Canadian

Geotechnical
Journal

Revue
canadienne de
geotechnique

Published by
THENATIONAL
RESEARCH
COUNCIL
OF CANADA

Publike par
LE CONSEIL
NATIONAL DE RECHERCHES DU CANADA

Volume 12

Volume 12

Number 1

February 1975

numCro 1

fivrier 1975

Hydrodynamic Response - or Slug Tests as a Means to Monitor the Progress of

Well Development
J. A. VONHOF
Water Resources Branch, Inland Waters Directorate, Environment Canada, 3303 33 St. N . W . , Calgaty, Alberta
Received November 1, 1973
Accepted August 1 , 1974
Sequential hydrodynamic r e s p o n s e o r slug tests in a well during well development-provide
an easy method for objective measurement of well development and comparison of the various
development techniques that may be employed. Slug-test equipment developed in Saskatchewan
permits precise continuous recording of changing water levels for all times except the first few
seconds after the introduction of the slug into the well. Three examples of slug-test analysis
indicate jetting and air development to be the most successful techniques for well development in
a sand aquifer in southeastern Saskatchewan; mechanical surging, on the other hand, actually
reversed the development process in the aquifer. The substitution of a bentonite mud for clear
water in drilling out the completion zone in one well proved to be highly undesirable because
considerably more effort and time were required to develop this well.
L a rkponse hydrodynamique-ou des essais par injection instantanke dans un puit durant
son dkveloppement-fournit une mkthode facile de mesure objective du dkveloppement du puit
et de comparaison des diE6rentes methodes de dkveloppement qui peuvent btre utiliskes.
L'kquipement d'essai par injection instantanke dkveloppk en Saskatchewan permet un enregistrement continu prkcis des changements de niveau d'eau en tous temps B I'exception des
premieres secondes suivant I'injection dans le puit. Trois exemples d'analyse d'essais par
injection instantanke indiquent que le jetting et le dkveloppement B l'air sont les mkthodes de
dkveloppement les plus efficaces dans un sable aquifke du sud est de la Saskatchewan; au
contraire, la mise en charge mkcanique renverse le processus d e dkveloppement dans I'aquifer.
La substitution d'une boue bentonitique pour de I'eau claire pour le forage d e la zone finale dans
un ~ u is'est
t
avbrke nondksirable ~ u i s a u edes efforts et un temm b e a u c o u.~~
s
ont
* l u considkrable
[Traduit par la Revue]
ktinkcessaires pour dkvelopper c e puit.

Introduction
During well construction some formation
damage inevitably occurs in the aquifer adjacent to the well bore. This reduces the permeability of the aquifer adjacent to the screened
interval or inlet section. This increases the
drawdown in the well, the pressure drop at
the formation/well interface and the entrance
velocity of water into the screen. All of these
factors increase the cost of well operation and
Can. Geotech. J . , 12, l(1975)

reduce the working life of the well. The objective of well development is to restore the
permeability of the formation contiguous to
the inlet section to at least its original and
preferably to a substantially higher value.
Because a slug test or hydrodynamic response test (Hvorslev 1951; Ferris and Knowles
1954; Ferris et al. 1962; and Cooper et al.
1967) measures the transmissivity of an aquifer
in the immediate vicinity of the well bore, such

CAN.

GEOTECH. J.

tests run sequentially during well development

providc an objective measure of the progress
of well development. This report includes case
histories of the results of sequential slug tests
carried out during the construction of three observation wells in southeastern Saskatchewan.

Theory
The objective of well development is to bring
a well to its maximum designed production
capacity. This is achieved by reducing the skin
cffect, increasing the permeability, and creating
a natural gravel pack in the immediate vicinity
of the screened interval. The procedures and
techniques involved in the development of
screened wells in unconsolidated sediments are
therefore designed to (Anonymous 1966, p.
294) :
1. Correct any damage to or clogging of the
water-bearing formation occurring as a side
effect from drilling (skin effect);
2. Increase the porosity and permeability of
the natural formation in the vicinity of the
well;
3. Stabilize the formation around a screened
well so that the well will yield water free of
sand, silt, etc. (creation of a natural gravcl
pack).
The ultimate goal of well development is
therefore to increase the permeability in the
vicinity of the screened interval and to obtain
a sand-free well.
The hydrodynamic response of a finite-diameter well to an instantaneous charge of water
is a measure of transmissivity of the aquifer
(Hvorslev 1951; Ferris and Knowles 1954;
Ferris et nl. 1962; and Cooper et al. 1967).
However, as Ferris et al. ( 1962, pp. 104-1 05)
properly warned: "the duration of a 'slug' test
is very short, hence the estimated transmissibility determined from the test will be representative only of the water-bearing material
close to the well. Serious errors will be introduced unless the . . . well is fully developed
and completely penetrates the aquifer".
Few wells completely penetrate an aquifer.
However, according to Cooper et al. (1967)
the vertical permeability of most stratified aquifers is only a small fraction of their horizontal
permeability. If so, when flow is induced within
a cylindrical volume of indeterminate radius
around the well bore by adding an instantaneous charge of water, then that flow will be

VOL. 12. 1975

essentially radial. The aquifer thickness can be

considered equal to the length of the inlet section and the transmissivity value can be considered to represent that part of the aquifer in
which the well is completed.
Because the volume of water added or removed during a slug test is small, the radius of
investigation will be relatively small. For this
reason a slug test is uniquely suited to measure
the transmissivity immediately surrounding the
inlet section, that is, in the region most affected
by formation damage and well development.
The drawdown observed during a pumping
tcst is the resultant not only of the transmissivity
of the disturbed zone adjacent to the well bore,
but also of the aquifer transmissivity near the
well. The rate of drawdown in a pumping well
after the effect of the volume of storage within
the well becomes negligible is a function of the
series transmissivity of concentric cylindrical
elements of increasing radii from the well bore.
Because a pumping test integrates the transmissivity of a much larger cylindrical volumc
around the well bore it is less affected by the
effect of formation damage or well development.
In a properly developed well the transmissivity obtained from a slug test should be equal
to or greater than the transmissivity computed
from pumping test data. If there is still formation damage the slug-test transmissivity would
tend to be less than the aquifer transmissivity.

Equipment and Test Procedure

The technique used for these response tests
was developed by Dr. W. A. Meneley, Saskatchewan Research Council, specifically to
determine the response characteristics of observation wells (Meneley 1970). The equipment used was designed and constructed, or
modified from commercially available equipment by R. Heinze, Saskatchewan Research
Council. In the present study the instantaneous
charge of water is produced by dropping a
solid slug of known displacement into the well;
the hydrostatic head decline is recorded with
a conventional float-type water level recorder.
Ferris and Knowles (1954) dumped a known
volume of water into a well to approximate the
instantaneous charge of water required by their
mathematical model. They measured the head
decline with a steel tape and "popper". Cooper
qt al. ( 1967) produced an instantaneous head

VONHOF: HYDRODYNAMIC RESPONSE

change by instantly removing a float of known

displacement from a well; they measured the
head change by means of a pressure transducer/recorder unit.
A solid slug of known displacement (Fig.
1B) is lowered to a position just above the
water surface in the well on a steel cable. A
modified Leupold-Stevens Type F recorder
(Fig. 1A) is mounted over the well and the
float is lowered until it rests freely on the slug.
When the test is started the slug is released
and allowed to fall at least 34 ft (1.1 m). As
the slug falls the water level in the well rises
rapidly lifting the falling float off the top of
the slug. The recorder is started at the instant
the slug is released and the declining head is
traced as a curved line on the hydrograph
chart.
The Leupold-Stevens recorder was modified
by replacing the original clock and pen-drive
mechanism with a set of gears driven by a
12V DC timing motor. One of four gear
ratios can be selected to provide full travel of
the pen across the chart in 4, 8, 16, and 32
minutes, respectively. A three-position FORWARD-OFF-REVERSE switch allows the direction of pen travel to be reversed if necessary
to obtain longer duration rccords without sacrificing precision in time measurements (Figs. 3
and 4).
The slug (Fig. 1B) consists of a cylindrical
aluminum body about 5 in. (-127 mm) in
diameter, having an overall length of about
19 in. (-483 mm). It is fitted with three roller
guides at the top and bottom of the cylinder.
One guided wheel at each end is adjustable to
allow the slug to be used in casing ranging
from 6.25 to 7.5 in. I D (158.7 to 190.5 mm).
The cylinder is weighted with sand to ensure
rapid submergence. The guide wheels allow the
slug to drop freely in the well when it is
suspended by a cable fastened to the edge of
the cylinder. This arrangement forces the suspension cable to the side of the casing where
it does not obstruct the free movement of the
float.
The recorder was mounted on a platform
which could be easily mounted on the drilling
rig (Fig. 1C) to facilitate testing during the
development operations.
The equipment is applicable to aquifers
having a transmissivity ranging from 0.1-lo2
cm2/s. If the transmissivity is lower than

FIG. 1. Slug-test equipment. (A) Battery-operated

modified Leupold-Stevens Type F recorder. (B) Aluminum slug. (C) Recorder installed on drilling rig.

CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 12, 1975

0.1 cm2/s there is no advantage to using the

solid slug because the error caused by noninstantaneous addition of a known volume of
water is acceptably small. If the transmissivity
is greater than 10Qm2/s the mechanical floatrecorder system cannot follow or record the
rapid decline of the fluid level. This equipment
is limited. to use in wells having an inside diameter of at least 6.25 in. (158.7 mm) that are constructcd sufficiently straight and plumb that the
float drag on the casing is not excessive. The
equipment is simple and sturdy and will operate
reliably over the wide range of temperature
(-50 O F to 110 OF) (-45.6 to $43.3 "C) encountered in Saskatchewan. The equipment is
rclatively inexpensive and for the most part it
utilizes materials that are locally available. The
instrumentation is stable and consistently produces reproducible results.

Well Construction and Development

This study was carried out during the construction of observation wells in an unconsolidated glacial sand and gravel aquifer in southeastern Saskatchewan. Test drilling and well
construction were carried out by Elk Point
Drilling Ltd., North Battleford, Saskatchewan,
using a modified Failing 1500 hydraulic rotary
rig.
The procedurcs used for test drilling and well
construction were developed over many years
by the contractor for successful well construction in glacial aquifers (Topilka 1967).
Prior to well construction a test hole is drilled
to determine thc texture, sorting, and stratification of the material in the completion zone.
The selection of the completion interval is based
on the description of the cutting samples, the
single point resistance and spontaneous potential electrical logs, and the driller's log. After
this information has been obtained the test hole
is abandoned and, if necessary, is plugged with
bentonite-cement grout. The well is then constructed within a 10-ft (3.05 m) radius of the
test hole. This procedure is designed to eliminate formation damage resulting from drilling
fluid entering the completion zone (skin effect).
The hole for the well is drilled to the top
of the completion zone, casing is run, and the
annulus is filled with bentonite-cement grout.
After the grout has set (about 24 hours), the
completion zone is drilled out using clean water
as drilling fluid. The water is run off to waste

rather than being recirculated. A very detailed

driller's log is kept of the drilling character, the
color of the returning fluid (a measure of the
silt and clay content) is noted, and samples
are collected from each 1-ft (0.3 m) interval
in the completion zone. After the completion
zone has been drilled the screen assembly is
made up using screens having the desired slot
size and the necessary fittings and blank extension pipe as the situation requires. Prior to
casing installation a landing ring is welded to
the bottom of the casing. This landing ring
engages on the bushing at the box of the lead
packer and prevents the screen assembly from
passing entirely through the bottom of the
casing. Following screen installation the position of the screen is verified by measurement
with a weighted steel tape and then the packer
is swedged. Well construction details are shown
in Figs. 2, 5, and 6.
The development methods for the three wells
had to be modified because the nonpumping
water level was at or above the ground surface.
The techniques employed include : high-velocity
hydraulic jetting in the screen, air-lift pumping,
mechanical surging, and hydraulic jetting with
a dispersing agent (SAPP, sodium acid polyphosphate). At the outset development procedures are carried out gently to allow the
sand to collapse around the screen. As development proceeds, the energy applied to the completion zone is increased. Development is
continued until the discharge water is essentially
sand-free.

Case Histories
Introduction
The results of successive slug tests carried
out during the development of three observation wells are used to illustrate the effect of
development techniques and the rate of well
development. Two wells show, after each successive development procedure, continuous increase in the transmissivity, whereas the third
well shows a reversal of this trend. The first
slug test on all wells was run immediately after
screen installation and prior to any development. All wells show a drastic increase in the
transmissivity after the first development procedure.
To determine the transmissivity from the
hydrographs (Figs. 3, 4), values of H / H o at
various times are computed, where Ho is equal

VONHOF: HYDRODYNAMIC RESPONSE

M A T C H I N G CURVES-SLUG TEST ANALYSIS

AFTER C O O P E R

r_l 9 , 1 9 6 7 )

E A C H T H E 0 R E : I C A L M A T C H I N G C U R V E IS C H A R A C TERIZED BY A SPECIFIC VALLIE O F q W H E R E

(2
IICI

WHERE

.>s

r~

R A D I U S SCREEN

icml

f c ' R A D I U S WELL i c m l A N D
S : C O E F F I C I E N T O f STORAGE

r:

OBSERVED WATER LEVELS A N D BEST

F I T T I N G T H E O R E T I C A L CURVES

'."'+....+r....

G I AFTER SCREEN INSTALLAT1ON

-0-._o_

G 2 AFTER AIR DEVELOPMENT

--%

----

x--

G 3 AFTER JETTING
G 4 AFTER AIR DEVELOPMENT

CALCULATED

TRANSMISSIVITIES

A F T E R S C R E E N I N S T A L L A T I O N I 1ocm7/,

Sand.,,

5.68

6 8 2 cml/>
8 5 2 cm'/%

II i

WELL C O M P L E T I O N RECORD
LITHOLOGY

cd/%

AFTER A I R D E V E L O P M E N T
AFTER J E T T I N G
AFTER AIR D E V E L O P M E N T

CONSTRUCTION

$'

obore

S m d a5 above .lo-IS% < gr

sond
Sond,m c g r , m o x . $ I ,ralc.
suban9 wbr. -ell sorted
Sand

0,

.,bore

Sand a, .bore

I, time since slug aubmwgsd

lrecondr)

FIG.2. Observation Well G. Slug-test analysis; test-hole and observation-well data.

to the maximum water level change at time

t = 0 and H is the residual water level change
at time t since submersion of the slug. The
computed values are plotted versus time on
semilogarithmic paper and the analysis to determine transmissivity T is carried out by following the curve-matching procedure described by
Cooper et al. (1967, p. 266). This analysis
first requires the preparation of type curves for
curve matching using the data tabulated by the
same authors in their Table 1.

of 50 ft (15.2 m ) below ground level in a

medium- to coarse-grained unconsolidated
sand.' The static water level is at ground level
(Fig. 2 ) . The well is completed with two 4-ft
( 1.2-m) lengths of 4-in. ( 10 1.6-mm) diameter
Johnson telescopic stainless steel well screens.
Screen slot sizes are 0.012 and 0.015 in. (0.31
and 0.38 mm) for the upper and lower screen
respectively.
After screen installation the well was developed with air until the discharge water was

Observation Well G
Observation Well G is completed at a depth

'The sand size classification is according to Wentworth Grade scale (Pettijohn 1957, p. 18).

CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 12, 1975

1
rater level

changcl

....................

-.-.-.

GI
G2

AFTER S C R E E N I N S T A L L A T I O N
AFTER AIR D E V E L O P M E N T

-------

AFTER J E T T I N G

G1 A F T E R A I R D E V E L O P M E N T

2
t, time since slug submerged (minutes)

FIG.3. Hydrodynamic response hydrographs, Observation Well G.

sand-free. Total time of this operation was

approximately 30 min. The transmissivity of
the completion zone according to slug test G3
(Fig. 2 ) was 5.58 cm3/s. Secondly, the well
was jetted with clean water for approximately
30 min to again achieve a sand-free discharge
condition and the transmissivity increased to
6.82 cm2/s (G3, Fig. 2). Subsequently the
well was once more developed for approxi-

mately 45 min to sand-free discharge and the

transmissivity showed an increase to 8.52 cm2/s
(G4, Fig. 2 ) . No further development was done
on this well.
To obtain a rapid and rough estimate of the
effect of a well development procedure in the
field the original hydrograph charts can be
compared visually. Figures 3 and 4 show the
reduced, superimposed original traces of the

VONHOF: HYDRODYNAMIC RESPONSE

Ho.maximur

-.-.-.

FI

AFTER AIR DEVELOPMENT

Fa AFTER JETTING

- - --

F, AFTER SURGING
F5 AFTER SAPP TRE

MENT AND AIR DEVELOPMENT

1, time since slug submerged (minuter)

FIG.4. Hydrodynamic response hydrographs, Observation Well F.

slug tests, and the increase or decrease in the

transmissivity can be readily detected. It should
be pointed out that the portions of the curves
representing the first 5 seconds are extrapo-

lated. All slug tests show strong oscillations at

the start of the test. According to Meneley
(1970, p. 47) this is caused by the relative
movement of the float on the water surface.

CAN. GEOTECH. J . VOL. 12, 1975

VONHOF: HYDRODYNAMIC RESPONSE

Obsetvation Well F
Observation Well F is completed in a finegrained, in places unsorted, clayey sand at a
depth of 210 to 225 ft (64 to 68.6 m) below
ground level. This well, which is located adjacent to Observation Well G , was constructed
at this depth to obtain information on the
hydrostatic pressure in the bottom part of the
aquifer. The static water level is at surface.
Although the test hole (Fig. 5 ) showed
medium to coarse-grained sand in the zone
selected for well completion (the interval from
210 to 220 ft (64 to 67 m ) below ground
level), the sand encountered in the observation
well over this depth range was fine grained.
The test hole results suggested that the hole
drilled for the completion zone should be extended to a total depth of 240 ft (73.2 m)
below ground level, in order to determine
whether coarser sand was present below 220 ft
(67 m ) . At approximately 222 ft (-67.7 m)
the sand became much coarser, but it contained
considerable clay and silt, and furthermore appeared unsorted; the silt and clay content increased progressively with depth. The screen
assembly was therefore designed for the interval
from 210 to 225 ft (64 to 68.6 m) below
ground level.
It was hoped that the bottom screen section,
which was completed in a fine- to very coarsegrained, unsorted, silty, clayey sand, could be
developed sufficiently to increase the overall
hydrodynamic response characteristics of the
well to an acceptable level. The wcll is completed with three 4-in. ( 101.6-mm) diameter
Johnson telescopic stainless steel screens. The
top and middle screen are each 5 ft (1.5 m)
long, whereas the bottom screen is 4 ft (1.2 m)
long. Screen slot sizes are 0.007 in. (0.178 mm)
for the top and middle screens and 0.015 in.
(0.381 mm) for the bottom screen.
After screen installation the well was air
developed for 1 hour. A large volume of very
fine-grained sand was pumped out of the well.
The transmissivity after air development was
1.75 cm2/s (F2, Fig. 5 ) . Subsequently the
screen section was jettcd with clean water for
2+ hours, the jetting being concentrated on the
bottom larger-slot screen. Sand larger than the
0.007-in. (0.178-mm) slot size of the upper
screcns was pumped out. This indicated that
development of the lower screen was progres-

sing favorably. The transmissivity increased to

2.35 c m y s (F,, Fig. 5 ) . To further improve
well development it was decided to surge the
well mechanically. After each 15-min period
the well was pumped by air-lift. The discharge
was dirty and seemed to contain a high percentage of clay. This procedure was repeated
several times. A slug test at the end of this
procedure, however, showed a drastic decrease
in transmissivity ( F g , Fig. 5 ) to 1.58 c m v s
from 2.35 c m v s . T o correct this the screened
intcrval was jetted with 300 gallons ( 1363.8 1)
of clean watcr containing a clay dispersing
agent (SAPP) and was left overnight. The next
morning the well was air developed for 45 min.
The transmissivity increased to 2.06 c m v s
(F,, Fig. 5 ) . Further air development did not
materially change the transmissivity. A slug test
(not shown) run after a pump test at a rate of
50 gallons per minute (225 l/min) for 16
hours did not show any marked improvement
in the transmissivity.

Observation Well D
Observation Well D is completed at a depth
of 33 ft (10.1 m ) in fine-grained sand. The
static watcr level is 7 ft (2.1 m) above ground
level. The well is completed with two 5-ft
(1.5-m) lengths of 4-in. ( 101.6-mm) diameter
Johnson telcscopic stainless steel wcll screens.
The screen slot size for both screens is 0.007 in.
(0.178 mm). The observation well was constructed 8 ft (2.4 m) from the test hole. Considerable difficulty was experienced in developing this well. On the basis of the electric log
and the samples, medium- to coarse-grained
sand was expected to be present in the completion zone of the observation well. It was
therefore decided to determine the effect of
drilling out of the completion zone with a heavy
bentonite mud rather than with clean water.
However, during the drilling of the completion
zone it was found that only fine-grained sand
was present. After the screen was installed the
well was bailed dry and the effect of the drilling
mud became evident. The water level after half
an hour waiting was still at 25 ft (7.6 m) below surface. The next three hours were spent
on air development, jetting with watcr and
SAPP treatment. After these procedures the
static water level was approximately 2.5 ft
(-0.8 m ) above surface. A slug test (D,, Fig.

10

CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 12. 1975

MATCHING CURVES-SLUG TEST ANALYSIS

(nrrra c o o m 11 n_t.l~a7I
g

10-'

FOR * i t M A T C H I N G C U R Y P I

OBSERVED WATER LEVELS A N D BEST

FITTING THEORETICAL CURVES
AFTER A l e D f Y f t O P M f N I .

....-.....*.....+. 0 2 l E l T l N G i i N D S A W I R f A T M f N I
d . 9
D

.---.---

eel.D

I . lime since duo wbrnmrspd

l A F l f i l f t O W $ N G O V E R NIGHT
l iiilfll IfITING

01 111111 l l R D f V f I O P M f N I

I seconds 1

FIG. 6. Observation Well D. Slug-test analysis; test-hole and observation-well data.

6) indicated a transmissivity of 1.03 cm2/s.

No further work was done that day and the
well was left flowing at a rate of approximately
3 gallons per minute (14 l/min) overnight. The
next morning another slug test (D3, Fig. 6)
was run which showed an increase to 1.14 cm2/s.
Subsequently the well was jetted for 3 hours
until no traces of sand and clay could be found.
Analysis of slug test D4 (Fig. 6 ) indicated the
transmissivity had increased to 1.45 cmvs.
Finally the well was air developed for another
hour, which resulted in an increase in transmissivity to 1.95 cm2/s (D5, Fig. 6 ) .
The extent of the damage caused by drilling
the completion zone with a bentonite mud cannot be determined, because no second well was
completed by the clean-water procedure in an
identical fine-grained horizon. However, the
difficulties encountered during well develop-

ment suggest an adverse effect of drilling mud

during the drilling of the completion zone and
should be avoided.
Figure 7 summarizes the well development
procedures in the three observation wells. The
effect and rate of progress of well development
can readily be seen. The most suitable techniques for this type of aquifer appear to be
jetting and air development.

Conclusions
Hydrodynamic response evaluation by slug
testing during well development measures systematic changes in the transmissivity of the
zone adjacent to the completion interval. Slug
tests provide a quick and easy method of measuring the overall effectiveness of well development. The measurements should be used in
conjunction with additional bore-hole measure-

11

VONHOF: HYDRODYNAMIC RESPONSE

./

0.00
SCREEN
INSTALLATION

AIR DEVELOPMENT
JETTING AND SAPP
TREATMENT

FLOWING
OVERNIGHT

JETTING

Observation well
2.50

/ -\
& / /

2.00
4
.
-

,xR

1.50

1.00/
/

0.50

SCREEN
INSTALLATION

.'.

/---

'LX/--

AIR DEVELOPMENT

JETTING

Observation well

SCREEN
INSTALLATION

AIR DEVELOPMENT

AIR DEVELOPMENT

SAPP TREATMENT 8
AIR DEVELOPMENT

JETTING

Observation well

FIG.7.

SURGING

AIR DEVELOPMENT

Effect of well development procedures.

ments, such as, for example, gamma logs to

obtain objective data about the effectiveness of
any particular development technique.
The experience obtained during well con-

struction and development and the results from

successive hydrodynamic response tests indicate
that jetting and air development are the most
successful development techniques; mechanical

12

CAN. GEOTECH. J. VOL. 12, 1975

surging in this aquifer, on the other hand,

actually reversed the development process.
The use of bentonite mud in drilling out the
completion zone is undesirable and should be
avoided, because considerably more effort and
time are required to develop the well. The
introduction of clay dispersing agents in the
completion zones of those wells where clay is
present in the aquifer or where clay is introduced by drilling mud has beneficial results for
well development.

Acknowledgments
The writer wishes to express his sincere
appreciation to Dr. W. A. Meneley, Saskatchewan Research Council, for his valuable advice
and critique in the preparation of this paper.
Thanks are due to both Dr. Meneley and
Dr. J. A. Cherry, University of Waterloo, for
critically reading the manuscript.

ANONYMOUS.
1966. Groundwater and wells. Edward E:
Johnson, Inc., Saint Paul, Minnesota.
COOPER,H. H. JR., BREDEHOEFT,J. D., and PAPADOPULOS,I. S. 1967. Response of a finite-diameter
well to an instantaneous charge of water. Water Res.
Res., 3, pp. 263-269.
FERRIS,J. C., and KNOWLES,
D. B. 1954. The slug test for
estimating transmissibility: U.S. Geol. Surv., Ground
Water Note 26.
FERRIS,J. C., KNOWLES,D. B., BROWN,R. H., and
STALLMAN,
R. W. 1962. Theory of aquifer tests. U.S.
Geol. Surv., Water Supply Paper 1536-E, 174 p.
HVORSLEV,M. J. 1951. Time lag and soil-permeability
in groundwater observations. Waterways Expt. Sta.
Bull. No. 36, Corps. Eng., Vicksburg, Miss., 50 p.
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