BUM eee elm ela eeSa Eade eg Ne alates NO TsS} Fea) Grammar Ie os imate aE PS a ferreetertecr sy Pore) A ia SE SSContents 1-Nouns and gender, 6 2-Nouns singular and plural.. . 8 3-Personal pronouns... 12 4-Possessives in the nominative. 14 5-The declension of nouns. 18 6-The genitive (1)... 20 7-The genitive (2)... 22 8-The genitive (3) after prepositions.. 24 9-The dative (1 28 10-The dative (2). 32 11-The accusative (direct object). 36 12-The instrumental (1 40 13-The instrumental (2) 44 14-The prepositional (location 48 15-The prepositional case (2). The prepositional with the preposition “ 0” Talking about something. 52 16-Movement to and from, and being at a place Tne? Kyna? Orkyaa?. 54 17-Verbs: tenses and aspects. 58 18-The present tense. 60 19-The past tense (1 62 20-The past tense (2)... 64 66 68 23-To go Matu and Exate. 70 24-Verbs of motion (1) without a prefix. 72 25-Verbs of motion (2) with a prefix. 26-Verbs of position CTOATb, CTABMTb, NOCTABHTE ete. 27-Verbs in cs or reflexive verbs. 28-Adjectives (1). 29-Adjectives (2) Long forms and short forms. 30-Adverbs. 76 80 84 88 90 94 31-Comparatives and superlatives. 98 32-Demonstrative pronouns STOT, 9T€, 9TO, STH, TOT, TA, TO, Treen 04 33-Reflexive pronouns Boi, cBOR, cBOS, cBon, ceba, . 106 34-Adjectival pronouns BeCh, KaKAbIM, BOAKHIA, MOGOM, 108 35-Double negatives no one, nothing, never. 36-Indefinite pronouns and adverbs in -to and -Hn6yab. 37-Cardinal numbers. 38-Ordinal number: 39-Quantity: ckonbko cromt? CKONBKO BpeMeHH? KaK AONTO?.. 40-Identification of a person or of an object. 41-Asking questions (1) 122 Interrogative pronouns.. 124 42-Asking questions (2) without a question word.. 126 43-Possession «to have». 128 44-Presence and absence. 132 45-Time (1 136 46-Time (2) 140 47-Time (3) duration of time.. 48-Possible, necessary, forbidden MOXHO, HYDKHO (HAO), HeNbIA.. 144 49-Must, need, have to.. AomKen, Hy KeH. 146 150 152 50-Physical and emotional states. 51-And and but... u, a, Ho. 52-The structure of complex sentences. 53-The relative pronouns KOTOpbIit, KOTOpaA, KOTOPOR, KOTOPLIC.... 54-Logical relationships cause, effect and purpose. 55-The condition, possibility and wishes. 56-Uro and 4To6bt. 57-Reported speech.. Regular declensions. Irregular declension: The dectension of adjective: The declension of pronouns. The declension of number: Verbs: impertective / perfective Verbs of motion. Verbs of motion with prefixes (Aspect pairs Conjugations. Index... 156Forward Users The “Living Russian Grammar is intended for university students and for students in schools and colleges, as well as for adults at beginner and near-beginner level. It can also usefully be used by intermediate learners who wish to review and consolidate their language skills, either with a teacher, or in self study mode. Development The “Living Russian Grammar’ was conceived by a group of Russian teachers at the Centre for French and Russian Studies (CREF), in Moscow. It responds to the needs of leamers who wish to acquire the basics of communication in Russian with a correct lexical and grammatical basis. The book was tested in different versions, and improved in response to feedback from clients at CREF - students, business people, diplomats, ex-pats ete. Principles This grammar does not purport to be a full description of the Russian language. Itis a teaching and learning tool based on a selection of the most essential grammatical structures, and introducing an active and useful vocabulary. We have tried to show how linguistic elements are organised and used in real contexts. In order to keep up with contemporary linguistic research, we have tried to avoid the use of an over specialised technical vocabulary, which might confuse learners. Similarly, we have only used examples that might be considered useful at this level of study. Lastly, we have always attempted to make the learning of Russian grammar less abstract, more interesting, and more motivating. Layout The book comprises 56 units, which allow separate research of each grammatical topic, as well as a set of grammatical tables at the end. In the units, grammatical points are explained on the left-hand pages, with live examples, and exercises to practise the language are given on the right-hand page. Certain more complex grammatical topics are split over several units. We hope that this volume will help you find pleasure and ease in acquiring the basics of everyday Russian, a language too often considered to be a difficult one to lear. We wish you good luck! The authorsCRESS CORES 1 NOUNS and GENDER GENDER @ There are three genders : masculine, feminine and neuter. You can tell them apart by their ending. masculine : masculine nouns end in a consonant, or in i, of -b : répoa (a town), apyr (a friend), myéii (a museum), yurrrent (a teacher). feminine : feminine nouns end in -a or in -8 or -b : nana (a lamp), noapyra (a git friend), cembsi (a family), ABepb (a door). neuter : neuter nouns end in -o or in -e or in -ma : OKHO (a window), CONHUe (the sun), BPéMA (time)... ++ Some masculine nouns that refer to people end in -a or -a. They decline like feminine nouns, but words that refer to them (adjectives for example) are masculine. This applies equally to masculine diminutive name forms that end in -a : mykuiha (a@ man) Qéayuika (grandfather) Caéwa = (AnekcaHap) = Mvwa (Muxavin) AAA (uncle) YoHowa (young man) Cepéxa (Cepréii) Nera (Métp) +: Nouns that end in -b can be either feminine or masculine. masculine feminine Alte (the day) Kpemne (the Kremlin) | MaTb, AOYb (mother, daughter) conb(salt) rocte (the guest) cnoBapb (the dictionary) HOBOCTE (a piece of news) cet (autumn) BOXAb (the rain) —_xviTeNb (the inhabitant) TeTpaAb (the exercise book) HOU (the night) + Certain nouns that denote a profession have no feminine form : anBoxar (a lawyer), spay (a doctor), McTOpUk (a historian), uMakKeHép (an engineer)... On mukeHép. He is an engineer. Qua uinkeHép. She is an engineer. & When such nouns are used with the name of a person and a verb in the past tense, the verb agrees with the name of the person: Vinkeriép Nerpésa npuwind. Engineer Petrova has arrived. “ The word xonnéra can be masculine or feminine: Sto Moi Konnéra Buktop. This is my colleague Victor. ‘Sto mos konnéra Onbra. This is my colleague Olga. : There are invariable nouns, usually nouns of foreign origin. Most of these nouns are neuter : TanbT6 (a coat), KUHO (the cinema), MeTp6 (the metro), but Kétbe (coffee) is masculine. ++ The gender of invariable proper nouns (geographical names, newspaper titles, etc.) corresponds to the gender of the noun denoting the category to which they belong: Aanéxuii Kanpu (Sctpos: island) (far away Capn) Hoebid “Mapa Mary’ (kypHan: magazine) (the new Paris Match)MeEner cues eae 1 Sort the words in the list below according to their gender: ropon, xypHan, NoApyra, OKHO, cTon, TenecboH, AeBoUKa, NMCEMO, paGoTa, NanbTO, cTyN, Yall, py4Ka, kapatjaul, KonbuO, NNOWaAb, cnoBaps, TeTpaMb, apay, raseTa, MALIMHA, BHHO, YPAKHEHHE, MHCTHTYT, Mygeit, Manbunk, npeAnoxKeHne, Apyr, chyYal, KoHcepeH\nA, COBpaHue, nonoTeHUe. Masculine : ropon, Feminine : nonpyra, Plural : oKHo, 2 Answer the questions using the following words: Apyr, nuceMo, xypHan, Gpar, myxk, nogpyra, cectpa, meHa. 1-Krost0? = - Sto moii_ 2-Yrost0? = - STO Moh _ 3-Storeoa_____________? -Het, so mon__. 4-KrooT0? =~ - 3To Molt a §-YTostTo? «= -StTomoé 6-Stotso#________? -Her, sto Moi — 7-Ktosto? = - 9ToMo@ 3 Find three nouns for each of the categories below: 1-masculine, ending ina consonant: 2- feminine, ending in 3- neuter, ending in -o ee 4- masculine, ending in -a — _ a 5 feminine, ending in» 6 - masculine, ending in - ee = 7- masculine, ending in -# —— 4 Find the odd one out in each of the lists below: Mama, nana, cectpa, Tera, KeHa TeTPaMb, COMb, CHOBAPb, HOBOCTD, HOM mykuuHa, Aefywka, oHoWwa, AeByWKA ynnya, nnowaae, Kpemn, Mockea, cronuya OceHb, AOKAb, HEH’, KUTeNb, FOCTSCER CSRS Sto marasin. This is a shop. ‘Sto MaraaiHbl. These are shops. THE NOMINATIVE PLURAL “ General rule: ‘Sto mawina. This is a car. Sto maui. These are cars. ST oKH6. This is a window. Sto oxua. These are windows. Noun endings change according to gender and number. The nominative plural endings are as follows: masculine -bl (-M) cTyA6HT (the student) > cTynéHTbt eH (the day) > nHM feminine -bl (-M) ndmana (the lamp) > ndwntt pwns (the army) > Apmnn neuter -A(-A) Ano (the business) > pend Ope (the sea) > Mops H6B0CTE (the piece of news) > HOBOCTH SPELLING RULES These are generally to do with phonetics. Certain letters may not follow each other. @ After the consonants -, K, X and 2K, 4, LU, LL we write -W: kivira (the book) r > Kain K — ypOk (the lesson) > ypoKn X — 3n6xa (the epoch) > sndxn | 2K oTdq (the floor) > stax 4 Bpay (the doctor) > spawi We kapanadwi (the penci) > kapaHqaui UW naw (the raincoat) => naw @ Masculin nouns in -A, feminine nouns in -A and all nouns in -b have a nominative plural in - : TpamBaii (m) (the tram) > Tpamedm cnosapt (m) (the dictionary) > cnowaph Teta (f) (the aunt) > TéTH TeTpén (f) (the exercise book) > TeTpann(ESE Tenene cl essa 1 Give the nominative plural of the following words: pecropaH no apyraa pewenne aypHan __ _ mawinna __ rocyaperso Tenecbou nporpamma Konbyo Yemonan keaprupa eno cnoBapb BcTpeva npeanoxeHne oxbuc mpo6riema TiMceMo Gank KOMHaTa 3aaHne anak HOM Mecto 2 Put the following into the plural: Example: 310 ynnya. Sto yninups. Sto nnowane. Bro obue. Sto snanne. 310 Bank. Sroasrobyc, Sto rocrmnnua. ee Sto pecropan 310 GonbHnya, Sto marasun. 7 Sto Boxsan a Sromawnwa, Srocranyvs, Sroantexa, Se Sto myseii 3° Give the nominative singular of the following words: ctpaties cbunmes rocTMHKubt mapa cn —— ena a Suners) KOMEN nvceMa ynmupi nonpyrn Konbya aun! to —__Abkymenei xny6o1 cnosaph keaprupps ~ 4 Reply in the negative, putting the word in brackets into the plural : Example : - 310 kunrw? (cnosape) - Her, 2T0 He KHIM, 370 cnoBaph. 4 = Sto rocTMamupl? (MHcTMTyT) = 2- Sto wKonei? (yHMBepenTeT) — _ 3- Sto py4Kn? (Kapangau) 4- Sto céctpsr? (noapyra) 5- 9ro KomntioTepes? (renesHa0p) 8 - Sto nMcbMa? (qoKyMeHT)IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS @ Nouns that have a change to the stem: Masculine Apyr (the friend) > apyabs ctyn (the chair) crynbA 6par (the brother) > GpateA uenoeék (the person) > nionw upeTOx (the flower) > yBerét peGSHoK (the child) > ner bIH (the son) > cbiHoBEs ete... Feminine AOUb (the daughter) > ndvepn Mate (the mother > matepu ete. Neuter [AGpexo (the tree) > nepésra |péma (the time) > apemen, ma (the first name) > umeHa etc... S6N0KO (the apple) > S6N0KK Masculine nouns with a stressed -A (-A) ending in the nominative plural: use (the colour) > yeTa npocpéccop (the professor) > npocpeccopa yultenb (the teacher) > yunrensi npec (the address) > aapecd Béuep (the evening) > Bevepa rOpop (the town) > ropond om (the house) > oma ndcnopr (the passport) > nacnopTa n6eaA (the train) > noesna maa (the eye) > rnasa etc. As in English, certain nouns have no plural. This includes substances, feelings, etc. (things that cannot be counted): psiI6a (fish, the dish) MonoKé (milk) caxap (sugar) i480 (beer) msico (meat) HedrTe (oi) conb (salt) cepe6p6 (silver) 36N0TO (gold) ximusi (chemistry) 106088 (love) cudctee (happiness) As in English, certain nouns have no singular. This includes words that in some way designate a pair, and certain other nouns: ‘OUKiA (glasses) wack (a clock or watch) kaniikynibt (the holidays) AHEM (money) Ayxi (perfume) HOKHMUp! (Scissors) cytin (24 hours) GpioKn (trousers) Tpycet (short trousers, pants) @ Certain neuter nouns of foreign origin never change their endings: erpé, paano, TaKch, nanbT6, MeHib... 10EMISE ieee cl PiaeGs 1 Give the nominative singular of the following words (if there is one): I Se ee ee LAR) rer ee ripe | meena ropoga — nem Howry ace! oe etepa ety Macnopra — poma vega ype) cbiHoBeA uk a DeHern asta tye a 2° Which of the words in the following lists has no singular form? 1- py6nn, chpanau, Mapku, AeHiorH, Aonnapel 2- KHUTH, Yacel, CTyNbA, CTONEI, WKadbbI 3- py4in, KapaHaaW, HOKHMYBI, NAnkH, KOHBEPTEI 4 cnrapere, ouKn, Kriown, rageTeI, ANCKETbI 5-Uperbi, AyXn, KoHcberbs, TopTbI, cboTorpacbun 3° Which of the words in the following lists has no plural form? Give the plural form of the remaining words. NeDbc ge ee a ee eye ee cepe6po east tletanimeipbone tein HOK Gyreinka SASbIK es paano nr TeHHMC tera alienate cuacTbe a Het ——— xne6 seaseneesetaat essen RHO — pea cpa Bunka ner mae nw60Bb sence tamed 4 Give the nominative plural of the following words (if there is one): occa) sean ene en ONE air oe eee eMC G 5 gyn coeeee enn Emenee coin nota uper eee eneeeeres yurenb cekpetaph SCDOT ge eee ee eens) Cee] Pee eRe eR SE atc reg eee eee peGiHok = emopex coke eee noesa a Mawwa camonér oe uypetoR = gepeso psn pxgeeereeeee cectpa are olae kocbe —_——_________ Hette mesowwa ep pyr : kmio4 a ctyn eeCRAY CRENS PERSONAL pronouns ‘A chpanuys. | 1am French. Mope xonéqHoe? —- Hla, on6 xondaHoe.| Is the sea cold? ~Yes, it is cold. Ona B SloHqoHe. She is in London. TbI and BBI : the two words for «you». @ Te1is used when speaking to family members, friends, children, and to God. Ba is used for politeness and respect, and when talking to more than one person. ++ When Bt is used politely to address one person, the verbs that accompany it are in the plural. — Anna, Bbi 68inM B SIGHAOHe? Anna, have you been to London? When you use a short form adjective with «Bb», it goes in the plural but long form adjectives are in the singular and agree in gender with the person described.; = Vipivia, abi npaees. Irina, you are right. — Hatawa, kakda BbI Kpacvieas! Natasha, how beautiful you are! — AHOpéi, KaKOi abi YMHBIi! Andrey, how clever you are! & When addressing someone formally, it is usual to write «Bet» with a capital «B»: Yeaxdemeili Tocnoain Cunt, Kak Bol yké sHdere... Dear Mr. Smith, as you already know... OH (HE or IT MASCULINE), OHA (SHE or IT FEMININE), OHO (IT NEUTER) On is used for masculine nouns. Ona is used for feminine nouns. Oxo is used for neuter nouns. In the use of pronouns, no distinction is made between animate and inanimate nouns. — Sto mos uiKéna. Ona saxpeita. — This is my school. It is closed. — Sto Moii KomnbioTep. OH copcém HOBbII = This is my computer. It is quite new. — Sto cpaHuyackoe BUH6? — Is it a French wine? — fa, oH6 ua DpaHunn.— Yes, it comes from France. DECLENSION: Personal pronouns decline according to their function in the sentence. Tt you | heft sheft [we | you | they Nor los ta | onfond | ond | om) Bh | ont Genitive Meni TeOA | erd(Herd) | e& (Hes) | Wac | Bac | mK (HHx) [Dative | mie | 1666 | emy(Hemy) , eii(Heri) | Ham | sam | nm (Hnm) Accusative meni | te6a | erd (Herd) | e6(Hed), Hac, Bac | ux (Hux) Instrumental © mHoA , To6O wm(Hwm) | efi(Hem) | HdMM | amn | amu (Hinnn) | Prepositional | o6omé | oTe6é| oném | ower | onac | owac | om After a preposition, add «H» before third person singular and plural pronouns: Y neé ects mawinna, ‘She has a car. Away x HeMy. I'm going to his place. Tot roBopriule © HAM. You are talking with him. 12Gece rns 1 Answer the questions using a personal pronoun: Example :— Hatawa spay? — Her, ona KypHanncrka. + - Gait ropaunin? Berman 2- Opyxtei cnenne? - Da, 3- Anva u Cepreii xneyt 8 yeTpe? — la, - Mao xonopHoe? —Her, 3 - Maras orkpbit? -Aa, ——___ oe 3- Mele yentpe? -Her, 2 Fillin the gaps with «Bui» or «Tel» : - oma, Anna Cepreesna? 2-Tpe —______ 6vinw, Harawa? 3-Slapnea, ___ 6ina 8 lonaone? i npasti, Cawa. - —_____ ne nonin, Anexcanap Cepreeanu? 3 Fill in the gaps according to the example: Example : Caknpa v JIunga amepnkankn. OHu xnByT 8 Boctone. + - Mapx cbpanuya paGoraer a Mapcene. 2-___ alec, nana? 3- Mma u 918 omnycke, orawixaem Ha Gepery KpacHoro MopaA. 4-Cawa moro nytewecreosan._____ rosopwr Ha natu sabikax. 5-70 yseTHo! npuHTep? — Da, ueTHoii M coBceM HoBbIMi 4 Put the pronoun in brackets into the correct form: 1 - OH He MoxeT nogoiiti k Teneqbory. (OH) ___ HeT goma. 2-(Ova)_____ Hago BepnyTbca pomoli noparbwe. 3-(Mbl)___________ Heo6xogumo BcTperuTecac__ (ox). 4- Bei noiaére c. (Mi) B KO? 5-ToBopy rpomue. A He cnbily, (res). 6-Uro THO (ona) aymaew? 7-KakaMory___——_ (8b) Havin? 8-(On)_— ster ne Hago. 5 Make compliments to your friend, your boss, your parents: Example : - Kako Bb yMHbiii! Kak et oneranTHet! ssa 13cee 4 POSSESSIVES in the NOMINATIVE '= Yelk S10 36HTK? Whose is the umbrella? | | Sto molt 36HTuK. It's my umbrella. THE INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN YEN? (whose?) YbA? YbE? YbU? © The interrogative relative pronoun YEA? (whose?) agrees in gender, number and case with the noun or pronoun that it refers to. ~ Yel 310 0M? — Whose is the house? ~ Yb 30 KHiira? — Whose is the book? —Ybé Sto Konbyd? — Whose is the ring? ~ Yeu S70 rasétet? — Whose are the newspapers? POSSESSIVES IN THE NOMINATIVE ‘ Possessive pronouns agree in gender, number and case with the noun that they refer to. — Sto moi apyr (masc.). — it's my friend. / This is my friend. ~ Sto mos nonpyra (fem.). - it's my (female) friend. — So mos Konbu6 (neut.).~ it's my ring. ~ Sto Mow poauiTenn (plur.). — These are my parents. MASCULINE FEMININE NEUTER PLURAL ' ein? Ua? | a Molt Moa ; Tel TeOH B08 1 Mer Haw Hawa ' ' BbI Baul Bawa : —Yeii $10 20M? Whose is the house? ~ Sto moi gom. It’s my house. — Ups Sto Kaapriipa? Whose is the flat? ~Sro mosi keaptiipa. It's my flat. — 4bé $10 KoNbYS? Whose is the ring? ~ Sto Moé KoNbUS. It’s my ring. — Ubu S70 KHVTU? Whose are the books? — Sto Mow KHVirn. These are my books. 14PERS ea ey Pisa) 1 _ Fillin the gaps with the missing possessive pronouns: Example: 310s. 970 Molicocen u mom cocenKa 41-3108 310 apyr 4 nogpyra. 2-Stoas. 310 ocpnc? Sto. ka6uner? 3-StoTs. = Sm__ 6parn__ceerpa. 4-Stomu. 310 om, mawnia, _cemba 5-StoTs. S10 Apyr? —Her, 2T0 6par. 6-StoBy. S1o_____nonpyra?—Her,ato__ceerpa. 7-St08. 30 kownbiorep. 8-Stosu. Sm __netu?-Ja,oro____ nem. 2 Reply in the negative: Example : Sto sawn apyaba ? - Her, ato He Hawi Apy3bsA. 1-910 Teo Aom? 2-ST0 Bawa f04b? 3-310 Hawa cocenKa? 4-310 moi Gunet? 5-9To Hala npo6nema? 3 Reply in the negative: 4-910 Taos noppyra? 2-Sro sawa mawnHa? 3- Sto Moa pysKa? 4-9r0 Ta0n ponutenn? 15They do not decline. A singular owner, masculine or neuter A singular owner, feminine A plural owner POSSESSIVES IN THE THIRD PERSON: EFO, EE , UX: In the third person, possessive pronouns agree with the owner in gender and number. OH (masculine) or OHO (neuter) eré pom his house eré6par his brother eréxsapripa his flat eroKHim his books erdécectpa his sister eréaapyaba his friends 3aB6Q M eré npoAyKUA a factory and its production. OHA eé nom her house eé6pat her brother eéxeapripa her flat e&cectpa her sister eka her books e8 apysbsi her friends cbipma 1 eé dchuc a company and its office. OHN vx fom their house wx6pat their brother wxkeapriipa their flat wxcectpa their sister MxKHiArA their books wx Apysbsi their fiends CTpAHbI MW MX CTONMUB! countries and their capitals. 16Possessives in the nominative Paes 4 Answer the questions: Example : —Ubit 910 auckett!? — Sto Mon AMcKeTEI. 4-Yeii oto cnopapb? - 2.-Ubé ato pewienne? 3-Yeii ato apyr? 4-Uba ato KowiKa? 5 - Uba ato cymKa? 6 -Ybé 9To nanbTo? 7-Upu 9T0 AokymenTbi? — 8- Ubu sto raseTbI? 9-Uba ato raseta? ~ 5. Find three nouns for each possessive pronoun: Example: molt cron, Movi cnogape, Mol KapaHqauu 1- eau 2-Mon 3-ero 4-TB0% S-wawa 6-ux 7-180" co 8-26 6 Ask questions that refer to the words in blue: Example : Unit 3T0 oKymeHTbI? — STOMOM AOKyMeHTE:. eo - to mou Konnem. jo eerie ie raOETE et ee - Tao apyr xopouio rosopur no-arnulickn 3 ? -E8 orey pa6oraeT B oToli KoMnaHnn 4 - 90 Baul HoBBII o“buc 5 i -Ero ctyneHTet xopouio cnann axsameH Cee -Hawi aupextop ceyivac Ha sctpeve. 7 an - 370 Hau ApysbA 8 Ec eee - 970 Mx OM. 9 2? Baw nna oueH» UHTepecHbii 7ere 5 THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS WHAT IS A CASE? Ved npnién. ivan has arrived. Y ipa HeT MawiiHbi. van has no car. A sponiin Vipaiyy. / telephoned Ivan. FA Bipwy Vpdva Kaxkqpili nen. | see Ivan every day. Ava rosoprina c Wsdtom. Anna was speaking with Ivan. Mbi ropopiinu 06 Viedve. We talked about ivan. Declensions play an essential part in the structure of a Russian sentence. The ending of the word changes, depending on the function of the word in the sentence and its relationship with other words. This also has an effect on the meaning. Certain functions are expressed by means of a case ending and a preposition. Nouns have six cases. Each declension is a set of six case endings, each of which conveys a different word function within a sentence. Nouns therefore have six singular and six plural forms, each recognised by its particular ending. Thus the word kxutra (the book) has the following endings: singular plural nominative —KHur-a KHnr-n | | genitive kar Hur | dative KHn-e KHUT-aM | accusative KHUT-y KHUT- instrumental kvur-o14 kHr-aMn | prepositional e xHwr-e 8 KHMT-aX ‘ The ending is often enough to determine the role of the word in the sentence. - Axynin Sty kuvry cectpé. (this book) > direct object: accusative. = I bought this book for my sister. (for my sister) > indirect object: dative @ Certain prepositions are always followed by a particular case: — Bika acerné nbér Kétbe 6ea cdxapa. Vika always drinks coffee without sugar. > 6es + genitive. # Certain prepositions can be followed by more than one case, depending on the meaning: — Bnapiimup nowén 3a xné60m. Viadimir went to get some bread, > 2a + instrumental, = Sl Hanucdn cratbid 3a HepEmHO. | wrote the article in a week. > sa + accusative 18THE DECLENSIONS @ The nominative singular is the «basic» form of the noun. When you look at the nominative singular you can usually tell which declension the word belongs to. ‘+ There are three declensions: The first and second declensions have so-called «hard» and «soft» versions. The third declension has only a «soft» version. First declension All nouns ending in -a or -si, with the exception of words in -Msl (apeMa, uma, ...). The great majority of these nouns are feminine, but there is a group of masculine nouns that also belong to this declension, including many diminutive forms of masculine first names: Mawmna the car, TETA the aunt, Co6aKa the dog, Bona waler, but AéAyWKa the grandfather, nana dad, Mypkuinna the man, How the youth, ArIAA the uncle, Kéna Kolya, Néta Petya... Words that end in -a are said to have «hard» endings, words that end in «A are said to have «soft» endings. Second declension All masculine nouns that end in a consonant, in a soft sign -b or in the letter -i_as well as all neuter nouns that end in -0 or in -e: AIOM the house, coK the juice, OKA the rain, My36i4 the museum, BHO the wine, MOpe the sea... Masculine nouns: words that end in a consonant are said to have «hard» endings, words that end in -b or in--Hi are said to have «soft» endings. Neuter nouns: words that end in «0» are said to have «hard» endings, words that end in «e» are said to | have «soft» endings. Third declension All feminine nouns that end in a soft sign -b: HOYb the night, cont salt, OCeHb autumn. | | @ There are also nouns that have irregular declensions. These are nouns that end in -mat (pa time, tims the name, 3HaMA the flag...) and the word nyTb the way. “ Adjectives, cardinal and ordinal numbers and pronouns also decline in Russian, but their endings are different from those of nouns. THE USE OF CASES : GENERAL CONCEPTS Nominative The subject of the sentence, or a nominative complement. Genitive: To qualify a noun or an adverb. To render «of». After certain prepositions. Dative Indirect object. Impersonal expressions. After certain prepositions. After certain verbs. Accusative : Direct object. Expres: Ns of time (duration). Movement to. Instrumental : To express means, instrument. After «C» to express accompaniment, After certain other prepositions. After certain verbs. Prepositional orlocative : After the preposition «o» - about. After the prepositions «a» and «Ha» - in/onvat (location). 19a 6 THE GENITIVE (1) [ean Cepréeswu Manin — nexan cbaxyneréra, atop Kur «OKoHOMMKa Poccnu>. | | Ivan Sergeyevich Panin is Head of Department, and author of the book «The Economy of Russia». | TO QUALIFY A NOUN The genitive is used with the noun usually after the noun that it qualifies. This makes a simple link between one noun and another. mauiiva 6para nonpyra cectpst my brother's car my sister's friend nonviruka npasirrentcrsa urpywixn aeren the government's policy the children’s toys —UbsiSto Kaptitna? —— Whose painting is that? ~SroxapriaPénmna. —~ It's a painting by Repin. GENITIVE SINGULAR ENDINGS Koro? Yero? ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS: GENDER ee POSSESSIVE PERSONAL Hard | Sot | Hard | Sot | PRONOUNS | PRONOUNS endings | endings | endings | endings am M nomA | py6nAt {craporol evHErO woErO mens } ra0ETO NoGA a | mw ; , HaWEFO ae N | omA | mops PHOTO | enero bawero | ero (Herd) t : €8 (Hee) rent : | Moea ac crdp0 | cre | Teo EVA nérOM |rpeE| — Hawelt eae Bawen ax (Hix) F cecrpbl cranuvN rerpaah + ppema > spemenn ow > Aovepn mare > matepn @ If there is no preposition, use the forms eré, Heé, MUX : y Herd, OT Hed, ana HK 8, ux, but after a preposition use the forms: Heré, QUANTITY. THE PARTITIVE GENITIVE The genitive is used to express the part of a whole or an indeterminate quantity: craKaH coKa vact aéma nuTp Bonet a glass of juice 4 part of the house a litre of water — Davire mue ctakay Monoxa. — Maite mie monoxé. — Give me a glass of milk — Give me some milk. 20ewan) 1 Answerthe questions: Example :—Yei 310 cpotoannapar? (Murep) — Sto cbotoannapar Murepa. 4-Ueli sto noprper? (MywKisH) : 2-Ubs ato KomHaTa? (cecTpa) 3-4bé 9T0 nnicbMo? (apyr) pesos ener ene eee enve ere wee esvunre uneereuere mre 4- Ubu ato chororpacbun? (Mapua u rope) 5- Ueii pat yuntea B yHnBepcuTere? (L>KoH) 6 - Unit TeTpan nexKar Ha cTone? (fO4b M chil) 2 Answer the questions. Give both a long and a short answer: Example: — Ubi ato Yacei, T80”? (moi pyr [>KoH) — Her, He Mon. STo 4acti Moero apyra [bkona. — Het, moero apyra [>koHa. 1-Uba oto ava, aula? (Mom RenyuiKa) 2-Ubs aro cbvpma, Baia? (Moa xKeHa) 3-Ueii aT nom, TB0i4? (MoA sHaKOMaR) 4- Ubs 2To Maina, ero? (ero crapwiaa cecrpa) 5- Yell sto Tenecbou, Balu? (moi ocbuc) 3° Answer the questions: Example: —Tsovinana paGoraer e yxnsepcwete? (npocbeccop, yHusepenTer) — Za, o+ nporbeccop yxnsepentera. 1 - Ero Gpar pa6oraer a cbupme? (aupextop, cbupma) 2- Baw myx qunnomar? (nepsbili cexpetaps, noconbcreo) 3- Boi nay4aere ucTopmio? (cTyneHT, McTopHuecKni cbaxyntTer, yHuBepcuTeT) 4- Baw 3HaKoMbili — vasectHbili YenoBek? (apTucr, TeaTp) 5- Mérp— myabikanr? (anpunxép, opkectp) 6- Baw 6pat— GusHecmen? (snageneu, komnanna) 4 Answer the questions: Example :—Uro xynun Cepreii?(6ytbinka, ano) — Cepreit xynian 6yteimny uta. 4-Uro kynuna Anna? (naKer, Monoxo) 2.- Uro saxagan 8 pectopave Axapeli? (nopuna, wawunbik) 3- Ceroqua kapxo. YT0 Bb! XOTHTe BLINUTE? (MMHEpanbHas BOA, XoMOAHOe NMBO) 4-Uro sbi xoTuTe? (vawika, ropsuni vali; craKaH, anenbchHOBbii COK) 5- YTo abl xoTHTe KynMTs? (na4Ka, Macno; GyTBINKa, KBaC) 21re 7 THE GENITIVE (2) — Téunoe Bpéma - cemb Yacée AécaTS MMHYT ABAQUATE CeKyHA, — The precise time is seven ten and twenty seconds. TO MrpyUIKA MORK AETEH. — Sto mauivia Mowx apyséi. | | — These are my children’s toys. — This is my friends’ car. GENITIVE PLURAL ENDINGS NOUNS ADJECTIVES Words Gender Nominative Genitive Genitive ORDINAL NUMBERS ending in: ending [POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS} Hard 5 crén cronOB HOBEIX commons M axrép 0B axrépOB nareix xcept x and uw} a M canatopnit EB caHaTopuEB Roporx 2K Wy M Hox Hone crépulnx a |“ secéHHnx py6ne a py6nEn TpéTenx ~ EM Done EA pone 2 N ope opel “ne N sanéune , sandnni a wa FE naptua mM napthit TeOuX +— Haun a KémHara - kOmnat , A F Henéna - nenéne* pauinx “0 N oKH6 : KOH 1 * Soft version '@ In the genitive plural of neuter nouns in -o and feminine nouns in -a, -f, a vowel is inserted when the stem of the noun ends in two consonants: —_oKHié (the window) > 6xoH Aésyuika (the git) > néBywex SPECIAL CASES @ Masculine nouns that end in - y have stressed endings in - 0B, KoHé4 (the end) > KOHYSE and unstressed endings in - es mécsy (the month) >} mécayes OAH HenoBék (one person) - HECKONKO YenoBEk (several people); BMH CONAAT (a soldier) - NaTS congaT (five soldiers); onMH pas (a time) - ABCATS pas (ten times); OAMH ns (an eye) - NAT nds (five eyes). © apyr (a friend) > apyséi AOUb (a daughter) Aouepér cembs (a family) > ceméii Matb (a mother) > matepéii —_Gpar (a brother) > Gpatbes ama (the first name) > ume AéHbrn (money) > géxer ctyn (a chair) > crynbes AétH (children) > netéir CbIH (a Son) > cbiHOBEH xo (an ear) > yweii HWOAM (people) > nronéii 22PIG TOE 1 Answer the questions using the clues in the brackets: 1 = Ckonbko mecayee B ropy? (12) 2- Ckonbko cekyua 8 MiiyTe? (60) 3~- Ckonbko qHeli 8 Henene? (7) 4+ Cxonbxo y Bac Apyseii? (MHoro) 5-CKOnbKO BOKZan0B 6 MockBe? (7) —=~=S«* = COIEKO A'DIKOB BbI NOHMMaeTE? (6) 7 CKonbko AHeli 8 HefeNt0 Bbi paboTaeTe?(5) 8 - CkonbKo sBG90 Ha HEGe? (oveHS MHOTO) 2 Complete the sentences using the genitive plural of the words in brackets: Example : 51 xynin kunorpanm (aGn0xo). - 51 KynMn KAnorpamM AGNOK. 1-B pectopane moi saxazann nopymo (KoTNeTa, NenbMeHi, YCTPHUA, MapHHOBaHHbil 7pH6). 2 B xonogunbHnke cTouT Ganka (orypey, Nommzop). 3-Myxk nogapnn mue 6yker (ugerbI, poza, naHabIUs, TiONbNaH). 4-Vipmwa xynmna knnorpamm (rpywa, anenbcnl, GaHaH). 5- Ha Teppace crour Kopania (Arona, oBOUWM, cbpyKTel). 6 -B cyne nexar xopobxa (Kontbera) w nauKa (curapera) 3 > Complete the sentences: Example : A mioGnio mysbiky (4TanbAHCKHe KOMnoaHMTopEi). - A mOGMio MyabiKy HTanbAHCHAX Komnosuropos. 1-Mxe Hpasatca kapTiMitl (cbpakuyackve umnpeccnoHncre). 2- A mio6nio pomalie! (coapemenHble aMepnKancKne nucaTenm), 4-Y mena ect cbororpacbin (wHorme uaBecTHbIe KAHOAKTpHCH)) 5 - Al wayualo akoHOMmKy (eBporievicKme rocyfapcrea). 6 - Henasto a kyniin copHik (pycckHe HapopHble necHH). 7 Moi apyr - aHarox (HayoHanbHbie TpagMuyn, Haponb! Cesepa), 4 Answer the questions: Example: Y pei6 ect Hor? - Her, y pbi6 Her Hor. 4-Yntmy ect ay6u1? — — _ 2-Y nonyraes ects yout? 3-Y ameii ect nanbubi? 4-Y pepeates ects rasa? _ 5-Y cTeH ects yun? 6-Y vepenax ect pykin? 23CREF CRS 8 THE GENITIVE (3) after prepositions y, OT, 6€3, Kpome, ANA, OKONO, HanpoTuB, BOKpyr, HeAaNeKO OT, OT...00 ‘Alycrdna. Nécne pa6oTet on nownh 8 pecropat 6ea MeHsi | was tired. After work they went to the restaurant without me THE PREPOSITION “Y” (at the place of) ‘@ The preposition «y> is used to denote the place where something is happening: —Y koré poi 6tinn aepa? —Tpe Tb! 6bin Buepa yTpom? — At whose place were you yesterday? — Where were you yesterday morning? —Mbi 6éin# y Hawero apyra. A 6biny apaud B nonuKniHuKe. — We were at our friend's. — | was at the doctor's in the clinic. *% «Y> + the genitive is used after the verbs 6bITe (fo be), HaxoQMTbCA (to be situated) and their equivalents: oTqpIxaTe (to rest), KUTB(to live) etc..., but never after verbs of motion. A Gbin y 6para. | was at my brother's. But: A éanun« party. / went to my brother's. @ To take something from someone: *F + the genitive is used after the verb 6parb/ssaTb (to take) and its equivalents: — So Bawa kHira? ~Y koré abi assinu Stor cnoBépe? — ts this your book? — Who did you get this dictionary from? —Her, a Baan Sty KHutry y Gpara. ~Y Moeré oud. = No, | got this book from my brother. — From my father. THE PREPOSITION “OT” (from / from someone's place) Alnowén x apauy. > AGwiny spaud. > Anpmuwén ot apava. I went to the doctor's. > Iwas at the doctor's. > I came back from the doctor's — Fl 6tin B rocté® y poaiirenelt. ! was visiting my parents. — Al peprynes of pogvirenelt ndaqHo Béuepom. ! came back from my parents’ place late in the evening. TO RECEIVE OR LEARN something from someone: — OT koré ona nonywina nucbM6? — Or oTyé. — Who did she get that letter from? — From her father. Or koré abi yaar Sty HOBOCTE? — Or caceré wédba. — Who did you learn that piece of news from? — From my boss. —Caéra nepenand mie npuaér or Mpiibt — Sveta said «hello» to me from Irina. © Mcem6 wa Monpedna (irom where?) — Macbm6 or 6para (from whom?) S70 cyBennip W3 M6HAOKA. It's a souvenir from London. Buepa a nony4iina nucbMo or Gpata. Yesterday | received a letter from my brother. 241 Answer the questions according to the example: Example : [pe Te! Gein Bevepom? (apyr, BeYepuHka) — A Gein y Apyra Ha BeYepuHKe. 1-Te Mérp Guin aepa? (apyaba, aeHb poxaeHna) PWG 2- Tne bi Geinn 8 BockpeceHbe? (ava, cTapwiaa cecTpa) 3- Fae Bbioxnnm netom? (qepesHA, popuTenn) 4--Tpe abi oGenann a cy66oTy aevepom? (noma, Haw Konnera) 2 Answer the questions according to the example: Example : Y koro Tb saan Tetpagb? (AHHa) - Aegan e8 y ANHEI, 1-Y koro Toi agan mawinHy? (crapunii pat) 2-Y koro nincatenb VisaHos eaan aty neo? (Myuknl) 3-Y Koro Tel oOmKMN REHM? (pozNTent) 4-Y koro xKypHanncrst GepyT MHTepebIO? (APTUCTEI, NONMTUKH, YHEHBIe, POK-MyabIKAHTE) 3 Change the following sentences using the verbs in brackets: Example : Bpat nocnan mHe nucbMo. (nony4nre) — A nonyuunia nuceMo oT 6para. 1 - Apyabs nopapunu me nopapok. (nonynTs) 2- Konnern cooBuyunn mHe HOByI0 MHcbopMauWto. (y3HaTe) 3- Dpyr pacckasan mHe HoBocTe. (yenbiMiaTb) 4- [Ipyaba yacto nuwyT MHe nivcbma. (nony4aTb) 4 Change the following sentences to say «where from», according to the example: Example : Bei xn y Apyra Ha aaue. — Mei npuexann OT apyra c qa4n. 1 - But Geinn y cotpyaHnka 8 Napwxe. 2- Bui Guinn y cecrpii Ha paGore. 3 - Bui Guinn y ahaKomoro 8 Merep6ypre. 4-Tol 6bin y noppyrm Ha HoBOH Keaprupe. 5 - Tei Gbina y ANppes Ha Manbre. 6- Toi Guin y Mberpo 8 Mtranwn. 7- Tet Gina y Mropa 8 kny6e. 25THE PREPOSITIONS “BE3” (without) and “KPOME” (apart from, except for, as well as) — Bor nio6uTe véputaits écbe? — Do you tike black coffee? — Fnpegnownraio kore Ges MonoKd 4 Ges cdxapa — I prefer coffee without milk and sugar. —Y Melina qHe poxaéHua 6éinn Bce apysbsi, Kpéme Visdna, oH celtudc 8 Napinxe. — All my friends were at my birthday party, except for Ivan. He's in Paris at the moment. — Kpome mens, Tam 6tino eujé nse YenoBék. — As well as me, there were another five people there. — FA kymiin acd, To HypKHO, Kpome Mica W BeTHHHES — I bought everything that was needed, apart from meat and ham. THE PREPOSITION “ANA” (for) — Tana kyniina 6unétei Ha Onepy «Eeréxuii OnérmH» ana ceoéi konnérn v3 Pima. = Tanya has bought tickets for the opera «Yevgeny Onyegin» for her colleague from Rome. — Sto Bdsa ann upetés. — it's a vase for flowers. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE «Y» (near to, by, in front of), «OKONO>» (near to), «HANPOTMB» (opposite), «BOKPYT» (around), «HEAANEKO OT» (not far from), «OT...QO> (from ... to) — Berpétumes y Merpé «Mlywiknrickas», — Let's meet by the Pushkinskaya metro station — Bnwkaiiwas antéka Haxdgutca 6Kono 6aHka. — The nearest chemist’s is near to the bank. —Hanp6rue Moeré n6Ma CTpOAT HOBBII pbIHOK. — They are building a new market opposite my house. — Boxpyr o3epa Henb3s CTponTb aaun. — It is not allowed to build summer houses around the lake. — Tléta xBéT Heganex6 oT cBOMX poalTeneh. — Lena doesn't live far from her parents. = Or 26ma go paGoret a ézy 1 vac. — It takes me an hour to travel from home to work. 26nitive (3) after Snr PI Glsn a) 1 Put the words in brackets into the correct form: 4 —B Anrniu nbor ual c monoxom, a 8 Pocewu Gea (monoxo). 2— Mei cmotpenn ator kuraiicknis cbunbm 6e3 = ______(nepesoa). 3—Ha seuepunike 6binn ace, KpoMe (Ontra), 4-Huro, Kpome_______(abi), He qomKeH 06 atom sHare. 5 — Fl O6bINHO Mbio Kocpe Ges __ (caxap). 6—Slem ace cbpyxre!, Kpome_______ (anententi) 7 -Anpennouraio vali Ges (numoH), 8 Sto ysers Ana (Ana), 2 Answer the questions using the prepositions: «y», «okono», «HemaneKo oT», «HanpoTna». 1 Tne Haxoputes Mctopnuecknii mysent? 2—Tpe Haxogutca Bonbwion teatp? 3-Tne epi xnBéte? 4~—Tge Haxonurca pecropan «Mpara»? 5—Tpe bbl O6bI4HO BeTpeYaeTece c ApYSBAMN? 6—'ge Haxoputca namaTHnk Mywknnty? 3 > Ask questions according to the exampl Example: Mockea — Memep6ype. — CKombxo kunomempoe om Mockeb! Go Memep6ypea? 1 — Mocksa - Bnagusoctox 2—Mocksa — HosocuGupox 3 — Mockea — SloH0H 4 Write about the place where you live, using the prepositions «y», «oKono», «HanpoTHe», 4BOKPYM», KHEAANEKO OTD, KOT...4O»! 27CREA CvREAS 9 THE DATIVE (1) —Komy ond s80HT? — Whois shephoning? =—s—s—~ apyaesim coin (the son) > cbiHoBEsiM AGHbM (money) > aeHErdm 6par (the brother) > 6patoam Mat» (the mother) -> mérepm (sing.) and marepsim (plur.) Aoub (the daughter) > Ad4epu (sing.) and aouepsin (plur.) Bpéma (the time) epéemenn (sing.) and spemexam (plur.) vinta (the first name) > vimewn (sing.) and wmeHam (plur.) 28Peery a PWG 1 Ask questions about the words in bold: qe 2.—Slxynmn stor cnoBapb Onbre. pp 7— Ona noxaaana npoext ampextopy. Be 7.—Mol ckasanu emy To. 4-_ : 7A oBbacHato sananne cexpetapwo. 5-__ ee ____?-- On ssonur konnere. 6- 2.—Anocnan wm ator chaxc. Te 2 nonapuinn kaptHHy pyr. 2 Make up sentences using the words in brackets as in the example: Example : ~ A noxasbieaio pororpacbun apyry. 1 - pacckasbiaare ncTopmio (peBEHOK) 2-nokynar’ nopapok (xkeHa) 3-magare uitbopmauwio (KnmenT) 4-nvcarb nucbmo (Harawia) — 5-o6pacHaTb saganne (cotpyaHnk) 6 - pare coset (noapyra) — 7- npegnorxwTe cox (rocre) 3 Say what you can give as a present: Example : (myx) — Ha Poxgectao Myxky MOxHO nogapnte ranctyk. 1 -(mama) 2-(nana) 3-(Ga6ywka) 4- (Roub) aa ee — 5- (coin) 4 Make up sentences using the words in brackets as in the example: Example :— A nogapun aty KapTiHy Moemy crapomy apyry. 4 - sagas eonpoc (MHOCTpaHHbI kypHanucT) 2-nloKasaTe ocbuc (Haw HOBBIT CoTPYAHMK) 3-oTnpasure chakc (Baum kaHapcKne napTHépsi) 4--noaBonuTt no Tenecbory (mos xopowlas sHakoMaa) 5- NoMoub Half KBaprupy (Hau CTapele KnHeHTEI) 29AGE To ask someone's age, ask the question: — Ckénbko Bam net? (How old are you?) The personal pronoun that designates the person concemed is in the dative, both in the question and in the answer. Mie Mye 21 ron (lam 21) Te68 Te6é 22..24 roma (You are 22...24) emy | Emy 25...30 ner (He is 25...30) Cérbko, a | net? Ex = 30 Net (She is 30) HaM | Ham 31 ron (We are 31) Bam Bam 32...34 roa (You are 32...34) vu Wm = 35...40 ner (They are 35...40) FREQUENTLY USED VERBS THAT TAKE THE DATIVE CASE AaBatp / Nate (to give) SBOHITb / NOSBOHITE (to telephone) Rapitre / nopapiite (io give a present) OGbACHETE / OBBACHITS (fo explain) Noceindte / nocndte (to send) nomoratb / NoM4b (to help) PacckésbiBate / paccKasatb (to telh noxynart / KynitTb (to buy) ToBopiiTb / cka3aTb (to tell, to say) Npegnararts / npep~noxuTb (to suggest, propose) conérosate / nocosétoBate (to advise) Mewars / nomeUldTs (to interfere with) — Maire me raséty, noxénylicta. Give me the newspaper please. — Ova 3B0HMT noppyre. She is phoning her (gir) friend. — OH 4cTo AdpuT YBeTEI MATepH.. He often gives his mother flowers. — O6bacHiTe Ham npaBlino. Explain the rule to us. —Uro Tet kynian 6paty? What did you buy for your brother? — Ckankiite ef 06 Stom. Tell her about it. — He mewiditre mue, noxanyiicta. Please don't get in my way. —Tlomori mHe, noxanyiicra, Help me please. — Ona pacckdsieaet ”pysbsim 0 caoém nytewéctemn. She is telling her friends about her journey. — OH npegnoxin HaM noliT KNHO. He suggested we should go to the cinema. — Ont nocnann caxc MuHicTpy KynbTYpsl. They sent a fax to the Minister of Culture. ~ Fl Bam coBéryto noliti 8 pecropaH «Mexitt». / advise you to go to the restaurant «Pekin, The verb Hpéeuteca / noHpasuTbca (to please) is also used with the dative to express «to like» : — Komy noupasunca Stor npoékr ? Who liked this project? — Stor npoékt noHpasunca Hawemy AVpéKTOpy. Our director liked this project. 30PoeEee Tae) 1 Answer the questions as in the example: Example : — Cxonbko ner fixoy? (32) — Ey Tpnquate aga ropa. 1 - Ckombko net aTomy peGéHky? (7) 2- Ckonbko ner ero Marepn? (54) 3- Ckonbko ner ux geram? (11) 4-- Ckonbko ner Toit vepertaxe? (100) 5-Cxonbko net aTomy aepeny? (300) 6 - CkonbKo gam ner? 2 Complete the following sentences: 1-Tlomornre me, noxanyiicra, 2- Paspewmre mie, noxanyiicTa, 3-Moconeryiire eli, noxanylicra, 4- aire vam, noxanyiicra, 5-Tokaxnte Ham, noxanylicTa, 6- He mewaitre emy — 7 -Tpeanoxure um 3 Complete the dialogue using the following verbs: nomorats-nomoub, nokynaTb-KynTb, COBETOBATE-OCOBETOBATS, FOBOPMTb-CkasaTb, OOBACHATS-OOBACHHTE, —Mpwaer, Tei Moxewib te, Kak Halit Maraann “TIpopy«rt” — fa, a ceiivac TeGe. Uro Te6e Hano. ? —Ymens nmuero Her. Mue Hago_________ npaxrmueckn aod. -Torgas_________Te6e noiirw e cynepmapker. Tam MoxHo KynitT’ BC8 cpaay, HO STO Aopoxke. Vinn ecn xovewb, ______ me, uo TeGe HypkHo. A cerogHa noeay B MaraaiH. — Bonbwoe cnacn60 ! Tei oveHb MHe 4 Use the verb “paautncs” with personal pronouns depending on the context, as in the example: Example : OH Yacro xopur Ha cTaguoH. EMy Hpasintca byT6on.(470?) Emy Hpasutos cmorpers cbytGon. (sro qenaTs?) 1 - OH fonro rosoput ¢ Heli no Tenecory. 2- Mpi yacto xoquM Ha BbICTABKN. 3- Fl noKynato mMoro AUCKOR KNaccHYECKOM MyabiKH, 4-Moit 6pat nioGur cpororpacbuposare. 5 - Ova nokynaet MHoro cyBeHUpoB. = 3110 THE DATIVE (2) eens ‘Me k&xercn, 470 on pabdraer cniuiKom MHOro. | © With the verbs: xoreTb¢a / saxoTeTbca (to want), paBUTbCA / NOHPABMTbEA (to please / ike) kagarbca / noKasaTeca (to seem): —Uerd Te6é xouerca? © - Bamupastca Mocksd? =~ Me Kakero, uTo bi ycTann. — What do you want? ~ Do you like Moscow? = It seems to me that you are tired. © With the verbs: TipmHagnexare (to belong to) HanommHate / HanoMHMTs (10 remind) akenaTe | NoxeNATe (to wish for) NocBAWaT / NocBATHTE (to dedicate) Apeactasnars / npegctasutt (to introduce) yetynats | ycTynute (to give way to) —Komy npukagnexir sta Konan? — Who does this company belong to? With short form adjectives: HypKeH — Mune nypxvd aitaa, HeoGxonim —— AnHe HeoGxonvimel acHErH, — I need a visa. = Anna needs some money. nonéserw — Sto nekdpcreo Te6é nonésHo. spénen — Bam apépex xondgubiii knvimar. — This medicine is good for you. — A cold climate is bad for you. wutepécen — — Ham mirepécuo edie MHéHHe. aHaKom — Mie aHakmet dru moa. — Your opinion is interesting for us. = | know these people. nowsires ~ Bam nonaria erd TOuKa apéHiin? wasécren —_— Sto naeécTHo ace — Do you understand his point of view? — Everyone knows that. TO EXPRESS THE OBJECT of a feeling With the short form adjectives pag and 6narogapén —MbI O4eHb panbi erd npnésay. — We are very pleased he has come. — AA Gnarogapex Movim poniirensm sa acé, 470 OHA Ana MeHA caénann, — I'm grateful to my parents for everything that they have done for me. ‘© With the verbs: panosartca / o6pagonareca (to be pleased about), MCTUT / OTOMCTHTIs (fo get revenge on) — On o6papozanca es nuchyy. — He was glad to receive her letter. — OH pewsiin oromeritTe cocéay — He decided to get his revenge on his neighbour. 32Pree esa 1. Complete the sentences: Example :— (Typucrsi) HpaBiTos MocKosckoe MeTpO? - TyplicTaM HpasiTcA MOCKOBCKOe MeTPO? 1 - (Baum apyaoa) npapitcs ux HoBaa KeapTHpa? 2- (Spurenn) _—___ ________nonpasunes cnexraxns? 3- (Mou pogurenn) xoMeTCA KyniMTb Aayy. 4-(Qunnomare!) — HeOBXOANMO aHaTb STHMKET. 5-(A) KaxeTCA, 4TO OHM mOGAT Apyr Apyra. 2 Complete the sentences: 4-(Teon konnern) _ Gbino mHTepecho Ha KoHbepeHuWn? 2-(Bawn naprHéppi)___ yt OTH oKyMeHTEN? 3-Mbi acerga pane! _ (Hobie nog). 4 (Moi) NoxATHa Bawa ypeR. 5- Hlemu scerna panyworca es _—. (nopapxn).. 3 Complete the questions and answer them: Example : ~ Bet panyetece (nogapkv)? - Bel paayetece nogapKam? — fla, A paayiocs nopapKam. 1-JlomkHbl na My KUMI YCTYNaTe (EHU|HHb!) MECTO B MeTpO? 2- Bawa npvabluKk nomoraioT unk MeWaioT (Bb!) AenaTs Kapbepy? 3-Kakve sHaHun HeEO6xoAMMb! (COBpeMeHHbIIi YeNoBek)? 4- Kaka my3bika uHTepecta (coapemexhan monopéxb)? 5 - (Pogurenn) scerna noHaTHbI noctynkn Hx AeTen? 4 You are preparing for a business meeting. Write a short note using the following words: HykeH, NoneseH, MHTepeceH, NOHATEH, HeOBXOAMM, HaBeCTeH, 3HAKOM 33THE DATIVE and THE PREPOSITION «K» @ To express the notion of joining something on to something else, always use verbs with the prefix npn —. On npinucdn k Moemy nucbMy HécKonbKo cnos, He added a few words to my letter. Tipu6aabTe k YeTbipém TPH. CKonbKo GyeT? ~ Cem. Add three to four, That's how many? - Seven. @ Use k after the following verbs and after nouns derived from them: TOTOBHTBCA —NogroTOBHTECA (to prepare for, train for) noprotéeka (preparation, training) NPMBbIKATS — NPUBEIKHYT» (fo get used to) npnetiuxa (a habit, tendency) oGpauateca — oGparitreca (to address oneselt to) oGpauyéHie (an address (to someone) oTHOCIITBCA — OTHECTIICe (fo have an attitude to) oTHowéHne (an attitude) cTpemiteca (to aspire to) crpemnénue (an aspiration to) Kak Bet oTHOcuTecb K STO NpOGNéMe? — Kakon6 Bauie oTHOWéHHe K STO NpoGnéme? What do you think of this problem? ~ What do you think of this problem? @ After nouns that express a feeling: MuTepéc K MY3bIKe (an interest in music) mh066Bb kK AETAM (a love for children) yeaxénve k popiitenam (respect for parents) HéHaBUCTe K Bparée (hatred for enemies) THE DATIVE and THE PREPOSITION «NO» @ To qualify a profession or a subject of studies: cneunannct no cbuHalicam (a specialist in finances) SaHSTUA MO PYCCKOMY ASbIKY (a course in Russian) Kura MO reorpacbAM (a geography book) —Kro Bb nto npocbécemn? — What is your profession ? @ To indicate a means of communication SBOHMITb/FOBOpHATe No TenecpOHyy (to call, speak on the phone) cMoTpétb No Tenesiisopy (to see on the television) YenbiWaTs NO PAAMO (to hear on the radio) NOCHATE NUCHMO MO aNeKTPOHHOH nduTe (to send a letter by email) To describe movement along smth. Vara no ynnye. To go along the street.laa) 1 Complete the sentences: Example : Ecnw sbi GonbHbt, O6patnTech.___ (spa). - Ecn abt 6onbies, o6paTuTect Kepayy. 1-MHe HykHo 2 AHA, “TO6EINoproToBNTEcA__________(oksamen). 2-Korga y aac nosewnca murepec___ (naan)? 3-Vismenunoce nv sawe orHoWeHNe——_(niorervnt)? 4 Bei cnywann onepy «MoGopp (rp anenscuna)»? 2° Answer the questions: 1 Kro ppt no npocbeceu? 2- Bol cneynanicr no akoHoMMKe, no cwHaHcam? 3- KTo Bbi no cneuManbHoctu? 4-Kro abi no o6pasonannio? 5- Kro eaiua kena (my>k, ponuTeni) no O6pasoBaHuio, No cneyanbHocTH, No npodeccnn? 3° Answer the questions: 1 - Ha paGore abi mHoro roopie no Tenedpony? 2 Uro Bei cMoTpenn Buepa no TeneBuzopy? 3- Kak abl OTHOCHTeCe k nonMTHKE? 4+ Kak abl OTHOCHTeCb K KMBOTHEIM? 5- Yacro nw ati oGpaujaerece k spavam? 8 - Mo kaKomy Tenepory MokHo abiaBaT® «CKopyto noMoUjb»? 7 - Bol npnebiKn K >KU3HH B MocKBe? 35CREE CURES 11 THE ACCUSATIVE direct object _Koré rot andeu 8 Mocksé? Who do you know in Moscow? — ro Tei pelts? What have you decided? The accusative without a preposition is used for the direct object of a verb. It is used to answer the questions Koro? (whom?) and 4To?(what?). A mo6ni mypxa. | love my husband. FA nio6nio ceip. | like cheese. «To love is a transitive verb, and has a direct object. It is followed by the accusative without a preposition. NOUNS IN THE ACCUSATIVE SINGULAR For inanimate masculine nouns, neuter nouns, and feminine nouns in - & : accusative = nominative. Inanimate nouns are objects or abstract notions. A mio6nio woKonda, On pemontipyer Komnbtorep. | like chocolate. He is mending the computer. Tot aaan nanst6? Orxpéiite qeepe, noxanyiicra. Have you taken a coat? Open the door, please. + For animate masculine nouns ending in a consonant: accusative = genitive, Animate nouns designate people or animals. Away oTua. / am waiting for my father. _ A aio er Gpata. | know his brother. + Both feminine and masculine nouns with nominative endings in - a (-) have an accusative in - y (-10). Mor kynvinw mauiiy. FA Biowy Aépyuiky. We have bought a car. I see the gi (Ona uurder craroto. Away ndny. She is reading an article. 1m waiting for dad. + Some transitive verbs: SkOG ITE (to fove) ka (to wait for) aHaTb (to know) eTpouTe (to build) BIARETE (to see) eMoTpETE (to look at, to watch) cneimare (to hear) cnywiare (to listen to) pare (to take) Rokynate (to buy) untae (to read) FUMCATS (to write) énate (to do / make) pews (to decide) nonyyare (to receive) way4are (to study) BoTpeuate (to meet) nepeBoaiits (to translate) 36PEEETereey Tse 1 Answer the questions: 4-Uro pei untaete? 2-Uro BbI NoKynaere? 3-Koro abi sHaete? 4-Uro epi nayyaere? —_ 5-Uro abi cnywaere? = 6- Koro abi acrpevaere? - 7-Uro Bb mi0o6uTe? 8-Koro BbiYacto suquTe? 2 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the nouns: +-Mpinmem (nucemo).. 2-Onmonywaor nya, 3-Onakynuna = = = (xne6). +- Akay — — — ———— (apyr m nogpyra). 3-Onmetposr (pm, 3 Answer the questions, using the words in brackets: + - Uro Tet Kynuin 8 MaraanHe? xne6, coip, pbiGa, MONOKO, con) 2-UTo Bbl epure Ha saBTpaK? 22KeM, BeTUMHa, HorypT) 3-Uro Bei nbéte yrpom? 20K, Kobe, Yaii, MonoKo, Bona) ee - Koro Thi augen syepa? pyr, Konnera, nana, Cepreit) F - Uro usyaior cryqeHTeiB yHMaepcnTeTe? *aTepatypa, okOHOMIMKA, (buanka, MeHemKMeHT) 2 - Koro pbi xaéte? ~pocbeccop, Hava, Beptpal, nocon) 4 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the nouns: * -Onw ctpoar__ (aava). = - Mo Aopore aomoii mb! scrpeTusin {cocena) 3-Slxynmo._____(awwo), _.___ (cox) w____. .____ (soma). +-Ona ovens moGur________ (Apeii). =~ Oxwnpurnacunn Ha Bevepnnky________ (corpyaHn). 3 - Soxay. __(npurnaweHne) v3 Aurnun, 37NOUNS IN THE ACCUSATIVE PLURAL. Animate and Inanimate. In the plural the animate/inanimate rule is applied to masculine, feminine and neuter nouns. A mio6no Kpaciiabie users | love beautiful flowers. ‘or inanimate nouns accusative = nominative. > For animate nouns accusative = genitive. A mio6nio kpachanix péaywex. Hove beautiful girls. ACCUSATIVE ENDINGS Koro? ro? ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS Gender EDIE NUMBERS POSSESSIVE PERSONAL Hard Soft Hard Soft PRONOUNS. PRONOUNS endings | endings endings endings IF (-a,-n)| wKpY | rértO | HésYIO | nocnéquiolo mot te0lO F(-b) ninéwane| népeYtO | pérbtO Hawy — edw mens = sp, | HOBbIA | nocnéaHiiA Moi Haw Te6A S| M(in) | can cnoeape | ngoenin | pértid eof Bau! 3 s F : £ ; ; : ; Herd) a a 7 HoBOrO | nocnéaHETO| moEFO teoErO ( Mian.) } mya ) roct | nepnoro| tpérsETO | ndwETO sdwETO é 5 e8) H680E | nocnéanEE | mo reolé etd N | aénO | MopE | péps0E | tpéTeE nawE = B4wE 2 ae mE = NOMINATIVE PLURAL Hac giNé Bac 2 leg ux ME = GENITIVE PLURAL (Hx) N& A cerénHa actpétun sdwero apyra. I met your friend today. AA mo6mid cnywarb xopowmx neeyes. 1 like listening to good singers. Flactpétuna eré pogireneit. J met his parents. A nioGnio crapete cbanbMbt. I like old films. & When used with a preposition, the pronouns ero, eé, ux become Hero, He’, HX. Ona snioGnexa B Hero. She is in love with him. Alaépio 8 Hea. | believe in her. 38peered PAGE) 1° Complete the sentences with the correct form of the personal pronouns: Example: - 310 oH. Bbi sHaete ero? 1-910. Bt nomnuTe _? 2-3To onn. Boi sHaeTe — ? 3-Sro mpl. Boi cneiuiuTe _. _? 4-90 on.TbI sugena _? 5-310 Thi. A scrpeuy — 6 - Sto sbi. Mbi noHmmaem — — 7-Sroowa.OnmioGur 2° Complete the sentences with the correct form of the nouns in brackets: 4- On kynan toa main 2- Onn aHalot (cospemerttioe uckyccTao). 3-Dupextop peumn (cnoxtias npoBrema) 4-Oxcmorputtonbko (a tepicaicrine chim) 5 - Mb qaaxo He sugenn (ra0n poawrenn) 6 - Buepa a engen a - {Te0m Gpat n T0A cectpa). 7-Ona sHaet - - (Hopsie npenogasarenn), 3 Complete the sentences, first with the correct form of the words in brackets, and then with a pronoun: 1 -On nor —____(crapste hyn). Ox xopouio ahaer. 2- Onn sHator____— — (wos cectpa). On angenn. 8 Jlonnone. 3- Toi sHaew. (Hau cocea)? - a, # angen Ha BeYepnnie. 4- Tot sHaew (xopowmii napukmaxep)? 5 - On myer (ranatnnasie monoppie axtpice). 6-Toiesan—___________(mon «mioun)? Ane amy 4 Fill in the gaps in the dialogue using the following words: ola, KoMeans, BMAeoKacceTa, A, aHrnnlicKan KoMeauA, CBeTa, OHM, cbinbM, MenonpaMbl. Dasa nocmorpum kaKoii-Hu6yab— = Xopowio, Apurnacum ——_____________9 Ane xouy npurnaware ——. Ona mo6ur _________________ aa HeHaBwny. — A kakoli chante Tol xoNewlb NocMoTpeTs? - Hy, Kakyio-Hn6yab —Xopowo. NocmorpHm FI noiiay kynnio = Alnoiiny c to6oi1. Nlopoxan__ . 39REY RES 12 THE INSTRUMENTAL (1) |-Arosopio capyrom. = — AG nica Kapanqawiom. = | am talking with a friend. = I like writing with a pencil THE INSTRUMENT —Yem Tei niwews? — What are you writing with? — Pyukoit. - With a pen. + The instrument can include parts of the body: On nijwer néBoi pykOit. He writes with his left hand. ACCOMPANIMENT —C Kem Thi bin 8 KAHO? — Aneto vali c numoHoM. — Who were you with at the cinema? I'm drinking tea with lemon. — C TB06H cecTpoi — On 4dcro x6qnT 8 NapK co CBOvMH AeTEMA. — With your sister. — He often goes to the park with his children. INSTRUMENTAL CASE ENDINGS Kem? Yem? ‘ADJECTIVES AND oN ORDINAL NUMBERS POSSESSIVE PERSONAL Gender Hard Soft Gender Hard Soft PRONOUNS PRONOUNS: endings | endings endings | endings M cronOM cnopapEM| M HOBbIM = caHMM | MoMM TaoMM re _ | N |nwcemOmM| mépem | oN. | népsbiM! tpéreum |HawMM eawnm| TSH BL Bl re a a & | can) | 24304 | nécnen = | 1008 | oaER | woeh rao (eum) a . ro Aaa en i eo népsOW | tpéTe EW | nawEW sawEn (cnen) (+b = A PAM ; MoM waMn g = cron | nécHaMA 7 HOBBIMM | cHHMMI | oMM Ban 5 8 zi 2 a iretpéqAM wawMMn va a 7 i N |rvicoMAM | Topi | No [népabiMi|rpéreMMn} Bet (evan) © Aiter a preposition, the personal pronouns um, el, umn become HAM, Heli, HMI. A unitepecytoc uM. A roBopio ¢ HUM. I'm interested in him. I'm speaking with him. SPECIAL CASES nétu (children) > peTeMi niOp (people) > niosbMvi Math (the mother) > maTepbto (sing.) and Matepsimu (plur.) OM’ (the daughter) > AdYepEto (sing.) and AovepMH (plur) Bpéma (the time) > spémeeM (sing.) and pemeHdMM (plur.) ims (the first name) > AmeHeM (sing.) and umeHamu (plur.) 40POEM 1 Fill in the gaps in the sentences using the instrumental case: Example : — Y mera ects xopouias pyuka. A mo6nio nucat. —Y MeHs ects xopowan py4Ka. A moGnio nuicaTb py4Kor. 1- A HepaBHo kyniin xpos KapaHaau. AI moni nucaTe 7 2.- Mama rosopur: “fet, 80T sunka W HOXk. HypKHO ecTb. 3- Mana ckasana: “fleth, Bor ay6Has WeTka H nacTa. HypkHo 4ACTHTb ay6bI 4 4-Mama ckasana: “let, B0T Mbino, BOT NonoTeHYe. HykHO MbiTb pykit . ” BbITUPATE. ” 5-Y Hero rpomkuii ronoc. OH Bceraa roBopnT. _ 6-¥ venopexa ecTe riaza, yuh, pyki, ronoBa, Mbi cMoTpHM cnywaem ____, paGoraem__ _—___Waymaem__ 7 : 2 Answer the questions according to the example: Example: ~ C Kem Tol ropopun no Tenecouy? (Aula) —AArogopun no Tenecpouy c AHHOM. 1-C kem abi rynann 8 napke? (Gpar u cecrpa) 2-C kem abi yxntann a4epa? (Konner) 3-C xem abi orgixann netoM? (cembs) 4-C xem ati Goin 8 TeaTpe cy66oTy? (nonpyra) 5-C Kem abi nosHakoMnniice 8 Mockee? (pyccknl nucaTent, HaBeCTHaR AKTpHCa, nlonynapHas neBMia) 6-C Kem abl Guinn 8 Merep6ypre? (mom AMpeKTop m ero cexpeTape) 3° Answer the questions using a personal pronoun according to the example: Example : — C xem att rogopmnu celtuac? C Haraweit? — la, c Hei, 4 -CkeM abi 6binn 8 Gape? C Branumupom? —__—__ _ _ 2-C keM abi xogquinin Ha BbicTaaKy? C Aovepbio? ~ _ _ 4-C em Thi 6ygewb urpats? ComHow?— 5-C keM BbI NosHakomunnich BYepa? C VipaHom Mu Anekxceem?— 6-C ke abi xoruTe norosopuTs? Co MHOH? aPLACE. Prepositions of place followed by the instrumental: népea (in front of) Tne sdwa wawiia? ~ Népea rapaxom. Where is your car? = In front of the garage. Tépea Baan xaptia Cypnkona. In front of you is a painting by Surikov. 3a (behind) position Te rap&«? — 3a pomom. Where is the garage? — Behind the house. 3a HAUIMM A6MOM ecTb HeGonbuudi can. Behind our house there is a small garden. © Mbt aénro cagénu 3a croném. We were sitting at the table for a long time. Han (above) position Kapria evcit Han Kpécnom. The picture is hanging above the armchair. nog (below, under) position Kowa cnr nog ctoném. The cat is sitting under the table. [ge ténouKn? — Mop Kposareto. Where are the slippers? — Under the bed. psiqOM ¢ (next fo) Pyska nexiit paaom ¢ Terpaabto. The pen is next to the exercise book. Méxay (between) SMOH Haxogurca méKay Maprokem 1 Mapcénem Lyon is between Paris and Marseille © nepeas mHOii (in front of me) Hag6 MHOii (above me) Nlond mHoit (under me) Tépeg 06670m mut rynsinu B ndpre. Before lunch we went for a walk in the park. Mbi sctpétumca MéxKay 44coM u nonoBiHOH BTOpéro. We'll meet between one and one thirty. 3a o6ép0M mei pasrosdpueann. We were talking during lunch. 42 The prepositions nepen, 3a and mexay can also be used to describe a point in time:PMNS Pa) 1 Complete the sentences according to the example: Example : — Bei nio6ure Kocbe c (MonoKo)? — Bei moGute kode ¢ MonoKoM? 1- Bei nio6ute wait ¢ (caxap)? 2- Boi mbéte yaii c (numoH)? 3- Bb xorute ppi6y c (coyc)?- 4- Boi rorosire canar c (maiionea) uni c (macno)? 5 - Bei gure cyn c (xne6)? 6 - Bui qenaere KoxTelint c (BopKa) UNH c (KOHBAK)? 7- Bet ennte ainuo c (cons)? 2 Answer the questions using the following prepositions: no, Hap, Nepea, 3a, pAnOM c, Mex~ny: Example : — Tae next cymxa? (cron) — Cymka nexnr nop cronom. 1-Tne Haxogucn GaHK? (marasiH) 2- Fae ctom aura maunHa? (ROM) 3- Tye pncur Kanenpape? (quear) 4--Tae Haxoauroa can? (nava) 5-Tne nexnt May? (Kpecno) 6- Fae crowr watp? (aeepe) 7 - Fae cnt KowKa? (KpoBats) 8-Tne cTour crpanbHiaa wawmnna? (nnMTa u XONOAMNEHAK) 3 Complete the sentences using the instrumental case, and using the preposition ‘c” if it is needed: 4 -Aorxpbiaato qBepb (KnI04). 2- Moura Haxognrca pagom (maraaHH). = 3- A kaxkapiii nent rynsio (co6aka). 4- Bui nbéte vali (nMMoH Mn MonoKo)? _ _ 5 - ABbiTupaio nbinb (Tpanka). 6-Onwanncan kapraiy (Macno), eee neeee nee eeeeee 4313 THE INSTRUMENTAL (2) KonctanTiH pa6dtaer mHKeHépom. OH ropaiTca cBoéli npocpéccueii.| Konstantine works as an engineer. He is proud of his profession. AFTER A VERB @ To characterise a person or a thing “© The instrumental is used after the following verbs: paGérare to work cTaHopiTsca / crate fobecome —_-KagTbCA fo seem, to appear to be ObiTb fo be ocrasatecs / ocréTsca fo stay /remain sEnsTscA fo be oxaadTsca fo turn out to be Ona pa6staer napmaxepom. Houbio ace KOWKH KaKYTCR CépbIMIA She is working as a hairdresser. All cats seem grey at night. On sianseTca pykosonitenem npoéira. Ox cran espécnim. He is the director of the project. He became an adult. Ont kagéiniich MHe OnTHMMACTaMM, a oKasdnicb neccumicTaMM. They seemed to me to be optimists, but turned out to be pessimists. CrynénTei MTY craHOearca xopouMMu cneuaniicramn. MGU students become good specialists € Look out for the difference between pa6dtat Kem and pa6draTe c Kem Mos poniitenn paGorany yunrensian. Neuxénoru pa6étann ¢ yunrensean. My parents were working as teachers. The psychologists were working with the teachers. ‘@ To describe an area of interest or work: The instrumental is used after the following verbs: saHnmatecn fo be occupied with, odo uHTepecoBaTecA to be interested in yanekateca to have a strong interest in Ova nabH6 sanumderca cnoprom. Ona unTepecyerca nonituKoi. ‘She has been taking part in / playing sports for a long time. She is interested in politics. Uém abi yanexdetec? Do you have a strong interest in something? To express possession of a skill, or a position of control over others: YMpaBnsih to administrate KOMAHOBaTB fo command On Bnapéet NATbIO ASbIKAMM. He knows five languages ‘ Other verbs followed by the instrumental: PMCKOBATE to risk Fopaliteca to be proud of ToproBatb to trade in NOMb30BATHCA fo use o6napat to possess Gonéte to have an illness Mbt ropQv¥Mca CBOAMM DeTEMM. Ox 3a60nén rpinnom. We are proud of our children. He caught the flu. On nénbayetca yenyramn cvipmei «lOpiicr». He uses the services of the firm «Yurist». snapére to possess PYKOBOAMTE to direct Pacnopaxarbon to have at one’s disposal 44Poe a) 1 Answer the questions: 1-KemapipaGoraere? _ 2- Kem pa6oraer awa xena (myx, 6par, cectpa...)?_—_ — SS 3- Kem abi xorenn cratb 8 netoTBe?, 4- Ke abi xoruTe crate ceriuac? 5-Uem abi yaneKaereck? 7 7 6- Boi saHnmaerect cnoprom? __ _ 7 — 2 Make up sentences according to the example: Example :—Pariswe moi orey 6bin___, ceitac oH paGoTaeT__, a ckopo ox 6yaerT. (wioép, ancner4ep, meHepxep). Paribule Moi oTeu bin Wocbépom, cevivac oH paGoraeT AucneTHepom, a CKOpO OH ByAeT MeHEAKepOM. 1- Dea ropa Hasag Anapel Gein ,cevuacoH_____ a epes romoncraHeT_______. (ctygev, kacep, Gyxrantep) 2- Ero 6pat pa6oran_ _ Ha sagone, celiuac oH AanneTcA_ ______ weuraet cam (pa oun, macTep, vipKeHep) 3-Coacem HenaeHo Vipmiia Gina , celiac ona crana | vaneeton crars______(cexperapp, meHempkep, nupexrop ¢bipmes) 4- Hawi sHaKomti Goin ,ceimvac on _ 1, MoxeT ObiTe, ckopo craHeT_________.(corpypuk nloconsersa, pa6oTHuk muniicrepcTsa, wnencrp) 5-Hauia cocenxa 6bina_________, ceiiuacowa______, ckopo ova Gyner___. (mencectpa, ctyaeHTka menwicturyta, spay) 3 Fillin the gaps in the sentences according to the example: Example :—Boe congarbi Meuraior crate (reHepan). - Bce conqaTel meuTaloT cTaTb reHeparaMn. 1-Palibe Manbunkn MeuTamM crate (KOC MOH ABT), a Ceii4AC XOTAT BbITE _(GusHecmeH). 2-KemmeutaiorcrarbpesouKn?_— ak tptca arin choromogeent). 3-Bce cnoptomenti meuTator crat. (4emnvon), 4- Hawn napTHépp! Kaxytcr Ham = _(cepésteie mony). 5-Bawunpeanoxeruakaxytca Het Tep ect) 6- Hem otn Kamin KaxyToA - (rony6oii), a Be4epom (senenbivi). 7-K cookaneHnio, DeHbIM OKaganicb (chat BI), 8 - K cuacteW, 3TH ynpa@kHeHia He ObinM __ _—_—— (Tpyabil). 45AFTER A SHORT ADJECTIVE The instrumental is used without a preposition after the short adjectives goBénen (pleased with), yAopneTsopéd (satisfied with), borat (rich in), 66qeH (poor in) and yauBnéx (surprised af: Dupéxrop noaénex peaynstéramn pa6orot ¢biipmbt The director is pleased with the results of his firm's work. Cu6ipb Cordra nonésHbIMH HcKONdeMbIMH, ‘Siberia is rich in useful minerals. The instrumental is used with the preposition C after cornacen (in agreement with someone about something) Bui corndcuel ¢ HélMMM npeAnoxéHnAMK? Do you agree with our proposals? Ac BaMM cornaceH I agree with you. WITH A NOUN @ Use C + instrumental to describe the way in which something is done: Fic untepécom wutana Sty craTbio. — Boi xoviire Hato? | read that article with interest. = Do you want some tea? Okc pagocrbte cornacinea noir Ha BbICTaBKy. —C ygonénecrenem. He was glad to agree to go to the exhibition. — With pleasure. Use C + instrumental to describe people's physical appearance: AéBywika ¢ ANHHbIMH BonocaMM MAnbunk ¢ rony6eimn rnasdMu a gif with long hair a boy with blue eyesErne eased 1 Make up sentences according to the example: Example : Mei cnywann qoKnag 6es vaTepeca. - Mui cnyuianu foKnagc vHTepecom 1 - Alemotpena ator chin Ges yaoBonecrana. 2- Mbi Ges cowaneHna yeaxann 13 AepesHn 3- TypiicTbi cnyulann skckypcosona Gea Gonbuoro uHTepeca.—— ooo ee 4-Mon konnem Ges Tpyga nepesenn KoHTpakT Ha pYCCKNiA AabIK. 2 Make up sentences according to the example: Example : ¥ jesyunn 6tinu kopotkue Bonocei. - 3T0 Gtina AeBywiKa c KOpOTHAMA BONOCAMM. 1-Yetoro akrépa senénpie rasa. 2-Y crymenrkw 6binu cBeTnble BonocsI 3- Yeroro venosexa 6bino npHaTHOE NMYO. 4-Y 9ToWi KeHWyHEI NpeKpacHas cbitrypa. 3° Answer the questions, using the verb agnatbca: Example: —Tocnopmi Cepos — rasa sauieli cbupmer?— fla, on sansetca rasoii Hawel cbypmes. += Mockea — croninya Pocown? 2. Kpemnb — caman apeshan wacts Mockss!? 3-MeTpo— cami yao6Hbili ana Tpaxcnopra? +- Kakoit ropog cronmua Bawes crpaHes?. 5- Kro maa rocyapera 8 sawed crpaHe?. 8- Kro rnaga eaweii cup (pektop yHneepenTera)? = 7- Ko rnasa eawieli cembu? 4 Answer the questions: 1 = Bol qoBonbHbI caowMu ycnexaMn? 2-CkKonbkuMu A3biKaMM BbI BNageeTe?, 3-Kakumu sabikamn Bb snapeete? 4 Bol ymeere pykonognrs mionbMin?, 5 -Yem abi nnTepecyerecs?. 3- Bei murepecyerect nonmtHKon? — 7 -4em abi ropaurece? : 3 - Bui Bcerfa cornacibi c KeHoH (MyxKem, ponuTenaMn, HavanbHitkOM)? 47crE® coRS 14 THE PREPOSITIONAL location —Ha croné. |—Uae renecbou? { | - Where is the telephone? — On the table. { | —Tae bi Geinv syepa? —BredtpeHanpembépe. | |—Where were you yesterday? _— In the theatra, ata first right. | USAGE To show that someone or something is located in or on something or at a place, use the prepositions HA (on) oF B (in) with the prepositional (locative) Alxupy e Mockeé. — [loxymeéei wa croné e kaGunére, Hendano a 6sin Bo Opanynn. I five in Moscow The documents are on the table in the office. | was in France recently. PREPOSITIONAL CASE ENDINGS (8) kom? (B) 48m? (a) KOM? (Ha) 48m? ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS ORDINAL NUMBERS POSSESSIVE | PERSONAL Wad Sot PRONOUNS | PRONOUNS Gender Gender! endings | endings F | xOmnarE 6aHE u cronE cnosapE a ul mucemE MOpE | M | kpacnOml | cfEM | moEM rooEM . 5 oreo | TPETHEM | HaWEM sawEM | Te6é 3 ; ; 2D) F(-) nnéwaqn HM 2 Hen M (ni) canaropin Kpaécuon a - F (-usi) PoccliM F l6onewoi| CMHEA | MoE rao | eae oe | spéreE | awe eawEiA Hard Soft | i _ di dit “i ; 4 Hac & one jee [xpacnbix!| HHI | molX raolKX 2 KomnarAX | 6aHAX | narbix |COMWEX) wawX awX | BC cronAX | cnopapAX | ; erenx Hix riicemAX | mopAX | | SPECIAL CASES Mare (the mother) > marepu (sing.) and marepsix (plur.) AOUb (the daughter) > ndYepu (sing.) and pouepsx (plur.) epéma (the time) > epémeru (sing.) and epemexax (plur.) tia (the first name) > vimeHn (sing.) and umeHax (plur.)EXCEPTIONS To express location, certain masculine nouns have the prepositional singular in -¥: Tec (the forest) > sBnecy Mmoct (the bridge) > ~Hamocty wikacp (the cupboard) — 8 ukacby on (the floor) > nanony yron (the comen > Byrny 6éper (the bank, shore) > Ha Gepery cag (the garden) > acany aspondpr (the airport) > — saaponopry HA or B (BO) ? ~ ij B HA inside something B CTON6 (in the table) on a cTONé (on the table) 8 KHiire (in the book) | Something Ha wwtire (on the book) L — in the open Ha ynnye (in the street, outside) | in a building B OMe (in the house) | 8 wKOne (in schoo) | air a ninowand (in the square) ina country B Pocoiin (in Russia) | But Ha KY6e (in Cuba) 8 Anxiipe (in Algeria) a Kiinpe (in Cyprus) ina town 8 Mapixe (in Paris) | the name of the island is the name of the country’ inthe mountains Anbnax (in the Alps) (piural names) 8 Eppone (in Europe) 8 Aaun (in Asia), paiione (in the region) in a place with frontiers Exceptions: Ha 3apdqe (in the factory) ta chaOpiike (in the factory) na noure (at the post office) Ha cTaqMone (af the stadium) a tore (in the south) Ha césepe (in the north) wa sanape (in the west) ta BocTOKe (in the east) [inthe wa Kaexaae (in the Caucasus) | mountains (singular names) ' But a dctpose (on an island) i Ha KOHTMHEHTE (on a continent) Ha poamne (in the homeland) jeanne tonereneen @ When you are talking about an event or a show, use the preposition HA : When you are talking about a building, use the preposition B A Gwin B KOHCepBaTOpHH Ha KOH\SpTe. / was in the conservatoire (building) at a concert (show). Mol Guin Ha Ganére. We were at the ballet (show). MbI 6tinu B TedTpe. We were at the theatre (the theatre is treated as a building).ESE 1 Answer the questions according to the example: Example : — Boi xnaéte 8 flepese? Her, a Kuey 8 ropone. 1- Boi kuBéte B Asctpanuu? 2-Bawm poaurenn xnayT 8 qepesHe? 3-Mpocbeccop pa6oraer 8 Gane? 4-Vipkentep pa6oraer 8 MarasnHe? 5-Yuwten paGoraer 8 Teatpe? 6-Cnopremex TpeHnpyerca 8 asponopty? 7 - Buepa aeTu 6binn B Gape? 8- Bei UTaeTe oto ynpaxHeHne B razeTe? 2 Answer the questions using the words in brackets: Example :— Te namna? —Slamna_____(cton) —Jlamna va crone. 1-Tpe aaa mawuna? - Mauna {rapax) 2-Tne net? —Demm (wKona) 3- Tae kowKa? — KowKa (anean) 4-Tne mysei?—-Mysei__ (nota) 5-Tae 6par? - Bpar__ — (canaropnii) 6-Tne Anexcei?____ (nur) 3 Answer the questions using the words in brackets: 1- Te naxogurca Viranua? —Viranna__ (Espona) 2- Tne Haxogurea TyHnc? — TyHnc. (Acbpuxa) 3- Tne Haxoaurca Maapia? — Maapa a (Vcnaxna) 4-Tge Haxogutcs Tapana? —lasana_ : — — (Ky6a) 5- Tne on moGur oTpbIxaTs? — OH moGuT oTAbIxaTS (Anenes, Kaskaa) 4 Make corrections to the sentences according to the example: Example :— Crynettel Gunn 2 uHcTutyte Ha Ganere. > CryqeHTb! ObinM B MHCTHMTyTe Ha ypoKe. 1-letv Giinu 8 teatpe Ha ypoxe. 2 TypwcTes Gein B wikone Ha onepe. 3-Vixentep 6bin Ha saBone Ha cbytGone. 4- Mon apyaba Gtinu Ha craqmone Ha paGore. 50eee Hews) 1 Put the words in brackets into the prepositional: * - Ona pau m paboraer a (qeToKan GonbHnya)— 7 2-Buepa yrpom # 6bina Ha (saxHoe cobpanne) 3 - On xnaér 8 (ManeHbkan KeapTinpa) 8 (yeHTp)—____ ropoa. 4 Buepa 6bin Mol AeHb pOxNeHHA, M MBI yAHHANH B (ANOHCKHM pectopaH) 5- ymepei ye Ha (cTon) . HO wamnaHcKoe eu B (xonomMNbHAK) = 2° Complete the sentences using “ Ha” or “ 8" with the prepositional: * OH xpaHiT AeHbrH _— (Hanéxnetii 6aHK) 2- Kens xa (Bb1coKMi 0M) - x ocbuc HaxoauTcr (nareia ata) +-Tlewiéanie o80uyy MOKHO Knit (Knescknii peitoK) 3- Teo kowenéx = (os cymxa) 3 Complete the sentences using “ Ha " or “ 8” with the prepositional + - Baner alllenkyHunk» mbt cmotpent (Bonswioi teatp) 2- Deiicrane cbuntma nponexognr (anaa CIA) 3- Kathe «Mywkii» Haxogutca _ (Taepcxoi 6ynbeap) 4-Tenesnaop crout (yron KomHaTbi) 5 - Dpysba oTabixatoT (Hawa gaya) 7 -S1sa6ein wemonan _— (aaponopr) 4 Write about: Where do you work? Where did you/do you study? Where were you born? Where do you live? Where did you live before? Where do you usually spend your holidays? etc. 51READ CORES 15 THE PREPOSITIONAL CASE (2) The prepositional with the preposition “0” Talking about something 0 vm Sra Kura? ~ 0 pyccKoit myabike What is this book about? = About Russian music. i O kom sbi ropopinn? —-— O cpatuyackmx nucarenax. ~ Who were you talking about? ~ About French writers. USAGE “0” is used with the prepositional case as the equivalent of the preposition «about in English Dppyr pacckasbisan mue 0 Mapioxe. My friend was talking to me about Paris. Mol ¢ apyrom rosopiinu 0 noniruKe. My friend and | were talking about poitcs. VERBS THAT ARE FOLLOWED BY “0” + THE PREPOSITIONAL These are in general words that describe actions of thinking, communication or speech: FOBOpHITS — ckaaaTb (to speak, say) cnpawnBatb — cnpocitrs (to ask questions) AYMaT> — noayMate (to think) Pacckdsbipar — paccKasatt (to fel) NloMHiATb (fo remember) uur — npownTaTe (to read) BCTOMMHAT — BCNOMHIMTD (to remember, recall) AUCaTS — HaNUcaTe (to write) 3a6bIBATb — 3a6KITE (to forges) pasroBépnBars (to talk) yaHaBarb — ysHaTb (to find out) cnopitte (to argue) MeuTatb (to dream) share (fo know) etc.. © The preposition “ 0” becomes “ OB ” in front of a vowel 06 AxHe (about Anna) 06 MTanbsHCKOH KyxHe (about Italian cuisine) Remember : 060 mHé, 060 BCéM, O60 BCEx. © Irregular prepositional (locative) endings in -y are not used after «o»: Onn 6inw 8 cay. They were in the garden. (Ont rosopinu o cage. They were talking about the garden. 52prepositional, talking about something a 1 Ask questions to check what the other person has said, as in the example: Example: — Sluwran xnury 0 pycckoi apxutextype. — 046m? O pycekoii apxutextype? * = Mbl cnywianu neKywto 0 coppeMeHHOM HckyccTae. 2- A: HeNABHO NPOMMTANA KHTY O fPySHHCKOI KyxHe. 3-Auacto pymato 06 Mare. 4. AAxouy HanucaTb craTbio o npesmmeHte. 3 AIHe mioBiio cnopue o nonuTHKe. 4 Mpotbeccop o4eH niTepecio pacckaabiean o BynrdKoxe. 2 Answer the questions using the words in brackets: Example :— O vém obi aymaere Ha paGoTe? — (Hob npoekT) —Ha pa6ore s aymaio 0 HOBOM npoeKTe. * 0. 4éM bi rosopute celiac? (rpyakan npobnema) 2-0 kom cnpawmeaer Bepa? (moa noppyra) 3- © kom pacckasbigan ator cTyeHT? (ctporaa npenogasaTenbHnya) +-O kom cnpawingan MeHe@)kep? (HoBbIe KnieHTb) 5-46 Thi MeuTaewib Ha neKyMH? (BKyCHLIM O6eR) 2- udm abi pasropapnpaere? (mHTepecHbiii cbunbM) 3° Complete the following sentences: Example: 310 Molt apyr. A YacTo BcnommHato O HEM. * - 370 TBOM poguTenn? Pacckaxkit MHE O. 2. Toi 6bin 8 Merep6ypre? Pacckaxn HaM o. - Ceituac @ ny cTaTbio 06 AHHe AxmaTosoi4. A jaBHo xoTen HanuicaTs o. £-STo Mos nonpyra. Ona xuBéT Bo Opanuyin. A YacTo BCOMMHAtO O. = Bei npocheccop Sloces? OueHb npHaTHo nosHaKomuTbce! A MHoro cnbiwan o. 4 What do these newspapers and magazines write about? 1) monopéxkHble rageTbl;, 2) cnoprueHtie raserb!; 3) KeHCKHe xypHant; 4) xypHan“News week’. Cnopt, Moga, TeHHiNC, dbyT6on, ceeliHble npoGreMbi, noroza, pok-Myabika, ronynapHble akTépbl, ‘Seg0NacHbii CekC, OMMTHKa, HOBOCTA KYNETYPEI, KOCMETHKa, NPOGNeMbI BOCnTAHNs AeTeH, MeAKYHHA, 4ounbie KnyObI, WaxMaTel. 5 Write about what you dream about, think about, talk about at the office, talk about at a party .. 53CREA CURDS 16 MOVEMENT TO AND FROM, AND BEING AT A PLACE COE? KYA? OTKYDA? —Tae on KnBér? — On xuBéT 80 Bnagiimupe. | — Where have you come from? ~ | have come from England. — Where does he live? ~ He lives in Vladimir. i ~Kyaa ond éneT? —Ond eget Ha soKsdn. | = Where is she going? = She is going to the station. | — Orkyaa sbi npnéxan? ~AnpuéxanwsAvrnnn. — | | THE QUESTION FE? (WHERE? LOCATION) + Use B + prepositional, or HA + prepositional, depending on the noun that follows: Fe abi Geinu ytpom? ~ Where were you this morning? —YTpom mi 6éiN B Scpuce. ~ This morning we were at the office. THE QUESTION KYQA? (WHERE? with MOVEMENT. GOING SOMEWHERE) “+ Use B + accusative, or HA + accusative, depending on the noun that follows: — Kya on nae? ~ Where is he going? — On wget Ha paGory B ocbuc. — He is going to work at the office. THE QUESTION OTKYfA? (FROM WHERE? COMING FROM SOMEWHERE) + Answer with U3 + genitive, or with C (CO) + genitive, depending on the noun that follows: — Orkyaa on npnwién TaK n63gHo? — Where has he come from so late? — OH npnwén ¢ Konuépra. — He has come from a concert. THE? + Prepositional KYA? + Accusative OTKYDA? + Genitive (GviTe, kuTD, paGoTate...) (vaTn, exare...) (npvexatb, BepHyTeca...) (to be, to live, to work...) (to go by foot, (to come from, to return...) to go by transport...) Bocbuce Bogue M3 occa sTeatpe eTearp waTeatpa Bpecropae eB pecropaH vs pecropatia 8 ropone ( 8 Mockse) 8 répon (@ Mockey) a répona ( 3 Mocks!) 8 cTpané (8 Poccum) 8 cTpany (a Poccitio) a cTpantt (13 Poccii) Bmysée 8 myséii vs MyséA HA paoére HA pabory Cpa6orer Ha nnéwaan Ha nnéujanb cnnéwann va yrmue va ynnuy cynnypt Ha co6paHin Ha co6panue ccobpanna Ha wore va tor cra Remember : B > U3 HADCra Paes Meee) 1 Answer the questions. Each time use all the words given: Tearp, pa6ora, HHCTHTYT, Tlapinx, O%byC, BbICTABKa, BOK3aN, nNoWaN, SloHAOH, Camapa ~3¢ 04 Gin sepa? - B Tearpe, npownrare (to reac) yarns > Bbly4MTe (to study /to learn) MOY > cMoun (to be able to) nica > nanucare (to write) © Exception: noxyndte > _kyntTb (to buy) etc... @ If both infinitives of an aspect pair end in -ATb oF in -ATb, the shorter of the two infinitives is the perfective: impertective perfective imperfective perfective pacckésbigate > paccKasat (to tell) NoHMMaTe = NoHFITE (fo understand) © ~L18a in the verb suffix always indicates an impertective. @ ifthe aspect pair has one infinitive ending in-ETb, -ATb or -HYTb and the other in -ATb or in -fITb then the formeris perfective and the latter is imperfective: impertective perfective perfective perfective oTabxéte «= OTMOXHYTE (forest) ymupar > ymepére (to aie) nosropsrs = NOBTOpHTE (to repeat Tpurnawars > purnackits (to invite) 58CEPacIeeee nese NTS 1 Find the aspect pairs from the following verbs: Jenatb, xpaentbcA, NoHATE, Oparb, Hay", HATS, CHeNaTb, cnpOCHT», WTA, NOAOKAATb, NOHKMATE, /2y4aTb, 1aBaT, CNPALLNBATS, NPOUATATS , KAT, NOGNATS, nepecrats, GpOCATS, BCTPeYATCA, ~0380HiTb, NepecTaBaT, NOcbiNaT>, GpOCHTs, BCTPETHTECA, SBOHIMTb, NOHPABHTECA, BSATE. perfective Perfective Impertective Perfective 2 Decide which tense is used (present or futur present future - Bam nossonio. = - Wocbép Bac nonoxnér. 3 -Korga Tel 6pocnus kypure? - KoMy Tb! 380HHUb? - Bo ckonbKO MBI BcTpeTHMCA? - Aaymaio, Bam nonpasures e Mapinxe. - Anna p87 ero SBOHKa. - A eosbmy 6usnerb! B TeaTp Ha cyO6ory. OCooooooo Cooooooo 3 Complete the table with the verbs that are given. Conjugate the verbs as in the example: Example: sepa cefivac saerpa sinwcan anny A 6yay nica siwanucan A Hanwwy — 4 Mo4b / CMON ~pacekasbisarb/pacckasaTe 6 - paspelwars/paspewmrb 7 - onagqbisate / onogqare Byepa Teevuac " 3aBtpa 59CREE Cures 18 THE PRESENT TENSE [—Uroteiaénaews? —Arorésnioyxnn. — —Ecnu Thi xOueulb, Anna MOxer TeGé nomou. | | = What are you doing? 1am cooking dinner. ~ If you like, Anna can help you. | THE INFINITIVE Verb infinitives end in: <1, -TH, -4b: DénaTe (to do), HeCTH (to carry), MOM (to be able fo) CONJUGATIONS There are two types of conjugation. + The second conjugation includes all verbs with an infinitive ending in -wrt and several other verbs, for example: eMOTpETE (to look) saBiicete (to depend) — HeHaBiimeTb (tohate) _BligjeTB (to see) Tepnérs (to put up with) abiulaTe (to breath) cengnare (to hear) Depart (to hold) + Almost all other verbs belong to the first conjugation: first conjugation second conjugation nucaére, nowwmare gate roeopims cnbiwate anny sinOHWMaHO Kay siroBopro acnewy TOINVWEWe © TRINCHMMdeWb = Thi KEE Tel TOBOpAb TeICHEIWML onnnuer oH noHHMdeT on Kner oH rosopia on cneiwiaT MoInAWeM = MbiTIOHMMdeM = Mb KEM Mi rosoprim MBI CNIUMM suinhweTe pbinoHuMdeTe ab KETE abi rosopiTe ei cnsiwTe OHM NUWYT OHM NOHVMAHOT ‘OHA KOYT OHM roBopsT OHM CHeIWaT © When the endings are not stressed, both conjugations sound very nearly the same, except for the third person plural. + Sometimes there is a change in the stem: npociite (toask for) > sAMpOW!Y, TEI NpScuUe, OHM NPécAT ninamiite (to pay) annauy, Tol NATH, OHM MndTAT THOGMTE (to love) AA MOGNIG, Tet NOGMUb, OHM N06AT xOTETS (to want) 1 XOUY, ThI XOHELLIb,OH XOMET, MBI XOTIM, BbI XOTHTE, OHM XOTAT MOYb (to be able to) AMOTY, Tb! MOKElLIb, OHM MOryT Mtb (to drink) AAMIIO, Thi NbELb, OHM NBIOT @CTb (fo eat) 51@M, Tbi ELllb,OH ECT, Mbi EAUM, Bbi EAuITe, OHM AAT AaBAaTb (fo give} A Aa, Thi Ragu, onM Qator Vib THE PRESENT TENSE The present tense is used to describe: + an action happening at the time of the speech act: —Uro Teinénaeus? —- — A rorésnto sdetpax. A ToI? —Aotppixaio. — What are you doing? — — I'm getting breakfast ready. And you? ~—_— I'm resting, + a habitual action or a permanent state: + an action that started in the past and is still continuing at the time of the speech act: —Mpe Tei o6s4Ho o6épaewe? —~ loa. — Oni paGéraer spect wecrb mécayes, = Where do you usually have lunch? — At home. — She's been working here for six months. © For the present only the imperfective aspect is used, as the perfective can have no present tense form. 60ceencene Pils) 1 Who is doing what? Fill in the gaps with an appropriate pronoun: 1 emorpro cbianiom. 2- MuororopopaT. 3- He sHato. 4-____e orseuaer. 5-_____wecnywaews? 6-___ormpixaer? 7-__._____yamm pyccnnit mabik, 8 - Bevepom ___ cera rynaior. 2 Whatare they doing? Fill in the verbs from the following list, and give the correct endings: Urpare, ryAATS, swiTaTb, paBOTATS, aHaTb, NOHMMATS, CRYWATS, OTALIKATE 1- Onna paGore, OHM 5 - Mul foma. Mui He pa6oraem. Mbt [22 Ousmane Mysbiky. 6 - Kakyto KHMry Ter cevivac__ 2 3-Onmenapke. Om, 7 - Bo ___ noppanuyacin? = Ouse reeee .sToaToTMerogex. 8 - Oa oveHb xopouio_____ Ha nmaHuko. 3 in the missing present tense verb endings: 1-Slne nonwma __Te6s. 6 - Ox BHuMaTenbHo chywa ___MeHs. 2- MbI o¥eHb MegneHHo unTa 7-BeipaGora___? - Her, He paGota _ 3- Kako sabik abi yu? 8-O4ém cnpawnsa ____ Teo apyr? 4-Tae abi o6bi4Ho oGena___? 9-Mbi pasrosapuea __Tonbko no-pyccki. 5 - Bei kyp ?-Her,aHeKyp 4 Make up dialogues for the following situations: 1- Bi ssonite Konnere. Cnpocitre, 40 oH celi¥ac enaer. You are telephoning a colleague. You ask him what he is doing. 2- Cnpocnre:a) Ha KaKoM s3biKe Bal CoGecenHik roBopuT ny4uwe BCerO? Ask: a) Which language does your colleague speak best? 6) Ha kaKoM AsbiKe OH NMWeT NyYWe BCerO ? 6) Which language does he/she write best? 8) KaK OH OBbINHO OTABIXAET B BLIXODHBIE? @) How does he normally spend his days off? 3- Bei oKaére caoero naprHépa. Ox onasgpisaer Ha BcTpeYy. You are waiting for your partner, who is late: a) Nossonne ero ceKperaplo, cnpocue, re OH. You call his secretary and ask where he is. 6) Nonpocute nepenatb emy, 4TO BbI Gonbule He MoKeTe 2KAATb. You ask the secretary to tell him that you can't wait any longer. 5 Continue the following dialogues: 1 = With a riend, about work: — Mpuaer! Kak nena? — Cnacn6o, xopowio. A y Te6a? — Xopowwo, Ho celiac ove MHoro pa6oTbI. ¥ Hac HOBBIT AMPEKTOD Ht. 2- You telephone a friend and ask him what he is doing: — Npuser! Kak noxupaeuls? -Hennoxo. A To Tel enaewb? ~ A... 3- Ata party: Ckanku, noxkanylicTa, KTo 9Ta AeBywiKa, — Al 3Hal0 TonIbKO, YTO eé SoByT Onbra. [lasaii norosopum c Hei! ~ Obra, no6puil Bevep . 61cree? cvzets 19 THE PAST TENSE (1) “~UroTeinénansvepa? -- —Buepasipa6dran, | ' — What did you do yesterday? — Yesterday | was working. | Cc " The past tense is used to describe an action or an event in the past. In the past tense the verbs agree according to gender and number only. They do not conjugate according to person. FORMATION OF THE PAST TENSE Take the stem of the infinitive (removing -1, TH, or-4b) + suffix- m+ the ending : Masculine : -n Feminine -na Neuter: -no Plural : -m omapixa-te + «= On orbixdn. (He was resting, he rested.) padora-r> + Fl + A > Ondpa6drana. (She was working, she worked) 6bi-Tb + TM + 0 % SroGsino nétom. (itwas in summer) Kypn - Te + T+ WW > Ont Kypinn. (They were smoking, they smoked) Kyn = Th + T+ = > Onuynin mawiny. (He has bought a car) vanuca-te + «SL + Mn nanncdnn nincemé, (They wrote a letter) IRREGULAR PAST TENSE FORMS masculine feminine plural Mo4b (to be able to) Mor morn mornit Me4b (to lie down) : siér nerd ners pactii (to grow) poc pocna pocnit MATH (to go by foot) : wén wna wan ecTb (10 eat): en éna én cecTe (to sit down) cen céna én HecTH (to carry) Héc Heond eon Be3THi (to transport) : és Beand Beant BecTHi (to lead) : én pend Benit MépsnyTb (to freeze): Mép3 mépana épann ymepére (to die) : ymep ymepna ymepnn 62Scere PAs 1 Putthe verbs in brackets into the past tense. Answer the questions: *-UrooHa_____(nenate) suepa?_— 2-Kro_____(xoreTs) rosopirre no renecbony? — 3-Kro____(orpixatb) nerom wa nave? £-4ro_____(enpaumare) ator uenopen? _ 3-Koro oHa_______ (augers) 8 Teatpe?___— 4- Korga ato (Grr)? 2 Write the questions that give the following answers: 2? - Pattee paGoran 8 Gattte. pe? Mos ake patéorana 0 pyccxort chip. ___.?- Ota yuna pyconnit aabik 8 Mockee 2- Onin He 6binn B Pocemn. 7- Mon apyaba Kun 80 Opanynn. 3° Make up sentences with the following verbs in the past tense: GbiTb, KT, paBOTATe, CMOTPETD, MiMTATE. 4 Write what they were doing: Example: Ova 6bina e vucTuTyte. Ova y4una pyccKMl sabik * On Opin Ha cragvone. 2 - Mbt Gbinw B KMHO.. - Moi 6par Guin auepa 8 Gacceline. - Ona Obina 8 maraanHe 4 Ha pbiHKe. - Onu Spin uepa @ rocrax y apyseii 5 Choose verbs to fill the gaps and put them into the past tense: paGorare, roToaNTe, OGcyKaTb. GbiTb. NOSBOHMT, NPUrMACHTE, HENATS, CMOTPETe, yKMHAT —Mpwaer, Kak qena? —Mpwser! CnacnGo, xopowo. Buepas_____ AO Bevepa : Molt Konnera__ eee ~oatili npoexTn Mbiero____ noTOM Mb} a npesenraynn, yiiTi 6bino B0aMOKHO, osTOMy HHe______—_te6e. Tei sHaewb, Onbra____Te6 u Melia B roctu, Ho He cmor TeGe AosBOHMTECA. — Kan, 470 TaK nony4Mnoct ! A eit nosBoHIo, A Tei yro euepa? —Hwero ocoBentoro:_____reneansop, norom ~ Kora ysmaumen? -B abxonneie, ~Xopowo. flo ckoporo! —flo ckoporo! a 6320 A uwrn Sty kriry a4epd BéYepoM. | was reading this book yesterday evening. CRED CuRAS THE PAST TENSE (2) | Finpounran pcio kiiry Bepa BéepoM. I read the whole book yesterday evening. | In the past tense the perfective or impertective verb is used depending on the idea that you want to express: PERFECTIVE OR IMPERFECTIVE: it depends on your point of view and what you want to say. imperfective + You are only interested in the process or the duration of the action. ~Auuran suepa sect Bévep “flonmty” Ha6sxona ~ Yesterday | was reading Nabokov's «Lolita» all evening. ¢ You are emphasising repetition or habitual action: yacTo (often) , pézKo (rarely), Bcerpa (always), worn (sometimes), K&kabIit NeHb (every day), HEckonbKO pas (several times) etc... are always followed by the imperfective: — Ona 3a0HUna TeG6™é HecKONBKO pa3, HO TI Gein Ha pa6ére. — She rang you several times, but you were at work. — On nénan Sry paGéry scernd, w oH sider, Yo Aénate. — He has always done this work, and he knows what to do. +» You want to know whether an event has taken place or not: ~ Tet cmoTpén cbinbe “Myasiina W KeHUMHa"? — Have you seen the film «Un homme et une femme»? 4 When describing two events happening at the same time, use the imperfective for both: — O# cnywan myabiky 4 Kypian. ~ He was listening to musicand smoking. — Od roBopiina no Tenecbouy u cmorpéna B OKHO, — She was telephoning and looking out of the window. perfective + You are interested in the result of the action. — Tot yxé npounran “‘Tloniity"? MOxkHo y Te6A 8 B3ATb? — You have already read «Lolita»? Can/ have it? +» You are talking about a single action: =Anossoniina Onbre suepa. — rang Olga yesterday. — On eaénan pa6éry xopous. — He did the work well. ++ You know that an event was planned, but you want to check that it actually happened. — Tel BYepa NocMoTpén cin “My Kura >xeHuyHa"? = Did you see the film «Un homme et une femme» yesterday? «+ When describing two consecutive events, use the perfective for both —SAnpouwran kHury uv otadn eé ppyry. — I read the book and gave it back to my friend. — Mot noyxunnanu 8 pecropane v BepHynuch AOMOd. — We had dinner at the restaurant and went home.st tense (2) Twa) 1 Complete the questions using the correct aspect of the verb: A You want to know whether the event took place or not. ~ Ber PomaH «Boiina u Mup»? (4nTaTe - npounTate) Tei s4epa__ Harawe? (s80HnT» - nossoHHTe) -A__ Bam cbotorpacbin csonx qeTel? (noKaabieaTb - noKasaTe) 3 You want to know whether the action was completed, whether there was a result or not. — But yee o6en? (rotosiTe - npiroToBiTE) — But — Anta yoke ___ keaprupy? (y6npate - y6pare) Hopbie cnoga? (y4nTb - BbIy4HTE) 2 Choose one of the verbs in brackets and put it in the past tense: * - Palbule # acerfa se4epom _ _ (cmotpets-nocmorpers) cbytGon Tonbko no jesns0py, a BYEpA ___ha craguone. 2-Korga a (cmotpets-nocmorpers) byt6on, #1 (yannaTe- “cpxnnate). iA (cmotpeTe-nocmorpets) cbytGon 90 KoHUA 1 (ebikniouare- z> Ti cxaKeLIb on nosBoHiT on kyr ‘OH cxaKeT Mbi nosBOHAM Mol Kn bi cKdokem abi noseoHiiTe abi KynTe Bui cKaxeTe on noaBonstr onW Kynar Onn Kany — Boi qymaere, ond Hanviwet MHe? = Do you think that she will write to me? — Ona o6a3aTenbHo Hanmer Bam! — She will definitely write to you. —Mpneaxdiire 8 Mockey, 1 noKaky Bam ropon, — Ill tell him that tomorrow. — Come to Moscow, I'll show you the city. 66ry ean) 1 Answer the quesions: * -To Bbi 6yaere enaTb sa5Tpa? —__.. 2 -Uro Tet Kymin Ha pbiHiKe? - 3 - Korga abl oraeTuTe Ha nnichMo? et ++ Te abi Gynete oTAbIxaTs neTOM? -C Kem Bbi acTpeTHTect Ha sto Hepene? — 2 Write the questions that give the following answers: +7? Ota noon Tee corona Be4epoM. 2- Alcnenaw ory pabory sastpa. pe? Coupe rape nonrotoeier norymetmest nocnesastpa. o. 1 —____? = Mb! Hannusem oT4éT Be4epoM, 2 Korma a yaxaio TouHo, 9 coo6uyy Bam 3 Write sentences that use both future tenses, as in the example: Example: cmoTpetb- nocmorperb cb — ro Thi yew enaTb BeYepom? — A Byay cMoTpeT® cburibm —Anotom? — Kora a nocmorpio chunb, # Gyay yKMHaTe. * - noxynatb - KyninTb cyseHipsl: ~ 40 Tet Gynewe nenaTe saBTpa? — - Anotom? — 1 - fOTOBUT» - NOAFOTOBUT DOKYMeHTEL — 4To TbI Syjeub enaTb 3aBTpa? — - Anotom? — _ 7 3 -nicaTb - Hanucate AoKnan: ~ 470 Tb! Gypeulb nenaT> saeTpa? — = Anotom? — + TOTOBMTE - NpAFOTOBHTE YKHH: ~ 470 Thi 6yeUlb ZenaT> nocne paGoTe!? — -Anorom?— 5 - rynate - norynate ¢ coBakoii ~ 40 Tol 6yAeulb Aenar ceropHs BeYepoM? — -AnoTom? — 4 Put the following text into the future. ‘Alpa6oraio e pyccxoit cbupme. Hawa cbupma saHuMaeTca peKnaMoit, Moi mHoro paGoTaeM, nosToMy y -ac Hennoxne peaynbTaTel pa6orbl. C KonneraMi ® MHOTO roBopio No-pyccki, MHe He TPYAHo roBopUTE No- = /CCKH, NlOTOMY 4TO si MHOTO JAHMMalOce PYCCKHM sabIKOM. Al He TOMbKO FOBOpIO C KONAIeTaM, HO M MHOTO -aTalo, NepeBoxy CTaTbM H CMOTpHO TeneBHgOp. Karkabili AeHb A NOBTOpAIO HoBLIe cnoBa, Ecnin y MeHA ECTS sonpocbl, # cnpawivBalo Moux Apyseii, M OHM BCerpa C yAOBONbCTBMeM NOMOraloT MHE. 6722 THE IMPERATIVE — | =Bai, noxanyiicra, Sry sday. —He xyprire snece, noxanyiicra. Give me this vase, please. _~ Please don't smoke here. USAGE The imperative is used to ask for something, to give advice or to give an order. There are two forms: the second person singular (rbi) and the second person plural (Bt): Unit! (Go! - to a friend, a child etc.) igiire! (Go! - polite form, or plural) FORMATION @ The second person singular imperative form (the «Tbi» form): use the stem of the third person plural of the present tense for imperfective verbs, or the third person plural of the future tense for perfective verbs. Last letter of the stem Stress for the first Imperative | person singular { jt? avowel does notmatter ~~ > A "| wrpa-tor urpain stress on the last syllable + nuwy nM 37” aconsonant | Sires not on the last sylabie + crap -AT cTasnio [| Mon ar i |. Moma The second person plural imperative form (the «ab» form): the singular imperative + —TE. [Cmorpa > cmonpiire (ook) — | sara > sirdifre (react) | cane > csinere (si down) Verbs which end in-CA Add-CAlaftera consonant: saHuMaticn, nosHakomeca Add-Cbaftera vowel: saxnmdiirecb, noshakOmbTeck, BepHiice, ywich ‘© The imperatives of verbs prefixed by BbI the imperative of the verb without the prefix (yui) + prefix (akiy4i). A FEW EXCEPTIONS je do drinky> nei | nts (to pour)> nei fasate (to give) nasdh —_—| BcTanaTe (to get up) ecraBalt | wnTe (to sew)-> wei | Gis (1obeal}-> Ge, ecTo (ioea)-> ewe > SuuTe _ yaraBare (to recognise) yaHasain | NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES When used with the negative particle “He” the imperfective and perfective of imperatives convey different meanings: He + imperfective imperative He + perfective imperative forbids, advises against an action etc. gives an urgent warning He rynsii p napke Béyepom! Octopoxkto, He ynanti! Ck6nb3Ko. Don't walk in the park at night! (it's dangerous) Careful, don't fal! Its slippery. He ew mopoxexoe, ecnu y Tea Gonut ropno! He sa6ynb nossoniiTs mHe ceroqHA BéYepom! Don't eat ice cream it you have a sore throat! Don't forget to ring me this evening! 68Tee Ges 1 Give the third person plural and the imperative forms of the following verbs as in the example: Example: Nepesogurt — Onn nepesogat - Mepesoau! Mepesonute! snrate: roBopits Se a = cKasare: nucate: ~epesectn’ nosBOHMTE: 2 Fill in the gaps with polite/plural imperative forms as in the example: Example :—Moxanyiicta, rae MeTpo? (ckasat) — — Ckarkue, noxanyiicra, re MeTpo? --_______ me, noxanyficra, sasrpa sevepom. (nossoHiIT) 2- Sppascreyiire, (exogwTb, pasnesarbca) -___ __steranb60m, noxanyiicra. (nokasare) +-Moxanyiicra, npveer Bawied meHe. (nepefaTs) Me, noxanyiicta, (noMo4e) OxHO, Noxanylicra, 3q@cb XONOAHO. (aKpbITb) Konno 4 cbakc. (cnenatb, oTnpaBuTe) i e advice, using the imperative: Example: — (ckasaTb) rae MeTpo? — Metpo Henanexo. (WaTH) npaMo, noTOM HaneBo. — Ckaxure, rae MeTpo? — Merpo Heganexo. que npaMo, noToM HaneBo. + (ckagaT) rae GaHK? — Bank pagom. (apt) —__ pao, (caquTbca Ha) aBToGyc Ne 7, (BbixoauTs)______uepea 2 octaHoBKi 2 -FAnnoxo ce6a uysctayio. — (o6pariTeca) — __ K Bpayy. 3 - Ae nioGmio esquTb Ha noespe. — (neTeTs)__ Ha camonére. ++ Kakoli BkycHbiii carla! Kak abl ero roTosMnn? — (B3ATb) yk, OrypubI HW RoMMgopEI, ~opesams) _______(go6aeuts)____mationes. 4 Fill in the gaps with imperative forms. Take care with the aspects: > - Gyan / paa6yants Bbi rpoMKo pasrosapwaere. CMoTpure,He_____peGéukal 2- 3a6biBaTb/ sa6eITe He_ knioun! Mens He GyeT ceronia Bevepom. 3 -rosopiiTt/ cKasat He. 1 970 Hacroaumit KowMap! ++ oTKpbIBaTb / OTKDbITE Hoxorga HnKomy He apepo! = Tporate / norporate He _ ytion Ox ropayii + s80HiTE /NOSBOHMTS Huworna ne. Me nospHo! ~ = noKynatt / KynuaT Hnworga He ___________sto sito! Oxo nnoxoe. 5 Make requests with the imperative, as in the example: Example: ~SakasaTe cTonuk 8 pectopae. ~ Sakaxkure, noxanylicra, cTOnMK 8 pecTopaHe. + -Mepesecti crambio Ha pyconwis sabi, - OreeTuTb Ha niiceMo. ~ BRniOUnT caer B KOMHATe. —— = _ = +-He nepe6viear®, Kora Bul rosopute. 69CREE: URES 23 To 60 UQTU and EXATb | =Mpneér! Kya Tei égewe? — Hi! Where are you going? | | — A ény Ha pabory. — I'm going to work. i TO GO (by foot A way —B My36iA. I'm going to the museum. Mel ugém — 8 Mara3iiv. We are going to the shop. To! és 8 roctiHiuy. You are going tothe hotel, Bi unre — & pecTopay. Youare going fo the restaurant. Ox waér 8 napk. He’s going to the park Osh way Ha pEIHOK. They are going to the market. + The past tense of the verb waTM : wén (masc.), wna (fem.), WN (neut.), WITH (pl) TO GO (by transport) : EXATb A ény 8 apondpT Ha Malle. I’m going to the airport by car. Tei égewe Ha BoK34n Ha aBTOByce. You are going to the station by bus. Ou éner Ha coBpaxne Ha Tponnéii6yce. He is going to the meeting by trolleybus. Mu éfem 8 pectopdi Ha TaKcit. We are going fo the restaurant by taxi Bul épete Ha psIHoK Ha MoTOUIAKNe. You are going to the market by motorbike. Oxn ényT Ha nduTy Ha Benocunéze. They are going to the post office by bike. “ The past tense of the verb éxatb : éxan (masc.), éxana (fem), éxano(neut), éxanu (pl) + To indicate the means of transport, use: HA + Prepositional + THE QUESTION KYZJA? («Where> in the sense «to where», when motion / destination are involved.) To answer the question «kya?» use B + accusative, Ha + accusative or K (Ko) + dative —Kyaa Tei unéwb? — Where are you going? — Kya abi ugéte? — Where are you going? -Anpy B 6aHK. — — I'm going to the bank. — A way Ha nine. — I'm going to the beach. + Reply with 8 + accusative or Ha + accusative when talking about a place or an organised event ¢ Reply with k (ko) + dative when talking about going to see a person: B+ Accusative HA + Accusative K+ Dative B YeHTP (to the centre) a pabory (to work) K Apyry (toa friend's ) 8 TeATp (to the theatre) Ha Ganér (to the ballet K noppyre (to a girttriend’s) B rocTAMHHyy (to the hotel) Ha scTpéyy (to a meeting) K cectpé (10 my sister's) B My36ii (to the museum) Ha nndujapb (to the square) K Onbre (to Olga’s) B Marasiti (to the shop) Ha Béuep (to a party) k Brixtopy (to Victor's) B GonbHiiuy (to the hospital) Ha BkICTaBKy (to the exhibition) K BpaUy (to the doctor's) B Ocputc (to the office) Ha KOHUEDT (fo the concert) K AMpéxTopy (to (see) the director) B yHMBepOHTEr (to the university) Ha yPOK (to the lesson) Ha CTaAMOH (to the stadium) Ha Kypcb! (to the courses) 70a Gls 1 Who is doing what? Fill in the gaps: Example :-____enem 8 pectopak. — Mei enem B pectopan. ++ ____ uy wa pa6ory. i ___ eem Ha ppiliox. 3-Kyna____eneu?-__eny Ha abicraaky. +-Kyna —___wayr?- _wayt Ha Kpaciyto nnowan 3 - Kyga____ w?-__pér a cobpanne. enews Ha MywkulcKyio nnowaas? — fla, Ha MywiKnHcKyto. — Toxe Tyna ery. vnéuib?—-____way oGeparb B Gycper. i ___epere Ha soxsan?— Her, ____ eny 8 asponopr. 2 Fill in the gaps with a verb of motion: A ___ Ha co6panne Ha manne. -OH 8 My3eii NeWiKoM. - Kyna on? Onn____ a oxsan. +-Kyna sbl___ceronlia sevepom ?— Cerogia sevepom wbi____Ha konuepT. A abi? -Mut va Ganer 8 Bonbuioi Tear. =-CeronHacHa___ Ha paGory newikom? — Her, oa Ha paGory Ha Maine, A -u?-A_na anto6yce 3 Answer the questions as in the example: Example : - Ona ener Ha paBory. A Tel? - (kKoHYepT) A # eayHa KOHYepT. += Almay @maraany . A Toi? —(peiHo%) 2-Mbi egem Ha co6panve. A Tei? —(BbicraBKa) 3-OnM mayT® pectopaH. Asti? —(Ganet) _ ene a +-Ona eget 8 Mapix. A Thi? ~ (Mocxea) -Mbi egem 8 rociHiuy. Asti? — (Kpachas nnowant) - Onu eayt 8 mysen. A abi? —(Tearp, aner) eee 4 Answer the questions: *. Haué on eper Ha paGoty? - — —_— —_ - K komy ona ener Ha BcTpe4y? - Kyaa oH mnér sevepom? - oe Ha 46m BbI egeTe Ha BOK3an? ~ 6 K komy on unt 8 oy6Gory Broctw? = Kyna oH eayt nocne paGorei? nm24 VERBS OF MOTION (1) without a prefix ‘Anna nétom é3qmna 8 Mapiox. Anna went to Paris in the summer. i Cepréi 6ceHbio égeT B Vitanuiv. Sergey is going to Italy in the autumn. © Verbs of motion that have no prefix are in a category of their own. They are divided into two groups, but they are all imperfective, GROUP ONE GROUP TWO wat € togo(by foot) > xonvTE éxare € togoby transport > éaquTe 6exATe € tonn > 6érate abit € toswm > nndpare nevéT» € wv > neréte GROUP ONE : VERBS - USAGE + These verbs express movement in a single direction: Anna ugér na pabory. ‘A égy 8 Napiox 8 nsrHnuy. Anna is going to work. (by foot) am going to Paris on Friday. GROUP TWO : VERBS - USAGE + These verbs express the idea of movement to and from a destination (in this case they can often be replaced by GpiTb) Buepa [>kon xoniin 8 Bonbuidii tedtp. - Yesterday John went to the Bolshoy Theatre (and came back). Mod apyabsie uibHe éaqunn a Tepmdniio. > Mor apysbsie nidae 6cinu @ Tepmanin ‘My friends went to Germany in June. > My friends were in Germany in June. + They also express frequent or repeated movement: Paxbule mocksuul 4aCTO 63q4Nu OTAbIXATS B Kpbim. Unoraa a éaxy Ha pa6oty Ha TaKc, Previously Muscovites often used to go on holiday to the Crimea. Sometimes | go to work by taxi + They express movement without any defined direction, or in different directions (often when used with the preposition no + dative) : Cry éHTbI Uérbii GeHb xogMNW no Mocksé. The students were walking aroung Moscow all day. + They express the idea of movement in general: ‘Ave nio6nio ésnuTe Ha noesne. Cepréii npexpacho nndeaer. 1 don't lke travelling by train. Sergey swims very well. (Sergey is a very good swimmer.) 72Pon POMC oe cnt 1 Fillin the gaps with the verbs of motion in the present tense: > -neTeTb- neTaTe -Seinepsbiipas____ a Mapx? - er, a4acTo 8 Mapink. A nloGnio stor ropog 2+ exaTb — eauiTb, MATH - XOAUTS —TeimoGme Ha MeTpo? ~ der, a mo6nio___newkom. Ho, k coxanenmio, ceroniia y MeHA Mano BpemeHi,, osToMy A __ va merpo. 2 -exaTe - egg ~ BECTM - BOQMTb : the subject and the object are both on foot. Very often this is used for leading an animal or walking with a child: Cravana @ Bemy Ao4b 8 wKny, a noToM éay Ha paGéry. First | take my daughter to school, then ! go to work. Kéoxaoe y1po oH BO AMT cbiHa B AETCKnIi can. Every morning he takes his son to the nursery. “ BECTH- BOAMTE can also be used in the sense «BopyTh MauuMHy» (to drive a car) SUMMARY Group one Group two HecTH fo carry by foot HochTS Present Hecy, HEC, HecyT present —Howly, HéciiLb, HOcaT past Hac, Hecnd, Hecnd, HecniA past Hocvin, Hoclina, Hociino, Hocitna BesTii to carry by transport BOSMTE present seay, seséub, Beayt present BOK, BOs, BdaAT past 883, sean, Beané, Beant past Bosiin, Bosiina, 803/ino, Boslinn BecTh tolead BODNTE present seay, senéue, senyt present oxy, Bae, BOaRT past Bn, Bend, Bend, sent past Bonin, sontina, soalino, soainn 74Penne eo 1 Write a short text about what you did during your last holidays: ios) 2 Answer the questions: *- Kak abi nnapaere? 2 -Ha 4ém eb! mio6uTe esquTh? 3 - Bam HpaBuTcA XOQUTb NEWKOM? +-Kak sbi Geraete? 5-Ha camonétax kakoli asMaKoMnaHiu Bel O6bI4HO NeTaeTe? 3— Kak au soqute Mawnny? 3° Complete the sentences using the following verbs: HeCTH - HOCHTb, BE3TH - BOIHTb, BECTH - BODMTE + -flonpocnexty waéT xeHuynHa 1 ____pe6éika. Pe6éHoK _ 2- Kyna Ter mage? — 9___knitrw B GHGnmoTeKy. 3-Kyna Tet___oxymenre1? ~ Cexperapio. 4-Kyga Harawa Beujn? ~ Ha Bokzan. 3-Orkyna ppl ar pyri? ~ Cora 4 Complete the sentences using the same verbs: 1-BamHenesn_______Gontee 10 xr. 2-Yenosek, koropbiii exan co MHOM @ TaKcH,______nocbnky Ha noury. 3- leaywika, KoTopan wna 3a MHOM, wemonan. 4- Bel ecerga__c coo son? 5—Mue tpyaHo________ mau 8 Mockae, notomy To A nnoxo sHato ropoy. B pykax UBeTbI. 75ee 25 VERBS OF MOTION (2) with a prefix Prefixes are added to verbs of motion to express particular nuances. ' Koda mei BeIxomMnH ua TedTpa, A yeruen Bopiica.| | saw Boris as we were going out of the theatre. On pewiin yéxate 13 Mockesi. | | He has decided to leave Moscow. | Saninn nowién va ancKoréxy. | Phillip has gone to the disco. | (A ) THE PREFIX - NO When used with verbs of motion of the type “ wat ”, this prefix indicates the start of movement or the intention to move off, and all verbs formed in this way are perfective: Noir (to set off by foo), NOExaTb (to set off by transpor, NOGerKaTb (to set off running), noneTéTb(to set off flying), etc. THE MAIN PREFIXES OF DIRECTION prefix meaning preposition examples and case B- (BO-) entry B (BO). HA BOMTA B KOMHaTy fo go into the room + Ace. Bexar Ha CTAANOH fo run info the stadium BbI- exit v3, BéIeXaTE M3 SIOHOHA to drive out of London / + Gen, BEIITH ¢ KOHUgpTa fo leave the concert "npn. arrival 8 (BO), HA Tpuéxare B Mockey to arrive in Moscow | + Ace, Npwiith Ha yp6K to arrive at the lesson I leaving M3. c yéxate 1a NéHp0Ka to leave London | + Gen, yiiTit ¢ pa6dret to leave work | Bo- reaching DO + Gen. AOExaT 10 My36A to reach the museum | Ron. approaching K+ Dat TOAOUITH K OKHY fo go up to the window | oT. movement away from OT + Gen. OTbExaTb OT AMA fo go away from the house nEPE. crossing, or moving UEPES + Acc. Tepeitri nnowane fo cross a square | from one place to another nepeéxare B NI6Hp0H to move to London | npo- travelling a certain distance Acc. npoGexatb 5 km fo run 5 km | going by / go past MyMO+Gen. _mpoéxatb mimo Kpemnsi io drive past the Kremlin going over NO + Dat. Npoii no Mocty to go over the bridge | going through UEPES + Acc. npoiitit 4épes napx fo go through the park lee going behind BA + Acc. 3alit 3a yron pOMa | {0 go behind the corner of the house | stopping off B, HA + Ace, sali B Maraaiii to call into the shop | making a detour or K + Dat. 3a6xaTb k Apyry No AOpdre AOMOM calling in somewhere to call on a friend on the way home rs - i 7 ane oB- going round Ace. OGoliTA ny»Ky to go round a pudale | (060-) BOKPyr + Gen. O6béxaTb BOKpyr 46ma fo drive round the house + Certain prefixes express movement in opposite directions: _B- # Bbl-, NOD- # OT-, NPM # ¥— 76Peer nenne) Paar) 1 Fill in the gaps with the verbs norm and noexats in the correct form: Example : - Kakne y Bac nna! Ha Beyep? - Mei noijgém 8 Tear. 1 - Uro Tol 6ynew RenaTe 8 BOcKpeceHbe? — A ____ a nec. 2- [pe abi Byere oTabixate neToM? ~ Mbt Ha tor, 8 Coun. 3 - Anapelt oma? - Her, oH B maragnn 4- Moxtio nonpocut Bepy k Tenetbory? — Eé Het oma, oa rynat. 5 - Uro epi Aenann B BocKpecelbe? — YTpoM Mbi 8 napK, a noTom Brocty. 3- Kak Bb OGbruHo eaqnTe Ha paGoTy? — OBbIYHO # eaxy Ha paGoTy Ha MeTPO, HO CerOnHA A va TaKcn 7- Onbra 6bina auepa TeaTpe? — Her, ona He: 8 TeaTp, oHa yxe Brena oTOT cneKTakn 3-Uro Tel qenan Buepa? — YTpom A _ Ha paGory, nocne paGors! A k apyry, a notom omoit 2 Put the verbs in brackets into the past tense: Example :~ Ox oGowén Boxpyr AoMma. (o6oiiTH) 1-Mbt k Apyabem B rocTn. (npHexaTb) 2- 3a ckonbko cekyHa cnoprcmeH______100 etpos? (npoSexars) 3- 8a ckonbKo apemeHi Bb! flo Moca? (goneteTs) 4- leu Geictpo ynuy. (nepe6exare) 3+ Mbt B Kathe no popore pomoli. (salir) 8 - Korga on c paGores? (yin) 3 Replace the verb with its opposite: Example : - O# HenaeHo npnexan 8 Mapwxk.> Ox HenasHo yexan ua Mapinxa. a —Korna o# yexan ws Pocenn? 9. —Myxsiia a Macke BbiGexan ns Ganka. ¢ —FlBowén e Merpo B 9 ¥acos ytpa. J - Ona npnuina wa pa6ory @ 8 vacos. e —Kyphannct nopowién k axrpice. ee f —Moeaa orowén or cranyne 7.15. a 9. — Kypbep npnaés nvcbma u nocsinki 8 ocpuc. h —Kai npvtexan B Mockey 8 npownom rony. a i —CoGaka nog6exana Ko He, j —Ampexrop ywién ws odpica n yHéc Kmioy or cepa, k Kora eb yeaxaere 13 Jlonaona? a | Bui yeakaete Ha noeane un yneraete Ha camonére?_— m —Jlonka nognneina x Gepery a 7IMPERFECTIVE AND PERFECTIVE @ Prefix + verb of the " natu "group perfective verb vata > npnitra ete. Yurienb BOWEN B KNacc h yYeHHKA BCTaNM. The teacher came into the class and the pupils stood up. @ Profix + verb of the * xoauTs ” group > imperfective verb XopiTS > npuxoniiT etc Korn yuiitenb Bx6quT B Knlacc, yueHKA acrator. When the teacher comes into the class the pupils stand up. These verbs form aspect pairs: imperfective _ perfective Npveadt —npwéxare yxoninre yrs Verbs of motion with a prefix have the normal imperfective/perfective characteristics. They do not have the specific nuances of meaning of verbs of motion without prefixes, groups 1 and 2. CONJUGATION Verbs of motion with a prefix usually have the same forms as verbs without a prefix. © Apart from derivations of: 63,MTb (to go by transport) Gérate (to run) nnapate (to swim) Leam: impertective ésaute > BeeakdTo, BbIeDKaTb, NPNEDKATE 6érate > aGerdrb, Bbi6erdrb, npHGerdtb (note the stress change) deat > npunnbisatb, abInTbIeATe SPECIAL MEANINGS of these aspect pairs imperfective perfective Anexcanap npneaxan 8 Mocey. Anexcévap npwéxan @ Mocxey. (On Gein 8 Mockeé, Ho celiac eré Her.) (On ceftudc 8 Mockeé.) Alexander came to Moscow. Alexander has come to Moscow. (He was in Moscow, but he isn't now.) (He is now in Moscow.) The action is complete. The action is complete, and the result Itis no longer true. is still vatid. 78Pree Peal 1 Answer the questions using verbs of motion, perfective or imperfective, with the appropriate prefix: Example :— Koraa 8b1 o6bi4Ho yeaxaere c paboTe!? — O6bitHo si yeaxkalo ¢ paGoe! ano, HO sepa # yexaN nogqHO. * - Korga ab OBbINHO npuxoguTe Ha paGory? 2 - Bei npueaxaere Ha paGory Ha MeTpo (MaUIMHe, aBTo6yce)? -Korna Bei yxoaure c pa6orbi? + Bbi saeakaere e Maraanibt lo Aopore AoMoit? = - 3a CKONBKO BpeMeHM abi ROeaKAeTe QO paboTEI? + - Bei vacTo saxopnte kApysbaM nocne pa6oTEl? ~ -Mnmo 4ero Bb npoesxaere no opore Ha paGory? Mo KakuM yniuyaM Bei npoesKaeTe? 2 Fillin the gaps the missing prepositions: = :MoTpIO B OKHO. A BMMKY, HTO. yamue wget Qeaywka, ova nepexoguT ynnuy, “coxoant _maraanva W axognt — napnkmaxepckylo, [lesyuska - kpacneaa Enonaunka. A zAay WoKAY, KOrfIa OHA BbIliAeT__napiikMaxepexoii. Kya ona noiinét noToM? Moxer 6biTe, oa -onnér— ymnye, AoviqéT ___ moero noma, Boiiaét____ om ~ mbt ecrperumcal = CMOTpWO B OKHO,__ napnkaxepcKoli BbIXOAHIT GploHeTka, noaxoqMT__Takew yeaxaer. ~poxogu spema. BnoHgunkn Het! A oTous ova w nowén, kyxHio. Monker 6bITb, Bbt s-aeTe, [ne Moa 6nOHAMHKa? 3 Desc: e your journey from home to work using verbs of motion with prefixes: 4 Fill in the gaps using the appropriate form of the verb: ~ = —Bopvie Hikonaesny 8 ocpice? ~ fa, of TonbKo uTo. ________(npuxoguts /npuiirn) + -Haraura 6bina cerogusy te6a?— fla, ona (axon /zaliti) 3+ = Baum popwrenn e Mockse? — Her, ohm (yea ae / yexare) =- = Boi pecb eH Gtinw oma? — Her,» yogurt yitta) + = Toei KeHbI He Gbino 8 Mapinke B aprycre ?— fla, ona_______(yeswar / yexas) 79RELY RES. 26 VERBS OF POSITION CTOATb, CTABUTb, NOCTABMUT etc... ee eee | Al ocTopéxHo cTéenio Baay Ha Cron. J am carefully putting the vase on the table. | | A noctapuna Bday Ha cTON. | put the vase on the table. ' Basa crow Ha croné. The vase is on the table. | FOR STATIONARY OBJECTS + To describe position, use the verbs cTosire (to be in a vertical position) Manbunk crowt y oKHd. The boy is standing by the window. nexKaTb (to be in a horizontal position) Taséta next Ha cTONé. The newspaper is on the table. encére (to be hanging) Kaptiita BMCHT Ha CTeHé. The picture is on the wall cupéte (to be siting) | Jéaywika cnawr 8 cany. Grandfather is sitting in the garden. © These verbs are all impertective. WHEN THE POSITION CHANGES: @ When someone moves something or someone: imperfective perfective cTaBuTe — nocrTaBuTe (to put into a vertical position / to stand) Ova nocraésuna sdwiKn Ha cron. She put the cups on the table. knacts = — nonoxtiTs (to put into a horizontal position / to lay) A nonoxsin npopyktel 8 XOMOAMN’HUK. / put the food into the fridge. séwaTe =— nopécuts (to hang) OH noBéeun KocTiom B wikacb. He hung his suit in the cupboard. caxath = — nocaptTs (to sit someone down) Mama nocaavina pe6éHka Ha Cyn. The mother sat the child down on a chair. When someone or something moves of his / its own volition: imperfective perfective BcTaséth — sctars (to getup) A ecraié c qupava u caxyeb B Kpécno. | am getting up from the divan and sitting down in an armchair. capitbca — cecte (to sit down) Flcen Ha pmean. | sat down on the divan. NOKVTECA — neub (to lie down, to go to bed) Nopa noxvitbca crate! It's time to go to bed!THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VERBS OF POSITION situation changing place or result ‘il position j ‘re process : imperfective the result : perfective impertective A crésnio cymny Ha cron 700 CTYA, K OKHY) am putting the bag on the table, -nder the chair, by the window A knapy KHVAry B oyMny. am putting the book in the bag. # eéuialo nanbTé B wiKac. am hanging the coat in the cupboard. ‘Dréy caxder cuina Ha néwagp. “he father is putting his son onto the horse. A nocrasun cymxy Ha cron | (nop cryn, K oxHy). | put the bag on the table, ! under the chair, by the window A nonoxsina KHiry 8 cyMKy. | I put the book in the bag. Sl nosécun nanbr6 8 wikacp. J hung the coat in the cupboard. ; OTéy nocagiin céina Ha nowanb. The father put his son onto the horse. Cymka ctoiit Ha ctoné (nog crynom, y oKHA). The bag is on the table, under the chair, by the window | Kura nexir 8 cyMKe, i The book is in the bag. | Manbr6 sucir 8 wkacby. The coat is hanging in the cupboard. Manbunk cnair Ha nowaan. The boy is on the horse. | A camyce Ha cryn. am sitting myself down on a chair. ‘DH noxkiaTCA Ha KpoBaTe. ~e is lying himself down on the bed. A acraio Ha cryn. am climbing up onto the chair. ‘cen na oryn "| sat down on a chair. On nér ta xposate. He lay down on the bed. | Flactan wa cryn I climbed up onto the chair. #1 ommy Ha cryne. Jam sitting on a chalr. | OH nexkiiT Ha KpoBaTu. He is lying on the bed. 51 croW Ha cryne. Lam standing on the chair. CONJUGATIONS cTosrs nexate eucéTe cunéte acto aneny a BML a OMY TeICTOMUe Tel MEX Tel BCI Tel CAML oni cToar on nexaT own Bucs ona canst imperfective perfective impertective crasyTe nocTasuTe xnacte xnan, -na, -no. FOTOBMTbEA (to get ready) pAaosate (10 make someone happy) > panoBareca (to rejoice) CONJUGATION The particle -ca (or -ck) is always placed at the end of the verb form: after a consonant: -cx, after a vowel: - ce ayuyeh Moi yun oH yuiinca Tel YYMUIbCA Bb YuuTech ova yuna on yunren oun yuaren OHM yUATMe TRUE REFLEXIVE VERBS: the subject is the same as the object ogesdtben (to get dressed), YMIBATDA (to wash), FOTOBKTEGA (to get ready), GpmTbGA (to shave), etc. Cecrpa nénro npwyécbisanace népen sépKanom. My sister spent a long time doing her hair in front of the mirror. + Itis important to note the difference when the suffix -ca is not present: ‘ofeBaTe (to dress someone) opesateea (to get dressed) Mat opepaer pe6éuea. Aonesawes. The mother dresses her child. 1 get dressed. RECIPROCAL VERBS: Action by more than one person. 3HaKOMMTBCA (to make each other's acquaintance), BCTPeYATbCA (fo Meet), YeNOBATBER (to kiss), oroBdpuBarbea (10 agree), CCOpUTEGA (fo argue), NOKEHITHCA (to get married), etc Bap6apa u A>xoH nosHakomunuee B Mocksé. Barbara and John got to know each other in Moscow. @ After these verbs you can use - C + the instrumental : Alacrpétunace c apyrom # Kacbé. Ona acernd coséryercn c MaMoiA J met a friend in the cafe. ‘She always asks her mother for advice. © eHVTBGA Ha KOM > fo marry someone (for men only) On okeHnca Ha Mogi CecTpé. He married my sister.el Ges 1 Give all the possible forms of the verbs yuureca, saHnmataes and yauenaTEca: 2 Choose the verbs to fill in the gaps and put them into the correct form: Example : —Kaxpoe ytpo a (yMbtsaTe /ybipaTeca) — Kaxkaoe yTpo A ymbiBaloc *-Ona aneraHTHo, (ogeBar’ / ojeBaTecA) 2-Mama, pe6énka. (ogesare / oneBaTeca) 3-Monogpie niogn____ ogo. (ogesar’ / oneparbca) £-Mama ropopit: “HyxKHo________ pykw nepen egoji.” (MbsTb / mbiTbca) #-Mana_______ es aye w nod. (Mbit / mbiTbca) -Cectpa______ Mnagwiero 6para. (ymbigaTb / yMbiBatica) ~~ Hawa KouKa nonro (ymbiears / ymbiBatsca) 3- Kak ponro te! _______! (npwuécbieare / npnuéceiareca) 3-Mama. Aouny. (npuyécuieare / npuvécoieatsca) 3 Fill in the gaps with the imperfective and perfective verbs and put them into the correct form: Example: — O6i4H0 A TOMbKO YTPOM, HO CerOpHA A. ytpom Beyepom.(6puTscA, nobpuTscA) — OGbI4HO si Bpeloce TOKO yTPOM, HO CeroAHA # NOBpunce yTPOM HM Be4EpOM, * -OGbi4Ho Mo” mnanuwnii Bpar_______ Megne#iHo, Ho ceroaia oH ZeicTpo. (onesareca, oneTbcA) 2-Kaxgoe ytpo Mets acraé sMbIBATBCA, YMbITDCA) _______naaetpaxaet, Ho suepa on we 3-Moa cectpa acerna ono, Ho ceroaua ona cnewmna 4 seb GpIcTPO.(npuvécbiBaTECA - npHMecaTbCA) +-O6bivHo a cHavana_________, anorom_________ acerogiisn, Hao6opor, piavana_________, anorom SpuTbca - noGpHTsca, npuscbiBaTbc - npA¥ecaTbcA) 3- Kora # BcTaio, # chavana BbinuBato YaUIKy Kocbe M TONbKO NoTOM __ = — YMBIBaTECA, YMbITHCA) 85OTHER VERBS IN- CA © = + Verbs that have only the — CA form: cmesirica (to laugh) comHeBaTb6A (to doubt) Hagéarbca (to hope), etc. “ Verbs that have both forms: yawensirs (fo surprise someone) BONHOBATE (to Worry someone) GecnoKOnTe (to trouble someone) pagosate (to make someone happy) 06'KaTS (to upset, offend someone) He sonnyiitece, sca 6yzer 8 nopsaKe! Don't worry, everything will be alright! ‘@ Verbs that cannot have an object: HaunHaTbca (to begin) SaKpbiBdTbea (to close) ApopomKétecs (to continue) Yp6k Haunnderoa 8 9 vacée yrpa. The lesson begins at nine o'clock in the morning. Ocropéxto! [laépn saxppiediorcal Be careful! The doors are closing! {in the metro) ‘ Verbs that end in - CA for no logical reason: yuliteos (to study, to be a student) yarieKaTbca (to have a passion for something) Popiitbcs (to be born) ‘octapareca (to remain) A zarmmdioce cnéptom. | take part in sport. ‘ Verbs that indicate a change of state: yBeniunsareca (to get bigger, to increase) NOBbIWATECA (to rise, to increase) Temneparypa noabiuierca The temperature is rising. ynbiGArbcA (to smile) Gostteca (to be frightened of) YAMBniiTECA (to be surprised) BoNHOBATBEA (to be worried) Gecnoxoutsca (to be troubled) paposareca (to rejoice), o6KaTECA (to be upset), etc... KOHYATBCA (to finish) OTKPBIBATECA (to open) >Kuaib npogomKderca! Life goes on! 3aHMMaTbCA (to spend time doing something) ‘owMBaTECA (to make a mistake) nOnb30BaTbCA (to use) BepHyTbCA (to return), etc. Bot ownGnuce. You have made a mistake. YMeHbUATBCA (to get smaller, to decrease) HoHWKdTECA (to fall, to decrease), etc. Hacenéuve Mockati 6ticrpo yaerimuneaetca, The population of Moscow is rising fast. 86Se Pasa) 1 Use the appropriate reflexive verbs to fill the gaps and put them into the correct form: Example : — B Mocxse # CMaBeCTHbIM pyccKHM nucaTemeM. 2-aKOMMTECSI—fosHakOMMTbCA) — B MocKBe # nlosHaKOMHNcAC M3BECTHBIM PYCCKAM nicaTeneM. - "ge Mbt 2aetpa? —flasaiire__ __ Tam, rae Mbt 26b4Ho___, 8 “Pyecxom 6uctpo”. (scrpeuaTbca - BcrpeTuTbCA) 2+ D6biuHo marasnH 8 8 vacos yrpa n___ 8 8 vacos seyepa, Ho avepacH_____——— sp Quacopytpau__8 7 uacos sevepa. TKPBIBATECA - OTKPLITECA, 3AKPLIBATBCA - SaKPbITEOA). 1+ Moa keapTupa Ha TpeTbem oTaxe, OGbIHO Rr recTumye newikom. Ho BYepa y MeHs Gtina TaxEnan cyMKaM saa ninco. 7OgHMMaTECA - NOpHATECA, CyckaTbCA - cnycTHTSCA) 2 Answer the questions using the words in brackets: Example: — 3astpa y Te6a caans6a. Te! sonnyeuibca? - fla, a HemHoro, — fla, # HemHoro sonHyioce. + - Baptpa y Ta0ero cbina aksameH. OH BonHyeTCA? = 2 -Tovemy Tol ynbiGaeubca?—A____, noromy 4ro y Mevia xopouiee HacTpoeHne. 2 - "Bos ela BonTca TeMHoTE? - Her, ota Hero He. -“eicmennca, Korda cMoTpen STOT bun? - OBbIHO A He. . Korna eMoTpio KoMeaM, ~ - Sto nyctas nanka. 2 Complete the sentences, using the short forms of the adjectives in bracket: Example: Mon cectpa______(kpacnesii). > Mos cectpa xpacusa ~ Ha paGore Oner oBbiwHo__. (Gon ptttt n Bec nt). 2 - Ero eva acerga : 4 __.(ga6oTmetsl, cnoKorHbst AHEXHBIM). 2 - Kora y Hero poqunica peGSHoK, oH Gbin__(cuactnesii). + Baum coperbi Ana MeHA ONeHb (nonesteii). £- Peub stro nonuTnKa u (noHsrTHEIH W BbipasHTenbHbii). 2 - Cayxka 8 mannynn (onacetsii u tpyaHea). --OnoueH Hat Tua (noxoxui). KWH (npexpacHbiiiv yaueuTenbHbii)! 3 Complete the sentences, using the short form of the adjective in brackets: + - Bel xotuTe ectb?— Her, cnacn6o, a_____(cpsreai). 2+ Tet campo scém_____(emtosaresi). 3+ BoTom nnatbe ova bina ocoBeHHo (kpacnanii) +-3rasanaua _(1pyAHbIit) ana crygeHTa nepaoro Kypca. £-O6eneujsHe_______(rotosnii. £-3ro oven. _ (uaTepectti). ~- Sra nctopma ove (near) :-Ero sHanna a oto oGnacruHe —________(rny6oxuit). otFLEETING VOWELS When there are two consonants together at the end of the stem of the long adjective, then a «fleeting» -O or -E (-E) is inserted in the masculine short form: GniiaKuii (close byj> GnaoK, AOnTUii (long) > A6Nor, GEAMBIM (pooh > GéneH fleeting vowel : -O fleeting vowel : -E (-E) before -K- before-H HinaKnii (low) > witsox GonbHon (il) > Gonen @rKuiA (light, weight) nérox BpégHbiit (harmful, bad for you) > spenen cnaguni (sweet) > cndgoK nonéskbii’ (useful) > nonésen TOHKUI (thin) > TOHOK ‘TPYAHbIi (difficult) > TpypeH anni (narrow) yaox HYKHBIM (necessary) > HyPKeH But: nénneit (ful) > ndnoH, ropeKnii (bitter) > ropex, cmewHOi (funny) > cmewi6H © There is no fleeting vowel between -C and -T : npocr6ii (simple, easy) > npoct, nyoTom (empty) nycr TOncTeAit (fat, thick) Toner, witcTell (clean, pure) > 4ucT FUNCTION IN THE SENTENCE + Long adjectives can be used to qualify nouns or after certain verbs (6niT», crate...) Fl cmorpén wnrepécsbid cpus. | saw an interesting fm, ‘yn Gein nHTepécHtilt, The fm was interesting. + Short adjectives can only be used as predicative adjectives. ‘Sm ectpéun mHTepécHbl. These meetings are interesting. THE USE of long and short forms of adjectives. There is a slight difference in meaning: long form short form 1 -spoken language 1 - more literary, formal language Stor npumép unTepécHisl, Stor npumép ntepécen, This is an interesting example. This example is interesting. 2-for a permanent 2- for a temporary characteristic state Ob GonbHdi YenoBéx On 66neH, He is a sick man. He is ill. 3- a characteristic of the person 3- characteristic that depends on or object described exterior factors Sra ynuua yskas, a sta wupoKan, ‘Sra ynnua yakd ana WHTeHCHBHOrO ABMKGHIIA. That road is narrow, that one is wide. This road is narrow for heavy trafic. © With 370, always use the neuter short form: So nonstHo. That's understood. Sro 6eino ctpaHHo. twas strange. Sro 6yget xpos. That will be gooo © Certain adjectives have very different meanings in their long and short forms: Nywen - sensKndi nosr. Stu rycnw mute BeniiKn. Pushkin is a great poet. These shoes are too big for me. 92Wea PGs 1 Complete the sentences, using the short forms of the adjectives in brackets: ~ Srornupkak mHe________(koporii). 2+ OmoveHb (expo 3 + Ceemnii sogayx sam (nonesHeii), +- Bug store venopexa Obin_____(ypkaci) 3+ Pe68HOK Gbin oueH______(GonbHoi). $= Sei Guin (nycroi). > -Saxap____(spequiit) ana ay6os. -Onwe _—_(cornaceil) c sawn, 2 Complete the sentences, using the adjectives senux (large), man (small), wwpox (wide), y3ox (narrow) : > « Bam noaxopnr ator KocTio? — Her, KOCTIOM MHe. Maitre Ha pasmep veHbule, noxanylicra. 2-310 cnmuKoM Gonbuwioe nniaTbe, OHO MHe 2+ StH 6pioky Bam Bam Hy xen Consult pagmep. = - Toi He xoueIIb noMepitT® aTy 10Gxy? — 10Gxa Kpacnsan, Ho oro ManeHbKMii paaMep. Ova me 6yger—————— 3° Complete the sentences, using the short form or the long form of the adjectives: Example: Ox__enozex. Buepa on Guin Kak HuKoraa. (ect, Becen) On pecénpiii venosex, Buepa on 6tin Becen kak HiKorna. + yaKnii, yaox Isa Hawlero sloMa BbIxoAMNM Ha cTapyo___ynmuy. 2001 6bicTpo pacrér. Yrmybi 8 YeHTpe cranu________ ana Gonbuioro noToKa Maun. xyAois, xya; 6nepHni, Gnenen ‘cone BonesHi OH 6bin__ 0 6uin____4enogex ¢____ninujom. + GonbHoit, Gonen = 4@ noexan 8 BockpeceHbe Ha pbiGanky, NoTOMy 4To bin “lama, KTO Tako BeTepunap? - BeTepiHap -9T0 {OKTOP, KOTOPbIH NYT __ >kMBOTHIX. = meHaTblit, KeHaT Sor naBecTHEIl KypHANnCT NMUeT Cet Yac KHIry O NpoGeMax Zeituac on 8 uersépToili pas. — Mypkani, 4 Complete the sentences, using the short form or the long form of the adjectives: + -Qra kuwra Takan_—_ (ony i) 2+ Sto 6bino tax (exit i-AoveHb (np oni) Bawels paGoroA. + Yrero Guin oveHb—— (nosonttii) ing, F- Mbt pewwnu npogare Hay ________.____(crapas) mawiy. - Emy yoke cembgecat ner. OH ___(erapeiit) ana taknx nytewecrani 93Rey cores 30 ADVERBS | | - [Ov xopouis aHder pyccknit aatik. She knows Russian well. | ‘Adverbs are invariable, They can be divided into several groups, according to their meaning, ‘© Adverbs that indicate knowledge of a language are formed with the prefix NO- and the suffix - CkM : nlo-pycekw, no-cbpaluyacky, no-aHrnivicKM ~ Bei nonumdete no-pyceKu? — Do you understand Russian? — Bol untéete no-cbpahuy3cKn? — Do you read French? — Bot ropopirte no-alirnniicKW? — Do you speak English? ADVERBS OF QUALITY @ These answer the question «Kak?» (how?) “> They are formed by adding the suffix « © to the stem of the adjective: xopow + -nii > adjective Xopow + -6 > adverb SA nndeato (I can swim) xopowis / nndxo (well / badly). ‘Tht rosopituu (You are talking) TpOMKO / THXO (loudly / quietly). On uurder (He is reading) npaBUNbHO / HeNpABUNBHO (correctly / incorrectly). Ona paGoraer (She is working) Geictpo / mépneHHo (quickly / slowiy). Mbt nepesdqum (We are translating) BHUMaTeNbHO / HeEBHUMATENbHO (carefully / carelessly). On TaHuytor (They are dancing). Kpacitpo / HeKpacieo (beautifully / badly) ADVERBS OF QUANTITY AND DEGREE These answer the questions: ckénsko? (how many?) Hack6nbKo? (to what extent?) MHOrO (many, a fof) Mano (litle, few) HeMmH6ro (a litle) Nouri (almost, dueHD (very) CHVALIKOM (too much) 4yTe-4yTb (just a bit) etc... COBCEM (quite, entirely) “+ Muro can refer to either a verb or anoun: A paBorato MuGro. | work a lot. Y me@HA MHOro paGorol. / have a lot of work. + Ovens usually refers to either an adjective or an adverb, but can also be used with verbs of feeling and emotion: Ona O4eHb Kpaciiean KEHUIHHa. She is a very beautiful woman. OH 64eHb xopouid roBopitt No-pycckn. He speaks Russian very well. Moi cbiH 64eHb MHOrO HuTaeT. My son reads an awtul lot. FA 4ent mo6m rotons. | reaily like cooking. Y mens O4eHb Gonit ronosd. J have a very bad headache,eel 1 Answer the following questions: - ymuée cleverer AO6p-(vii) + ee D pobpée kinder xpache-(bii) +ee > kpaciaee more beautiful © Exceptions: XOPOUIi (good) > nyswe Monogoli (young) > monéxe nnoxon (bad) > xyxe rpomenii(/oud) = > rpomue néranit (light) > née axl (quiet) > Tue Hanna (low) > Howe Gonbwidi (big) =D GOnbWE BbICOKHIA (high) > abwe maneHbknit (smal) > MéHbWe Aopordit (dear, expensive) > —nopoxe GritaKnii (close) = > GrvoKe newéenih (cheap) > newéene Aanéxui (faraway) > panowe npocr6i4 (simple) > mpowe ry6oKnit (deep) > rny6xe Kopéranii (short > xopoue cnankni (sweet) > cnawe Coynénorm cnépar: YpoBerb xiaHi 8 Pocciy cran aEiwe unk HiKe? The sociologists are discussing: has the standard of living in Russia become higher or lower? Mocxed ceitudc wnuye, 4em 10 ner asda, ‘Moscow is cleaner now than 10 years ago. SENTENCE FORMATION The second item that is being compared can either be in the nominative case when preceded by «HEM», or can be in the genitive : Taos mauiina kpacgee, ¥em Mos. = Taos mawiia KpachBee Moéi, Your car is more beautiful than mine.sna) 1 Fillin the gaps with comparative constructions to make proper sense : + -Buactosujee apema yposeHb xv3HH 80 Opanyun_____—— pecaTb ner Hasan, 2 - Ceroqua Textonormueckne karacrpocpet npovexons parole. 3 - B nBaqYaTOM BeKe moan YnTaLOT B ReBATHAA\YATOM BeKe, +.B aaquarom BeKe moan ymupaioT oT paka panbwe. ~ B KoHUe ABAAYaTOrO Beka cbpaHuysbi NbioT BHA panbue. 4--Grwmnetom Ha tore Vranwn Mpownbim netoM. 2 Make comparisons between the people with comparative forms, as in the example : Example : Ata o¥eHb yma, - KoHeYHo, Ho HaTawa ymiee. * - AnekcaHpp o4eHb nexus. 2-Maua oyeHb o6uvTenbHas. 3 - Moa 6a6yuika oveH> Ao6pas. ieee eee eee ++ OH o4eHb rnyn. 3 -VTanbavkn o4eHb Kpacnedt. 3 Write a short note on the following topic : -2u want to buy a house in the North of Scotland. The estate agent makes two proposals. An old, but cheap -ouse, and a new house that is twice as expensive. What is your opinion? Make comparisons between the -wo properties. 4 Answer the questions : 1-Uro my6xKe: nyyka unn o3epo? 2- Kro monoxe: 6a6yuika wn BHy4Ka? 3-Uro Gonbiwe: AGnOKO WnM apby3? 4 Kakoii ropoa Gonbuwe: Mapix uni Mocksa? 5-Yro cnauje: anenbcnl un simon? 6- Uo Aopoxe: KBapTupa 8 YeHTpe Mockebt unl KBApTHpa B CraNbHOM paitoHe? 99ADJECTIVES : COMPOUND FORM of the comparative This form may be used for all adjectives exept “xopowiii, nnoxoli, Gonbuioi”. It must be used when the adjective needs to be declined. 6énee (more) + adjective, in the required gender, case and number wiTepécHuit — > Génee uHTepécHnalt (more interesting) TandiTnmean > Gdnee Tandktnupas (more talented) Sta cratbAGénee miTepécHan, 4eM CTaTbAB xKypHane «Okcnépr». This article is more interesting than the article in the magazine «Expert», @ méxee (less) + adjective, in the required gender, case and number vutepécHbit > méHee uHTepécHbti (less interesting) Tandtnsan > méHee TanaHTnnpas (less talented) On ménee Tandnrnnabin, tem ero oTel, He is less talented than his father. ADVERBS Adverbs that end in- 0 also have a comparative form. As a general rule, the comparatives of adjectives and adverbs are the same: THXO (quietly) > twe ato (early) > parowe GnvisKo (close) > Gniaxe TéapHo (later) > ndsxe Aanexé (far) > pdnowe ONTO (for @ long time) > AénbuIE moro (a lot) > G6nowe péaKo (rarely) > péxe mano (a bit) > méHewe acto (often) > vane Tie égews - aanbwie 6yaew The slower you go, the farther you'll get. Buepa a npnuién nésxe, 4M O6EI4HO, Yesterday | arrived later than usual. SENTENCE FORMATION : ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS The second item that is being compared can either be in the nominative case when preceded by «HEM» or can be in the genitive On ymude, 4em 9. = On ymHée MeHsi (He is cleverer than | am.) Stor knHoTearp 6nvoKe, 4em TOT. = Stor KnHOTeATp EnvoKe TOFS. (This cinema is nearer than that one). The form 4EM + NOMINATIVE must be used after compound comparatives, or when the adjective is in any case other than the nominative. Sra noésnka 6bind Génee ynd4Hoit, 4em noésaka 8 Axrnitio. This trip was more successful than the trip to England. 100Gala 1 Agree to the statements as in the example, using the genitive construction in your response : Example :- Mockea Gonbwe, vem Merepbypr. — fa, KoHe4HO, Mocksa Gonbwe Merep6ypra. ‘patuyackne aita Aopoxe, Vem MonqaacKne. 2 - 3onoTo Aopoxe, vem cepespo. Moi oTey crapwie, 4eM MOA MaTb, +- Knee apestee, 4em Merep6ypr. Kuralicnnii aabik cnokHee, 4em axrnuiicKni, AGnoKn Aewesne, vem BnHorpan ~ - Hatauia sapa6arbieaer Gonbue, vem e& Myx. 2 Disagree with the statements as in the example, using the genitive construction in your response : Example: — Benocunen 6pictpee, 4em aBTo6yc. — Uro Bot, aBTo6yc GbicTpee senocunena! - @ununn Kupkopos nonynspee, vem Maiikn pkexcoH. Mockaa-pexa 4nuye, em osepo Balikan. 3-Spmutax meHeule, YeM TpeTbaKoackas ranepes. +- Typ! netaror meanennee, vem GaGouKn, = - Mpenogasatent roBopnt no-pyccku xyxKe, 4eM CTYAeHT. 3° Give alternative versions of the following statement. Where possible use the genitive comparative construction and the simple comparative form : * - Bonra 6onee uimpokas, vem fHenp. - Domannace nero xyxe, 4em oceHe. 3- Conte Gonbue, vem Semna. + Pomalibi Typreesa Gonee Koporkve, Wem pomanl Toncroro. ~ Mloeanka Ha KaHapckve ocrpopa Gonee noporan, vem noeanka B BeHrpiio. 3-Vugua menpue, 4em Kuali 7 - Pycckni sabik npouje, YeM KATAVICKHA 101THE SUPERLATIVE The compound superlative cémpii (céman, cdwoe, cambie) + adjective Both «campiit» and the adjective used agree in gender, case and number : Osepo « Baiikin » — cémoe rny6dKoe d3epo B Miipe. Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world. Anna Nyrayéea— cdman nonynspHan neenua 6 Poccum 8 KoHYé XX BéKa. Alla Pugachova was Russia's most popular female singer at the end of the 20th century. © The superlative with a suffix stem of the adjective + - eMu-Wii (- aviwieni after K, I, X): YMH-(bil) + -enw > ymaérunin © This form is only used with adjectives that have a form of the comparative with a suffix, and its use is relatively limited, especially in the spoken language. But note the frequent everyday expressions below: Onin ws kpynéviwnx saB6n08 a Expéne. ‘One of the largest factories in Europe. Te Gnixdimian créHyna meTp6? Where is the nearest underground station? B npwpoge sboxuedior cunbHéhune. In nature, itis the strongest that survive. Vaiire no ynuue Teepckas. Sto kpaTuaiunit nyt k KpdcHor nnowanu. Take Tverskaya street. It is the shortest way to Red Square. © Exceptions : xOpownii (good) > ny4wnii (the best) ANOx6H (bad) > xyAUIM (the worst) Onér — nysuunit apyr Moéii cecrpes. Oleg is my sister's best friend. 102Eee eed 1 Make up sentences using superiatives as in the example : Example : A aymaio, 470 caMbii 3HaMeHUTBIA NONMTHK paHynn— 370 Llapnb Ae Fon. * -VosecTubii axrép STi) - 3HaMeHMTIM NONMTHK 2 - Bonbuwoli pmax Toncroro +-PlonynapHaa nesvua - Kpacnaas akrpuca = Mloporoiiropon - SHameHueii pectopaH 2 -urepechas npocbeccns #- Bonbuiol myaeit 2 The same exercise : * -Kpacnsoe nm 2-TnyGoKoe osepo 3- Anmnnan pera - Buicokas ropa 5-VissectHbili 6anet YalikoecKoro 5-Borarbie crpanei mupa 7 Jlyawian KocmernKa 3- Suamennrolii cbpaHuyscknit xyOxHIK 9- Buycntte KoHtpeTb 103cRELE-CORES 32 DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 3TOT, 3TAa, 3TO, 3TH... TOT, Ta, TO, Te 3ToT Aom ‘StakeapTipa STovonbué StH OOM | this/that house this/that flat thisthat ring these people | | ToTuenosék Ta AéByuika TO OKHO Tenpo6némer | (that person that girl that window those problems | DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 3ToT (masc.), 3TA (fem.), 3T0 (neut.), 37M (plur) are used to indicate objects that are close to somebody or are close in time. Tor (masc.), TA (fem.), To (neut.), TE (plur.) are used for objects that are further away. ‘Sra Gryjaxa criuikom poporda, a Ta (Gnyjaka) mie He Waér. This blouse is too expensive, and that one doesn't suit me. THE DECLENSION OF DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Demonstrative pronouns agree in gender, number and case with the noun to which they refer: B To Bpéma Kata xuna Mapioxe. At that time Katya was living in Paris. AA ropopiin 06 3tom ctyaéHte. / was talking about this student. Ana kyniina 31H KHiirn e4epa. Anna bought those books yesterday. Demonstrative pronouns can be used on their own if the noun referred to has already been mentioned : — Sta cymxa v3 KOK? ~— = Is this bag made of leather? — Ala, Sta ws Koxu — Yes, this one is leather. —Ata? — And that one? —Ta TOxKe v3 KOK. — That one is leather too. MASCULINE NEUTER FEMININE PLURAL nominative | sor tor aro 10 ora Ta am te genitive Store Tord Sto Toh am Tex | dative Sromy Tomy | ston TO orm Tem accusative | gor tor Sto 10 ary y am Te animate | Storo tore | — - - 7 | ame rex instrumental nm Tem sroh ton | Stn rémm prepositional rom Tom Sto Tot | Srux Tex © Inthe masculine singular and masculine, feminine and neuter plural, demonstrative pronouns obey the animatefinanimate rule. —Tet aviaMuib Storo NenoBéKa? ——— Can you see that man? —Tet Baul STOT 2oM? ~ Can you see that house? 104[Demonstrative pronouns (aoa) 1 Fill in the gaps with appropriate demonstrative pronouns : 1-________knura untepecuaa 2-Henoxynaiire_____ autvo. 3-[laiite mite, noxanyiicra, —kapaxpau. 4~ Mbt xyniann __—konsyo e Slorqone. 5-____eygenen xopouio rosopsr no-cppakuyscku. 6-____ bunt craptie. 7-____uenokex - mois apyr. 2 Ask questions according to the example : Example: Sto rpammatua. Y Te6a ect 91a TpammaraKa? 1-910 KypHan. 2-3t0 kaccetel. 3-310 cox. 4-30 auno. 5- ST0 Ayxn. 6 - STO kHura. 3 Put the words in brackets into the correct form : 1-Mbi oGenann 8 (ror pecropan). 2-Movemy abi kynann_____ fara Gnyana), ane ___(ra)? 3-Bei angen. _____ (ator ¢banem)? 4-Mérp xune (oT0r ropoa) aBaauate ner. 5-4T0 oH Aymaer 06 (ta nponema)? 6-Haw otc Haxogurcaa_________(oto sane), ane ____(o). Tea o1|MOuy = eee ee Ren eee (sTOT,TODT) Hee =e (eT0 nmpomtoe). 8-TeisHaewe (a0 manbunn)? 9+ Tol sHakomc__________ (stor 4enosex)? 105CREE CORES 33 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS CBOWU, CBOS, CBOE, CBO, CEBA | On md6uT cBOW CeCTpY. He loves his sister. A May K CGE AOMOM. I’m going home. | l Kak Bbi ce6si UyacTeyeTe? How do you feel? CBOH (masc.), CBOA (fem.), CBOE (neuter), CBOM (plur.) (ONE’S OWN) CB6i (cBosi, cBOé, CBO), is used when the subject of the sentence and the owner of the object are the same person. On notepsn cBow cembid Bo BpPéMA BOMHE!. He lost his family during the war. For the first and second person, the use of caoi (cBos, B08, cBoli), is preferred, but is not obligatory: A nw6ni Mow Mamy. | love my mother. > A mio6Mid cBot MaMy. | love my mother. BOI (cBosi, CBO’, cBoN) makes it possible to differentiate between the possessor and the subject of the sentence : Onda m06uT cBoerd Gpata. She loves her brother. (her own brother) Ona nio6uT e& pata. She loves her brother. (someone else's brother) “+ CBON (cBos, CBO’, cBOM) cannot be used in the nominative, except in constructions like: Y Heré eCTb CBOA KBapTHpa. He has his own flat. Y Kéxgoro caoi xapakrep. Everyone has his own character. ‘+ CBOM (CBOs, cB08, CBON) declines in the same way as «moi» and «TBOl». Al udcto scnomundto cBOMX Apy3éii. | often remember my friends. Ona pacckdsbipana 0 cB0ém noéspKe. She was talking about her journey. CEBA (ONESELF) + ce6si can only refer to the subject of the sentence. AHTOH ayMaeT TOnbKO 0 Ce6E. Anton only thinks of himself. + ce6sihas no nominative form, it cannot be the subject of a sentence, and it does not vary according to gender or number. It has only the following forms genitive On Gein y ce6si 8 KoMHaTe. Ho was in his room. dative Ona kynvina ce6é Gnysky, a emy ranctyk. She bought herself a blouse and bought him a tie. accusative 51 sHdna ceGsi cniiwKom xopows. knew myself too well, instrumental Bi HeAOBSNbHEI COBH? Are you upset with yourself? prepositional Oni He m6ar rosopiire 0 ce6é u 0 cs0éi paGére. They don't like talking about themselves o- about their work. + Common expressions that use «ce6a» uyecTBoBaTe ce6s (to feel yeépen B ces (to be sure of oneself) BEIIITH 13 CEG (fo go beserk) Tpencraensitl ce6é (to imagine) BecTi ce6s (to behave) 106Deen se , «4x», changing the forms as necessary. 1 Fillin the gaps with «cBoi», «ero», «eé Give alternatives where possible : * = DpkoH o4eH» moGuT___ pogo ropoa, PoaHoli ropoq Haxogmcs Ha cesepe Amepukn. 2-Tpeteskos nogapun___ konnexuwio pyccxoro uekyccrea Mockse. Konnekyna Gaia RHO 1a caMbIx uKTepecHbIX KONTeKYMA B PoccHn, 3-Boio__>kva##b oH npoxun Ha Bonre, 4- Amepnkanupi Hassan. mmasHtilt KaHonpua «Ockap». 3 -Tlapuca gana mie ___ Tenerpou. 3- Ona mou nporpeceno, npocbeccnio oHa BbiGpana cama. 7- Onnorepan knioun 3—Onn4acto ecnommalor______noesnky 8 Vranuvo. 2 Fill in the gaps with «ceoi, «ero», «eé», according to the example : Example : — AHTOH NosHakOMiAn TeGA CO CBOeI KHOI? — A AABHO HAKOM C ero xeHO!. * - Tbi igen ero KonMeKuWio MKOH? — Her, OH MHe Hixkoraa He NoKasbiBan 2- Avapeli pacckasbiean TeGe 0 caoém nonyrae? — fla, A mHoro pas cnbiwian 3- Molt 6par He m06urT roBopiTt O caoMx OWHGKAX. — HixkTO He mH0GUT rOBOPUTE O. - Ona ana Te6e caoio uauTHyio KaprouKy? — fla, y MeHs| ecTb 3-Mve kaxercs, Mawa norepana ceon knioun. — Her, @ engena | OHM nexaT Ha crone. 3-Te6e Hpasitca necHa Sant Mach «KuaHb B pos0BOM YBeTe»?— MHe HpaBATcA BCE 7 - Jena npnsesna ua Napinxa ace cau seuj?— fla, mbi nomornn eli nepesestn 3° Fill in the gaps with «ce6a» in the correct form : +. Kak abl___syacrayere? 2-Mononpie nionn acto He yeepeHbi 8. 3- Mon ppysba kyninna keapmpy. 4-Cepreii pewnn asst c___._... . ..... ByTewecTene pomaH Bynrakona «Macrep m Mapraputa». 5-Mpenonasarent npurnacun Hac K Brocry, 4 The same exercise : 1 - Kak uyacreyer saa xeHa? 2-Baui pe6éHok He ymeer_________ sec 3-Mvwenb He moGun pacokasbipate 0 4-Ox nocmotpen Ha. 8 3epkano. 5-Asakasan pui6y, a P>Kon saKazan Gucpusrexc. 107CREA CoRES 34 ADJECTIVAL PRONOUNS BECb, KAKObIN, BCAKUN, NKOBON | Bee snéior Sroro apricTa, u Kamp xoueT nondcTe Ha 6rd KOHUEPT. | Everyone knows this artist, and they all want fo go to his concert BECb ALL (MASC.), BCA ALL (FEM.), BCE ALL (NEUT.), BCE ALL / EVERYONE (PLUR.) This word agrees in gender, number and case with the noun that it qualifies : Alpa6oran sect aeHb. A cnénan ecé ynpaxnénne. worked all day. have done the whole exercise. Bos ntcbopmausis 8 KoMnbiorepe. Si npouuran ace kuru Toncréro. All the information is in the computer. | have read all of Tolstoy's books. Declension : the plural is the same for all three genders : j ~jmasculine; neuter | feminine; plural | | Nominative {sect ! ace (8a | ee! | t t | i | Genitive cero ; Boe | BEX | Dative Bcemy | sce | Beem i | Accusative ‘sece | aca | aco \ ace ! i Animate |pcero* | Hl 1 ecex* | | Instrumental Beem | een | acm | I t 1 | Prepositional Bcém | ace $ Bcex | | ed aneeccenees Itt pet eretree | Oe cerca el eee ! * Beero and ecex are used with animate nouns. ' Buepa 9 nosBoHiin acem Apy3bsiM. Cecrpa 6ticrpo cnénana Bot poMaulHtoro pabory Yesterday | rang all my friends. My sister did all her housework quickly. Bu! o6cyaiinn Stor Bonpéc co BCéMH KonNéraMH? Have you discussed this matter with all your colleagues? + acé and ace can also be used on their own : Bee cmotpénn Stor bun. Bui acé nonann? Everyone has seen that film. Have you understood everything? Sépkano MOxHO KyniiTb 8 marasiHe “Be& ana gma’. You can buy a mirror in the shop «Everything for the home». 108CCS ced Tn PI 1 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate form of the pronoun «secb» : 1-Buepa Alb A oTAbIxan 2-Anossounn _ Mom apyabem, oBcyaun c HHMI NocnegHne HoBocTH, 3-__sumy 6ino oven xonopHo. 4- Ox rosopun komnninmeret ____sHakombim eBywikam. 5+ Moii apyr—reonor, Ox esqurno_______crpane. 2° The same exercise : 1-Mbi pewnnu npirnacurh Apyaet Ha yuan, 2- Skonormueckan karacpotba- ato npoGnema__________enogevectaa. 3- Boom xypHane MOO NpoYUTaTe O60 4-Oxrogopu Ha___ eaponeftckux aatikax. 3 - A xuey 8 Mckee >xMOHD, 3 Use «sec» instead of «kakabiiim, as in the example : Example : Kaxaeit xynun Gunet 8 Bonbuoi Tearp. Bce kynunn Gunes! a Bonbwok Tarp. 1 - Kankabili xovet oTAbIXaTb NeTOM. 2- He Kankgpili MoxeT cTaTb YeMnMOHOM. 3- B KaxKqOM paiioHe ecre wkona. 4+ Oxono Kaxkgol4 WkKonbI ecTS cnopruBHaa nnouwjanKa 5- Kapil venosek AomKeH coBmonaTe 3aKoHbL 6 - B kaxkgoii cTpatie ects MHTepecHbie TPARMUWAN. 7-Mbi BHUMaTenbHo npoUMTaNH KAaDKAbIit NYHKT KOHTpaKTa. 4 Fill in the gaps with the appropriate form of the pronoun «sect» : 4- On ainan _—_monoxo. 2-Apaboran_________neglenio Ges abixoaHbix. 3-TMouemy Thi He xoYelb NOViTH B KUMHO BMecTe co = 2 4-Sra axrpyca____xwaHip nocastuna tearpy. 5- On oven uHTepechtii YenoBeK, C HAM MOXKHO roBOpHTs O60 6-Asvawo—________rpoxos atoro xny6a. 7-BoTom MarasMie Bbi MoxeTe KynuT_____, WTo. BaM Hy:KHO. 8-Anpowran ______kwrw storo nucatena 109KAKQbIM, KAKDAA, KAKQOE, KAXKObIE EACH, EVERY @ Kankqpiit declines in the same way as an adjective. Kékayto cy666ry a xony 8 Tedp. Every Saturday | go to the theatre. On sHaxémuros cKéKaon cumnaTi4Hol péBywKoK, KoTépyo BAHT B Kacbé. He gets to know every pretty girl he sees in the cafe. Kaxapiit is usually used in the singular. “+ Except when the noun that it refers to has no singular form : KéKAbIE CYTKH every 24 hours ‘And except when used with cardinal numbers kéxnble ABA AHA every two days THE USE OF : NIOBOM, BCAKMM and KAKAbIA @ mio66i4 = any (you choose) Kynit mio6yjio kHirry, kakdsi TEBE HpaBuTeA. Buy any book you like. Bi MOxkeTe MHe SB0HiITb B n1066e BpéMA. You may telephone me at any time. @ ecrKnii = all sorts of On pacckéabiean Boake niTepécHite HcTOpHA He told us all sorts of interesting stories. @ kaxabii = Bce Kéaxqeiit rocts nonapiin me yseret. Each of quests gave me flowers. Bee rocru nogapiinn mie yseTe All the guests gave me flowers @ In certain contexts : K&KAbIN = m066H = BCAKMH = BCe Sto sHder KaKABIA. Sto mo66ii 3HAeT. Sro posKni sider. Bee Sto stator. Remember : Ha ecskuit cnysait. In any case (one never knows). Ha acsknii cnyuait aoabmn AéHimH. Take the money, justin case. 110