s thay

- Chu tc ng mnh bi nhiu cng nghip: Do s dng phng thc iu ch

Hnh 1.6 Cu hnh mng dch v phn phi a knh a im MMDS

Mt cng ngh gn vi MMDS l cng ngh lai ghp gia cp quang v

CHNG II KIN TRC MNG TRUYN HNH CP

Hnh 2.1 Kin trc n gin mng CATV truyn thng

- Thu cc chng trnh (v d t NBC, CBS, v cc mng cp nh MTV&

H thng mng truyn dn bao gm:

Truyn dn tn hiu bng cp ng trc c suy hao rt ln, nn cn phi t

tn hiu in t mng truy nhp s c thu ti node quang v chuyn thnh tn

Mng phn phi

Mng truy nhp

Hnh 2.2 Kin trc mng HFC

Mb/s) ti OC-48/STM-16 (2448 Mb/s). y s dng k thut ghp knh thng

khng s dng bt c mt thit b tch cc no na, m ch cn cc b chia tn

Mng phn phi

Mng truy nhp

Hnh 2.3 Cu trc mng HFPC

CHNG III CC THIT B CHNH TRONG MNG QUANG

Hnh 3.1 Trung tm Headen

3.1.2 - Nguyn l hot ng ca Headend

3.1.3 - Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my pht quang

Hnh 3.2 S khi my pht tn hiu quang

My pht quang bao gm 3 khi chnh nh sau:

L: l khong cch hai gng

Vng hot tnh

Hnh 3.3 Laser Fabry-perot: (a) Cu to ca khoang cng

Cng sut ra (mW)

c tnh P I ca laser diode nh hnh 3.4. c tnh ph ca FP LD nh hnh

Hnh 3.4 c tnh P I ca laser diode

2/ Laser diode DFB (Distributed FeedBack)

Hnh 3.5 Cu trc diode laser hi tip phn tn DFB

Cng thc (3.3) l trng hp c bit ca nh lut Bragg v nu m = 1

Hnh 3.6.(a) iu ch tn hiu s

Hnh 3.6.(b) iu ch tng t

3.1.3.2 Hot ng ca my pht

Hnh 3.7 S khi ca node quang 4 cng ra

2 - Cu to ca node quang bao gm cc khi c bn sau:

truyn lan c nh sng, mt si quang c bn c cu to nh hnh 3.8.

truyn lan nhiu mode ng thi c gi l si quang a mode (Multimode

iu mu cht trong vic thit k, ch to si truyn n mode l ng

3.3.3.2 Cc nguyn nhn gy nn suy hao

nh sng truyn lan trong si quang b hp th do cc vt liu si v c

Suy hao (dB/km)

Suy hao tng

Hnh 3.10 Suy hao tng ca si quang

+ Khng ng tm gia hai li si

0dBm + 0.05 + (1.65 + 2.2)0.35 + 0.82 + 0.1 3.1dB. => 10 10 2.04mW.

0dBm + 0.05 + (1.05 + 1.4)0.35 + 0.82 + 0.1 = 2.6dB. => 10 10 1.82mW.

0dBm + 0.05 + (0.45 + 1.32)0.35 + 0.82 + 0.1 = 2.37dB. => 10 10 1.73mW.

0dBm + 0.05 + (1.35 + 1.32)0.35 + 0.82 + 0.1 2.68dB. => 10 10 1.86mW.