HC VIN K THUT QUN S

B Mn Thng Tin Khoa V Tuyn in T

INH TH CNG,
TRN XUN NAM, NGUYN THNH

BI TH NGHIM
M PHNG NH GI
CHT LNG CA
MNG VIN THNG S DNG
PHN MN M PHNG MNG
(Dng cho mn hc C s mng truyn s liu, ngnh Thng tin, chuyn
ngnh K thut in t v Raa dn ng)

H NI - 2008

MC LC
Mc lc
Li ni u
Bi 1: Gii thiu OPNET
Bi 2: Mng Ethernet
Bi 3: Hub v Switch
Bi 4: Cc giao thc nh tuyn
Bi 5: QoS: nh hng ca c ch xp hng
Ti liu tham kho

Trang
1
2
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LI NI U
C s mng truyn s liu l mt trong nhng mn hc c bn trong cu trc chng trnh
o to Thc s K thut ngnh Thng tin, chuyn ngnh K thut in t v Raa dn ng.
Bn cnh khi lng kin thc l thuyt bao qut mt phm vi rt rng, t cp phn t cho
n h thng ln, rt phc tp, mn hc cn t ra yu cu phi c iu kin cho hc vin c
th tip cn thc tin h thng so snh, kim nghim vi l thuyt c trang b. Trong
iu kin hin nay, vic trang b mt phng th nghim vi quy m nh vy cc k tn km,
hn na, v nhiu l do khc nhau, cc cng ty vin thng cng khng to iu kin d dng
hc vin c th tip cn, kho st, iu chnh cc h thng ca h.
Trong iu kin nh vy, cch thc hiu qu gii quyt vn l s dng cc phn mm
mnh thc hin vic m hnh ho, m phng, nh gi cht lng ca mng vin thng.
Gii php ny v ang c rt nhiu cc trng i hc k thut danh ting trn th gii
c chuyn ngnh ny s dng.
Trn th trng hin c rt nhiu cc phn mm m phng mng khc nhau nh OPNET
Modeler, ns-2, OMNeT++, NetSim, QualNet, Mi phn mm u c nhng im mnh,
yu ring, do tu vo trng hp c th m mi phn mm c th pht huy c u th
ca mnh. Tuy nhin, dng sn phm ca hng OPNET t ra c nhiu u im vt tri v
c dng kh ph bin trong cc trng i hc cho cc chng trnh o to t i hc cho
n tin s chuyn ngnh in t Vin thng.
Do nhm tc gi chn phn mm ny vi phin bn Academic IT Guru 9.1 xy
dng tp bi th nghim phc v cho mn hc vi ni dung sau:
Gii thiu OPNET: Gip hc vin lm quen vi phn mm, tp s dng cc cng c,
th vin c sn trong n thit k mt mng LAN n gin, sau nh gi kh nng
m rng n thng qua cc tham s cht lng ca mng.
Mng Ethernet: Phn tch hot ng ca mng chia s mi trng truyn, nh gi
cht lng (hiu nng) ca mng khi ti lu lng thay i.
Switch v Hub: Tm hiu nguyn l hot ng ca Switch v Hub, nh hng ca n
n thng lng ca mng.
Th tc nh tuyn: Nguyn cu hot ng ca giao thc Thng tin nh tuyn RIP
(Routing Information Protocol), m phng hot ng ca mt s router s dng giao
thc RIP, xc nh s thay i ca bng thng tin nh tuyn cng nh tc gi tin
nhn c trong cc trng thi khc nhau ca mng.
QoS: nh hng ca c ch x l hng i: Kho st mt s tham s cht lng ca
mng nh t l mt gi tin, tr xp hng, bin thin tr, khi p dng nhng c
ch x l hng i khc nhau.

GII THIU OPNET

Phn hng dn ny gip hc vin lm quen vi phn mm OPNET IT Guru Academic
Edition 9.1, s dng cc c tnh ca IT Guru xy dng v phn tch cc m hnh mng.
Hc vin s hc cch gii quyt bi ton m hnh ho mng thng tin thng qua vic xy
dng mt m hnh mng thch hp, lin kt cc tham s thng k ca mng v phn tch kt
qu m phng nhn c.
Cc bi tp s tng bc gip hc vin thnh tho dn vic s dng IT Guru v minh ho
phm vi ca cc bi ton m IT Guru c th gii quyt.
Trc ht cn hiu r v trnh t x l, khng gian thit k (workspace) v cc cng c ca
IT Guru.
Xy dng
(cc) m
hnh mng

Chn cc
tham s

Chy (cc)
m phng

Xem v
phn tch
(cc) kt
qu
Hnh 1.1. Trnh t x l i vi IT Guru.
Trnh t x l i vi IT Guru (cc bc cn thit xy dng mt m hnh mng v chy
cc m phng) c minh ho trn hnh 1.1, vic thc hin c th n c tp trung trn mi
trng Project Editor. Trn , ngi s dng c th to ra mt m hnh mng, khai mi hoc
thay i cc tham s c sn cho tng i tng hay cho c h thng, thc hin m phng sau
tin hnh kho st v phn tch cc kt qu nhn c t m phng.
Vic s dng mi trng Project Editor xy dng mt mng con s c minh ho ngay
sau y.
1. Ca s Project Editor
Ca s Project Editor c cc vng chc nng tng tc vi cc th tc khi to v chy m
phng m hnh mng. Cc vng chc nng ny c minh ho hnh 1.2.

Thc n
Nt cng c

Khng gian
thit k

Thng bo

Biu tng cha

cc thng bo

Hnh 1.2. Mt m hnh mng trn ca s Project Editor.

Thanh thc n
Thanh thc n nm pha trn cng ca s thit k. Thanh ny gm cc thc n theo ch
trong cha cc lnh. S thc n v s cc lnh trong mi thc n thay i tu theo s
modul c gi vo m hnh. Cc lnh ph thuc tnh hung c th c chn khi nhp phi
chut ln i tng hoc ln khng gian thit k.
Cc nt cng c
Mt s chc nng thng dng trn thanh thc n c th c kch hot nh cc nt cng c
c minh ho di y.

1. M th vin i tng Object Palette

2. Kin tra kt ni
3. nh li (hng) i tng chn
4. Khi phc i tng chn
5. Tr v phn mng bc cao hn
6. Phng to
7. Thu nh
8. Ci t tham s, chy m phng
9. Xem kt qa
10. M/xo cc th
Khng gian thit k
4

L phn khng gian nm gia ca s Editor, cha cc biu tng ca m hnh mng. C th
chn, x dch cc biu tng, chn cc lnh ph thuc tnh hung khi nhp phi chut ln
phng nn ca khng gian thit k.
Vng thng bo
Vng thng bo nm v tr di cng ca ca s Editor. N cung cp thng tin v trng thi
cng c.
xem thng tin v tin trnh lm vic, nhp tri chut ln biu tng bn cnh vng thng
bo
. Ca s mi m s lit k cc thng bo xut hin trong vng thng bo. Cc
thng tin ny tr gip, hng dn ngi dng trong qu trnh xy dng m hnh m phng.
2. Bi tp minh ho: M rng mt mng LAN
Gii thiu
Trong bi tp ny, hc vin s tm hiu cch s dng cc c tnh ca IT Guru xy dng v
phn tch mt m hnh mng n gin.

Tng 1

Mng m rng

Hnh 1.3. M hnh mng LAN m rng.

Nhim v t ra l lp k hoch nng cp mt mng con intranet ca mt cng ty. Hin ti,
cng ty c mt mng my tnh vi hnh dng sao c trin khai tng th nht ca to
nh vn phng. Cng ty ln k hoch m thm mt mng hnh sao na tng trn ca to nh.
Hc vin s thit lp m hnh m phng v kim tra kh nng m rng ny bo m rng
ti lu lng pht sinh t mng mi m khng lm hng hot ng ca ton mng.
Thc hin
Khi khi to mt m hnh mng mi, trc ht cn phi to ra mt d n (project) v hot
5

cnh (scenario) mi. Mt d n l tp hp ca mt s hot cnh m mi hot cnh kho st

mt kha cnh khc nhau ca mng.
Sau khi khi u mt project mi, chng ta s s dng cng c h tr Startup Wizard kin
to mt hot cnh mi. Cng c Wizard cho php:
Xc nh hnh khi u ca mng
Xc nh quy m, kch thc ca mng
Chn la bn nn cho mng
Lin kt th vin phn t (Object Palette) vi hot cnh.
Startup Wizard s t ng xut hin mi khi mt project mi c khi to. Cng c ny cho
php chng ta xc nh mt s cc c tnh ca mi trng thit k mng.
s dng Startup Wizard ci t mt hot cnh mi, thc hin theo cc bc sau:
1. Chy chng trnh IT Guru nu n cha c kch hot.
2. Chn File => New
3. Chn Project t thc n ko xung ri nhp OK.
4. t tn project v hot cnh nh sau:
Tn project: <xx>_Sm_Int, trong <xx> l gi tr khi u ca project.
Tn hot cnh first_floor.
Nhp OK.
Startup Wizard bt u hot ng.
5. Nhp cc tham s trong bng di vo cc hp khai bo ca Startup Wizard.
Tn hp khai bo
1. Initial Topology
2. Choose Network Scale
3. Specify Size
4. Select Technologies
5. Review

Gi tr
Chn gi tr mc nh Create Empty Scenario.
Chn Office. nh du Use Metric Unit vo hp chn.
Chn gi tr mc nh 100m x 100m.
Chn h m hnh Sm_Int_Model_List.
Kim tra li cc tham s ri nhp OK.

Mt khng gian thit k vi kch thc va c xc nh s m ra. Th vin phn t tng

ng vi cc chn la t Startup Wizard c m ra trong mt ca s khc.
Khi to mng
Cc m hnh mng c to ra trn mi trng Project Editor bng cch s dng cc nt
mng (node) v ng truyn (link) ly t th vin Object Palette.
Nt mng (Node) - Mt biu tng biu din mt thc th c th pht v thu thng tin ca
mng thc.

ng truyn (Link) - Mi trng truyn tin kt ni cc node li vi nhau. Link c th l

cp in hoc si quang.

Cc i tng ny c lu trong th vin Object Palette dng cc biu tng.

6

C th khi to mng bng mt trong ba cch hoc t hp bt k cc cch ny vi nhau. Cch

th nht l nhp hnh (topology) c sn. Mt cch khc l thit lp trn mi trng thit
k cc node ring l chn t th vin Object Palette. Cch th ba l s dng cng c Rapid
Configuration.
Rapid Configuration khi to mt mng mi bng mt lnh duy nht sau khi cu hnh mng,
kiu ca cc node trong mng, kiu ca cc link ni cc node c la chn.
khi to mng my tnh u tin ( tng mt ca to nh) bng cng c Rapid
Configuration, thc hin cc thao tc sau:

Hnh 1.4. Ci t tham s Configuration trn cng c Rapid Configuration.

1. Chn Topology => Rapid Configuration.
2. Chn cu hnh Star t thc n drop-down, sau nhp OK
Bc tip theo l xc nh cc m hnh nt mng v ng truyn. Cc m hnh nt mng
tun theo quy lut t tn sau:
<protocol1>_..._<protocoln>_<function>_<mod>
Trong :
* <protocol> xc nh (cc) loi giao thc c h tr bi m hnh.
* <function> l tn (vit tt) chc nng tng qut ca m hnh.
* <mod> l th t bc ca m hnh th sinh.
V d: ethernet2_bridge_int xc nh m hnh th sinh trung gian (int) ca mt cu (bridge)
Ethernet 2 cng (ethernet2).
Tn m hnh thit b ca cc hng c thm phn mo u ch tn hng v s seri sn phm.
V d: switch ca hng 3Com dng trong bi tp ny c tn:
3C_SSII_1100_3300_4s_ae52_e48_ge3
Nt mng ny l mt tp hp thit b gm hai chassis 3Com SuperStack II 1100, hai chassis
3Com SuperStack II 3300 (3C_SSII_1100_3300) vi bn khe cm (4s), 52 cng Ethernet
auto-sensing (ae52), 48 cng Ethernet (e48) v ba cng Ethernet Gigabit (ge3).

Hnh 1.5. Ci t tham s Star trn cng c Rapid Configuration.

thit lp cc nt mng v ng truyn cu thnh nn mng, thc hin tip cc thao tc
sau:
7

1. t Center Node Model l 3C_SSII_1100_3300_4s_ae52_e48_ge3 (mt loi switch

ca 3Com).
2. t Periphery Node Model l Sm_Int_wkstn v thay i s thit b ngoi vi Number
l 30. Thao tc ny to ra 30 my trm Ethernet l cc node ngoi vi.
3. t Link Model l 10BaseT.
Xc nh v tr t mng:
1. t X center v Y center l 25.
2. t Radius l 20.
3. Nhp OK.
Mng my tnh (tng mt) mi c khi to s c dng nh hnh 1.6.

Hnh 1.6. M hnh mng my tnh tng 1.

Tip theo, cn t mt my ch vo h thng. Vic ci t ny c thc hin theo phng
php th hai, ko i tng t th vin Object Palette vo khng gian thit k.
1. Nu th vin cha c m ra, nhp tri chut vo biu tng gi th vin trn thanh
cha cc nt cng c
.
2. Tm biu tng Sm_Int_server trong ca s th vin nhp tri chut v ko biu tng
vo khng gian thit k.
3. Nhp phi chut tt chc nng khi to thm nt mi.
Tip theo, cn kt ni server vi mng hnh sao.
1. Tm biu tng 10BaseT trong ca s th vin, nhp tri chut ln .
2. Nhp tri chut ln server ri chuyn sang switch tip tc nhp tri chut.
Mt ng link ni hai thit b ny s xut hin
3. Nhp phi chut tt chc nng to kt ni.
Sau cng cn a thm vo cc i tng t cu hnh xc nh lu lng ti s xut hin
trong mng. Vic ci t cc i tng nh ngha ng dng v nh ngha profile tng i
phc tp v khng c nghin cu y. Thay vo , trong bi tp ny cc i tng sau
c nhp sn vo th vin Object Palette:
Mt i tng nh ngha ng dng vi cc cu hnh mc nh ca cc ng dng chun.
Mt i tng nh ngha profile vi mt mu profile truy cp c s d liu tc thp.
Hc vin ch cn ko cc i tng ny vo m hnh mng thit k. Khi lu lng do cc
my trm truy cp vo mt c s d liu tc thp s c m hnh ho.
8

Hnh 1.7. M hnh mng vi y cc i tng.

1. Tm biu tng Sm_Application_Config trong th vin v ko n vo khng gian thit
k.
2. Nhp phi chut tt chc nng khi to i tng.
3. Tm biu tng Sm_Profile_Config trong th vin, ko vo trong khng gian thit k,
nhp phi chut.
4. ng ca s Object Palette.
Qua thao tc ny, cng vic xy dng mng my tnh tng mt hon tt. Dng ca n
ging nh hnh trn.
Tp hp s liu m phng
Cc tham s c th c tp hp t cc nt ring l trong mng (object statistics) hoc trn
ton mng (global statistics).
Cc tham s cn tp hp phi a ra c thng tin tr li cc cu hi:
1. Server c kh nng qun tr ti lu lng t mng m rng thm khng?
2. tr tng cng trn ton mng c chp nhn c khng khi a thm mng th hai
vo hot ng?
tr li cc cu hi ny, cn phi kho st cc tham s cht lng ca mng hin thi ly
c s so snh. Cc tham s cn thu thp l Server Load (tham s ring), Ethernet Delay
(tham s chung).
Server Load l mt trong nhng tham s chnh phn nh cht lng ca ton mng. tp
hp cc kt qu lin quan n ti ca server, thc hin cc thao tc sau:
1. Nhp phi chut ln node server (node_31 trong v d ny) v chn Choose Individual
Statistics t thc n.
Ca s Choose Results ca node 31 xut hin.
Ca s Choose Results cha cc tham s cn tp hp sp xp theo th mc phn cp.
tp hp tham s ti Ethernet trn server, thc hin tip cc bc:
2. Nhp tri chut ln du cng (+) bn cnh Ethernet trong hp chn Choose Results
bung b tham s theo phn cp ca Ethernet.
3. Nhp tri chut ln hp chn bn cnh Load (bits/sec) xc nhn chn tham s ny.
4. Nhp OK ng ca s Choose Results.
Vic chn tham s ny c minh ho trn hnh 1.8.

Hnh 1.8. Tp hp tham s Load (bits/sec).

Tham s chung (Global statistics) c th c dng kt hp thng tin v ton th mng. V
d, c th xc nh tr trn ton mng khi tp hp tham s chung Delay:
1. Nhp phi chut ln khng gian thit k (khng chm vo i tng no) v chn
Choose Individual Statistics t thc n va m.
2. Bung th mc gc Global Statistics.
3. Bung th mc Ethernet.
4. Nhp tri chut vo hp chn bn cnh Delay (sec) xc nhn vic chn tham s.
5. Nhp OK ng ca s Choose Results.
Sau ci t ny, nn lu project li trn cng bng cc thao tc sau:
Chn File => Save, nhp OK.

Hnh 1.9. Tp hp tham s Delay (sec).

10

Sau c th bt u vic chy m phng. Tuy nhin cn kim tra li b lu tr repositories.

Repositories cha cc cu t nh cc m hnh tin trnh v cc tng pipeline c lu li
cc m phng c th thc hin trong thi gian ngn hn.
1. Chn Edit => Preferences.
2. Son repositories trong trng tm kim Find ri nhp nm Find.
3. Nu gi tr cho repositories khng phi l stdmod, nhp tri chut vo trng son tho
v nhp stdmod vo hp thoi.
4. Nhp OK ng cc hp thoi repositories v Preferences.
chy m phng, thc hin tip cc thao tc:
1. Chn Simulation => Configure Discrete Event Simulation...
Cng c th m hp thoi Configure Discrete Event
Simulation bng cch nhp tri chut ln nt thao tc
configure/run simulation
.
2. Nhp gi tr 0.5 vo trng Duration thc hin m
phng hot ng ca mng trong khong thi gian 1/2 gi.
3. Nhp chut ln nt Run khi ng m phng.

Hnh 1.10. Hp thoi Simulation Sequence.

Khi m phng ang din tin, mt ca s biu din tin trnh m phng s xut hin. Hp
thoi trn hnh 1.10 ch ra rng, trong 5 giy ca thi gian (thc) qua, IT Guru m
phng c 15 pht 19 giy thi gian hot ng ca mng. Ton b thi gian m phng s
ko di khng qu mt pht - gi tr thi gian qua (elapsed time) thay i ph thuc vo
tc ca my tnh.
4. Khi m phng kt thc, nhp nt Close trn hp thoi Simulation Sequence.
Xem kt qu
C th xem cc kt qu c biu din bng th trong mi trng Project Editor khi chn
View Results t thc n trn khng gian thit k Workspace sau khi nhp phi chut.
Sau khi m phng kt thc, c th xem cc kt qu bng nhiu cch khc nhau. Trong bi tp
11

ny kt qu c xem nh tu chn View Results trn thc n pop-up trong Workspace.

xem gi tr ti Ethernet ca server, thc hin cc thao tc sau:
1. Nhp phi chut ln node server (node_31), chn View Results t thc n pop-up ca
server.
Hp thoi View Results xut hin.
2. Bung cc th mc Office Network.node_31 => Ethernet.
3. Nhp chut ln hp chn bn cnh Load (bits/sec) xc nhn la chn tham s cn xem.
4. Nhp chut ln nt Show trn hp thoi View Results.
th ca tham s ti server xut hin trn mi trng Project Editor.
th ca tham s ti server phi ging vi dng th hnh 1.11. Cc kt qu c th khc
i cht do s khc nhau v v tr ca cc nt mng v di ng truyn nhng dng
chung phi tng t.

Hnh 1.11. th Ethernet.Load (bits/sec).

l ti trn server mc nh c th t xp x 6.000 bits/sec. y l mc so vi
trng hp khi kt ni thm mng th hai vo.

Hnh 1.12. Hp thoi View Results vi kt qu Delay (sec).

12

ng ca s ny v hp thoi View Results (Nu chng trnh a ra thng ip cnh bo,

chn Delete).
xem tham s Global Ethernet Delay, thc hin tip cc thao tc:
1. Nhp phi chut ln khng gian thit k ri chn View Results t thc n pop-up.
2. nh du hp chn gn th mc Global Statistics => Ethernet => Delay (sec) ri nhp
chut ln nt Show xem tham s tr Ethernet ton mng.
th tr Ethernet xut hin vi dng ging nh hnh 1.13.

Hnh 1.13. th Ethernet.Dealy (sec).

l sau khi mng t ti trng thi n nh, tr cc i xp x gi tr 0.4 mili giy
ng ca s th bng cch nhp phi chut li th mc va chn ri ng ca s View
Results.
M rng mng
Sau khi kho st cc tham s c bn ca mng hin ti, vic m rng mng c thc hin.
Hot ng ca mng m rng c kim chng bng cch so snh cc ch tiu mi vi cc
gi tr trc ca mng c.
Do , mng nng cp s c khi to trong mt hot cnh mi, c lp vi hot cnh c
vic so snh c thun tin.
Hc vin s nhn bn hot cnh hin ti, nng cp theo yu cu ca bi. Thao tc nhn bn
c tin hnh nh sau:
1. Chn Scenarios => Duplicate Scenario...
2. Nhp tn hot cnh mi l expansion.
3. Nhp OK.
Hot cnh vi ton b cc nt, ng truyn, cc tham s v cu hnh m phng c
nhn bn di tn mi l expansion.
Phn mng mi trn tng hai c cu hnh ging vi mng nguyn thu tng mt ngoi tr
server. Phn mng ny c khi to nh sau:
1. Chn Topology => Rapid Configuation.
2. Chn hnh Star v nhp OK.
3. Trong ca s Rapid Configuration chn cc tham s sau:
Center Node Model: 3C_SSII_1100_3300_4s_ae52_e48_ge3
Periphery Node Model: Sm_Int_wkstn
Number: 15
Link model: 10BaseT
X: 75, Y: 62.5, Radius: 20
13

4. Nhp OK khi to mng mi.

Hnh 1.14. Ci t tham s Star cho mng m rng.

Kt ni hai mng:
1. Nu th vin cha c m ra, nhp tri chut vo biu tng gi th vin trn thanh
cha cc nt cng c
.
2. Ko biu tng Cisco 2514 router vo khng gian thit k, t gia hai mng. Nhp
phi chut tt chc nng khi to nt.
3. Nhp tri chut ln biu tng 10BaseT trong th vin.
4. t cc kt ni 10BaseT gia Cisco router (node_50) v cc switch trung tm ca hai
mng.
5. Nhp phi chut tt chc nng khi to ng truyn.
6. ng th vin i tng.
7. Chn File => Save.

Hnh 1.15. M hnh mng m rng.

chy m phng hot cnh m rng, thc hin tip cc thao tc:
1. Chn Simulation => Configure Discrete Event Simulation...
2. Kim tra li Duration l 0.5 gi.
14

3. Nhp Run bt u m phng.

Mt ca s thng bo tin trnh m phng xut hin. Khi tab Simulation Speed c
chn, c tc tc thi v tc trung bnh ca s s kin/giy u c biu din
trn th.
4. Khi m phng kt thc, ng ca s Simulation Sequence bng nt Close.

Hnh 1.16. Hp thoi Simulation Sequence cho mng m rng.

So snh kt qu
tr li cc cu hi t ra phn trc v vic thm mt phn mng vo mng LAN c,
cn thit phi so snh cc kt qu ca hai hot cnh xy dng.
Vic kho st ng thi ti server trong c hai trng hp c thc hin bng cc thao tc:
1. Nhp phi chut ln node server (node_31) m thc n pop-up ca n.
2. Chn Compare Results.
Ca s View Results xut hin, trong cc tham s thng k c sp theo th mc
phn cp.

Hnh 1.17. So snh kt qu Ethernet.Load (bits/sec).

15

Vic chn cch xem kt qu ny (Compare Results) cho php xem cng mt loi tham s ca
tt c cc hot cnh trn cng mt th bt k vic kch hot chc nng ny t hot cnh no.
Tip tc thc hin cc thao tc:
Chn Office Network.node_31 => Ethernet => Load (bits/sec), nhp phi chut ln nt
Show. th nhn c c dng nh hnh 1.17.
th trn hnh 1.18 ly trung bnh theo thi gian ca kt qu trn.

Hnh 1.18. Trung bnh thi gian ca Ethernet.Load (bits/sec).

C th nhn thy rng ti trung bnh trong trng hp mng m rng cao hn ng k (ng
nh d on) nhng khng n iu tng theo thi gian. iu ny chng t mng vn hot
ng n nh.
Bc cui cng l kho st tr khi m rng mng.
Thc hin cc thao tc:
1. ng ca s th v ca s Compare Results ca server.
2. Nhp phi chut ln khng gian thit k, chn Compare Results t thc n pop-up.
3. Chn Global Statistics => Ethernet => Delay (sec).
4. Nhp Show m ca s th.
th phi c dng nh hnh 1.19.

Hnh 1.19. So snh kt qu Ethernet.Delay (sec).

16

Theo , c th nhn thy gn nh khng c thay i ng k no v tr ca ti d liu khi

truyn qua mng, mc d, t th trn, ti server c tng.
Chn File => Save lu li project trc khi ng cc ca s.

17

Bi Th Nghim 2: Mng Ethernet

1. Gii thiu
Trong mt mng Ethernet chia s, cc thit b u cui thng c kt ni vi nhau thng
qua mt hub trung tm. Hub ny s pht li bt k khung d liu no m n nhn c ( li
vo) ra tt c cc ng ra, to thnh mt mi trng qung b cho tt c cc thit b trong
mng. Trong mi trng ny, giao thc a truy cp th cm sng mang c pht hin xung t
ca lp iu khin truy cp mi trng MAC (Media Access Control) c dng xc nh
nt mng no c quyn pht mt thi im xc nh v x l xung t khi c nhiu hn
hai nt mng cng pht ng thi.
2. Mc tiu th nghim
Xc nh thng lng ca mt mng Ethernet chia s trong cc iu kin khc nhau ca ti d
liu.
3. Cc bc th nghim
Xy dng m hnh m phng
Khi ng OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition.
1. Chn tab File => New
2. Trn ca s mi m New chn Project ri nhp chut OK
3. Trong ca s Enter Name, thay i Project Name thnh Shared_Ethernet. i tn
Scenario Name thnh Low_load ri nhp OK.
4. Trn ca s Initial Topology, chn Create Empty Scenario ri nhp Next.
5. Trn ca s Choose Network Scale, chn Office ri nhp Next.
6. Trn ca s Specify Size, gi nguyn cc tham s, ch nhp Next.
7. Trn ca s Select Technologies, ko thanh cun xung, chn h m hnh Ethernet ri
nhp Next.
8. Trn ca s Review, nhp OK.

Hnh 2.1. Hp thoi Review ca cng c Startup Wizard.

Trc ht, cn xy dng mt mng LAN trong cc my trm c ni vi nhau qua mt
Hub trung tm. Cch n gin to ra mt mng vi mt s lng ln cc nt l s dng b
cng c Rapid Configuration.
1. Trn ca s Project: Shared_Ethernet: Low_load, chn tab Topology => Rapid
Configuration.
2. t Configuration v kiu Star v nhp OK t Center Node Model l
ethernet16_hub. t Periphery Node Model l ethernet_station. t Link Model l
10BaseT. t Number l 12, ri nhp OK khi to mng LAN.
18

Hnh 2.2. Hp thoi Rapid Configuration: Star.

3. Nhp phi chut trn hub ri chn View Node Description. Hub ny c th h tr ti a
16 Ethernet links vi cc tc 10, 100, 1000 Mbps. l thi gian x l trong hub
ny c coi bng khng, hub pht li cc khung m n nhn c trn tt c cc u ra.
Nhp biu tng Close ng ca s ny li.
4. Nhp phi chut trn hub v chn Set Name. t Name l Hub. Nhp OK ng ca
s li.
5. Nhp phi chut trn mt my trm Ethernet bt k v chn View Node Description.
Cc my trm ny pht v thu cc khung Ethernet tc c ci t. l cc chc
nng pht hin v x l xung t c thc hin trn hub trung tm. Nhp biu tng
Close ng ca s ny li.
Tip theo, m hnh lu lng cho cc my trm Ethernet cn c xc nh.
1. Nhp phi chut ln mt trm bt k v chn Select Similar Node. Sau kch phi
chut ln mt trong s cc my trm v chn Edit Attributes.
2. nh du la chn (3) vo hp chn checkbox nm bn cnh Apply Changes to
Selected Objects pha di bn tri ca ca s.
3. Bung th mc Traffic Generation Parameters v Packet Generation Arguments. t
ON State Time l constant (1000) (bng cch nhp chut ln exponential (10) v thay
i cc tham s trn ca s mi m ri nhp OK), v OFF State Time l constant (0).
Vic thit lp tham s nh vy s buc cc my trm lun pht d liu.
4. t Interarrival Time (seconds) l exponential (0.004) v Packet Size (bytes) l
constant (100). Nhp OK xc nh cc thay i ny v ng ca s tng tc.

Hnh 2.3. Ci t tham s cho cc my trm.

19

Nh vy mi my trm by gi s to ra lung d liu vi tc trung bnh l bn mili giy

mt gi 100-byte.
Do , c th tnh c lu lng trung bnh m mi nt mng s to ra t cc tham s thi
gian n v kch thc gi. V d,
100 (bytes/packet) * 8 (bits/byte) * 1 (packet/0.004 sec) = 200 Kbps / trm
Nh vy, mng LAN c xy dng xong, dng ca n c minh ho trn hnh 2.4.

Hnh 2.4. M hnh mng LAN vi hub trung tm.

Chn kt qu m phng

Hnh 2.5. Chn kt qu m phng.

20

1. Chn tab Simulation => chn Choose Individual Statistics

2. Bung cc th mc Global Statistics / Ethernet, ri chn tham s Delay (sec).
3. Bung th mc Traffic Sink v chn tham s Traffic Received (bits/sec).
4. Bung th mc Traffic Source v chn tham s Traffic Sent (bits/sec).
5. Bung cc th mc Node Statistics / Ethernet ri chn cc tham s Collsion Count,
Load (bits/sec), Traffic Forwarded (bits/sec), Traffic Received (bits/sec) v
Utilization.
6. Nhp OK ng ca s Choose Results.
Ton b thao tc chn ny c biu din trn hnh 2.5
Ci t tham s m phng
1. Chn tab Simulation => Configure Discrete Even Simulation
2. Trong tab Common, thay i tham s Duration v 20 vi n v l second(s).
3. Nhp OK ng ca s tng tc.

Hnh 2.6. Ci t tham s m phng.

Nhn bn hot cnh
Tip theo hy xy dng mt hot cnh khc trong mi my trm Ethernet to ra lu lng
d liu ln hn rt nhiu. Nh c th so snh cht lng ca mng LAN trong nhng iu
kin khc nhau.
1. Chn Scenarios => Duplicate Scenario v gi hot cnh mi l High_load. Nhp OK
khi to hot cnh.
2. Nhp phi chut ln bt k my trm no ri chn Select Similar Nodes. Tip theo, nhp
phi chut ln mt my trm ri chn Edit Attributes. nh du la chn (3) vo hp
chn checkbox nm bn cnh Apply Changes to Selected Objects.
3. Bung cc th mc Traffic Generation Parameters v Packet Generation Arguments.
t Interarrival Time (seconds) l exponential (0.001). Nhp OK xc nh cc thay
i ny v ng ca s tng tc. Thi gian n ngn hn c ngha l cc gi c to ra
vi tn xut ln hn.
Chy chng trnh m phng
1. Chn tab Scenarios => Manage Scenarios...
2. Nhp chut ln trng Results trn c hai hng v chn tham s <collect> hoc
<recollect>.
3. Nhp OK chy ln lt c hai hot cnh. Khi m phng kt thc, nhp biu tng
Close ng hp thoi tng tc Simulation Sequence.
21

Hnh 2.7. Tp hp cc hot cnh chy m phng.

Xem v phn tch cc kt qu m phng
1. Chn tab Scenarios => Switch to Scenario v chn hot cnh Low_load. Chn tab
Results => View Results
2. Chn v bung th mc Global Statistics, tip theo chn mc Traffic Source / Traffic
Sent (bits/sec). xem lu lng thu, bung th mc Traffic Sink / Traffic Received
(bits/sec)

Hnh 2.8. Kt qu Traffic Sent, Traffic Received ca hot cnh Low_load.

3. Quan st cc kt qu m phng ch As Is. Vi mc ti ny, tc bit thu xp x
bng tc bit pht i. Nhp li chut ln mc Traffic Sent (bits/sec) v Traffic
Received (bits/sec) ng ca s preview. C th kch ln tab Show quan st th
mc chi tit hn. Nhp chut ln biu tng Close ng ca s View Results.
Hy xem xt kt qu m phng trong hot cnh High_load.
1. Lp li cc bc trn bao gm c vic chuyn sang hot cnh High_load, chn, xem cc
kt qu. Trong trng hp ny, c th quan st thy lu lng pht ln hn rt nhiu lu
lng thu. Hub trung tm nhanh chng b qu ti v khng th phn phi ton b lu
lng m n nhn c.
22

2. Nhp biu tng Close ng ca s View Results.

Hnh 2.9. Kt qu Traffic Sent, Traffic Received ca hot cnh High_load.

Tip theo chng ta hy so snh cc kt qu to ra t hai hot cnh.
1. Chn tab Results => Compare Results
2. Chn v bung cc th mc Object Statistics, Office Network, node_0, Ethernet. Chn
kt qu Load (bits/sec) v xem ch As Is. Nhp chut ln tab Show xem chi tit.
Kt qu ny cho bit lu lng c to ra t my trm tng ng. C th thy gi tr
quan st c kh gn vi cc tnh ton thu c phn trc thng qua cc tham s ci
t.
Trong trng hp Low_load,
100 (bytes/packet) * 8 (bits/byte) * 1 (packet/0.004 sec) = 200 Kbps/trm.
Cc tnh ton tng t c th c p dng cho trng hp High_load.

Hnh 2.10. So snh kt qu Ethernet.Load ca hai hot cnh.

23

3. Nhp vo biu tng Close v chn Delete ng ca s ha. Nhp li chut ln

th mc Load(bits/sec) ng ca s preview.
Khc bit gia cc tc pht, thu c th c xem xt thng qua kt qu m phng
Collision Count.
1. Bung cc th mc Hub v Ethernet. Chn kt qu Collision Count. Nhp chut ln tab
Show xem chi tit. Vic pht li cc gi b xung t r rng s lm gim thng lng
ca mng. iu ny ng cho c hai trng hp, nhng hot cnh High_load to ra s
xung t ln hn rt nhiu.
2. Nhp chut ln biu tng Close v Delete ng ca s ha. Nhp li chut ln
tn th mc ny xo th preview.

Hnh 2.11. So snh kt qu Ethernet.Colision Count ca hai hot cnh.

Hiu nng (Utilization) ca hai hot cnh c kho st qua kt qu m phng Utilization.
1. Chn th mc Utilization.
2. Nhp chut ln biu tng Show quan st th mc chi tit.
Hiu nng, v c bn, l o phn trm thng lng ca mng c s dng.

Hnh 2.12. So snh kt qu Ethernet.Utilization ca hai hot cnh.

V cc ng truyn 10BaseT c dng ni cc my trm vi hub trung tm, dung
24

lng do bng 10 Mbps. C th thy rng ti lu lng ca hot cnh High_load

khai thc dung lng ca hub tt hn rt nhiu so vi trng hp Low_load.
3. Nhp chut ln biu tng Close v Delete. Nhp li chut ln tn th mc Utilization
ng ca s preview.
Cui cng, chng ta s xem xt n tr ca cc gi tin trong tng trng hp.
1. Bung th mc Global Statistics v Ethernet, chn th mc con Delay (sec).
2. Nhp chut ln biu tng Show xem chi tit. Tham s thng k ny cho bit tr
m tt c cc gi phi tri qua trc khi c pht thnh cng.

Hnh 2.13. So snh kt qu Ethernet.Delay ca hai hot cnh.

C th thy rng tr l kh n nh trong trng hp Low_load nhng, do ti lu
lng qu cao, tng khng ngng trong hot cnh High_load.
3. Nhp chut ln biu tng Close v Delete ng ca s Compare Results.
4. Lu li project bng lnh Save ri ng tt c cc ca s.
Cu hi
1. To thm mt s hot cnh khc v thay i tham s thi gian n i vi tt c cc
my trm Ethernet tng ng trong tng trng hp l 0.0004, 0.0008, 0.002, 0.003,
0.005, 0.006. Chy m phng cho cc hot cnh ny v ghi li kt qu Traffic
Received (bits/sec) cho mi hot cnh. Dng thm kt qu khi thi gian n l 0.001
v 0.004 m phng trc , xy dng th ph thuc gia tham s ny v
Traffic Received (bits/sec). Tm gi tr ca thi gian n m thng lng t c
cc i. Tnh ton lu lng ti tng ng vi gi tr thi gian n ny. Ti sao khi
vt qu mt ngng, ti lu lng tip tc tng m thng lng khng tng na?
2. Quay tr li cc m phng vi tham s thi gian n ca cu hi 1. Sau mi ln chy
m phng, ghi li Hiu nng Utilization v Traffic Received (bits/sec). V cc tham
s ny trn th. Tm mi lin h gia chng? Ti sao mng Ethernet khng th t
100% hiu nng?
3. Mt s ng dng tng tc i hi tr rt nh. Mt khc, ti lu lng qu nng v
cc xung t va xy ra lm tng ng k tr. Hy thay i tham s thi gian n
v chy li m phng tm ra thi gian n ti thiu v ti lu lng/my trm
25

tng ng sao cho tr khng ln hn 0.005 giy?

4. Thay i thi gian n v chy li m phng xc nh gi tr ca tham s ny phi
l bao nhiu s xung t/giy nh khng ng k (< 10 xung t/giy). Ti lu
lng/my trm tng ng l bao nhiu?
5. Trong iu kin nng ti, cht lng ca mng LAN Ethernet c xu hng xu i.
Hy xem li tham s Delay ca hot cnh High_load. tr ca cc gi thay i nh
th no trong qu trnh m phng? Ti sao trng thi li xy ra? D on tr nu
ti lu lng tip tc c to ra tc nh vy?

26

Bi Th Nghim 3: Hub v Switch

Gii thiu chung
Cc hub Ethernet lm vic lp vt l, ch n gin pht li cc khung m chng nhn c
ra cc cng khc. Do , chng cn c gi l trm lp a cng. Tt c cc nt mng ni vo
cng mt hub u c coi l mt phn ca mi trng qung b ng nht. Ni cch khc,
bt k khung d liu no c pht i t mt trong s cc nt mng u c thu bi tt c
cc nt cn li. Nguyn tc hot ng ny c th gii hn thng lng ca ton mng, do tt
c cc nt mng u phi chia s dung lng ca mng LAN.
Trong khi cc switch ch chuyn tip cc khung ra ng cng tng ng vi a ch
ch trn khung. V cc switch chuyn tip cc khung ch trn mt ng ra nht nh, chng
to ra khng phi mt m nhiu mi trng qung b; iu ny cho php tng ng k thng
lng. Tuy nhin, thng lng ca mt switch th li b hn ch bi tc x l, tc m ti
n c th chuyn tip cc khung ra ng ra mt cch chch xc.
Mc tiu bi th nghim
Kho st s thay i ca thng lng trong mt mng cc b khi nng cp t hub ln switch.
Xy dng m hnh m phng
Khi ng OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition.
1. Chn tab File => New
2. Chn Project ri nhp OK. Thay i Project Name thnh xx_Switch_vs_Hub (xx l s
khi u). t Scenario Name l Hub v nhp OK.
3. Trn ca s Initial Topology, chn Create Empty Scenario ri nhp Next.
4. Trn ca s Choose Network Scale, chn Office ri nhp Next.
5. Trn ca s Specify Size, cc gi tr mc nh ri nhp Next.
6. Trn ca s Select Technologies, chn h m hnh Ethernet v Ethernet_advanced,
nhp Next.
7. Trn ca s Review, nhp OK.

Hnh 3.1. Hp thoi Review ca cng c Startup Wizard.

Trc ht, hy xy dng mt mng LAN trong cc my trm c ni vi nhau qua mt
hub trung tm. Cch lm nhanh l s dng b cng c Rapid Configuration.
1. Chn tab Topology => Rapid Configuration.
2. t Configuration l Star, v nhp OK.
3. t Center Node Model l ethernet16_hub. t Periphery Node Model l
27

ethernet_station. t Link Model to 10BaseT. t Number l 12, nhp OK khi

to mng LAN.
4. Nhp phi chut trn hub v chn Set Name. Khai trng tn Name l Hub. Nhp OK
ng ca s tng tc.

Hnh 3.2. Hp thoi Rapid Configuration: Star.

Tip theo cn ci t m hnh lu lng cho cc my trm Ethernet.
1. Nhp phi chut ln mt my trm bt k v chn Select Similar Nodes.
2. Sau nhp phi chut ln mt my trm ri chn Edit Attributes. t du la chn
(3) vo hp chn checkbox bn cnh Apply Changes to Selected Objects.
3. Bung cc th mc Traffic Generation Parameters v Packet Generation Arguments.
t ON State Time l Constant (1000) v OFF State Time l constant (0). Vi cu
hnh ny cc my trm s pht d liu lin tc.

Hnh 3.3. Ci t tham s cho cc my trm.

4. t Interarrival Time (seconds) l exponential (0.005) v Packet Size (bytes) l
constant (1000).
5. Nhp OK xc nhn cc thay i ny v ng ca s tng tc Attributes.
Mi my trm theo s to ra ti lu lng vi tc trung bnh l mi 5 mili giy mt gi
28

d liu kch thc 1000 byte. Do c th tnh c ti lu lng trung bnh ca mi my

trm,
1000 (bytes/packet) * 8 (bits/byte) * 1 (packet/0.005 sec) = 1.6 Mbps/trm
Nh vy mng LAN dng hub trung tm c thit lp xong. M hnh s c dng nh hnh
3.4.

Hnh 3.4. M hnh mng LAN vi hub trung tm.

Chn tham s kt qu m phng
1. Chn tab Simulation => Choose Individual Statistics
2. Bung cc th mc Global Statistics / Ethernet, chn th mc con Delay (sec).
3. Bung th mc Traffic Sink v chn Traffic Received (bits/sec). Bung th mc Traffic
Source ri chn Traffic Sent (bits/sec). Bung th mc Node Statistics / Ethernet v
chn Collision Count.
4. Nhp OK ng ca s tng tc Choose Results.
Cc tham s chn c minh ho trn hnh 3.6.

Hnh 3.5. Ci t tham s m phng.

29

Hnh 3.6. Chn kt qu m phng.

t cu hnh m phng
1. Chn tab Simulation => Configure Discrete Event Simulation
2. Trn tab Common, t Duration l 2, n v l minutes(s).
3. Nhp OK ng ca s tng tc Configure Simulation.
Thao tc t cu hnh m phng c minh ha trn hnh 3.5.
Nhn bn hot cnh
Hy to mt hot cnh khc trong hub trung tm ca mng c thay th bng switch. Vi
hai cu hnh khc nhau, cht lng ca mng c th c kho st, so snh qua m phng.

Hnh 3.7. M hnh mng LAN vi switch trung tm.

30

1. Chn Scenarios => Duplicate Scenario, t tn cho hot cnh mi ny l Switch.

2. Nhp OK khi to hot cnh. Nhp phi chut ln hub trung tm v chn Edit
Attributes.
3. Nhp tri chut ln thuc tnh model v chn ethernet16_switch_adv t thc n.
4. Nhp OK xc nhn thay i.
5. Nhp phi chut ln switch v chn Set Name. t Name l Switch ri nhp OK
ng ca s tng tc.

Hnh 3.8. i tn switch trung tm.

Chy m hnh m phng
1. Chn tab Scenarios => Manage Scenarios...
2. Thay i trng Results trong c hai hng vi gi tr chn l <collect> hoc <recollect>.
3. Nhp OK chy ln lt tng hot cnh.
4. Khi m phng kt thc, nhp OK ng ca s m phng.

Hnh 3.9. Tp hp cc hot cnh chy m phng.

Xem v phn tch kt qu m phng
31

Trc ht hy kho st tham s tr ca cc gi tin trong mng ca hai hot cnh. ly

c th v kt qu ny, chng ta thc hin cc thao tc sau.
1. Chn tab Results => Compare Results
2. Chn v bung th mc Global Statistics / Ethernet, chn tham s Delay (sec). Xem kt
qu m phng ch As Is.

Hnh 3.10. So snh kt qu Ethernet. Delay ca hai hot cnh.

3. Nhp biu tng Show xem th trn mt ca s ring. th trn hnh 3.10 biu
din tr thi gian ca cc khung Ethernet c pht i. C th thy rng tr ca
mng s dng switch l tng i nh v n nh, trong khi tr ca mng hub tng
khng ngng. Nhc li l mi my trm to ra ti lu lng 1.6 Mbps. Vi 12 nt trong
h thng, ti tng cng l 19.2 Mbps. Trong khi hub li lm vic tc 10 Mbps
(10BaseT).
4. Nhp chut ln biu tng Close v Delete ng ca s. Nhp li chut ln tn th
mc xo th preview.
Tip theo chng ta s so snh lu lng gi tin nhn ca hai hot cnh. Tin hnh cc bc
sau:
1. Bung th mc Traffic Sink, chn tham s Traffic Received (bits/sec). Xem th ch
As Is.

Hnh 3.11. So snh kt qu Traffic Sink. Traffic Recieved ca hai hot cnh.
32

2. Nhp Show xem chi tit. th trn mn hnh biu din ti lu lng tng cng thu
c trn tt c cc my trm ca mng LAN. C th quan st thy ti lu lng trong
trng hp mng LAN dng hub t xp x 10 Mbps, tc danh nh ca hub. Mt
khc, switch d dng phn pht ti lu lng gp i trng hp ca hub.
3. Nhp chut ln biu tng Close v Delete ng ca s th. Nhp li chut ln tn
th mc xo th preview.

Hnh 3.12. Hp thoi Compare Results vi th Traffic Sent ca hai hot cnh.
V ton b cc my trm ca hai mng c cu hnh ging ht nhau nn ti lu lng m
chng to ra phi nh nhau. Kt qu ny c kim chng khi quan st th so snh c
ly ra bng cc thao tc nh sau:
1. Bung th mc Traffic Source, chn tham s Traffic Sent (bits/sec). Xem th ch
As Is.
2. Nhp Show xem chi tit. Kt qu ny cho bit lu lng tng cng ca ton b cc
trm trong mng LAN pht i. C th thy rng ti lu lng c to ra trong c hai
hot cnh l nh nhau. Tuy nhin, switch thc t l x l tt ti ny.
3. Nhp chut ln biu tng Close v Delete ng ca s th. Nhp li chut ln tn
th mc xo th preview.
Cui cng, hy kho st tham s ch p dng cho trng hp hub.
1. Chn tab Scenarios => Switch to Scenario ri chn hot cnh Hub.
2. Chn tab Results => View Results...
3. Bung cc th mc Object Statistics, Office Network, Hub, Ethernet.
4. Chn tham s Collision Count. Xem kt qu ch As Is. Tham s ny biu din s
xung t xut hin trn hub trong qu trnh m phng. D dng quan st thy c xp x
2000 xung t/giy xy ra. Nguyn nhn l do ti lu lng trn hub qu nng.
5. Nhp ln biu tng Close ng ca s View Results.
6. Lu li m hnh v ng ton b cc ca s.

33

Hnh 3.13. Hp thoi View Results vi th Collision Count ca hot cnh Hub.
Cu hi
1. Dung lng ca mi switch s xc nh lu lng ti m n c th x l. Nhn bn
hot cnh Switch, t tn mi l Switching_Speed. Khai li tham s ca switch, bung
th mc Bridge Parameters, t thuc tnh Packet Service Rate (packets/sec) l
2000. Khi switch ch x l c 2000 gi tin/giy. Hy xc nh tng s gi c
to ra theo tham s Packet Generation ca cc my trm Ethernet. Chy li m phng
v kho st cc tham s Ethernet, Traffic Received, Traffic Sent. Nhn xt cc kt qu
thu c.
2. Tip tc vi hot cnh Switching_Speed c to ra t cu hi 1, xc nh gi tr
ca tham s Packet Service Rate sao cho switch c th x l c ton b ti lu
lng to ra ca c mng. Ni cch khc, tc x l phi l bao nhiu Traffic
Received bng vi Traffic Sent. Lp lun a ra gi tr c chn.
3. Nhn bn hot cnh gc Switch v t tn l Smooth_Traffic. Nhp phi chut ln
mt my trm ri chn Select Similar Objects. Ci t li tham s bng cch m th
mc Packet Generation Parameters, t thi gian n l constant (0.005). Khi
tc pht lu lng trung bnh s ging vi hot cnh ban u nhng cc khung d
liu c pht ra s u n hn do phn b lu lng by gi khng phi l phn b
m na. Chy li m phng, so snh cc kt qu vi hot cnh Switch v gii thch.

34

Bi Th Nghim 4: Cc Giao Thc nh Tuyn

4. Gii thiu
Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information Protocol) l mt v d v thut ton
nh tuyn vector khong cch ng. Giao thc ny la chn cc ng i trong mt mng
sao cho khong cch ca cc ng l cc tiu. Cc thit b nh tuyn (router) thch ng
theo cc thay i (hng kt ni hoc router) ca hnh mng bng cch trao i thng tin
vi cc router c kt ni trc tip xung quanh. Trong iu kin bnh thng, thng tin v
bng nh tuyn c c cp nht theo chu k (thng thng l 30 giy). Tuy nhin, nu
hnh mng c thay i th lp tc c ch cp nht kch hot (triggered update) s vn hnh.
Nu mt router nhn c thng tin nh tuyn mi, thay v i trong 30 giy, n s ch
i (ngu nhin) t 1 n 5 giy trc khi chuyn tip thng tin ti cc router xung quanh. C
ch cp nht kch hot gip cho thng tin v hnh truyn lan qua mng nhanh hn nhiu so
vi trng hp thng thng vn hnh theo nguyn tc ht hn thi gian (timeout).

5. Mc tiu th nghim
M phng trng thi ca mt s router s dng giao thc nh tuyn RIP v tm hiu cch
thc s dng cc bng nh tuyn tm ng i qua mt mng.

6. Cc bc th nghim
Xy dng m hnh m phng

Hnh 4.1. Hp thoi Review ca cng c Startup Wizard.

Khi ng OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition
1. Chn thc n File => New
2. Chn Project ri nhp OK.
3. Thay i Project Name l xx_RIPNetwork (trong xx l s khi u) v nhp OK.
4. Trong ca s Initial Topology, chn Create Empty Scenario v nhp vo Next.
5. Trong ca s Choose Network Scale, chn Logical v nhp Next.
6. Trong ca s Review, nhp OK.
Trc ht, chng ta c th c hng dn s dng m hnh ca giao thc RIP. Hng dn s
din gii cch thc cu hnh cc nt mng s dng RIP v xc nh ngha ca cc tham
s.
35

Nhp chut ln tab Protocol => RIP => Model Usage Guide.
Sau khi c xong hng dn th tt ca s xem file PDF.
Chng ta s xy dng mt mng con gm cc router v ci t cc tham s RIP.
1. Chn biu tng ethernet4 slip8-gtwy trong th vin Object Palette v t n vo ca s
lm vic workspace. Nhp phi chut ln biu tng v chn View Node Description.
l gateway ny c trng b bn giao din Ethernet v tm giao din SLIP. ng
ca s ny li.
2. Nhp phi chut ln router ri chn Edit Attributes, t thuc tnh name l Router1.
Bung th mc thuc tnh RIP Parameter v Timers. Lu l Update Interval
(seconds) c t l 30 giy. iu ny ngha l mi router s trao i bng nh tuyn
ca n vi cc router ln cn theo tng khong thi gian 30 giy, ngay c khi khng c
thng tin mi v s thay i hnh ca mng. Nhp OK ng ca s ny.

Hnh 4.2. Ci t tham s cho router.

3. Nhp tri chut ln router v chn Copy t thc n Edit phi trn ca ca ca s.
Chn Paste t thc n Edit 5 ln to ra 5 bn sao ca router gc trong ca s lm
vic workspace. Sp xp cc router ny theo mt vng trn.
4. Ni cc router va sp bng cc ng truyn dn PPP_DS1 ly t th vin Object
Palette. Mi router s kt ni vi hai router k bn.
5. Copy thm hai router na vo workspace bng lnh Paste.
6. S dng hai ng truyn PPP_DS1 ni hai router ny thnh mt nhnh gn vo mng
vng v tr ca router 6.
Mng thit k s c dng nh hnh 4.3.

36

Hnh 4.3. M hnh mng m phng.

Giao thc nh tuyn c s dng trong m phng l RIP, vic gn giao thc ny cho cc
router c thc hin nh sau:
1. Chn thc n Protocol => IP => Routing => Configure Routing Protocols
2. Nhp vo cc hp chn bn cnh RIP. Apply the above selection to subinterfaces v
Visualize Routing Domains.
3. Nhp vo nt chn bn cnh All interfaces (including loopback).
4. Nhp OK ng ca s.
Cc thao tc va ri cho php giao thc RIP s c dng nh tuyn cc gi qua tt c cc
giao din c trn cc router. thy k hiu RIP xut hin trn cc ng truyn xc nhn
giao thc c khai bo s dng.
Tip theo chng ta s ci t mt trong s cc ng truyn PPP s b hng trong qu
trnh m phng.
1. Chn utilities t thc n ko xung trong th vin Object Palette hin th ton b
cc phn t c trong th vin.
2. Chn v t mt phn t Failure Recovery vo ca s lm vic workspace.
3. Nhp phi chut ln biu tng ny v chn Edit Attribute.
4. t tn i tng l Link Failure.
5. Nhp chut bung thuc tnh Link Failure/Recovery Specification ri t rows bng 1
v t Name l Logical Network.Router 1 Router 6.
6. t Time l 300. Lu trng Status c t v Fail. Thao tc ci t va ri s buc
ng truyn dn gia router 1 v router 6 ri vo trng thi hng sau khi tin trnh m
phng bt u c 300 giy.
7. Nhp OK ng ca s ci t.
37

Chn tham s kt qu m phng

Ti lu lng thu l mt trong cc tham s quan trng nht ca m phng ny, n phn nh
kt qu ca th tc nh tuyn trong iu kin trng thi ca mng b thay i. Tham s ny
c tp hp nh minh ho trn hnh 4.4.

Hnh 4.4. Chn kt qu m phng.

1. Chn tab Simulation => Choose Individual Statistic
2. Nhp tri chut bung ln lt cc mc Global Statistics, RIP ri chn Traffic Received
(bits/sec)

Hnh 4.5. Tp hp chi tit kt qu m phng.

c th tp hp kt qu y hn, chng ta thc hin thm cc thao tc:
1. Chn tab Simulation => Choose Individual Statistic (advanced)
2. Bung cc th mc Global Statistics Probes v RIP Traffic Received ri chn Collect
all values. Thao tc chn ny s cho php OPNET cung cp mt th chi tit hn.
38

3. ng ca s tng tc Probe Model.

t cu hnh v chy m phng

Hnh 4.6. t cu hnh chy m phng.

1. Chn Simulation => Configure Discrete Event Simulation
2. Trong giao din ca tab Common, t trng Duration l 10, chn n v l minute(s).
3. Nhp tri chut ln tab Global Attributes, t trng IF Interface Addressing Mode
v Auto Address/Export.
4. t trng IP Routing Table Export/Import v Export. Thao tc ci t ny cho php
cc bng nh tuyn c ghi li trong mt file vn bn sau khi m phng kt thc.
5. t RIP Sim Efficiency v Disable.
6. t RIP Stop Time l 1000. Khi cc router vn thng xuyn duy tr vic trao i
thng tin nh tuyn ngay c khi cc bng nh tuyn n nh (khng thay i).
7. Nhp tri chut ln Run khi ng m phng.
8. Khi m phng kt thc, nhp Close ng ca s tng tc.

Xem v phn tch kt qu m phng

Kt qu m phng c kho st khi m th Traffic Received nh sau.
1. Chn Results => View Results
2. Nhp tri chut bung cc th mc Global Statistics v RIP ri chn Traffic Received
(bits/sec). Tham s thng k ny cho bit mc ti lu lng c to ra bi thut ton
nh tuyn dng trong m phng.
3. Nhp tri chut ln Show to mt ca s mi biu din th nh hnh 4.8. Chng ta
s thy ti lu lng ca giao thc nh tuyn c cc nh phn b u n chu k 30
giy ngoi tr hai im, mt ti thi im bt u v mt ti thi im gia ca tin trnh
m phng. Chn trc thi gian l hai pht u tin ca th quan st cn cnh.
Chng ta s nhn thy c nhiu ln cp nht ngu nhin v thi gian c thc hin rt
nhanh ti qung thi gian bt u m phng. Cc cp nht ti thi im ban u ny
c thc hin nh c ch cp nht kck hot c ci t trong R11. Cc cp nht bt
thng cn li l do s c t tuyn truyn dn to ra, xy ra sau 300 giy.
4. Nhp chut tt ca s th v chn Delete.
5. ng ca s View Results bng nt Close.
39

Hnh 4.7. Hp thoi View Results vi th Traffic Received.

Hnh 4.8. th Traffic Received trong 300 giy u.

Tip theo, d dng thc hin cc so snh, phn tch, chng ta s to thm mt hot cnh
mi trong mng hot ng m khng gp s c no.
1. Chn Scenarios => Duplicate Scenario
2. Nhp OK chp nhn tn mc nh ca hot cnh l scenario2.
3. Nhp tri chut nn biu tng Failure ri chn Edit => Cut loi nt hng ra.
4. Chn Simulation => Run Discrete Event Simulation to ra cc kt qu ca hot
cnh ny trong ton mng hot ng bnh thng, khng c s c t tuyn.
5. Khi m phng kt thc, nhp OK ng ca s tng tc.

40

Bng cc thao tc chn ci t trc, chng ta c th kho st mng truyn d liu ny

mc chi tit hn. xem thng tin v a ch IP m OPNET t ng gn cho cc router
trong qu trnh m phng, chng ta thc hin cc bc sau:
1. Chn File => Model Files => Refresh Model Directories.
2. Chn File => Open tm v m Generic Data File, trong danh sch lit k, chn
xx_RIP Network-scenario2-ip addresses: File ny ghi li cc a ch IP v subnetwork
mask c OPNET gn cho mi giao din. rng mi router c mt giao din
c gi l giao din vng hi tip m khng c gn vo bt k ng truyn no. Cc
giao din lgic ny thng c dng cho chc nng kim tra hay cho hai chng
trnh c chc nng thu pht truyn thng vi nhau khi ang chy trn cng mt thit b.
Hnh 4.9 ch biu din mt phn ca file d liu.
3. Nhp chut ng hp thoi -ip_addresses.

Hnh 4.9. File d liu cha a ch IP ca cc router.

Tip theo chng ta s tm hiu bng nh tuyn ca cc nt mng.
1. Chn Select => Open
2. Tm v chn li Generic Data File, t danh sch hin th, chn xx_RIP_Networkscenario2-ip_routes.

Hnh 4.10. File d liu cha bng nh tuyn cc router.

File d liu ny cha cc bng nh tuyn, c duy tr ti mi router, vi cc gi tr tng
ng vi trng thi ca mng thi in kt thc m phng. Cu trc ca file gm hai phn.
Phn th nht lit k cc mng kt ni trc tip vi mi router. Mt mng c kt ni
trc tip vi mt router nu mt trong s cc giao din ca router ny c a ch trng vi a
ch mng trong ton b di ca subnetwork mask. V d, Router1 c mt giao din l
41

192.0.2.1 vi mt subnetwork mask l 255.255.255.0 s cn 24 bit u tin trong a ch IP

ca n trng vi a ch ca cc mng khc cc phn t ny kt ni trc tip c vi nhau.
Do a ch mng 192.0.2.0 trng vi a ch giao din 192.0.2.1 v Router1 c kt ni
trc tip vi mng 192.0.2.0.
Phn th hai ca file ip_routes biu din cc tuyn trong mng khng c kt ni trc
tip. Hnh minh ho di ch th hin mt phn ca file d liu bng nh tuyn tng ng
vi Router 1. File d liu y bao gm nhiu bng nh tuyn, mi bng tng ng vi
mt router. Lu l a ch trn bng nh tuyn c th khc vi hnh minh ha tu thuc vo
th t t router trong workspace.

Hnh 4.11. S dng ip_routes tm ng i trong mng.

S dng file ip_routes, chng ta c th xc nh ng i m mt gi tin s truyn qua trong
mng. Xt v d tm ng i t router 1 n router 8. Trong file xx_RIP_Networkscenario1-ip_addresses, tm mt giao din trn mi router (khng phi l cc giao din vng
kn loopback).
Router1: 192.0.1.1
Router8: 192.0.13.2
a ch 192.0.13.2 thuc v mng 192.0.13.0 v vy chng ta s tm hiu giao din ny
trong cc bng nh tuyn. l gim kch thc ca cc bng nh tuyn, thao tc nh
tuyn c thc hin da trn cc a ch mng thay cho cc a ch IP c th.
Bt u vi bng nh tuyn ca router 1, chng ta xc nh c mng ch (trng Dest
Network trong bng) l 192.0.13.0, ly ra trng Next Hop Addr. Trong trng hp ny
Next Hop Addr l 192.0.1.2. Tip theo, quan st phn Interface Information ca file d liu
ny hoc trong file xx_RIP_Network-scenariolip_addresses xc nh router no c mt
giao din vi a ch ny. Trong tnh hung ny th l router 6. Sau tin hnh tm a ch
mng ch, 192.0.13.0, trong bng nh tuyn ca router 6, ly ra a ch ca chng tip theo
(192.0.11.2), v xc nh router c a ch ny (router 7). Thc hin lin tip cc bc nh
vy cho ti khi ti c router kt ni trc tip vi mng ch. Router 7 c mt giao din
(192.0.13.1) trn mng ch, c ngha l n c mt kt ni trc tip vi router 8 (192.0.13.2).
C th thy rng router 7 v router 8 trong cng mt mng v a ch IP ca chng ging
nhau trong ton b phn subnetwork mask (24 bit)
Trong v d ny, ng i ca gi tin s l
42

Routerl (192.0.1.1) => Router2 (192.0.2.1) => Router3 (192.0.5.1) => Router6 (192.0.7.1) =>
Router7 (192.0.8.1) => Router8 (192.0.8.1)
3. ng ca s ip_routes.
Chng ta cng c th truy cp trc tip vo file d liu nh tuyn. S dng Windows
Explorer, tm trong th mc gc th mc con op-models, chuyn ti th mc ny v m file
xx_RIP_Network-scenariol-ip_routes.gdf. y chnh l file va c kho st trong
OPNET. C th s dng h tr tm kim bng cch sau, chn Edit => Preference, ri tm
thuc tnh mod_dirs. Gi tr i km l ng dn ti th mc op_models.
Lu m hnh va khi to v ng tt c cc ca s.

Cu hi
1. Trong trng hp cc ng truyn dn hon ho, xc nh ng i ca gi tin t
router 1 n router 8 theo file d liu a ch IP v bng nh tuyn ly ra t kt qu
m phng. Ci t nh hng 1 chng gia hai nt bt k ti thi im 300 giy sau
khi m phng bt u, xc nh li ng i ca gi tin trn.
2. Ci t nh hng thm 1 chng th hai thi im 500 giy sau m phng, xc nh
ng i ca gi tin. (C th xt mt s trng hp khc nhau theo cc v tr ca im
hng thy c s thay i ca bng nh tuyn.) Xc nh s ln cp nht bng
nh tuyn v thng lng (gi tin/giy) ca ng truyn trong cc trng hp c s
c.
3. Xc nh a ch IP, subnetwork mask v default gateway (nu c) ca my tnh ang
thc hin bi m phng. Tm hiu ngha ca nhng tham s ny.
Gi : S dng lnh cmd trong Start/Run ca Windows m ca s lnh DOS. Sau
g vo lnh ipconfig.

43

Bi Th Nghim 5: Cht lng dch v QoS:

nh hng ca c ch xp hng
7. Gii thiu
Trong mt mng lu-v-chuyn, cc router duy tr mt hay nhiu hng ch cho mi ng ra.
Vic duy tr (cc) hng ch ny l rt cn thit v mt gi tin c th n ri c chuyn tip
ti mt ng ra trong khi n ang thc s bn. Mt c ch xp hng s xc nh mt tp cc
quy tc t cc gi tin vo (cc) hng ch v ly chng ra khi chuyn tip. C ch xp
hng nguyn thu l Vo trc-Ra trc (First-In, First-Out - FIFO) i x vi tt c cc
lung d liu nh nhau v do kh n gin trong vic thc hin. Mt gi tin va mi ti s
c xp cui hng v phi ch n lt c chuyn tip.
Tuy nhin, ngy nay khi mng Internet cn c dng truyn c cc lung thoi cng nh
video th cc c ch FIFO n gin l khng . Cc ng dng thoi v video i hi cc yu
cu kh cao v tr v bin thin tr (jitter) truyn ti. Mt cch p ng cc ch tiu ny
l i x vi cc gi tin theo cch khc nhau trong cc hng ch ca router. i vi c ch
Xp hng Cng bng Trng s (Weighted Fair Queuing - WFQ), mi cp u tin s s dng
mt hng ch. Cc trng s c gn vi cc hng u tin khc nhau da trn mc quan
trng ca n. Cc hng ch s c phc v (hay cc gi tin s c ly ra t cc hng v
c gi ti ng ra) vi tc da vo trng s ca chng. V d, nu hng ch A c
gn trng s bng 1 cn hng ch B c gn trng s l 2 th c 2 gi tin ca hng B c
chuyn i th s c 1 gi tin ca hng A c phc v. Bng cch gn cc lung thoi v
video vo 1 hng ch c trng s cao, chng s c chuyn tip vi tc cao hn ti tin
tiu chun.
i vi c ch xp hng u tin, nhiu hng ch c duy tr da trn cp u tin m gi tin c
gn. Trong trng hp ny, ton b cc gi tin c mc u tin cao s c chuyn tip trc mi
gi tin c mc u tin thp. Gi thit chng ta c hai hng ch, mt hng dnh cho ti lu lng
c mc u tin mt, cn mt hng cho ti lu lng mc u tin hai, hng ch mc u tin hai s
c x l cho n ht, sau hng ch u tin mt mi c phc v. Nu c gi tin mc u
tin hai n th vic pht gi tin mc u tin mt s b chn li phc v gi tin mi n c mc
u tin cao hn trc.

8. Mc tiu th nghim
Kho st cc nh hng khi p dng cc c ch xp hng khc nhau router. T l mt gi tin
do trn b m ti router cng nh tr xp hng v bin thin tr (jitter) s c kho st
mt cch chi tit mi loi c ch khc nhau.

9. Cc bc th nghim
Xy dng m hnh m phng
Khi ng OPNET IT Guru Academic Edition
1. Chn thc n File => New
2. Chn Project ri nhp OK.
3. Thay i Project Name l xx_QoS_Queuing (trong xx l s khi u), t tn hot
cnh Scenario Name l PQ ri nhp OK.
4. Trong ca s Initial Topology, chn Create Empty Scenario v nhp vo Next.
5. Trong ca s Choose Network Scale, chn Choose From Maps v nhp Next.
6. Trong ca s Choose Map chn usa ri nhp Next.
7. Trong ca s Choose Technologies nhp Next.
8. Trong ca s Review, nhp OK.

44

Hnh 5.1. Hp thoi Review ca cng c Startup Wizard.

u tin chng ta s cu hnh hai ng dng nn FTP tng t nhau ngoi tr mc u tin.
1. Chn biu tng Application Config t th vin cng c Object Palette v ri t n
vo khng gian thit k workspace.
2. Nhp phi chut ln biu tng ri chn Edit Attributes. t thuc tnh name l
Applications.
3. Bung th mc Application Definitions, t gi tr v Default.

Hnh 5.2. Khai bo thuc tnh Applications.

4. Tip tc bung th mc Application Definitions, t thuc tnh rows l 2.
5. Bung th mc row 0, t trng tn Name l FTP_Low_Priority_Application.
a. Bung th mc thuc tnh Description, tip theo phi t thuc tnh Database v Off
c th ci t gi tr cho thuc tnh Ftp.
b. Nhp phi chut vo v tr Off ngang hng vi thuc tnh Ftp, chn Edit
45

c. Trong ca s (Ftp) Table va hin ra, t cc tham s cho thuc tnh Inter-Request
Time (sec) nh sau, Distribution Name l exponential, Mean Outcome l 5. Lu
l cn t trng Special Value v Not Used c th thay i cc tham s thuc tnh.
Nhp OK ng ca s Inter-Request Time.
d. Tng t, t thuc tnh File Size (bytes) l constant (500000).
e. Trng Type of Service c t v Best Effort (0). Best Effort l mc u tin thp
nht. ng dng va c ci t s truyn lin tc cc file c kch thc 500 KB vi
khong thi gian trung bnh gia mi ln truyn l 5 giy.
f. Nhp OK ng ca s (Fpt) Table.

Hnh 5.3. Hp thoi (FTP) Table ca ng dng Low_Priority.

6. Tip theo, bung thuc tnh row 1 v t tn l FTP_High_Priority_Application.
a. t Inter-Request Time (sec) l exponential(5) v File Size (bytes) l constant
(500000).
b. Thay i trng Type of Service v Exellent Effort (3). Exellent Effort cho php
mc u tin cao hn Best Effort.
c. Nhp OK hai ln ng ca s.

Hnh 5.4. Hp thoi (FTP) Table ca ng dng High_Priority.

Tip theo profile ca m hnh mng s c nh ngha thng qua cc thao tc sau:
1. Chn i tng Profile Config t th vin cng c Object Palette ri t vo workspace.
2. Nhp phi chut ln i tng v chn Edit Atttributes. t thuc tnh name l
Profiles.
3. Bung thuc tnh Profile configuration v t rows l 2.
4. Bung thuc tnh row 0 ri t Profile Name l FTP_Low_Priority_Profile.
a. Bung thuc tnh Applications v t row l 1.
b. Bung thuc tnh row 0, t trng Name l FTP_Low_Priority_Application.
c. t Duration (seconds) l End of Last Task.
d. Bung thuc tnh Repeatability v t Inter-repeatition Time (seconds) l constant
(0).
46

Hnh 5.5. Ci t tham s cho profiles.

5. Bung thuc tnh row 1, t Profile Name l FTP_High_Priority_Profile.
a. Bung thuc tnh Applications v t rows l 1.
b. Bung thuc tnh row 0 ri t trng Name l FTP_High_Priority_Application.
c. t Duration (seconds) l End of Lask Task.
d. Bung thuc tnh Repeatability v t Inter-repetition Time (seconds) l constant(0).
6. Nhp OK ng ca s (Profiles) Attributes.
Cc ci t va ri cho chng ta cc profile cn dng cho m phng. Tip theo chng ta s
xy dng mt mng truyn d liu s dng cc profile ny.
1. Chn thit b ppp_wkstn t th vin cng c Object Palette v t n vo workspace.
a. Nhp phi chut ln my trm ny v chn Edit Atributes.
b. t trng name l FTP Low Client.
c. Bung thuc tnh Application: Support Profiles, t thuc tnh row l 1.
d. Bung row 0 ri chn Profile Name l FTP_Low_Priority_Profile.
e. Nhp OK ng ca s tng tc.
2. Chn thit b ppp_wkstn t th vin cng c Object Palette v t n vo workspace.
a. Nhp phi chut ln my trm ny v chn Edit Atributes.
b. t trng name l FTP High Client.
c. Bung thuc tnh Application: Support Profiles, t thuc tnh row l 1.
d. Bung row 0 ri chn Profile Name l FTP_High_Priority_Profile.
e. Nhp OK ng ca s tng tc.

47

Hnh 5.6. Ci t tham s cho FTP Low Client.

Tip theo chng ta s ci t my ch server h tr c hai ng dng FTP va c nh ngha.

Hnh 5.7. Ci t tham s cho FTP Server.

1. Chn thit b ppp_server trong th vin i tng Object Palette ri t n vo
48

workspace.
2. Nhp phi chut ln thit b ri chn Edit Attributes.
3. Thay i thuc tnh name ca server thnh FTP Server.
4. Nhp phi chut ln thuc tnh () ngang hng vi Application: Supported Services,
chn Edit.
5. Ca s (Application: Supported Services) Table xut hin. t thuc tnh Rows l 2.
6. t trng Name trong hng th nht l FTP_Low_Priority_Application.
7. t trng Name trong hng th hai l FTP_High_Priority_Application.
8. Nhp OK hai ln ng cc ca s giao din.

Hnh 5.8. Ci t tham s cho Application: Supported Services.

Vic chn hai router v to cc kt ni trong mng ny c thc hin nh sau:

Hnh 5.9. M hnh mng truyn s liu m phng.

49

1. Chn hai thit b ethernet4_slip8_gtwy trong th vin i tng v t chng vo

workspace.
2. Nhp phi chut ln mt router ri chn Set Name. t tn ca router ny l Router 1.
3. Lm tng t t tn router cn li l QoS Router.
4. Chn ng truyn PPP_DS1 trong th vin i tng, dng n ni hai my trm
FTP vi Router 1 v ni hai router vi nhau.
5. Chn ng truyn PPP_DS3 trong th vin i tng v dng n ni my ch FTP
vi QoS Router.
Tip theo chng ta cn thit lp cc c ch xp hng s c dng trong cc router. Nhp phi
chut ln QoS Router v chn Select Similar Nodes c th p dng cc thay i cho c hai
router ng thi.

Hnh 5.10. Ci t c ch xp hng PQ.

1. Trn ca s workspace, chn tab Protocols => IP => QoS => Configure QoS
2. t QoS Scheme l Priority Queuing.
3. l thuc tnh QoS Profile c t ToS Based, ngha l cc router s dng cc
mc u tin Type of Service va c ci t thng qua vic s dng trng nh ngha
ny.
4. Nhp phi chut ln khoanh chn bn cnh Interfaces on selected router(s).
5. Nhp OK ng ca s QoS Configuration.
Chng ta va ci t QoS Router s dng c ch xp hng ph hp cc giao din ca
chng. Lu l mt i tng QoS Parameters s t ng xut hin trong workspace.
Nguyn nhn l do chng ta cu hnh QoS Router s dng cc c ch xp hng va c
nh ngha trc . Tip theo chng ta s tin hnh kim tra tn giao din c gn cho QoS
Router.
1. Nhp phi chut ln ng truyn PPP ni QoS Router vi Router 1, chn Edit
Attributes.
2. Kim tra cc thuc tnh port a v port b xem giao din no ang c s dng trn
QoS Router (trong v d ny l IF10). Khi xy dng bi th nghim, chng ta c th nhn
c tn giao din khc tu thuc vo cch t ng truyn PPP.
3. Nhp OK ng ca s (Router 1 <=> QoS router) Attributes.
50

Hnh 5.11. Tn giao din c gn cho QoS Router.

Chng ta s s dng thng tin va tm c thay i kch thc b m ca giao din ny
sao cho trn b m nhanh chng xy ra.
1. Nhp phi chut ln QoS Router v chn Edit Attributes.
2. Bung th mc IP Routing Parameters, ri th mc Interface Information v th mc
hng i vi giao din va tm c, row 10 trong v d ny.
3. Tip tc bung th mc QoS Information, t thuc tnh Buffer Size (bytes) l 100000.
Bng cch t kch thc b m trn giao din ny tng i nh, trn b m s nhanh
chng xy ra, cho php chng ta quan st cc kt qu ca cc c ch xp hng khc nhau
d dng hn. l d th no th trn b m cui cng cng s xy ra v my ch FTP
Server sn sinh ra ti lu lng kh ln, c truyn trn ng truyn DS3 ni vi QoS
Router, nhng QoS Router ch s dng ng truyn DS1 chuyn tip cc gi tin ti
cc my trm.
4. Nhp OK ng ca s (QoS Router) Attributes.

Hnh 5.12. Thay i kch thc b m ca giao din c gn cho QoS Router.
51

Chn tham s kt qu m phng

1. Nhp phi chut ln QoS Router v chn Choose Individual Statistics.
2. Bung th mc IP Interface, chn Buffer Usage (packets), Queuing Delay Variation
(sec), Queuing Delay (sec) v Traffic Dropped (packets/sec).
3. Nhp OK ng ca s Choose Results.

Hnh 5.13. Chn tham s kt qu m phng.

t cu hnh chy m phng

1. Chn Simulation => Configure Discrete Event Simulation
2. Trong tab Common, t Duration l 10, chn n v thi gian l minute(s).
3. Nhp Run chy m phng.
4. Khi m phng kt thc, nhp Close ng ca s Simulation Sequence.

Hnh 5.14. t cu hnh chy m phng.

Kho st v phn tch kt qu m phng

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Trc tin chng ta s xem xt lu lng rt ca hai hng ch.

1. Chn tab Results => View Results
2. Chn v bung cc th mc Object Statistics, Choose From Maps Network, QoS
Router v IP Interface.
3. Nhp phi chut chn cc tham s kt qu PQ Traffic Dropped (Packets/sec) IF10 Q1
v PQ Traffic Dropped (Packets/sec) IF10 Q1 (Default Queue).
Lu l giao din 10 (IF10) l giao din trn QoS Router ni vi Router 1. Nu trong
qu trnh xy dng m hnh th nghim chng ta gp mt giao din c tn khc th phi
thay ng giao din trong cc bc phn tch kt qu tip theo. S dng ch As Is
xem cc ton b cc kt qu. Cc tham s kt qu c chn cho bit c bao nhiu gi
tin b nh mt do trn b m. Q1 tng ng vi ti lu lng c mc u tin cao
trong khi Q0 tng ng vi ti tin mc u tin thp. l hng ch mc u tin cao c
t l mt gi tin thp hn so vi hng ch mc u tin thp.

Hnh 5.15. Hp thoi View Results vi cc th Traffic Dropped ca

hai hng ch c cp u tin khc nhau.
4. Nhp phi chut ln cc kt qu mt ln na tt th preview.
th tr ca hai hng ch, minh ho trn hnh 5.15, c ly ra nh sau:
1. Chn kt xem qu PQ Queue Delay (sec) IF10 Q1 v PQ Queue Delay (sec) IF10 Q0
(Default Queue). Cc kt qu ny cho bit lng thi gian cc gi tin phi i trong
hng ch trc khi c gi i. C th quan st thy ti tin c mc u tin thp (Q0)
phi ch lu hn ng k so vi cc gi tin c mc u tin cao hn (Q1).
2. Nhp phi chut ln cc th mc ny tt th preview.
Cng nh tr, bin thin tr cng thay i tu theo cp u tin ca hng ch nh biu
din ca hnh 5.16.
1. Chn xem kt qu PQ Queue Delay Variation (sec) IF10 Q1 v PQ Queue Delay
Variation (sec) IF10 Q0 (Default Queue). Cc gi tr ny cho bit mc bin thin tr
(jitter) trong hng ch m cc gi tin phi tri qua. Nhn thy ngay rng cc gi tin c
mc u tin cao hn chu lng jitter t hn nhiu so vi cc gi tin c mc u tin thp.
2. Nhp phi chut li cc th mc ny tt th preview.
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Hnh 5.16. Hp thoi View Results vi cc th Queuing Delay ca

hai hng ch c cp u tin khc nhau.

Hnh 5.17. Hp thoi View Results vi cc th Queuing Delay Variation ca

hai hng ch c cp u tin khc nhau.
Cui cng, y b m c kho st theo cc bc sau:
1. Chn xem PQ Buffer Usage (packets) IF10 Q1 v PQ Buffer Usage (packets) IF10
Q0 (Default Queue). Cc kt qu ny cho bit s gi tin phi i trong hng ch ti mi
thi im trong thi gian m phng. D dng quan st thy c rt nhiu gi tin c mc
u tin thp phi ng trong hng ch ti mi thi im trong khi rt t gi tin mc u
tin cao phi xp hng ch.
2. Nhp li chut ln cc th mc ny tt th preview.
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3. Lu m hnh va xy dng v tt ht cc ca s giao din.

Hnh 5.18. Hp thoi View Results vi cc th Buffer Usage ca

hai hng ch c cp u tin khc nhau.

Cu hi
1. Nhn bn hot cnh v t tn l WFQ ( vit tt ca Weighted Fair Queuing). nh
du c hai router ri chn tab Protocol => IP => QoS => Configure QoS t QoS
Scheme l WFQ. l trng QoS Profile phi l ToS Based, router s dng
trng ToS c chng ta nh ngha trc cho ng dng ny xc nh gi
tin no s nhn c quyn u tin. Nhp phi chut ln khoanh chn cnh Interfaces
on selected router(s). Nhp OK ng ca s QoS Configuration. Chy li m
phng v kim tra cc kt qu t l mt gi tin, tr, bin thin tr v y b m.
Lp lun din gii cc kt qu nhn c.
2. Nhn bn hot cnh v t tn l FIFO ( vit tt ca First-In First-Out). nh du c
hai router ri chn tab Protocol => IP => QoS => Configure QoS t QoS
Scheme l FIFO. l trng QoS Profile phi l ToS Based. Nhp phi chut ln
khoanh chn cnh Interfaces on selected router(s). Nhp OK ng ca s QoS
Configuration. Chy li m phng v kim tra cc kt qu t l mt gi tin, tr,
bin thin tr v y b m. Lp lun din gii cc kt qu nhn c.
3. Hy so snh cc c ch xp hng Cng bng trng s (Weighted Fair Queuing), xp
hng u tin (Priority Queuing) v xp hng Vo trc ra trc (FIFO) trn cc kha
cnh t l mt gi tin, tr, bin thin tr. Phn tch u nhc im ca mi loi c
ch.
4. Nhp phi chut ln i tng QoS Parameters, chn Edit Attributes. Bung thuc
tnh WFQ Profiles => ToS Based, kho st chi tit cc hng c trong th mc ny.
Cc trng s no c gn cho cc gi tr ToS khc nhau trong s WFQ? Cc trng
s nh hng ti hot ng ca router nh th no?
5. Tip tc kho st th mc thuc tnh Priority Queuing Profiles => ToS Based. C
bao nhiu mc u tin c nh ngha? Cc gi tr ToS no c gn vi mi mc
u tin?

55

Ti liu tham kho

1. URL: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2001.txt?number=2001 (2008-05-31)
2. URL: http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2581.txt?number=2581 (2008-05-31)
3. Kevin Brown & Leann Christianson Opnet Lab Manual to accompany Data & Computer
Communications by W. Stallings. Pearson, 2005. ISBN 0-13-148252-1.
4. Tommy Svensson, Alex Popescu. OPNET Modeler - Development of laboratory exercises
based on OPNET Modeler. Master thesis MEE 03:24, Blekinge Institute of Technology,
2003.
5. William Stallings. Computer Networking with Internet Protocols and Technology, 7nd Ed.
Upper Saddle River, NJ:Prentice Hall Inc., 2004. ISBN: 0131006819.
6. Bertsekas, Dimitri, and Robert Gallager. Data Networks. 2nd Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1991. ISBN: 0132009161.
7. Peterson and Davie. Computer Networks. 2nd Ed. San Francisco, CA: Morgan Kaufmann
Publishers, 1999. ISBN: 1558605142 .
8. Tanenbaum, A. S. Computer Networks. 4th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall,
2003. ISBN: 0130661023.
9. Alberto Leon-Garcia, Indra Widjaja. Computer Networks Fundemental Concepts and Key
Architectures. 2nd Ed. NY: McGraw Hill, 2003. ISBN: 0071198482.

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