Competitive inhibition- the inhibitor molecules physically resembles the natural

substrate, and occupies the active site (racefor the spot)

-Not permanent, when it is moved out, the substrate is allowed to bind and produ
ce product
-Can be "flooded out" by adding more substrate than inhibitors (inc. concentrati
on), or by reducing inhibitors
-Can adjust the rate of a certain process (cells make it to control processes)
-Is reversible
-Ex. Ethanol is a compeititive inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase
*Keeps mthanol from being broken down into formaldehyde and formic acid
-Ex. In bacteria (not humans), DHPS catalyzes the conversion of p-aminobenzoic a
cid into folic acid
*Sulfa drugs like sulfanilamide are inhibitors of DHPS; bacteria die, but hum
ans are unaffected
Noncompeitive inhibition- the inhibitor molecules binds to the enzyme ina place
other than the active site (binds to an "Allosteric site")
-Shape of the active site changes, substrate can no longer bind to the active si
te
-If change in enzyme completelely preents substrate binding, increasing substrat
e concentration have no effect
-Only way to fight this is to decrease the number of inhibitors
-Is reversible
Nucleic Acids:
Two types: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
-Serve as information storage
The monomers of nucleic acids are nucleotides
-Has base, sugar, and phosphate groups
Number, labeling,a nd naming convention
-Nitrogenous bases: number regularly
-Sugar: use "'" after number (pronounce as prime). ex. 1', 2'
*Both parts are called nucleoside (sugar and base together)
Nucleoside + 1 phosphate = nucleoside monophosphate
Nucleoside + 2 phos. = nucleoside diphosphate . . . . . . . tri
THe nucleotides of DNA and RNA differ in two ways:
-BASES- Pyrimidines: uracil, cytosine, thyine (SINGLE RINGED STRUCTURES)
-BASES- Purines: adenine, guanine (DOUBLE RINGED STRUCTURES)
1. DNA has both purines and cytosine and thyine (A, G, C, T)
RNA has purines and uracil and cytosine (A, G, C, U)
-All nucleotides in a DNA chain have the same 5-carbon sugar and a phosphate gro
up (RNA as well)
* THat's why we can call a nucleotide by its base
2. DNA: has a deoxyribose 5-carbon sugar (Has H at it's 2' carbon)
RNA: has a ribose 5-carbon sugar (Has OH at its 2' carbon)
SUmmarizing nucleic acid properties (DNA)
-DNA monomers are called deoxyribonucleotides (or deoxyribonucleoside triphospha
tes =dNTPs)
-Usually double stranded
SUmmarizing..... RNA
-RNA monomers are called ribonucleotides (or ribonucleoside triphosphates =NTPs
[no r!])
-Usually single stranded
POlymerization of nucleic acid:
-Every new macromolecule are put together with condensation -> phosphodiester li
nkage
*Link 5' phosphate group of the incoming nucleotide to the 3' hydroxyl ( in t
he carbon group in the sugar molecule) of the recieving nucleotide
-Need a triphospate in order to break two of the phosphate off to get the energy
needed to link the phosphate group to the hydroxyl group
-Builds from 5' to 3'

Lipids:
Defined by a physical property,not a chemical structure
-Insolubility in water
Vary widely instructure
WE will focus on three primary functions, and four primary types of lipids:
-Energy storage: trigycerides
-Biomembrane componmetns: phospholipids/gycolipids
-Chemical signaling: steriods
Glycerol and fatty acids