1.

) Q1 = 4 C Q2 = 1C

a = 60 cm . Q3
Q1 Q2 1.1, ()
.

1.1

Q1 Q3 , Q3 Q2
-. 1.2
Q3 .

1.2
r
r
F13 F23 Q3 , ,

Q3 , .
r
r
F13 F23 .:
r
r
F13 = F23
k

Q1 Q 3
x2

=k

Q 2 Q3 .

(1.1)

(a x ) 2

,
. (1.1) :
Q1
x

Q2
(a x )

Q1 ( a x ) 2 = Q 2 x 2

Q1
(a x ) 2 = x 2 4 (60 x ) 2 = x 2 .
Q2

(1.2)

 1.2 x 2 160 x + 4800 = 0 : x 1 = 40 cm

x 2 = 120 cm . Q3 Q1 Q2 , 60 cm,
x 1 = 40 cm .
2.) 50 cm.
r = 5
?
:
r
r
QQ
k Q1 Q 2
: FVAZDUH = k 2 1 2 FULJE =
.
2
r rULJE
rVAZDUH

1
2
rVAZDUH

1
rULJE =
2
r rULJE

2
rVAZDUH

= 500 cm = 22.36 cm .

(2.1)

3.) Q1 = 1C , Q2 = 2 C Q0 = 1C
3.1. ,
r = 3 cm .

3.1
:
r
r
r
F0 F10 F20
r
r
3.2, F10 F20 .

 3.2
:
r
QQ
Nm 2 1 10 6 C 1 10 6 C

= 10 N
F10 = k 1 2 0 = 9 10 9
r
C2
9 10 4 m 2
.
2
6
6
r
Q2 Q0

Nm
2
10
C
1
10
C
= 9 10 9

F20 = k
= 20 N
2
r
C2
9 10 4 m 2

(3.1)

,
:
r
F0 =

r 2 r
F10 + F20

= 100 + 400 = 10 5 22.36 N .

(3.2)

3.1, .
3.2 :
r
F20
tg = r = 2 = arctg(2) = 1.1071 rad = 63.44 o .
F10

(3.3)

r
r
r
F2 Q2 F02 F12
3.3, .

3.2

 :
2
r
Q0 Q2
1 10 6 C 2 10 6 C
9 Nm
=

= 20 N
F02 = k
9
10
r2
C2
9 10 4 m 2
.
2
r
Q1 Q 2
2 10 6 C 1 10 6 C
9 Nm
= 9 10

= 10 N
F12 = k
2
C2
18 10 4 m 2
r 2

(3.4)

( )

r
45 o , F12
r
r
FX FY :
r
r
r
FX = FY = F12 cos 45 o = 5 2 N .
(3.5)
r
r
, F02 FY
r
r
r
F2 V . F02 FY

:
r
r
r
F2 V = F02 + FY = 20 + 5 2 N 27 N .

(3.6)

r
r
F2 H FX . 3.3
.

3.3

:
r
F2 =

r
F2 H

r
+ F2 V

(5 2 )

+ 27 2 = 50 + 729 = 779 28 N .

(3.7)

3.3, .
3.2 :
r
FH 5 2
5 2
) = 0.256 rad = 14.67 o .
tg = r =
= arctg(
27
27
FV

(3.8)

r
3.4 , F1 .
r
F1 = 18.4 N = 0.39 rad = 22.6 o .

3.4

4.) Q
, 4.1. Q0

?

4.1
:

:
r
r
r
QQ
Q2
F12 = F23 = F13 = k 2 = k 2
a
a

(4.1)

r r
4.2. F1 , F2
r
F3 ,
4.2.

 ,
.

4.2
:
r
r
r
Q2
Q2 3
3kQ 2
=
.
F1 = F2 = F3 = 2k 2 cos 30 o = 2k 2
a
a 2
a2

(4.2)

, ,
Q0 ,
.
, ,
,
. 4.3
Q0 .

4.3

 : l =

2
2 3
3
h=
a=
a ,
3
3 2
3

h . Q0

:
r
r
r
r
Q0 Q
3kQ 2
3kQ 2

=
FQ Q = F1 = F2 = F3 =
k
a2
a2
l2
.
Q0
Q
3

= 3 2 3 Q0 = 3 Q Q0 =
Q
3 2
3
a
a
9
0

Q 0

(4.3)

Q
3

, ,

, .

5.) Q1=Q Q2=9Q je 9 cm.

?
:
5.1
C r1 .

5.1
, C
,
. :
r
r
Q
9Q
1
9
2
2
9r1 = 81 18r1 + r1
E1 = E 2 k 2 = k 2 2 =
2
(9 r1 )
r1
r2
r1
.

(5.1)

8r1 + 18r1 81 = 0

r1=2.25 cm r2= - 4.5 cm,

.

6.) Q=10 pC. UBA

6.1.

:
:
VA = k

Q
10 11
9
= 9 10 9
= 10 2 = 36V
4
rA
25
25 10

10 11
Q
= 100V
V B = k = 9 10 9
rB
9 10 4

(6.1)

: U BA = V B V A = 64V .

7.) ) S=120 cm2 d=0,5 cm.

.
) S=100 cm2
C=50 pF,?
) C=100 pF r = 7 .
d = 0,5 cm ?
:
a)

8.) 8.1 :
) P;
) P.
: C1=1pF, C2=2pF, C3=3pF C4=4pF.

8.1
:
) 8.2.

8.2
C1 C3, C2 C4 :

C13 i C24 :

) 8.3.

 8.3
C1 C2, C2 C4, :

C12 C34:

9.) 9.1, 9.2 9.3.

)

C = 2 F

9.1
: ) C e = 1.25 F ;

C1 = C 2 = 300 pF

C1 = 2 pF , C 2 = 4 pF

C 3 = C 4 = C 5 = 600 pF

C 3 = 3 pF

C 6 = 1.2 nF

C 4 = C 5 = 1 pF

9.2
) C e = 480 pF ; ) C e = 1 pF .

9.3

10.) C 0,75mm.
, 1,8mm,
. .
:
C1 = 0

S
d1

C 2 = 0 r

C1 = C 2 0

S
d2

S
S
= 0 r
d1
d2

r =

d2
1.8
=
= 2.4 .
d 1 0.75

11.) CAB 11.1 11.2.

)

11.1

11.2

:
) 11.1 ,
. D E,
11.3. ,
. B D.
11.4.
C AB = C + C + C = 3C .

11.3

11.4

) 11.2 11.5.
2 :

C AB =

2C 3C 6
= C.
2C + 3C 5

11.5

12.) 12.1 : C1 = 4 nF , C 2 = 2 nF , C 3 = 3 nF ,
U = 18 V .
a) C 2 .
) C 3 C 2 ?

12.1
:

)
. C1 C 2 ,
.
C12 = C1 + C 2 = 6 nF . 12.2.

 12.2
C12 C 3 U , U 12 U 3
,
Q. :
U 12 + U 3 = U = 18
C12 U 12 = C 3 U 3 = Q

.
U 12 = 6 V , U 3 = 12 V .

Q 2 = C 2 U 12 = 2 nF 6 V = 12 nC .
) C 2 C 3 U 3 = 12 V .
C 2 , U12
. , .
U = U 3 = 18V . 12.3.

12.3

13.)
: C1 = 1 F , C 2 = 2 F , C 3 = 3 F , C 4 = 4 F , C 5 = 5 F , C 6 = 6 F E 1 = 100 V .
)

13.1

13.3

13.2

) :

13.4

C 45

C C
20
= 4 5 =
F
C 4 + C5
9

13.6

13.5

C 345 = C 3 + C 45 =

47
F
9

1
1
1
1
150
=
+
+
=
C e C1 C 2 C 345 94 F
Ce =

94
F
150

C 45 C 3 , .
13.5 ,
13.6.

13.6

 C1 , C 2 C 345 :
C1 U1 = C 2 U 2 = C 345 U 345
U1 + U 2 + U 345 = E1

C
C
18
U1 = 2 U 2 = 2U 2 , U 345 = 2 U 2 =
U2
C1
C 345
47
2U 2 + U 2 +

18
U 2 = E 1 = 100 V
47

4700
V
159
9400
U1 = 2U 2 =
V
159
18
18 4700 1800
U 345 =
U2 =

=
V
47
47 159
159
U2 =

, 13.7, U 3 = U 345 =

13.7
, :
C 4 U 4 = C5 U 5
U 4 + U 5 = U 345

C
5
U4 = 5 U5 = U5
C4
4
5
1800
U 5 + U 5 = U 345 =
V
4
159
4 1800
800
U5 =
V=
V
9 159
159
1000
U4 =
V
159

1800
V.
159

) :

13.8

13.9

C 56 = C 5 + C 6 = 11 F

C 456 =

13.11

13.10

C 3456 = C 3 + C 456 =

C 4 C 56
44
=
F
C 4 + C 56 15

89
F
15

1
1
1
1
282
=
+
+
=
C e C1 C 2 C e 89 F
Ce =

89
F
282

13.12,
13.10, .

13.12
13.12 :

C1U1 = C 2 U 2 = C 3456 U 3456

U1 + U 2 + U 3456 = E1

C
C2
30
U1 = 2 U 2 = 2 U 2 , U 3456 =
U =
U
C1
C 3456 2 89 2
30
2 U 2 + U 2 + U 2 = E1 = 100 V
89
8900
U2 =
V
297
17800
U1 = 2U 2 =
V
297
30
30 8900 3000
U 3456 =

=
U =
V
89 2 89 297
297

13.8 13.13
: U 3 = U 3456 =

3000
V.
297

13.13
C 4 C 56 :
C 4 U 4 = C 56 U 56
U 4 + U 56 = U 3456

C
11
U 4 = 56 U 56 = U 56
C4
4
11
3000
V
U 56 + U 56 = U 3456 =
4
297
4 3000
800
V=
V
U 56 =
15 297
297
2200
V
U4 =
297

U 5 = U 6 = U 56 =

354

C5

C6

800
V.
297
7080

1440

600

840

1180

) C e =
F , U1 =
V , U3 = U 4 =
V , U5 =
V , U6 =
V .
V , U2 =
485
97
97
97
97
97

14.) Q1 Q2 C1 i C2 14.1
S 1 2.
.

14.1
:

S 1, C1
14.2. C2 U,
Q '2 = C 2 U 2 = C 2 U .
2, , C1
C2. 14.3 U 12 .
,
Q '2 .
:

Q1'' Q '2'
=
= U 12
C1 C 2
Q1'' + Q '2' = Q '2 = C 2 U

C
Q1'' = 1 Q '2'
C2
C 1 ''
C
C + C2
Q 2 + Q '2' = ( 1 + 1) Q '2' = ( 1
) Q '2' = C 2 U
C2
C2
C2

14.2

C 22
Q =
U
C1 + C 2
''
2

Q1'' =

C 1 ''
C C
Q2 = 1 2 U
C2
C1 + C 2
14.3

15.) C1=2F C2=1F Ud1=40V Ud2=36V.

.
:

15.1.
:

U1 + U 2 = U
C1 U 1 = C 2 U 2

U 2 = 2 U1
U1 =

2
1
U , U2 = U
3
3

15.1
C1 , . U 1 = U d1 = 40 V .
U 2 = 2U 1 = 80 V > U d 2 .
, .
U 2 = U d 2 = 36 V , U 1 =

U2
= 18 V < U d1 ,
2

.
U max = U d 2 +

U d2
= 54 V .
2

16.) 16.1 U1=120V U2=40V.

?

 16.1
:

,
: Q1 = C U 1 Q 2 = C U 2 ,
Q 'uk = C ( U 1 + U 2 ) .
16.2.
U 12 . ,
,
. :
Q 'uk = Q 'uk'
Q1' ' + Q '2' = C ( U 1 + U 2 )
C U 12 + C U 12 = 2 C U 12 = C ( U 1 + U 2 )
U 12 =

U 1 + U 2 160 V
=
= 80 V
2
2

16.2

80 V.

17.) U=1000V.
, ?
:

C ' U '
Q = C ' U ' = 0

S '
U .
d

,
C ' ' = 0

S

2d

. : Q = C ' U ' = C ' ' U ' ' .

:
S
d

0 U ' = 0

S
U ' ' U ' ' = 2 U ' = 2000V
2d

 .
18.) C1 U1=100V.
C2=1,5F
40V. C1.

17.1
:
C1 Q ' = C1 100 V .
40 V,
Q ' = C1 100 V
. : Q ' = Q ' ' C1100 V = C1 40 V + C 2 40 V .
C1 = 2 / 3 C 2 = 1 F .

19.) 2mm, 1m
0.5 mm2/m, 10 .
U=2V.
10 ?

:
: R =

l
= 0.159 .
S

I=

U
= 12.56 A .
R

,
: I =

Q
.
t

10 : Q = I t = 12.56 A 10 s = 125.6 C .

20.) 20.1 : R1=10, R2=4 , R3=6 , R4=12 ,

U=12.2V.
) .
) .
) ?

20.1
:
) R 2 R 3 R 23 =

R2 R3
24
=
.
R 2 + R 3 10

R 1 , R 23 R 4
R e = R 1 + R 23 + R 4 = 24.4 . 20.2 20.3.

20.2

20.3

) 20.2 R 1 , R 23 R 4 .
I :
U 1 = R 1 I , U 23 = R 23 I , U 4 = R 4 I .
R 1 , R 23 R 4
, .
U 1 + U 23 + U 4 = U = 12.2 V .
I:
U 1 + U 23 + U 4 = U
R 1 I + R 23 I + R 4 I = U
(R 1 + R 23 + R 4 )I = U
I=

12.2 V
U
=
= 0.5 A
R 1 + R 23 + R 4 24.4

: U 1 = R 1 I = 5V , U 23 = R 23 I = 1.2V , U 4 = R 4 I = 6V .
R 2 R 3 ,
U 2 = U 3 = U 23 = 1.2V .
R 1 R 4 I1 = I 4 = I = 0.5 A , R 2
I2 =

U
U 2 1.2 V
1.2 V
=
= 0.3 A , I 3 = 3 =
= 0.2 A .
R2
4
R3
6

20.1.
) 20.3:
P = R e I 2 = 24.4 0.25 A 2 = 6.1 W .
uk

21.)
21.1, 21.2, 21.3 21.4.

)
R 1 = 60 , R 2 = 50 , R 3 = 150

R 1 = 0.3 k , R 2 = 150 , R 3 = 100

R 4 = 300 , R 5 = 60 , R 6 = 100 , R 7 = 200

R 4 = 120 , R 5 = 180

21.1
:
R AB , R AC , R AD , R AF , R DF
R BC , R BD , R BF , R CD , R FC

21.2
R AB .

21.4

21.3

R AB .

R AB .
:
a)

R AB

R AC

R 45 =

R4 R5
= 50
R4 + R5

R 45 =

R4 R5
= 50
R4 + R5

R 245 = R 2 + R 45 = 100

R 2345

R R
= 3 245 = 60
R 3 + R 245

R AB = R 1 + R 2345 + R 6 = 220

R 245 = R 2 + R 45 = 100

R 2345 =

R AC = R 2345 + R 6 = 160

R BC

R BF

R 45 =

R BC = R 1 = 60

R 3 R 245
= 60
R 3 + R 245

R4 R5
= 50
R4 + R5

R 245 = R 2 + R 45 = 100

R 2345 =

R 3 R 245
= 60
R 3 + R 245

R BF = R 1 + R 2345 + R 7 = 320

R AD = 140 , R AF = 550 , R DF = 240 , R BD = 100 , R CD = 40 , R FC = 260

R 45 = R 4 + R 5 = 300

R 2345 = R 2 || R 3 || R 45 = 50
R AB = R 1 + R 2345 = 350

R AB = R .
3
) R AB = 3R .

22.)
22.1 22.2.

22.1

22.2

:
) D.
,
. :
, .
I

2R 2R
= 8R
ab
R
R 2R
= R + 2R +
= 4R
R
bd
2R
R 2R
= 4R
R = R + 2R +
ad
2R
= 2R + 2R +

R1 =

ad

2R

4
R
3

+ 2R
ad
R 2R
4
R 2 = bd
= R
R + 2R 3
bd
R

8
R12 = R + R = R
1
2 3

AB

ab

12 = 2R
R +R
ab
12

II CDB

R
R

b
d

Rc

2R 2 R
4
= R
2R + 2R + R 5
2R R
2
=
= R
2R + 2R + R 5
2
2R R
=
= R
2R + 2R + R 5

12
R
5
12
R 2 = 2R + R c = R
5

R 1 = 2R + R

R12 =

AB

R R
1 2 = 12 R
R +R
10
1
2

= R12 + R

= 2R

)
R R
R a = R + R + 1 2 = 2R + R = 3500
1
2
1
2
R
2
R R
R = R + R + 1 2 = 2R + R = 3500
b
1
2
1
2
R
2
R 2 3500
R2
2
= 2R + 2 =

Rc = R + R +
2 R
2
2 R
3
1
1

R R
1 c = 656.25
R +R
1
c
R R
b = 97.22
Ry =
R+R
b
Rx =

R xy = R

+R

= 753.472

R R
a
xy
R
=
= 620
AB R + R
a
xy

23.) 23.1 . E1=10V, E2=20V, E3=30V, E4=40V,

E5=50V, I1=5A, I2=4A, I3=3A, I4=2A, R1=5, R2=3, R3=1 R4=10.
.
: U , U , U , U , U , U , U
AB BD ED EA FA FC AC

23.1

:
U AB = E + R I + E = E R I R I + E E + E R I = 35 V
1
11
2
5
4 4
3 3
4
5
3
2 2
U BD = R I E + E = E R I + E + E R I R I + E = 32 V
2 2
3
5
2
11
1
5
4 4
3 3
4
U ED = 37 V
U EA = 30 V
U FA = 50 V
U FC = R I + U ED E = 33 V
4 4
5
U AC = U AB + R I E = 17 V
2 2
3

24.) 24.1 : R1=200, R2=100, R3=10, E1=60 V, E2=48V, E3=6V.

:
) ,
) .

24.1
)
:

I1 I 2 I 3 = 0

K1

: R 1 I1 + E 2 R 2 I 2 E 1 = 0

K2

: E 3 + R 2I 2 E 2 R 3I3 = 0

I1 I 2 = I 3
200I1 100I 2 = 12
100I 2 10I 3 = 42

200I1 100I 2 = 12
10I1 + 110I 2 = 42

I1 = 0.24 A , I 2 = 0.36 A , I 3 = 0.6 A

)
R 11I I + R 12 I II = E I
R 21I I + R 22 I II = E II

(R 1 + R 2 )I I R 2 I II = (E 2 E 1 )
R 2 I I + (R 2 + R 3 )I II = (E 3 E 2 )

300I I 100I II = 12
100I I + 110I II = 42

I I = 0.24 A , I II = 0.6 A
I1 = I I = 0.24 A , I 2 = I I + I II = 0.6 A ,
I 3 = I II = 0.6 A

25.) 25.1 : R1=12, R2=50, R3=10, R4=8 E1=6V, E2=3V, E3=1V.

:
) ,
) .

25.1

:
)

I1 I 2 I 3 = 0

K1

: R 1 I1 E 1 R 2 I 2 E 2 + R 4 I1 = 0

K2

: E 1 R 3 I 3 + E 3 + R 4 I 1 + R 1 I1 = 0

I1 I 2 = I 3
20I1 50I 2 = 9
20I1 10I 3 = 5

20I1 50I 2 = 9
30I1 + 10I 2 = 5

I1 = 0.2 A , I 2 = 0.1 A , I 3 = 0.1 A

)
R 11I I + R 12 I II = E I
R 21I I + R 22 I II = E II

(R 1 + R 2 + R 4 )I I + (R 1 + R 4 )I II = ( E 1 E 2 )
(R 1 + R 4 )I I + (R 1 + R 3 + R 4 )I II = ( E 1 + E 3 )

70I I + 20I II = 9
20I I + 30I II = 5

I I = 0.1 A , I II = 0.1 A
I1 = I I + I II = 0.2A , I 2 = I I = 0.1 A ,
I 3 = I II = 0.1 A
26.) U=200V Imax=5A.
R0=15. R=200
, .

26.1.

:
1
R SIJALICA

1 1
1 n
+ +L+ =
R 44
R 2443
R R
1

R SIJALICA =

R
n

n sijalica

R UK = R 0 + R SIJALICA = R 0 +
U
I=
=
R UK
R0 +

R
R0 +
n

R
n max

U
I max

R
n

I max =

U
R0 +

R
n max

n max = 8

27.) 27.1?

27.1

: I = 0 A .

28.)

28.1

E 1 = 24 V , I S = 0.5 A , R 1 = 10 , R 2 = 20 , R 3 = 10 .
)
.
)
.

 28.1

:
)
: I1 + I 2 I 3 = 0
K : E 1 + R 2 I1 + R 3 I 2 + R 1 I1 = 0
I 3 = I S = 0.5 A

I 2 = I1 + I S
3
A = 0.15 A
20
13
I2 =
A = 0.65 A
20
I 3 = I S = 0.5 A

I1 =

PIS = U IS I S = R 3 I 2 I S = 9.75 W .
)
R 11 I I + R 12 I II = E I
R 21 I I + R 22 I II = E II

I II = I S = 0.5 A

( R 1 + R 2 + R 3 ) I I + R 3 I S = ( E 1 )
60I I = 24 30 0.5 = 9
II =

9
3
A=
A
60
20

I1 = I I =

PE1 = E 1 I1 = 3.6 W

I 3 = I II = I S = 0.5 A

PR 2 = R 2 I12 = 0.45 W

3
A = 0.15 A
20
I 2 = I I + I II = 0.65 A

PR1 = R 1 I12 = 0.225 W

PR 3 = R 3 I 22 = 12.675 W

29.) ) 29.1
E 2 = 5V , E 3 = 30V , E 4 = 30V , R1 = 50 , R3 = 40 , R4 = 20 , R5 = 30 , I g1 = 12 A , I g 2 = 8 A .

) 29.2
.

29.1

29.2

) ,
,
29.3.
.

 29.3
:
I

= I g1 = 12 A

I II = I g 2 = 8 A
R31 I I + R32 I II + R33 I III = E III

= I g1 = 12 A

I II = I g 2 = 8 A
R5 I g1 + ( R + R ) I g 2 + ( R + R + R ) I III = E 4 E E
5
4
3
4
5
3
2

30 12 + 50 8 + 90 I III = 30 30 5

III

= 0.5 A

:
I1 = I

= 12 A , I 2 = I II = 8 A , I 3 = I III = 0.5 A
I
.
I 4 = I II + I III = 8.5 A , I 5 = I I I II I III = 3.5 A , I 6 = I I I III = 11.5 A

) 4 6 , 3
3 . ,
, , .
29.4
3 2 :

I 1 = I g1
: I1 + I 2 + I 4 = 0
B : I 2 + I 3 + I 5 = 0
C : I 1 I 3 + I 6 = 0
K 1 : R2 I 2 E1 R5 I 4 R4 I 4 = 0
2 : 1 R6 I 6 R3 I 3 = 0

29.4
,
,
,
.
29.5 :

I = I g1
I
R21 I I + R22 I II + R23 I III = E II
R31 I I + R32 I II + R33 I III = E III

I = I g1
I
R 2 I I + ( R2 + R4 + R5 ) I II = E1
R3 I I + ( R3 + R6 ) I III = E1

29.5

I1 = I g1 , I 2 = I I + I II , I 3 = I I I III ,
I 4 = I II , I 5 = I II + I III , I 6 = I III

30.)

30.1

U = 300V , R4 = 10 , R5 = 5 , R3 = 15 , C = 1F .

30.2

je

, .

30.1
30.2

:
) ,
30.3.

30.3

I =

U
300
=
= 10 A . :
R4 + R5 + R3
30

U 4 = R4 I = 100V , U 5 = R5 I = 50V , U 3 = R3 I = 150V .

R5 R3:

U C = U 5 + U 3 = 200V ,

 QC = CU C = 1F 200V = 200C .
) 30.4 :

I = 10 A , U 4 = 100V , U 5 = 50V , U 3 = 150V , U C = U 5 = 50V , QC = 50 C .

30.4