ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are especially grateful to those who made possible the Yale Project in Composition ‘The grant from the Carnegie Corporation supplied us with the time to work; Yale Uni- versity, the resources, David Wyllie, the Superintendent of Schools in Hamden, Gon- necticut, and Charles St. Clair, then Superintendent in Nerih Haven, each freed a teacher on 8 part-time basis to develop the material, They also allowed us to work with seventh- grade students, Kenneth Komoski of the Center for Programed Instruction, in New York City, gave us the insights on how to test the material; and Bernard Barescu, of that same institute, read. our first draft, saving us from many errors and pointing ui some better ways. ‘We thank, too, these junior-high students in Hamden and North Haven, and those in the Yale-North Haven Summer School, whoworked through the material while we watched them individually. They offered many fine suggestions and cleared away much deadwood. ‘Edward J. Gordon “Associate Professor of English and Director of the Office of Teacher Training, ‘Yale University Gary Burgard ‘Hamden High School and Research Assistant, Yale University Prudence A. M. Young formerly of North Haven High School and Rewearch Asastant, Yale UniversityDoe aurens nara ee ink well; and read well, ‘These are not separate acts: they nord tapetber aera fin this book bring them ingether,CONTENTS CHAPTER I TOPIC SENTENCE PAGE L section 1 How Do We Make a Topic Sentence? Frames 1-25 SECTION 2 How Are Details Related to the Topic Sentence? FRAMES 26-40 section 3 How Do We Choose Details for a Paragraph? FRAMES 41-53 SECTION 4 How Do We Choose an Accurate Topic Sentence? FRAMES 54-66 SECTION 5 How Docs the Topic Sentence Contro! the Rest of the Paragraph? FRAMES 67-80 SECTION 6 Review FRAMES 61-92 ‘CHAPTER IL TIME AND SPACE ORGANIZATION PAGE 58 seorion 1 Wact Do We Moan ty Time Order and Space Order SECTION 2 Why Do We Organize Details in Time Order and Space Order? FRAMES 100-107 section 3 What Words Do We Have to Help Make Time Order Clear? FRAMES 108-148 How Does Sequence Help Keep Time Order Clear?DIRECTIONS FOR USING THIS BOOK In using this book, you will solve a series of problems, one at a time. You are asked to answer each question and then turn the page to compare your answer to ours. The book is. not testing you, but rather teaching you how to write ® paragraph. If you skip to our answers before you work out your own, you will learn less Each page is divided into three sections which we call frames; there are three frames to a page. Look at page 1 and you will see that each frame is numbered in its upper left corner. Frames 1, 128, and 255 are all on page 1, As you read and respond to the questions, follow the numbering of the frames. Begin with page 1, frame 1, and make your answer. "Then you turn to frame 2 on page 3, where you will soe the answer to frame 1 and also a new problem. You then proceed through tha consecutively numbered frames on the odd-numbered pages, When you get to- the Last page, frame 64, you return to page 2 and go through the book again, this time across the remember of the pages. Work throughall the framesat the top of the pages, then all those in the middle, then all those at the bottom. ‘When yau finish, you should know haw to write a paragraph. SEP viip sentence label the cause C ond the effect B oor hand in ube fre, you will get bumed.65 ‘Topic Sentence skorion 4 ANSWER: a. « tomboy Remember the topic and assertion of the paragraph about Carol, With them in mind, circle the letter of the moat accurate topic sentence of a paragraph about Caral. 4, Coro, a little girl on our block, ts quite a tomboy. 6, Curol, who lives down the street, likes to play outside, There is a little girl in our neighborhood who is quite a tomboy. d. Some girls are real tomboys, 192 Time and Space Organization smerion 7 ——— ‘Steet X Jack's point of wi rel nee ites oe Jack is describing another accident to a friend who knows the neighborhood but whe was not present when the accident occerred. Which af those two: descriptions will make it easier for his friend to understand what happened? (Circle the letter.) a. Car A rushed past me and tumed quickly around the corner to my left, Car B came down a side street diagonally across from where I was standing. It turned left and hit Car A. 8. Iwas on the corner of Elm and Spruce. Car A rushed past me and turned quickly around the camer to my left, Car B came down a side street diago- — It turned left and hit Cur A, a9 ‘Cause-Effect Relationship skeTION 5 ANSWEIR: Soan we will have We will hive: (We know we. Te in a cats IT work hhaLabel the cause € and the effect Ein the following sentences: 1. You will got burned if you stand to close ta the fire, 2 If you don't tell me bis name, 1 can't find him,se EEE eee 86 Topic Sentence snovioN 4 ANSWER: a. Carol, a little girl. an our block, is quite a tomboy. Read the group of sentences below. After you have read ther casefully, think up a good topic sentence for the paragraph. ‘Then write the topic sonteace in the blank at the top. of the graup of sentences. peers Se T can turn up the ratio so that I don’t hear people calling. I can read or write at my own desk without being interrupted ‘by nosy brothers or sisters peeping over my shoulder, ‘The closed door keeps people out ‘of my room, and I'm never disturbed. No one can see me to say, “Keep your foet off the snung of that chair." 193 ‘Time and Space Organization skcTION 7 ANSWER: 6 ‘Why is it helpful to Jack's friend to know what dack’s point of vision was?) Write your answer here: 20 Cause-Effect Relationship secrion 5 (Cause and effect is often useful when you are writing a paragraph about why you liked or did not like something Suppose, for example, that your teacher has asked you to w will yau liked or did not like a certain book—say, The ¥ to tell: (Circle tANSWER: eating lunch in the a ‘Which of the paragraphs below fas “eating lunch" as its topic? (Clecle tbe better.) a, Eating lunch is one of my favorite pastimes. Lunch comes in the middle of the day and brewks the day up for me. At school, lunch period means thirty minutes out of class and a chance io visit with my friends. Lunch at home rit a Chance 10 rest after the morning's running around and to plan what I'm going to da in the afternoon, And, besides offering a pleasant break é6. the day, lunch is always a good meal, >. Eating hutch in our cafeteria is wonderful, ‘The lunch periods have been timed so that we can have a leisurely meal, ‘The lines are never long, and the foad is always good. Plenty of table space and chairs have been provided, We are lucky to have such excellent eafeteria {ncilities. sEcTION {i 190 Time and Space Organi ANSWER: No. If you got this answer wrong, go back to feame 122 Mary read her history assignment and fell asleep. ‘The underlined event happened first in time order. Rewrite the sentence without and, using before or after to make the time order clear. 257 — Cauw-Effect Relationship SECTION 1 ANSWER: a if ye stand too close to the fire ‘Complete each of the following sentences with something that makes sense. ‘Then label the cause part of the sentence C and the effect part E. te , <== $ou will get wet. 2, Because she forgat ta do her homework, Cathy You will catch cold if 1, Since Mary had to‘Topic Sentence sreTION 5 How Does the Topic Sentence Control the Rest of the Paragraph? ANSWER: (Any of the following would bo acteyptable.) My bedroom isn good place to get away fram my family. 1 tile the privacy af my bedrootn, I like being alone in my bedrooen. Tlike to get away from my family by guing (a my own mom, Rend the following paragraph carefully, Cross out any parts that do not support the topic sentence. Advertisements are always telling us what to do. evopas aa sagen nal abt out and cash in a coupon entitling us ta ten cents off on s tube of Squeogic toothpastc. 1 don’t think newspapers shauld have so much advertising, but I guess they have to in order to keap publishing. Wo hear on the radio that wo'd better get over to our local Belchtire dealer before every one of his automobiles is snatched off the mas! It seems to me that Chevrolet is a better car than Belchfire. Soap commercials on television warn us that we'd etter use Smeliclean or we'll be driven out of society by our friends. We can't even ride a bus without being commanded to double our fun by chomping Dubblechew, ‘This makes ‘no sense at all: why should someone tell me to have twice the fun? I ought to be allowed to decide for myself what is fun without being told by my parents, teachers, and friends. 194 ‘Time and Space Organization secrion 7 ANSWER: Knowing Jack's point of vision helps his friend understand what happened, or Knowing Jack's point of vision helps his friend picture the accident in his mind Point of vision means ............ the person is standing when he describes details in space Cause-Effect Relationship ANCTION & ANSWER: a. some conser why you liked or did not lke the book Suppose you begin your jsaragraph this way: I liked The Yearling (or what er book you are writing about) because it wi exciting. ‘Tho rest of the paragraph should contain ents nade the book sees to you Pill in the blank)“Topic Sentence secTION 1 ANSWER: o is tho paragmph with “enting lunch” as the topic, If yom got the Fight answer. skip (o frame 7 naw, TT you mises it, goon to frame 5 afier you anewer Une Gi tian bellow Finding the topic in the two paragraphs you just read could be confusing. Both paragraphs have to do with “eating lunch’'; 0 it seems that “eating lunch” could bo the topic of either paragraph. The difference is that one paragraph is about eating lunch in general, while the ther paragraph is about one specific type of eating Iunch—esting Iunch in the school cafeteria. Look at it this way, Suppose someone asked you what you liked to-do best, and you an- sswered; “Ftiding.” How many of the following might he think you meant? (Circle the letters.) . horseback riding . riding a roller-conster b. riding around inacar — d. riding a sled van ‘Time and Space Organization seerion 3 ANSIVER: (Any of the following would be acceptable.) After Mary read her history assignment. she fell asleep. Mary foil nsieop after she rend her history assignment. Before Mary fall asleep, she read her history assignment. Mary read her history amignment before she fall asleep, He took » Jong walk and invited his friend over to dinner, ‘The underlined event happened first in time order. ‘Rewrite the seatence without and to make the time anter clear. 258 ‘Couse-Effect Relationship SECTION 1 ANSWER: c ‘you fall in the water, If ‘you stand too near the fountain, your will get wet. you get ina watergun fight E c wns punished. 2. Becmuse she forgot to do her homework, Cathy4 got 1 mers c [hod to stay after school, E you sit in a draft. , ch cold Ifyou nan yourself down. E rk, Mary had wo stay after school es (or pairs of sentences) in the following list which express ght six eggs. ‘T on he ran heianeeee 68 Topic Sentence snertoN 8 ANSWER: Advertisements are always telling us what to de, Newspaper ade urge us bo rush right out and cash in a coupon e1 ‘us to ten cunts off on a tube of toothpaste, We henr over the radio that we'd better get over to aur local Belchfire dealer before every one nf his natomobiles is snatched off the market. Soap commercials-on tele- vision warn that we'd better use Smallelean or we'll be driven out of society by our friends, We can't even ode «bus without being commanded in double our fun by chomping Dubblechew. ‘We have been thinking of the topic sentence as the sentence which states both the topic ind the assertion of the paragraph and as a general statement which sums up or includes the specific details in the other sentences of the paragraph. ‘We might look at the topic sentence another way. Suppose you were reading a ‘and saw this tople sentence: Tha Biss dey ten ne cil ir Se hy How mony of the following things would the writer be likely to talk about in the rest of the paragraph? (Circle the lottors,) @. why the first day at a now schoo! is difficult §..0 particularly difficult first day he spent in. new acho! ¢, why school is never any fun SS 8 8 195 Time and Space Organization section 7 ANSWER: where Which of the following paragraphs makes it easier to imagine what the room looks like? (Circle the letter.) a, Our new farnily room has a couch and five chairs. There ina TV sot, ‘Thore tare also a coke machine and a record player, We have a ping-pong table toa. , The couch in our new family room i against the wall opposite the dar. Five chairs are grouped in the right-hand back corner, ‘The TV wot js just t0 the loft of the door, with the coke machine and the record player behind it. Right in the middle of the room is our ping-pang table. ©The couch in our new family room is ngninst a wall, Five chairs are in ono of the corners. The TV set has the coke machino and the record player behind it. ‘Thore is also w brand new ping-pong table in our new fuinily room. az ‘Cause-Eifect Relationship SECTION 5: ANSWER: osciting Do the sentences in the following paragraph give causes which make the book acem exciting? Yes N 1 liked fearling becauime it w it because it was about animals.5 ‘Topic Sentence SECTION I ANSWER: All four of them would be possible, Suppor the person asked you to tall him about what you liked to do best. Your answer will be adou! something —about riding, sleeping, eating. ‘That is the fopie of your reply. Whatever you toll him about is the topic of your reply. If you think of your reply in con- versation as a paragraph, you can see that whatever you talk about ix the sopic of the paragraph In the paragraph below, fill in the blank 10 show what the topic of the paragrap I Tike . - best. T get a big kick out of sitting: in the front seat and watching the scenery fly past. When Dad is driving, we zoom along; [like to try to guess how fast we're going. It seems really relaxing to sit in a moving car, 182 Time and Space Organization ‘SeoTION 3 ANSWER: (Any of the following would be acceptable.) After he invited his friend over to dinner, he took a long walk. He took o long walk afver be invited his friend to dinner: Before he toak a long walk, he invited his friend to dinner. Ho invited his friend w dinner before he took a long walk, In each af the following sentences, the event which happened first im time order is under- ined. Decide which sentences do not expres the time order as clearly as they could and rewrite them sa that they do, 1. The president walked around the building and ordered his lunch. 2. He forgot to lock the doar after he eame home. 3. We heard a loud explosion before we took the test. 4, 5 }. He punched him in the nose and told him io shut uy 5. Before we took the test, we heard a loud explosion, 259 — Cause-Effoct Nelationship mee ANSWER, From what you've seen so far, which statement below is true of cause and effect relation- ships? (Circle the letter. ys express time. ships expreas the topic and tho assertion of and effect relati kes the other bap iy the word beenuse.‘Topic Sentence skonion 5 ANSWER: He might talk about both a and 4, Lot's assuime that you were a teacher and asked students to write » paragraph using “The firnt day at a new school is difficult for students" ns the topic sentence. Which would you say is the better paragraph? (Circle the letter.) a. The first day at a new schoo! is difficult for students, I remember that I always hated school. T dreaded getting up in the morning and going to that plaon where the teachers would dell and test me all day. Sometimes I just didn’t think I could get through the day. (6. The first day at a new school is difficult for students. 1 remember when I started sevonth grade I had to go to the Junior High School for the firat time, and T was lost! Everyone [ saw in the hall was a stranger. I had teachers’ names on my program card, but that didn't help because I had never met the teachers, I was Inte to almost every class because I had no idea where the rooms were. Remembering that day, [ can sympathize with any student going inte a new school for the first time. 196 ‘Time and Space Organization seeniON 7 ANSWER: & When we are describing a scene (like the family room, for example), it is helpful to arrange the details in _ order so that Cause-Effect Relationship SECTION ANSWER: No, Which of the details below are actually causes which produce the effect of an exciting book? (Circle the letters.) @. was very frightened when the rattleanake bit Penny 4, The book was very funny. . Lcouldn't wait to find out how the Baxters’ feud with the Forrester: would come out, ‘The hurricane was described so zine myself being there, terrified by the storm hy was with Jod; hey were my stray ly that F could i id Twent through his struggles to keep the 4 family in Florida, and Florida has always seemed to place to live 10‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: riding ino car Which of the following has “riding” as its topic? (Circle the letter.) @, 1 like riding o horse better than anything else, 1 really feel that I am horse go at what speed or in whatewer direction I want to, and I do have to worry about finding a big road, When I am horseback riding, I feel almost as if | were part of the horse. 5. Riding i the thing 1 tke to-do bax. don't ee if 'm on ‘or fs wagon; it's all riding, and riding ix ‘thew Imm Fellgs I tod teak Toe er shan peor ese sil think that riding even a sboter fs Better than walking—and n, toa, ‘Time and Space Organization -stcriah 3 = ANSWER: (Any of the following would be acceptable.) ; 1. After the president walked around the balding, he ordered bis hunch. The president ordered his bunch after he walked around the ot Before he ordered his lunch, the president walled around the building. ‘The president walked around the building before he ordered his lunch. : 4, Before he punched him in the nose, ho-told him to shut up, He told him to shut up before he punched hin in the nose, a After he told him to shut up, be punched him in the naw, a i He punched him in the nose after he told him to shut up. ? . ‘The underlined event happened first in time order, Write the sentence as many different 2 i ways as you ean, without changing the time order. Do not use and. He saved money for three months and he was able to pay for the broken window. 260 ret Relationship secrios 2 How Can Couse-Eifect Relationship Be Expressed in a Sentencet Kenneth did not study and failed the test. tion which we have in the sentence above, we can gues that the iling the teat was. was hard not study ¢. be was tired 1170 Topic Sentence ‘Ssnorton 5 ANSWER: 6 is the bettsr paragraph. Ifyou thought 6 was better than a, what reasons would you give Lo explain why you chose ‘as the better paragraph? (Circle the letters.) @. The Lopie sentence in paragraph @ eon 6. The details in paragraph 5 support the topic sentence, while the details in paragraph a do not, ¢. Paragraph a is misleading because the topic sentence indicates that the paragraph will be about a certain topic but the rest of the paragraph is not in fact about that topic. , The topic sentence in paragraph b is better than the topic sentence in para- graph a. no assertion, . The details in paragraph a are not included in the topic sentence, whereas ‘the details in paragraph 6 are included in the topic sentence. 197 Time and Space Organization seertox 7 ANSWER: It is helpful to arrange the details in space order so that eur reader con imagine twhat the scene Tooks ike ‘Two palterna of space order which we have talked about so far are: Mention the =... detail irst.and work out to the... detail. and Mention the _____ ...~ detail first and work in to the __-_______._ detail. (Pill in the blanks.) 924 Cause-Effoct Relationship SECTION 5 ANSWER: a, c, d, and porhaps ¢ are causes On page 142 write a paragraph about a book or a movie or a television program. with the topic sentence ‘I liked because Be “bec hat all the other se" true,7 ‘Topi srerion 1 ANSWER: & “The topic of the paragraph below is “eating lunch in our cafeteria.” What does the authar sscert (say) about the topic? (Circle the letter.) a. It is fun. 6. It is unpleasant, c. In is excellent, ‘Eating lunch in the cafeteria is unplaasant. The line is long. Someone is always shaving ahead of me ordrepping his food and holding up the line. At the table I have barely enough roam to squeeze my tray inte place. We're so crowded that 1 must eat with someone's elbow in my eye. ‘Then, before Ican finish eating, the bell rings and I'm swept off in a sea of students. It's almost « retief to get back to class, 134 Time and Space Organization secTion 3 ANSWER: After he saved money for thre months, he was able to pay for the broken window, He was able to pay for the broken window after he saved money for three months, 1 Before he was able to pay for the broken window, he saved meney for three months. ‘He saved money for three months before he was able to pay for the broken window. We have seen that when we want to show that two events happened at different times, two 261 —-Cause-Effect Relationship SECTION 2 ER: &, be did not study Kenneth did not study and failed the test. the causo-effect relationship around, we can say that the effect of Kenneth’s not was: (Circle the letter.) 13— see oor m1 ‘Topic Sentence section 5 ANSWER: 6, ¢, and ¢ are good rensons why dis better than a. ‘The topic sentence is the sentence in which the writer indicates what be is going to talk about in the rest of the paragraph. You will find three topic sentences labeled a, 6, and ¢ below, You will also find three possible methods of completing the paragraphs, "These are labeled 1, 2, and 3. Match each topic sentence with the way which should be used to com- plete the paragraph, (Put the number after the appropriate topic sentence.) ©. Good discipline ts necessary in the classroom. .b, Good classroom discipline means several things. ¢. Good classroom discipline depends on the students’ attitudes, 1. Goon to show what. things make up good discipling {n class, ‘2. Go on to show why a class has to have good discipline. 3. Go on to explain in what way students’ attitudes affect discipline in the ‘classroom. ‘Time and Space Organization: ‘SECTION 7 ANSWER: meavest (closest) detail farthest (most distant) detail farthest detail nearest detail. Another useful pattern for describing details in space arder is clockwise, following the path taken by the hands of a clock. In the space provided below, list the details in this room in clockwise order, beginning with the two chairs. Cause-Effect Relationship: SECTION 6 Review Label the causes Cand the effects E in the following sentences, elevator button, ‘Tom had to walk upstairs 1 grades if you do«1386 262 Topic Sentence SECTION 1 ANSWER: 6. It is unpleasant. "The topic of the paragraph below is “eating Inch." What ie the author's assertion (what does he say) about his topic? (Circle the letter.) a.that he enjoys 4. that he doesn’t enjoy _—¢, that he doesn’t care one way or eating lutich eating lunch the other about eating hunch ‘Eating lunch is ene of my favorite pastimes. Since lunch comes at noon, it broaks the day up for me. At school, lunch period means thirty minutes out of class and a chance to visit with my friends. Lunch at hame gives me a chance to rest after the morning's running around and to plan what I'm going to do in the afiernoon. And, besides offering a pleasant break in the day, lunch is always a good meal, "Time and Space Organization ‘BeETION 3 ANSWER: befs When we wont to show that two events happened at the same time, one helpful word to use ix ond. ‘There are other helpful words too. Underline the two sentences belaw which show that the _ two ovents happened ot the same time, 1. He worked hard while he was at college. 2. I'd like to borrow that book after you have finished. 3, How did you find me before I called you? 4, The students ate lunch during the movie. 5. He left after he told me where he was going. Cause-Effect Relationshi sKoTION 2 ANSWER: o. he filed the teat Kenneth did not study and failed the test wuse-effect relationship clearer to the reader by writing the sentence a Keaneth did not study, be failed the test. a. With 6. Why it d. Since199 ‘Topic Sentence serio 5 ANSWER: a, 2 a1 «2 Tn a good paragraph, the topic montonce indicates what the rest of the paragraph will be about. ‘Through the topic sentence, the writer indicates what he will say in the rest of the paragraph. In the blank provided below, write a statement of what you would do to eorm- plete a paragraph whose topic sentence is: “Riding a school bus can be fun." ‘Titne and Space Organization section 7 ANSWER: chairs, bed, desk, bed, record player Which of these paragraphs usos the clockwise arrangement of details in space? (Circle the Jetter.) sindow hurried the To my right loomed a huge troe. It almost hid the litthe boy plhying in the sandbox behind it. T saw his mother toward him from the house the street, him, tohim, tothe right, was a giant turtle. Ax he moved his eves to the left, he saw a baby panda. A bale of hay stood between the panda and the elephant. * Cause-Effect Relationship sReTION 6 ANSWER: Cc E 1, Since he could not reach the olevator button, Tom had to walle upstairs, E 2, You will not get good yrodes if you don’t study: > c Af you say one mare word, If you cause any disturbance, if you so ruck as squires ins your chair, Tshall send you to the affice, E c 4."The fire alarm rang and the clas. became frightened because they had na idea what to do in care of fire, (For extra help, see frames 255-258.) Rerwrite the sentences below, following the directions in parentheses, 1, I play the drums and the neighbors hate me. (emuse first) 2, You keep screaming and you will make me nervous, (effect first) 3. Andy struck out with the bases loaded we lost the game, (Put the effect Inst. Te crucial error and we with f. Kenneth did not study, he failed the teat. Another word which could go into the blank and express the same cause-effect relation~‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: > Gown to show why or to give reasons why it is fun to-ride. school bus, or Give examples of the type of fim you can have while riding schoo! bus. i Write in the blank below what you think is wrong with this paragraph. 1. It was the nobsest house I'd ever been in, 2. ‘The baby was screaming with all his power, and the radio was playing full blast, 3. [ heard a song end on the radi. 4. An announcers ‘Yoice came of to say that we should all use Ewerbright to keep our floors spotless, 5. 1 Jooked at the floor, saw how dirty it was, and thought to myself that the people here could really use Evarbright. ‘Which sentences in the paragraph should be crosied out? Write their numbers hire... Now supply two sentences in place of the ones you crossed out. 200 ‘Time and Space Organization “secriON 7 ANSWER: paragyaph ¢ ‘What three patterns for arranging details in space order have we seen so far? (Write your answers here.) i a 327 Cause-Effect Relationship secrion 6 ANSWER: 1, Because I play drums, the neighbors hate me. 2, You will make nw nervous if you keep oa sereaming, If Andy had mot struck out with the buses loaded und if Jim had not made that crucial error, we would not have lost the game. ‘After the following paragraphs write “lone cause” or “one elfect™ according ta how they are organized. ‘Then underline the topic sentence. 4, The fog grew heavy, Hugo waves began to form way out at sea. As we hurried onward, we naticed that our gas was running low, Wo heard a report on the radio that the Coast Guard had ordered all boats in. We decided that vweo'd better return to port. (. ) fb. Harold was getting increasingly nervous, He stil hadn’ plane ticket, The parkway was so ‘The plane's depacture time bought the his car radiator was almost c. Yesterday her harpt one made wn i. naa after seb"Topic Sentence sReTON L ANSWER: 5, what the writer has to say about the topte. What is the author's topic in the paragraph below? (Circle the letter.) @, conceit ». people the author has met ¢. Marilyn ‘Marilyn is the most conceited person I know. She thinks she knows everything and can do anything. According to her, she is an expert bowler, tennis player, golfer, and softball player, She tells everyone she meets that she is the smartest person in our class. No matter what the problem is, Marilyn is sure that she can solve it becuse she believes she can do anything 137 264 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION a ANSWER: He ote on apple while he was riding his bile, If we we during, we hove to change the words in the sentence, Hike Uhis: He ale an apple during his bike ride, He ate an apple during his ride on his bike, Both events in this sentence happened at the same time. ‘He made a loud noise and tho teacher was talking. Write the sentence another way to show that both events happened at the same time, Cause-Effect Relationship seerion 2 ANSWER: 4, Becouse Kenneth did not study, he failed the test Kenneth did not study and he failed tho test stionship is to turn the sentence around, Another wi putting Kenneth fi (Fill the bi the tes he did not study nk witha word which will express the cause-effect relationship 19um ‘Topic Sentence SECTION 5 ANSWER: The writer includes material which his topic rentonce does not indicate be will Perhaps sentence 3, and definitely sentences 4 and (Your two sontenoos show how noisy the house was.) ‘Suppose you have the following nates on a story about a boy and his fawn. You are writ- ‘ing a paragraph about what the boy thinks of his pet, First cross out any details that will ‘not fit in your paragraph, then think of a good topic sentence for the paragraph. Finally, ‘write the paragraph, You will find a space to write on page 131. L eae mnie en ined A ule tock the fawn with him on walks whenever he could, $e rier ng te far ws po 4 When Joy finished his chores, he want immediately to play with the fawn. ‘The fawn dug up the garden, and Jody's mother threatened to shoot it. Pr , Jody's father was bitten by a rattlesnake, and he could not work, . Jody worked at a special garden of his awn to-grow food for the fawn. ‘Time and Space Organization ‘seerroN 7 ANSWER: 1, from far to near 2. from near to far 9. clockwise ‘What does point of vision mean? (Write your answer below.) ‘Can a point of vision be used with all three of the patterns we've studied so far? “wa S=. No ‘Cause-Effect Relationship SECTION G ANSW! 2. oft effect. We decided that wo'd better return to port. }. one effect. Harold was getting increasingly nervous ¢. one case. ‘Yesterday someone made a naise like a ahoeps in the back of the c In the following groups of sentences crom out any detail are not actually causes oF effects, Substitute far the details you cross out details which are likely to be real causes oF Foal effects, 1. If you start the motor, shift into first gear, prose the accelerator, and release the eluieh slowly, the 2. Lack at soda, If you drink Fize-ade, you will ix drinking a botile of Fire-ade i like him,‘Topic Sentence secTiow 1 ANSWER: c. Marilyn “a Marilyn’ is the (opicof the paragraph below. Rend the paragraph and write in the space provided what you think the assertion in the paragraph ia. Daria te ek tated jf knew. Shs sinha chu kaos ng thing ak ok do anything, According to her, she is an expert bowler, tennis player, golfer, and softball player, She tolls everyone sho meets that rhe is the smartest person in our class, No matter eet ie ete is, Marilyn is sure that she ean solve it because abe believes she can do Time and Space Organization ANSWER: Ho made # loud noise while the teacher was talking. If we use during instead of white, we have to change the words in the sentence: ‘He made a Joud noise during the teacher's talk. © He inade a loud noise during the time that the teacher was talking. Fill in the blank in the sentence with during or while, whichever is correct, It often snows ....._...... the winter, Cause-Effect Relationship. ANSWER: Kenneth failed the test become he did not study. Each of the sentences or groups of sentences below contains a cause-effect relationship. Make the relationship clearer by rewriting each sentence or group of sentences in one sen- tence. Put the couse first and the effect second. Use cause-effect words like because, since, or if. Model: ‘The car crashed into a tree. ‘The driver lost control, ‘Answer: Hecause the driver last control, the ear crashed inia 0 tree, 1. T turned on the switch, ‘The moter started, 4, He hobs te bat ew cary awaaile bare Bea 5. He refuses toda housework. He needs all his time for homework 6. You eons jained about dinnor, You will get no dessert 215 29 Topic Sentence -spcTION 6 ‘Suppose you had written tho following paragraph about Jody and his fawn. 1. Jody loved his fawn very much. 2. He made a special place for the fawn to stay at night. 4, He spent all his money on food for the fawn, and when his money ran out, Jody prepared fn apecial garden to grow food, 4, Jody took the fawn out on walks whenever he could, and ‘be burried to play with the fawn as scan as his chores were done. 5, After a hurricane carae ‘and almost destroyed the farm, Jody had to help his father. 6, When the fawn dag up the garden, Jody's mother threatened to shoot it. a, Te the topic penitence accurate? , What is the topic of the paragraph’. Ge sO detain the bern ‘topic ¢. Which sentences contain details that do not support the topic (Write their numbers.) f. What would you have to do to make the paragraph better? Time and Space Organization sxcrion 7 ANSWERS: Point of vision location of person describing details in space order. ‘Yes. ‘Which of the three patterns for space order would be most helpful for each of the following descriptions? (Label each description with the pattern you chnose.) eee eerie eT one toward the distant mountains (__ ere oer on cd at the door a aes + “re ide tenes stinetindlel “by ‘abbey Ereoge 4. cits siatteiinen vat ig fone at ono end af it 5 Cause-Effect Relationship SECTION 6 ANSWERS: Cross out Substitute 1. the ear will explode the cour will Hneiwe ferwwated ‘, you will Yonik Like hirn you will probably be less thirsty than yo ‘The following are possible topic sentences, Explain how each topic sentence could be de. veloped into a paragraph built around cause-effect relationship. a, Dick seems to be an awfully conceited person. i. A part-time job somatimes causes trouble eT Bke television very much,that Marilyn is conceited Aik: bese i the ica etn lege Sia ‘The topic of a paragraph is what the paragraph is about. ‘The assertion is what the writer has to say about the topic. Suppose you read o paragraph beginning with this sentence: ‘Younger brothers are difficult ta live with. z Siaeeaed ‘Both of these events happened at the same tin, ‘The sun came out. Tt was raining. ‘Write two sentences without and showing that both events happened at the same time, — Cnuse-Effect Relationship ANSWER: 1. Because (or Since) 1 turned on the awitch, the motor started, 44. Because (ar Since) he hopes tw buy w eur, be wants to earn Benue (or Snes) Re rectal hs ewe for rs Isat sav, G. Because (ar Since) you complained about dinner, you will get no dessert. | ‘Bach numbered example below contains a cauieoffect relationship. Make the vation ship clearer by rewriting each in one sentence. ‘This time put the effect first. Model: You have been cross. [ will not take you with me. Answer; I will not take you with me since (or because) you have been cross, 1. Lucien is wery good at French. He doesn’t have to study hard, 2. ‘You keep on cxyiag ated you may not be able to 90, 2, He hopee $0 bi nova aE) Mo wants to make lots of money. 4 She ia vory tall, She in a good beshotball player, 5. My grandfather fell from a ladder and he has a broken leg. 6. Joe jumped off ona end of the seesaw suddenly. Jimmy fell off the seesaw. 23.76 Topic Sentence srertox 5 ‘Optional at student's choice ANSWERS: a. Yew ¢No be dody © Sand 6 . that be loved his fawn 7, criss out sentences Gand 6 ‘This one is difficult, but if you'd like to try it, doo. Go back ta frame 74 and look over the list of details again, Some of them you crossed out when you wrote the paragraph en Jody and his fawn, Fee Seas bees meg oy te Steet out from the original list. You may write your paragraph on page 132. 203 ‘Time and Space Organization ‘SECTION T ANSWER: 1. far tn near, or near to far 2 clockwise 3. clockwise 4. fur to near, near to far, of elockwise—depending on where the objects. in your roan are placed. ee ES [Scenery — Apel Highway {Rd Daghooe CE) Visien x ‘Which of the three patterns would be feast helpful for describing the scene above? Write your answer here: $30 Cautse. Effect Relationship secrion 6 ANSWERS: a. The other sentences should toll what things Dick does (causes) that male hin concnited, 4. ‘Tho other sentences should inchuie ba 6, The otlier sentences should give causes fects of having part-time job. your liking \elevision. ‘The other sentences should tell what you do (what the effects are) because television. dd The other sentences should tell effets which Ch OL. Develo i 8 paragraph built around cause-effect relationship. You may write your para page 143.(opie, younger brithers amertion, that they are difficult to five with “The topic of 9 paragraph is what the paragraph is about. "The assertion is what the writer has to-say about the topic. ‘Write what the dopic and the adiertion are in the paragraph below. Tam always glad when school starts each fall. It's fun seeing my friends again and getting ta know a different set of teachers, ‘There are new boaks to-read and nice clean notebooks to write in, “The topic of this paragraph is “The axsertion is _ ‘Time and Space Organization secrion 3 ANSWER: 1, The sun came out white it waa raining. 2.'The sun came out during the rain. or ‘The sun came out during the time it was raining. ‘Suppose you were writing instructions to a friend telling him how to patch a bicycle tire. ‘The following is the order in which things must be done. 1. Find the spot where the leak is, 2. Scrape the leaky place so the glue will stick. , Put the glue on the patch. 4, Check to make sure that. the ares around the leak is rough enough to hold the patch, 5, Put the patch on the tire, 6. Pump up the tire, Fill in the blanks in the following paragraph with time words which will make the onder of events clear, ~-» You have found the spot where the leak is, scrapt the leaky place ... the glue is drying, check enough to hold the patch. Put the - You try to pump the tine up again. sa the glue will stick. Put ghie on the tire patch, to make sure that the ares around the leak is rot putch on the tire, and let it dry. 267 Cause-Effect Flolationship seevioy 2 ANSWERS: 1 Le stuily very hard becaiase (or since) be is good! at Franch, id suddenly 1D ANIMALS. My brother couldn't a00 siying DO NOT FE nd bition off, ‘Th 25a7 ‘Topie Sentence “SBCTION 5 SAMPLE ANSWER for framo 76: Jody's mother thought the faun was a pest, She ‘wanted to get rid of ir bucause she thought it was eating up too much fod, When Jody's fathor was bitten by » rattlesnake, Jody had to run the farm; but Jody sometimes left the ‘chores half-done so he cwuld play with the fawn. After the burrienne, when Jody was garden, Sho threatoned to shoo. the fawm if Jady didn’t get sid of it, Because the topic sentence: indicates what will be included in the rest of the paragraph, it tends to control the paragraph. Your topic sentence limits the amount and the type of material you can pul into the rest of the paragraph. When you ignore your topic sentence, chances are your paragraph will go astray. ‘The topic sentence also serves another crucial function in controlling the paragraph. Lock at the following paragraph. It shows us something else about the topie sentence: George Washington was noted for his military akill before be was considered a politician. John Adams, oat rend Pre wet iid lavror ana lid weit. ‘Thomas Jeffer- son was a great wriler, an a and ‘Even Madison was known as a raiee acd ener nike! tiny we talaaase ‘The paragraph is weak because: (Circle the letter.) a, itis innocurnte 6, the ficts don't seem to be put down in any onder, and they dan't seers to ‘be about the same subject +, the paragraph doosn’t have any sontence that indicates what it is about, ‘Time and Space Organization ‘section 7 ANSWER: clockwise ager aacran n ee fe ene ear NE CoM a MAE ES LORS CT bare, main highway, old well, chicken house, SiO steer beaw otal Dear Dab ir, what else does Bob have to tell ux before we can picture the scene? ‘Write your answer hen: Goneral Revier SECTUON 1 Ussing in Sentences the Relationships We Have Learned (One of the first things we learned in this book was that ina gaod paragraph the specitic details add up ta the general statement or topic sentence. We then learned haw to express three kinds of relationship fra sentence or a paragraph: 1. a relationship in time 2. a relationship in space 2. a relationship between cause and offect Read the sentence below and write in the blank what kind of relationship in expremed, ‘The bock is on the table between two vase, 2614 ‘Topic Sentence stoman 1 ANSWER: topic, starting school again in the fall assertion, that going ack to schoo! is fun ch shows what he is tal ‘The writer of any paragraph has a... 2... 2... bout, and he makes an... .. ence ees caeweaee » which indicates what he has to say about it (Fill im the blanks, wai ‘Time and Space Organization section 3 ANSWER: After, While, before ‘Choose one topic from the List below and write a paragraph giving directions. You may write in the space provided om page 133, Begin your parageaph with this topic sentence: When you want to + the first thing to do in. (Chacee a topic from list below) Hoa ic yw Wk ape wor hs HH ae Bataan Y graph, 1, how to scramble eggs 2, how to saddle w horse 3. how to build a fire 4, how to wrap a birthday present 8; Lf you don't oow anything about the: topics abrte: ehooes your ova: 268 Couse-Effect Relationship srcvion 2 ANSWER could not read the DO NOT FEED ANIMALS sien got his hand bitten off ‘Combine the sentences below into one sentence, putting the elfect first, There was a sign at the zoo saying DO NOT read. He almost got his hand bitten off D ANIMALS. My brother could not Write the one sentence here: 27cr ‘Topic Sentence ANSWER; ¢ ‘The topic sentence is necessary, then, 10 give the paragraph some-sense of direction. ‘The topic sentence helps tell the reader what the paragraph is about Without a topic sentence, @ paragraph would look like a collection of facts strung together for no particular reason, Circle the letter of the paragraph that needs a topic sentence, and thon xupply one for it, a. No one would ever get lost in our school, for it is very well laid out, All the rooms on the fins floor have numbers beginning with “1,” those on the second floor with “2," and those on the third with. “3."" The ‘begins at the south end of the building and continues dewn the halls, with even- sumbered rooms on the left and odd-numbered ones on the right. Even the shops, gyms, and auditorium are assigned room numbers in the normal -soquence. i 5. Every time you dial an important number you get a busy signal, ‘The in- strument seems to ring only when you're in the bathtub or too far away to reach it in time, Worse still, there is that awkward pause when two people are in the same room and the phone rings, Topic sentence: 205 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 7 ANSWER; whare tho details are in relation to one another or what parts of the scene the details are in or which details nre close and which are for away from his point of vision Suppose Hob writes: - From my back door I see a barn, a main highway, an old well, and a chicken house. . Which of these scenes is the one he is writing about? (Circle the letter.) a, diagram B &, diagrams A and C . it could be any one of the diagrams 332 General Review seCTION 1 ANSWER: spare After I found the book, I read it for three hours ‘The relationship in the sentence above isgroup of sentences below. ‘The topic sentence has been omitied, In the blank , write what you think is the topic of all the sentences, ‘There is a long counter at which students can quickly receive their lunches, Tables and chairs are plentiful and well spaced. ‘The lighting is fine, and the walls are painted a cheer- ful color, ‘The large number of trash baskets around the room make clean-up easy. ee ee 142 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION J Suppose that for frame 141 you wrote this paragraph: 1, When you want to build a fire, the first thing to do is get some logs, some kindling, and some paper. 2. After wadding up the paper, put it on the ground and scatter the kindling over it. 3, Then strike the match. 4, He sure ta arrange the logs on top of the kindling no that they are net tao far apart before you light the paper, ‘These directions aro likely to give the person who follows them a burnt nose, In the space below, rewrite the directions so that the arder will be clear. 268 — Cause-Effect Relationship SECTION 3 How Can We Write Sentences with More than One Cause or More than One Ejfect? ANSWER: My brother almost got his hand bi nt the too saying DO NOT FEED ANIMALS. 0 off beeause he could nat read the sign Prequently there is a cause-effect relationship among several events, One or more of these events can be effects Circle the cause and underline the effects in the follawing sentences. ound the corner of the house, She screamed and she waved her arms franti- ind ber was a hi do.7m ‘Topic Sentence SECTION 5 ANSWER: needs tople sentence, A good.one would be: ‘The telephone can be a real source uf annoyance." Choose froin the list below all the dotaiis that are about the same topic. Write an appro- priate topic sentence and complete the paragraph using and expanding the details you choose ax you soe fit, (Write your paragraph in the space provided on page 134.) i ‘, John had disappeared into the forest, never to emorge again, A student gets out of a course only what be puts into it, f na pe Tae Tt et ahs Lesveemceaael teict Lt T Let: taklog crackers and cheoso to bed every night. @On the bus, he must break up fights, stop spitball throwing, and keep his riders from rocking the bus. ¢. Father insists that I can't do good work if I stay up late, yet he's always ‘watching the Late-Late Show on television, f. Even though I'm told to be truthful at all times, Mother and Father will pretend to admire a neighbor's dress and then turn around and laugh at her horrible taste after the lady has gone. & He never seems to know what is going on in the world. A. Johnny fell out of the tree because he lest his balance. 206 Time and Space Organization seertoN T ANSWER: ¢. it could be any one of the diagrams If Bob wants to make clear to us what the seebe diagratned belaw looks like, what does he need to tell us? (Write your answer below.) 333 General Review SECTION 1 ANSWER: Time Because I saw the book and thought 1 ight'like it, T read ‘The relationship in the sentence above is 30the school cafeteria (lunchroom) or ‘the school's cafeteria (lunchroom) facilities Which of the cholces below is the assertion about the school cafeteria? (Circle ore.) 6. unpleasant e. excellent ‘There isa long counter st which the students can quickly receive thelr hunches. ‘Tablet and ‘chairs are plentiful and well spaced. ‘The lighting is fine, and the walls are painted a cheer- ful color. ‘The lange number of trash baskets around the room make clean-up ensy, “Time and Space Organization ANSWER: Place sentence 3 after sentence 4. ‘Look back at the paragraph you wiote for frame 141 and be sure that none of the steps ‘needs to be rearranged. 1f some do, rearrange them, ‘Cause-Effect Relationship SECTION 3 Mary raced around the corner of the house, She screamed and she waved her arms franti- cally. Behind her was a huge dog. (We can mate the causeffect relationship clearer by putting all the dete in one sentence. ‘One way is to put the cause first and the effects following. uge dog was chasing her, Mary ran around the corner of the hauso, screamed, and wa er arms frantically. (Pill the blank with a word which will express the cause-effect relationship.) 3130 ‘Topic Sentersce ; section 5 Check back over the paragraph you just wrote, Make sure your topic sentence gives a sense of direction or purpose to the details you chose. Also check to make sure you did nat include any details that do not support the topic sentence. 207 ‘Time and Space Organization ‘smcTION T ANSWER: which details are close und which are far away or where the details are in relationship to each other (Choose one of the patterns we have studied for organizing details in space. Pretend you are standing at the point of vision marked by X. In the space below, write three or four sentences describing what you see. Use the diagram in frame 208, 334 General Review SECTION 1 ANSWER: cause-offect Sometimes we put two details in one sentence to make clear the relationship between them. For instance, we have two details in these sentences: ‘The window was open, T crawled into the house, ‘We could express the details in one sentence as follows: ‘The window was open and I crawled into the howe, If we wanted to make a cause-effect relationship between the details clearer to the reader, which of the following sentences would we write? (Circle the lettor:) # window was open and I crawled into the house: b, Phe window was open after T crawled into the hi ¢. Terawled into the hause because the window was open 32Write one sentence which will tell the reader both the topic and the assertion in uhe parae graph. ‘There is a long counter at which the students can quickly receive their lunches, ‘Tables and chairs are plentiful and well spaced. ‘The lighting is fine, and the walls are painted a cheer- ful color, ‘The large number of trash baskets around the room make clean-up easy. ‘Your sentence: ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 4 Hew Does Sequence Help Keep Tie Onder Clear? Are the details in this paragraph in the proper time order? (Check Yes or No below.) 1. From beginning to end, last night's party was a flop. 2. First off, the record player wouldn't work. 3. Then we discovered that wo'd run out of cola. 4. At the end of the ‘party, when everyone was leaving, our dog got sick all over the rug. 5. When we ran out of - cola, Joan went down to the store to buy same more, but found that the store was closed. ae sien ech WU Ihe oat lie ace were making. ‘Yes, all the details are in time order, ‘No, all the details are not in time order. -....... an ‘Cause-Effect Relationship seCTION 3 ANSWER: Hecouse a huge dog vas chasing her, ran around the carner of the hawso, tically Underline the sentence which tells the cause of the events in the other two sentences: ‘The car rolled down the hill, ‘The emergency brake failed to hold. The car hit a wall. 33a1 Topic Sentence seerion 6 Review What is the topic of a paragraph? (Circle one letter.) a. the first sentence 4, the sentence that tells what the paragraph is about -¢. what the paragraph is about 208 Time and Space Organization ‘sucTION T Look back at the sentences you wrote in frame 207, Now look again at the diagram in frame 206. Do your sentences make it perfectly clear that the chicken house is the closest ‘object to your point of vision? That the barn is farthest away from the point of vision? ‘That the wel is closer to the point of visian than tho main highway? Lf your sentences are not accurate, rewrite them to make the space relationships between the objects clear. He sure that you have followed one pattern in organizing the details. 335 General Review section 1 ANSWER: © Or, using the same details, we could make a space relationship clear to the reader in one sentence. Which of the sentences below would we write? (Circle the letter a. ‘Through the open window I crawled into the house. led into the house. 8. The window was open and Ler he b . If the window was open, I crawled int‘Our schoo! cafeteria (lunchroom) is excelent. or ‘We have an excellent school cafeteria (lunchroom), witence which you just wrote is called a fopic sentence. From what you have seen so ie ‘which of the Johwing saleenanta tall what & hpi sutenda the letter.) 2. The topic sentence of a paragraph tells what the paragraph it about. 8. The topic sentence of. states both the topic and the assertion of ay ‘a paragraph tape ¢. The topic sentence of a paragraph puts the rest of the sentences into some sneaningfal order. ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: No, nll the details are-not in time order. Sentence number isnot in time order, It should come after sentence number _. ‘1, From beginning to end, last night's party was a flop. 2. Firat off, the record player 7 wouldn't work, Soon ve dcrvased shad wend tance of course Arai ee te ¥ party, when everyone was leaving, our dog got aick all over the rug. §. When we ran out ’ ‘of cola, Joan went to the store to buy some more, but found that the store was closed. 6. As she came back into the house, a neighbor called up to complain about the noise we ‘wore making. | 272 Couse-Eect secriow 3 ANSWER: The emergency brake failed to hold. Combine the three sentences into one sentence, putting the cause first, ‘The car rolled down the hill ‘The emergency brake failed to hold. | ‘The car hit a wall,82 Topic Sentence SECTION 6 ANSWER: ¢. what the paragraph is about (For extra help, soe frames 2-4, and 12-14). What is the amertion of « paragraph? (Circle the letter.) 2, what is said about the topic 6. what the author thinks c. what the paragraph is about 208 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 7 A fourth pattern for describing details in space order is moving point of vision, Which one af the paragraplss below uses the movitig point of vision pattern? (Circle the letter.) a. From her wheelchair, Sarah could see a clump of pine trees, Just in front of the trees, the lawn dipped down toward her. She noticed a baby robin in the hollow trying to scramble toward the shade of the trees, 4. Jane explored the old house, As she passed the living room, she peeped into it and noticed a funny old grandfather clock. She stopped again at the kitchen door, then moved farther down the long, dark hall toward the cellar stairs, ‘Cobwebs brushed her face as she started dawn the stairs to the cellar, 836 General Review SECTION L Suppose we wanted to make a relationship in time clear to the reader. Which sentence below would we write? (Circle the letter.) a. Lerawied inte the howse through an open window. b. The window was open and I craw ¢. After the window had been opens (0 the how Lceawled into the house‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: &, The topic sentence of a paragraph stntes the topic and the mmertion of the paragraph. If you mised this one, please go back and reread frame 17, ‘Then answer the question for frame 18 again, What is the topic suntence of the paragraph below? (Circle the letter.) a. sentence 1 b.wentence 3 ‘sentence & 1. He must make change while guiding the bus through trafBc. 2. All day long be answors without few minutes time inst of trafic marks and thoughtless pasengers whe make him wait on them. 5. All things considered, a bus driver’s job is nat easy. ANSWER: Sentence number 4 ix not in time order. Tt should come after sentence num- ber 6. ‘We don’t always need words like before and after to toll us the time order of events. In which of the paragraphs below are the events described in the arder in which they hap- ‘pened? (Circte the letter.) a. [had a terrible afternoan texiay, When lunch was aver, Lcouldn’t find my social studies notebook and was late for the test. As T was leaving school, I dropped all my books into.a mud puddle. I got hame and found out that T had forgotten to stop off at the store on the way fram school, dust as we sat down to dinner, I had a hwerible fight with my brother, &. L had a terrible morning teday. In the milddle of a clase I discovered I had left my homework in my locker, I tripped over a curb on the way to school and tore my raincost. “The teacher wouldn't let me go to lunch on tims because I hadn’t handed in my homework. I slopt so late that I didn't have time to eat any breakfast 273 Cause-Kffect Melationship secrion $ ANSWER: Be bit a wall use the emergency benke faited tn hold, the exr rolled down the bill and Circle the cause and underline the effects in the following My head fu nlences, T sneeze all 1 2, My eyes ache. Teaught a cold yesterday.8a ‘Topic Sentence ‘SECTION & ANSWER: a. what is said about the topic (For extra help, see frames 7-10, and 12-15), .. states the topic and the assertion of the paragraph. 210 ‘Time and Space Organization suction T ANSWER: paragraph b In which of the following kinds of description would the moving paint of vislon be a useful pattern? (Circle the letters of the anes you choose.) a, See ieee oes eal ne you see in the & dun. cha eee et als fn’ pat . explaining to someone what be will see as he approaches your house fram the corner. , describing a picture which hangs on the wall of your living room, ¢. describing the scene which you can see from your car parked on » moun- ' taintop. #. describing what you sce from your car as it goes up the mountain. 337 General Review srevion 1 ANSWER: « Below are three ways to write these details: ‘The desk drawer was open, She took her purse from the drawer. Label each sentence cause and effect, time, or space after you have decide: ship is expressed in each, 2 took her purse out bTopic Sentence BLeoER: sentence 5 (If your answer was correct, skip now to the question in frame ‘The topic of the parngraph below is: (Circle the letter.) a. thoughtless passengers . & tous traffic ea bus driver's job 1, He must make change while guiding the bus through traffic. 2. ce Oar ae the same questions without showing impatience. 9. Every ‘has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus, 4. Hele coaeel ore eo EPA ae Ss is of tsa ss and thoughtless passengers who make him wait on them, SE oc tgtdenbesbe seed Underline the words in the paragraph below which show us that the events are mentioned . r ‘in the order in which they happened. P Thad a terrible aftemoon today. When lunch was over, Teouldn’t find my social studies +n notebook and was late for the test. As Iwas leaving school, { dropped all my baoks into a mud puddle. | got hame and found aut that I had forgotten to stop off at the store on my i way from school. Just as we sat down to- dinner, [had a harrible fight with my brother. 274 «© Cause-Effect Relationship SECTION 3 ANSWER: | sneeze all the time. My head hurts. My eyes ache (T caught a cold yesterday.) 0 T sneeze all the time. ty head hurts, My ayes ache, T caught a eold yesterday. Another way to combine the details is to put the effects first and the cause last. I sneeze all the time, my head hurts, and my eyes ache Teaught a cold yesterday. (Fill in the blank.) 3984 ‘Topic Sentence SECTION G ANSWER: topic sentence (For extra help, sev frames 17-19 and 22-26) 1. There are several ways to organize books on shelf. 2. You ran place them according to the alphabetical order of the authors’ names. 3. Or you can arrange them alphabetically by title. 4. If you wanted to, you could arrange them by size, smallest to largest. 5. You could group them according to the subject matter of the bouks. 6. You could even arrange thom by color. 5 Fill in the blanks by using the words “general statement” and “specific detai a. Sentence 1 in the paragraph above ts called a... 4. Sentences 2-6 are called _. 3 211 Time and Space Organization ‘secTION 7 ANSWER: &; ¢; f Ralph is getting in practice for the track team. Each afternoon be runs the obstacle course in the diagram below. He is describing how he runs the course to his coach, He begins } this way: “I run from under the treo and jump the fence.” Finish Ralph's description lee Bins leg Ge wowing peat of vate: (Write below.) Piles of Crotes {most climb upene ee and down, the other); 438 General Review section 1 ANSWER: a. causoeffect: 6. space: ¢, time ‘Label each sentence couse and effect, time, or space after you have decided which of the relationships is expressed, o. He threw the book out of the window and watched it spiral downward past the awning to the pavement below. 4b. Because be wits angry, he threw the book out the window Jk out e, After he grew angry, be threw the window 40ANSWER: . a bus driver's job ‘The topic of the paragraph below is ‘‘n bus driver's job.” ‘What is the writer's assertion about the topic? (Circle the letter.) A bus driver's job: a, is not ensy, 6, is fun. c, is always the same, 1, He must make change while guiding the bus through traffic. Phat tcherhyresitgee 25 the same questions without showing impatience. 3. Every few minutes he has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus. 4. Te bushels croc Cae anes Hie sot of fi sso (eh Baie ea ea ings considered, a bus driver's job is not ensy. ‘Time and Space Organization srerios ANSWER: lunch, test, leaving school, home, dinner. ‘Here is another built.in time sequence: 1. breakfast 2 morning snack 3. lunch time 4. afternoon candy bar §. dinner 6. TV snack 7. bedtime ‘In which of the following situations could you use the sequence above to establish time ‘order? (Circle the letters of thase you thinie could be used.) a, deseribing an afternoon birthday party 6. describing a day you spent waiting for a telephane call from a friend ¢. telling a story about an exciting day you spent at camp ses ng AN GAY aie ssemreenee the Ody ¢. telling about your week at camp {- Giving the steps in making a go-cart 275 ‘Cause-Bfect Relationship seerion 3 ANSWER: I snecre all the time, my head hurts, and my eves ache Because [ caught.» cold yesterday ‘Combine the following sentences into one sentence. Put the cause lost. My little brother ran into the television set on his tricycle. My little brother got spanked for breaking the television set. ‘The television set beoke. (Write here 41—_——— 85. ‘Topic Sentence sEcTION 6 ANSWE! 4, general statement 6. specitie detail (For extra help, s00 frames 29-37.) +. which sums up or includes 212 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 7 i 339 General Review section 1 ANSWER: a, space; &, cause-effect; ¢, timo ‘Combine the sentences into one sentence, Make the cause-effect relationship clear to the reader. He hit me yesterday. T amy afraid of him (Write here.)Sap Sentence ANSWER: a, is not easy, ‘The topic sentence of the following paragraph is: (Write it here.) 1. He snust make change while guiding the bus through tralfic. 2. AlL the same questions without showing impatience, 3. Every few minutes he has to ask passengers to step to the rear of the bus. 4, He is expected to cover his route in a certain time in spite of traffic snarls and thoughtless passengers who make him wait on them. 5. All things considered, » bus driver's job is not easy. ‘Time and Space Organization SRETION. ANSWER: 4; d Certain games also contain a built-in time sequence.” See if you can put the following events in the proper order. Write the numbers in proper order: — 1. The ball shot out toward center field. 2, The third baseman tagged out Casey. J. The pitcher threw a high fast ball. 4. The center fielder couldn't catch the ball, but he ran to the fence and picked up the ball. 5, Casey swung mightily at the pitch, 6, The conter fielder threw to third, for Casey was already around second base, 276 Cause-Effect Relationship ANSWER: ‘The television set broke and my brother got a spanking beeatse he ran into the set on his trieyele So far we have been dealing with several effects coming from one cause, Sometimes one effect comes from seven Circle the one effect and underline the causes in the following: ‘The English text was on Monday, Tam hadn't studied for the test, ‘Tom stayed home from schoal Monday. seorion——— eee 86 Topic Sentence SECTION 6 ANSWER: ‘The topic sentence is a general statement which sums up of includes the specific deioils ina paragraph, (For extra belp, soe frames 30-39.) Undlertine the topic sentence in each af the following paragraphs. a. When a student sits idly in class, he is bored because he is learning nothing, and he is learning nothing because he is not trying. If he really works on a composition o really studies a reading assignment, he will learn even though he may not get a high grade. ‘The harder he works, the more he will learn and the more valuable ke will nd the course, In short, a student gets out of a course only what he puts into it. 4. Thad an awful time getting to school this morning. In the first place, 1 rolled over and went back to sleep for ten minutes and so I was Inte for break- fast. I spilled egg all over me at breakfast and had to rush back upstairs to Leek ca el Gare abet aap oat Finally, as I rushed I dropped my beoks all over the hal ing up the books, T aan pg Lay a pe onc rag ce 213 Time and Space Organization sncTiow 7 ANSWER: 1, near to far 2, far to near 3, clockwise 4, moving point of vision ‘Write « paragraph describing what you can soe as you look out the window of your class- room. Include three or four details in the paragraph. Arrange the details in space order ‘by using one of the patterns. Write your paragraph in the space provided on page 136. 340 General Review secTION 1 ANSWER: Because he hit re yesterday, T am alii Tam afraid of him because he hit me ‘Use the same sentences, Combine thom to express time, aid of him. He hit me‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: All things considered, a bus driver's job is not exsy. ‘Does tho group of sentences below contain a topic sentence? Yes - ‘Ne. "The chrome on the handle bars and pedals was sparkling and flawless, Fenders and bars were painted a deep blue. ‘The new rubber of the thin tires shone in contrast to the gleam- ing chrome of the spokes and sockets, Even the seat, in fine dark leather, seemed the most. attractive he had ever soon. ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: 3, 5,1, 4,6,2 ‘The paragraph below is about events which have a built-in tine order with which you are probably familiar. ‘The paragraph has been jumbled up, Write the numbers of the sentences in their proper order here: 1. The center of population in the United States has heen shifting steadily ‘westward throughout our nation’s history. 2. At the beginning of the First World War, the center had moved to Bloam- ington, Indiana, 3, When the War of 1812 broke out, the center was north of Washington, D.C., in Vieginia. 4, Shortly after the Revolutionary War, our population center was Baltimore, ‘Maryland. 5, By the timo the Second World War had ended, the center had shifted well ‘into Tilinois. 6, It had moved to Chillicothe, Ohio, when the Civil War broke out. 277 © Cause-Effect Relationship ‘The English test was on Monday, ‘Tom hadn't studied for the test. ‘Tom stayed home from school Monday. ‘We can make the cause-effect relationship in the sentences above clearer by combining the details into one sentence. We will put the effect first ‘Tom stayed home from school Monday ‘Tom bads't studied for it there was an English teat andl fil in the blank.)‘Topic Sentence SBCTION 6 ANSWER: @, last sentence 6 first sentence (For extra help, seo frames 19, 22-25, and 49-60.) Which one of the following statements is true? (Circle the letter.) @, All the details in a paragraph should be the same, , All the details in a paragraph should add up to the topic sentence. ¢. All the details in a paragraph are called general detail ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 7 ‘Suppose that you had written this paragraph in the last exercise, What pattern is used to describe the details? (Circle the letter.) a. clockwise near to far ¢. farto near d. moving point of vision ‘As I look out my classroom window, I see the parking lot. A postman is walking down the road on this side of the lot. Right near the window there is a tall tree which shades the room. An old notebook is lying: under the tree. ‘Write which pattern you used in the paragraph you wrote in the last exercise. Write it above the paragraph which you wrote, aa. General Review SECTION 1 ANSWER: Twas afi id of him. 20 he hit me yesterday Rewrite the two is the church Your sentence:Which of the three sentences bilow would be a suitable topic semtence for the paragraph? (Circle the letter.) Sh Mercier ea big. 4. He thought the bicycle was absolutely beautiful. . The bicycle was painted. ‘The chrome on the handle bars and pedals was bright and flawless. Fenders and bars were painted a dee blue, ‘The new rubber of the thin tires shone in contrast to the jleaming chrome of the spokes and sockets. Even the seat, in fine dark leather, seemed the most attractive he had over seen. ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: 1, 4,3,6, 2,5 p ‘The lists labeled a, 6, and c below are built-in time sequences. ‘The sentences labeled 1, 2, rr “3, 4 and 5 are possible topic sentences for inch ib lt oe Skoog men cb fen eae « if ‘sequence you would use in writing the paragraphs. 6 Niemi wes for h belore ll ane ae eee sel when I was whom was passed out independence Day when I was nine ‘halfway through the period my birthday, August 2 when I was twelve whon the test was collected Labor Day 1, Summer vacation always seoms too short. 2. My attitude toward school has changed over the years, —__. 3. As I've grown up, I've had many different opinions of my parents. _ 4. It was certainly a reliof to got that test out of the way, ——_ 5. Last vacation was awfully boring. ...... 278 — Cause-Effect Relationship SkeTION 3 ANSWER: ‘Tom stayod home firm school Monday breause there vas an English teot andl Tors hadn't studied for it Combine the following into one sentence. Put the single effect first ‘The South lost the war. Its military ferces were low, Food for the troops was scarce, ‘ ‘There were it enough factories to produce weapans for the armies ‘Your sentenceTopic Sentence sscrion 6 ANSWER: b (Por extra help, sue frames 30-21, 42, and 52-50) ‘Cross out any sentences (details) that do not belong in the following paragraphs, 8.1, always enjay eal daa 3, T's plnsant lying in bed Vtg tothe gentle fall of rain on the roof. 3. When it's raining, colors lose their harshness, and a pleasant film seems to lie over the world. 4. I'm awfully afraid of light ning, though, 20 I stay indoors ax much os poasible. 5. Walking in a ligh rainstorm seems to be much more fun than walking on a clear day. 4.1, Tt soma that the longer the book fs, the easier it is to read, 2. A bong ‘book nsunlly has two or three charactess whorn you get to know very well and wheae lives are Ineresting to fallow 2.‘The plot of a long book: develops much more-slowly than that of a short book, so it's easier to follow the sction. 4. You also get to know the setting very well, and your familiarity with the background helps you understand what is happening, 5, Long books do soem to take a long time to rend, it 215 ‘Time and Space Organization seerioN 7 ANSWER: c. far to neor Label each of the following by telling which pattern is used to describe the details, (Fil in the blank after each paragraph.) @, stopped the car, Directly in front of me was a mountain tion standing in the middle of the ond, On the right sido of the road several wolves were ‘howling, their teeth glittering in the headlights. As I looked to my left, saw a huge ape. Slowly the ape begin to reach his truge paw toward me. ee anes) 4. Au you enter the main door of the goo, you sce a hippo in the pit straight ahead of you, Walking around the pit to tle left, you soe the snakes in glnase ameter te Wha yet the mnt OF te bp ple peel find the monkey cages, ‘Then, walking on around the pit taward the door, ‘you'll find the lion and tiger cares, (00.20.02. 2 +c, While hiding behind a bush, I saw elephants bathing in the stream in front of me. On the far bank of the stream Taw an alligator sunning himself. Be- hind the alligator, where the troes began, T could soe brilliantly colored birds among the branches. ( ’ General Review Combine the detulls below into one sen "The church is newt to the large brown howso. "The large brown house le next to thw church ice by using bath a cause-cffoct and a space ‘Our house is on the comer "The church is half a block down « We can watch people an their street Wy to church,Label the causes C and the effect E: ‘The day was hot, ‘The class was dull, Ralph set fire to the wastebasket.Topic Sentence seomoN 6 ANSWER: 4 should he eroseed out, 6, 5 should be crossed out. (For extra help, see franws 52 and 7-74.) Chango the topic sentence of the following paragraph to make it moro accurate, Baby-sitting for my little brother is no fun, Just wh 1 mattle dawn to read or watch telex ‘vision, he demands that I play with him. If get a telephone call, he screams in the back- ground or knocks something over so that I have to hang up and find out what's wrang. He refuses to let me eat a siinck in peace and usually wants half of whatever it is I have to eat, ‘Then, when he finally gets tired, it takes sbaut an hour te get him to bed and asleop. New topie sentence: 218 ‘Time and Space Organization sxcrion 7 ANSWER: a. clockwise 6, moving point of vision —_¢. near to far Write « paragraph describing the room in this picture. Use any pattern except moving point of vision. State at the beginning of the paragraph where your point of viskon is, ‘You may write your paragraph on page 137. General Review ’ SRETION 1 ANSWER: Because our house is on the comer only half'a block away from the church, gee can waieh people on their way to church, h becous our house is on the ec on their way to « nly half church. wratch poo away from Combine # details below into one sentence by using both a space and a time relationship, Twas on the roof of the garage. Fred hit me. 1 jumped down to the ground 50re. fe eae ‘Topic Sentence ‘SECTION 2 How Are Details Related to the Topic Sentence? ANSWER: the topic and aimertion of the paragraph, In the space provided on page 129, write a paragraph of 100 to 150 words, using any one of the following sentences as your topic sentence. Copy the sentence you choose before you bbogin. 1. A football game is always exciting. 2, Gotting to school om time is a problem. 8, School cafeterias can get very messy. ‘Time and Space Organization ‘SECTION ‘Suppose you had written the following paragraph in the previous frame: ‘Summer vacation always seams short. On the Inst day of school it looks as if the thro month vacation will Inst forever, By August 2, which is my birthday, I feel that there isn't any tne eft at all. Take upon Independence Day to find that Lay havent done any of the things I had planned to do in the summer, On Labor Day, right before school is to start again, I always wonder where the summer could have gone. @. Has the author used the built-in time sequence to organize his paragraph? thet euhoc ARE ed et retiree me § Yes No. ©. What improvements would you suggest to make the paragraph better? 280 Cause-Effect Relationship secrion 3 e c E ANSWER: ‘The day was hot. "The class was dull, Ralph set fire to the wastebauket Combine the sentences into one sentence, ‘This time put the effect fast The day was hot, Ralph sot fire to the wastebarket, ‘Tho class was dull,‘Topic Sentence SECTION 6 ANSWER: change “no fun" toa word like annoying or exhausting, ‘Terriéle is nol a good substitution. (For extra help, sew frames 58-61.) How many of the following statements aro true? (Circle the letters.) a, The topic sentence states the topic and assertion of the paragraph. 4, The topic sontence is always the first sentence of a paragraph, ¢, Tho topic sentence indicates what the writer is going to say in the rest of ‘the paragraph, d, The topic sentence sums up or includes the specific details in the paragraph, e. The topic sentence is a specific detail, 217 ‘Time and Space Organization section 8 Hour Do We Organize Details According to Space Order? Underline the topic sentence of this paragraph: T had never seen such a lovely setting for a house. Standing at the edge of the road, 1 looked up the gently winding driveway which climbed to the front of the hause, ‘The house sstood on a level space surrounded by towering oak trecs. Behind the houso the hill rose ‘more sharply, ending in a curved summit which seemed to-frame the whole sceno. General Review suertow 1 ANSWER: After I jumped down from the roof of the garsge, Fred hit mo. T jumped déwn ia the ground from the rouf of the ganige after Fred hit me. Combine the details below by using both » time and « cause-effect relationship. "Take those pills, It should take about an hour Your headache will disappear. ‘Your sentence:‘Topic Sentence In the paragraph you just wrote, your problem was to find details related to the topic sentence, ‘That is one of the problems which all writers have, ‘The next section will deal with how details relate to the topic sentence and to ono another, ‘We can begin by trying to find a relation among these four objects; apple, lemon, pear, orange. ‘These four objects can be classified under one heading: fruit. Under what heading can we classify these four objects: Ford, Chevrolet, Plymouth, Volkswagen? Write your answer here: 154 Time and Space Organization ANSWER: 0, Yer: b, No; ¢, pat the fourth sentence where the third one is. Now look over your own paragraph to make sure that you followed the built-in time sequence, 281 Cause-Effect Relationship ANSWER: Fiecause (ince) the day was hot and the class was dull, Ralph sat fire to the wastebasket, ‘Below are some sentences which do not express cause and effect as clearly as they could, ‘Rewrite each of them, following whatever hints are given. 1. He loves candy and he ate too much yesterday and now he is sick. 2, You touch that radiator and you will get burned, 3. He locked the door and couldn't get back in again, He forgot his key. After he locked the door, - becauseOL ‘Topic Sentence section 6 ANSWER: 9, ¢, ond d ane cormect. Which of the following questions should you ask yourself after you have written # para- raph? (Circle the letters.) a. Does my topic sentence state the topic and assertion of my paragraph? 8. Doos my taple sentence sum up the details in the paragraph? ¢. Have I supported my topic sentence with specific details? 4d, Are all my specific details related to the topic sentence? ¢. Docs my paragraph have a point, or is it merely a collection of facts strung together? 218 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION & ANSWER: I had never seen such a lovely setting for a house. ‘Thad never sewn such a lovely setting fara hotine. Standing at the edge of the rand, T Jooked up the gently winding driveway which climbed ta the front of the house. ‘The house stood on a level space surrounded by towering oak trees. Behind the house the hill rose more sharply, eniding in a curved summit which seemed te frame the whole swine. All the details in the parngraph are intended to: (Circle the letter.) 4. give directions 4, support tha topic sentence General Heview: seerion 2 Using in Paragraphs the Kelationships We Have Learned ANSWER: If you take these pills, your headache will disappear ofter about an hour Your headache will disappear after about an hour if you take these pills. Read the following paragraph: Mary had always wanted a pony. Throughout her childhood, she hail prayed overy nigist for God to send her a pony. Every Christinas she hid looked hopefully into the back yard before coming downstairs ta open her presents. Whenever ber mather or father had said, ‘"There is a surprise for you," Mary had socrotly asked herself, “A pony?” but had always bein disappointed. And now, this Christmas, there it was—s the yard and munching a carrot. All the apecific details in the paragraph which we have just read add up to: (Cirle the letter.) . 4, Mary prayed for a pony one might 5, Mary had wanted a pony for a long time c. Mary asked for a pany » Christmas, 54‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: cars (or automobiles) As we might classify hammer, saw, screwdriver, and pliers under the heading tools, we could alo carry aut the sarse proces: when we work with phrases or sentences. Look at this group of phrases: riding to the country making sandwiches filling thermos bottles finding a pleasant spot Unter which one of the following headings would you claiify the four phrases above? (Circle the letter.) a.abicycl race &. going ona picnic ¢. going to schoo! “‘Timeand Space Organization secrion 5 Hou Do We Organize Paragraphs According to Time Underline the topic sentence in the paragraph below. ‘We had a hard time getting Pete out of the well he had fallen into. First we fashioned a ‘rope by linking our belts together. ‘Then we lowered it to Pete, telling him to grasp the ‘end. After he had hold of the belt-rope, we began ta pull him slowly, inch by inch, out of the well, During his ascent, no one dared speak a word. Finally we could grasp his arms, cond, with a shout of relief, we pulled him out onto the grassy bank, 282 Cause-Effect Relatianship seettow 3 ANSWER: 1, Because tie loves candy; he ate too much yesterday, and new he i sick. 2, You will get burned if you touch that radiator. (Af you touch that radiator, you will get burned.) 2. After he lacked the door, he coulda’t get back in again because he had forgotten his key. Do these the same way you did the examples in the last frame, 1. He turned off the light and it was dark and we could not see. ee OE sterenes ~~~ because 2, The brake didn't hold and the car rolled down hill and smashed into a tre. Recause .... and ._ 9. She found a dotlar and she is very greedy and she didn’t return it. she didn’t return the dollar ch sho had found‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: All the questions should be asked. ‘Write a paragraph beginning with the topic sentence below, After you have written it, ask yourself the questions in the previous frame. If the answers are satisfactory, you should have a good parngraph, ‘The last day of school is always fun for students. "Time and Space Organization ANSWER: &. support the topie sontence ‘Thad never seen such a lovely setting fora house. Standing at the edge of the road, T looked up the gently winding driveway which climbed to the front of the house. The house stood an a level space surrounded by towering oak trees. Behind the house the hill rose more sharply, ending in a curved summit which seemed to frame the whole scene. ‘The details in the parograph are arranged in: (Circle the letter.) a. time order 4. space order 346 General Review seerion 2 ANSWER: 4. Mary had wanted a pony for a long time Mary had always wanted a pony. ‘Throughout her childhood, she bad prayed every night for God to send her n pony. Every Christmas she had looked hopefully into the bak yard before corning downstairs Lo open her presents, Whonever her mother or fathor had said, “There is a surprise for you," Mary had secretly asked hers! but had always been disappointed. And now, this Christmas, there it was—a standing in the yard and munching a carrot ‘The specific details in the paragraph are arranged to show: (Circle the letter, y Mary wanted the pony 4, that she had wanted the pony fo: ha time before she got itANSWER: 4. going on a picnic ‘The four phrases you worked with in the Inst exercise can be thought of as specific details which add up to the idea “going on a picnic.” ‘What idea do the following specific details add up to? a dirty white shirt on the floor an unmade bed a bathrobe thrown across the top of the door a striped towel on the bureai: Write your answer here 156 ‘Time and Space Organization ‘SECTION & ANSWER: We had a hard time getting Pete out of the well he had fallen into. ‘We had a hard time getting Pete out of the well he had fallen into. First we fashioned a rope by linking aur bolts together. ‘Then we lawered it to Pete, telling him to grasp the end ‘After he hnd hold of the belt-rope, we began to pull him slowly, inch by inch, out of the ‘well. During his ascent, no one dared speak a word, Finally we could grasp bis arms, and, with a shout of relief, we pulled him out onto the grassy bank. All the details in the paragraph: (Circle one letter.) @. are about the rope (6. support the topic sentence ‘Cause-Effect Relationship ‘SECTION & Recause the brake didn't hold, the car rolled dawn hill and smashed into a tne, 3, Hocause she is very greedy, she didn’t return the dollar which she had found Here are some without any hints. ‘Try them and show them to your teachor whon you have finished. (Write on a separate sheet of paper.) 1. Mary's brother ried all day long. Mary refused to take him to the circus. 2. Jane forgot to iron her dress and she wont to bed and she dis thing clean ta wear to school the next day. 3. You've been a good class all year and I'll let you go home early today. 4, You come in late one more time and I won't let you go out again for a week and I might even cut your allowance. 't hawe any- 87‘Time and Space Organization. secTION | What Do We Mean by Time Onder and Space Order? ‘Two ways of organizing details are time order und space order. ‘The sentence belaw probably shows order, (Fill in the blank.) Fred came at 2:00 and left after an hour. ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: &. apace order Underline the tepic sentence in each of the following paragraphs, a, The bed was on the far wall, covered with books and papers. A whole sec- tion of the rug on he right of the bed was soaked with green ink which was dripping from an overturned bottle on the desk against the right wall. Im- mediately to the right of the door where | was standing was a huge pile of dirty laundry. Tt was the messisst room I'd ever seen. b."The bed was covered with books and papers. A whole séction of the rug was soaked with green ink which was dripping from an overturned ink bottle on the desk. ‘Tears was a hugs pila of dy eundsy. It was the messiest room I'd ever seen. 347 Gonaral Review ssneTIoN 2 ANSWER: 6. that she had wanted the pony a long time be she got i ‘Mary had always wanted a pony. ‘Throughout her childhood, she had prayed every night for God to send her a pony, Every Christmas she had looked hopefully into the back yard before coming dawnstairs to open her presents. Whenever her mother or father had said, “There is a surprise for you,"” Mary had secretly asked herself, “A pony?" but had always been disappointed. And now, this Christmas, there it was—a pony the yard and munching a carrot ‘The specific details in the paragraph above are “Mary had always wanted a pony. acearding to: (Circle the letter.) a. space — b. eause-effect —. Lime284 Jon ax phrmwe con add up to an ide, vo can emtenom, Tend the following mentence: J like my dog Waxie. My aunt and uncle have a dog I'm fond of. ‘There is n cute stray puppy in our neighborhood that I like. Whenever Jock’s dog comes up to me, [ stop and pat it. Which of the three sentences below do the specific details add up to? (Circle the letter.) a. Fike people. 8. Tike my sunt and uncle, _¢. 1 like dogs. ‘Time and Space Organization secrion 5 ANSWER: b. support the topic sentence. had a hard time getting Pete out of the well he had fallen into. First wo fashioned a rape by linking our belts together. ‘Then we lowered it to Pete, telling him to grasp the end. After he had hold of the belt-rope, we began to pull him slowly, inch by inch, out of the well. During his ascent, no one dared speak a word, Finally we could grasp his arma, and, with a shout of relief, we pulled him out onto the grassy bank. ‘The writer of the paragraph above is mainly interested in: (Circle the letter.) a. telling an exciting story ', putting details into the peoper time order ¢. giving accurate directions fect, Relationship SECTION 3 Read the following list of details. Which one is the cause of all the others? (Circle the number.) I wish I coukd lie down. My eyes hurt. I stayed up toa late last night. T yawn constantly can't concentrate because I keep fs ing asleep in class 59= ‘Time and Space Organization ‘skort 1 ANSWER: time "Two ways of organizing details are time order and space order. ‘The sentence below shows -+- order, (Fill in the blank.) T saw Fred come around the corner, walk up the street to our house, and turn left inte our driveway. 221 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 8 ANSWER: a. and 6, have the same topic sentence: It was the messiest roar I'd ever seen. a. The bed was on the far wall, covered with books and papers. A whole sec- tion of the rug on the right of the bed was soaked with green ink which was dripping from an overturned bottle on the desk against the right wall. Im- mediately to the right of the door where I was standing was a huge pile of dirty laundry, It was the messiest room I'd ever seen. &, The bed was covered with books and papers. A whole section of the rug was soaked with green ink which was dripping from an overturned ink bottle on tho deck, There was a huge pile of dirty laundry. It was the messiest reom T'd ever soen, In which of the two paragraphs is it easier for us to see clearly where the hed, rug, ink, desk, and laundry are? (Circle the letter.) General Review SECTION 2 ANSWER: ¢. time Now write a paragraph. First, complete the following topic sentence: (Pill in the blank.) Using the completed sentence as your topic sentence, finish the paragraph. Arrange your specific details to express time, to how how long you have hoped for whatever it is you are writing about, (Write here.) T have always hoped for .....--. 60‘Topic Sentence seerion 2 ANSWER: c. I like dogs. ‘The idea which the specific details add up to-can be called the generol statement, The goneral Alaterent i ike the sum ofan arithmetic problem, Just as: a x 3 these numbers add up to 16 & 16 sodo: I fike my dog Waxie. DMy- muni apd wacke have a dog I'm fond of, these sentences, ‘There is a cute stray puppy’ in the neighbarhood that I like. ee - Whenever Jack's dog comes up ta me, 1 stop and pat it, dogs. like dogs. Time and Space Organization ANSWER: In the list Pea greater nine oSge and the ene general statement, Label the details SD and the general statement GS, 1. My brother colors all over the walls with his crayons... ... 2. He runs into furniture on his tricycle... 4. He ruins the drapes with his sticky fingers... 162 Time and Space Organization seeTION 5 ANSWER: Are all the events in this paragraph arranged starting with what happened first? Lau crawled to the top of the mountain. Tt had been a tong, hard climb. At the bot- tom, he had sprained his ankle. Then, part way up, he had lost his rope. When he was almost at the top, his foot had slipped on a loose rock and he had nearly fallen into a hole. 289 — Cause-Effect Relationship scTION 3 ANSWER: Le 2f c 1 T Go on to the next frame. 6998 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 1 ANSWER: 4, ¢, and d are correct. ‘Timo order and space order are concerned with when and ichere. If we organize a group of events acourding to when they happened, we have used time order. If we organize a group of details necording to where they are, we are using space order. Label the follow- ing sentences T (for timo) or & (for space) according to whether they use time order ar space order, 1. The crowd cheered before the team came out. ) 2. The man left the room while the teacher was speaking. ( ) 3, The bag of books is under his desk in the bedroom, ( — } A. They watch television during dinner and on until after midnight. ( 5, He jumped over the box and ran under the wire. ( ) 6, The house is next to the church and one block from school. { 226 Time and Space Organization secrion 8 Now suppose you had written this paragraph for frame 223. 1, The counter and sink along the left wall were covered with dirty dishes and garbage. 2, On the far wall the washing machine groaned under a load of fiithy clothes. 3. Right next to the door where 1 was standing, on my right, I saw a table cluttered with old news. papess, an overturned catsup bottle, and s soggy, half-eaten hot dog. 4. At the far end of the right wall the refrigerator stood with door ajar and milk dripping down from the top shelf. 5. It was the measiest kitchen I'd ever scen, ‘This paragraph is not as good as it could he because: (Circle the letter.) a. not all the details support the topic sentence. 6. one of the details is aut of order in the pattern, 353 General Review section 2 ‘The mason for Paul's constant daydreaming, it turned out, was that ho liked to pro- tend he was a prize fighter. None of his friends—or, of course, his parents —appruved of his ambition, and therefore Paul was forced to turn his hopes inward and make pictures for himaelfin his mind, Only here, inside his head, could he pursue his dream and find the satisfaction which he was looking for, Small wonder that he seeried to hear any thing which was said to him! He was off in the world of prize All tho specific details in the paragraph we have just read add Circle the letter163 We can think of the tipie sentence of a paragraph as being the general statement which sums up the specific details (tho rest of the sentences in tho paragraph). In the paragraph below, chouse the general statement (topic sentence) and put ite number in the space provided underneath the paragraph. Do the same For the specific details, 1. Pm easily distractest from doing my homework. 2, While T'm studying, T leave my work to investigate any noise Lear. 3 T'm always thinking I'm hungry and going down- stairs to look for food, 4. 1 try to listen to the radio with one ear while I study, 5. Often. in the middle of an assignment I decide that my shows need polishing and do that instead of the work in front of me. ‘Time and Space Organization ‘SECTION 5 ANSWER: No. The event which happened last (“Lou crawled to the top of the moun- tain") fa mentioned firs in the paragraph, Why do you think that “Lou erawled to the top of the mountain" was put fest instead of last in the paragraph? ‘Write your answer here: Couse-Effect Relationship seenioN 4 What Particular Errors Must We Avoid in Working with Couse-Fifect Relationships? Suppose that the president of the Boys’ Athletic Club says this: “Jack Stillwell just got promoted to vice-president in his bank. He used to be a member of our Athletic Club. Just goes in show you what a good Bays’ Athletic Club can do," ‘What is the president suggesting that the enuse of Stillwell's promotion is? ‘Write your answer here:nn 100 Time and Space Organization seoviow 2 Why Do We Organize Detaits in Time Order and Space Ordert ANSWER: io 47 2T 48 3.8 6.8 —————— ee Which af the following sets of directions would be easier to follow? (Cirele the letter.) «Pur the cake batter int the pans. Tur the hent down low. Don't forget to preheat the b, First, preheat the oven, ‘Then pour the eake batter inte the pans, After you have put the pans into the oven, turn the heat down low. 227 ‘Time and Space Organization ‘swerion 8 ANSWER: 6 1. The counter and sink along the left wall were covered with dirty dishes and garbage. 2.On the far wall the washing machine groaned under a lead of Blthy clothes, 3, Right next to the door where I was standing, on my right, I saw a table cluttered with old news- papers, an overturned catsup bottle, and a soggy, half-eaten hot dog. 4. At the far end of the right wall the refrigerator stood with door ajar and milk dripping down from the top shelf. 5. It was the messiest kitchen I'd ever seen, ‘The first twa sentences indicate that the pattern being used to organize the details is: (Circle the letter.) 1, clockwise 6. near to far i ¢, moving paint of vision d. far to near 354 General Review secrion 2 ANSWER: &, Paul daydreamed about becoming « prise fighter ‘The reason for Paul's constant daydreaming, it tuned out, was that,he liked to pre- tond he wasn prize fighter, None af his frionds—nor, of course, his parents—approved af his ambition, and therefore Paul was forced to turn his hopes inward and make pictures " 4 thing which was said to him’ He was off in the world of prizo fighting The specific d nged to shaw the dreaming. ls in this paragraph are ar Jo the letter.) a, time &, place €, cause‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: Goneral Statement: 1 Specific Details; 2-5 “I'm easily distracted from doing my homework” is the goneral statement (topic sen- tence) of the paragraph you just read. What is the general statement in the following paragraph? (Cirele the number.) 1. I never get my work in on time, 2. I am easily distracted from doing my homework, J. Loften leave out part of the assignment, 4. My work és hurried and sloppy, 5. As you can see, there aro many reasons why my grades on homework are bad. ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: because Lou's final suecess is the most important event or ‘because the writer wants to tell the reader that everything turned out all ght or because Lou's final success is what most interests the writer (and maybe the reader) Suppose the paragraph had been written this way: Tt had been a long, hard climb, At the bottom, Lou had sprained his ankle. Part way up, bo had lost his rope, When he was almost at the top, his foot had slipped on a loose rock and he had nearly fallen into a hole, Now Low finally crawled to the top of the mountain. “All the facts are the same, What might be a reason for writing the paragraph this way len ht! igh a Re PN 291 Cause-Effect Relationship sROTION 4 ANSWER: ‘The prosidont ix suggesting that the cause of Stillwell's promotion ix that he used to be a member of the Athletic Club, What is a much more likely cause for Stillwell's promotion to vice-president in the bank? Weite your answer here 73101 Time and Space Organization seorion 2 ANSWER: 6. would be casior to follow inecatse it warns you to prehont the aven first. ‘Sam heard Mr. Jones give him these directions: “Go down Swan Street to May Avenue. ‘Then go alang May Avenue until you come to my house.” ‘Sam tried to follow Mr. Jones's directions and this is what happened, (See map below. ‘The arrows show where Sam went.) eae Jones ewae Avenue Tee ee, oe Swan Sweet ‘What should Mr. Jones have told Sam to do when he got to May Avenue to make sure ‘Sam would find the house? Write your answer here: 1, The counter and sink along the left wall were cavered with dirty dishes and garbage, 2. On the far wall the washing machine groaned under a load of filthy clothes. 3. Right next to the door whore I was standing, on my right, I saw a table cluttered with old news- papers, an overturned catsup bottle, and a soggy, half-eaten hot dog, 4. At the far end of the right wall the refrigerator stood with door ajar and milk dripping down fram the top shelf. 5. It was the messiest kitchen I'd ever seen. ‘Which two sentences are out of place in the clockwise pattern? (Circle the letter.) a, Zand 4 b, 2 and & e. Sond 4 365 General Review seerion 2 ANSWER: «. cause Remember the sentence you wrote beginning “I have always hoped for ‘Then you wrote a. paragraph giving specific details arranged according to time. Nov tako the same sentence, “I have always hapod for ” Write & paragraph begiuning with the topic sentence which you have just « specific dotails ta show oa you have always hoped geaph in the space provided‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: Sentence 6 is the general statement, (topic sentonce) Underline the general statement (topic sentence) in each of the following two paragraphs, 1, dack is a very good student, He is always prepared in clas. He does ‘well on teste and on papors because he does his work carefully beforehand. His homework astignments are prompt and neat. 2. Richard is very lazy. Sally often forgets to bring her book to class. Bor ‘works on things which he enjays. Jack is a very good student, We have many kinds of students in our class. ee 165 ‘Time and Space Organization ‘SecTION 5 ANSWER: ta keep the reader in. suspense or Jo save the most important event for last or to make the reader eager to read the whole paragraph. or to show all the troubles Lou had tefore he reached the top Choose a topic fram the following list (or choose ane of your awn). ‘Lone tino T was seared in the dark. 2. the time we searched for our lost dog (or cat). 3, the time I was Jate for school, 4. the time I learned something the hard way. 5, the time I was very surprised. 6. the time I was embarrassed in public, 7. (your own choice of topic) Write a paragraph telling the evenis which happened. You can put the most important event first or last, whichever you Tike. But be sure ta arrange all the nther events in time order, Bo sure to have a topic sentence, and make sure all the details support it, Write your paragraph on page 135, 202 Cause-Effect Relationship 7 sreniay 4 ANSWER: that Stillwell is a ood banker or that Stillwell works hurd Why, then, did the peesident suggest that there was a cause-and-effect relationship bevweoa Stillwell's membership in tho Athletic Club and his promatian to vice-president? Weite your answer here:ee 102 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 2 ANSWER: Mr, Jones should have told Sam to turn right" May Avenue. M or Janes should hove told Sam whiot way br tern in May Avenue, ‘The following are details for directions for washing clothes, ‘They should be arranged in proper time order, telling the reador what to do first, what second, and so an. 1, Put eight pounds of clothes and one cup of powder into the washer and turn on the hot water. 2. Once the washer is full of water, sat the dial fur the length af time required to wash the clothes. 3, Check to soo that no clothes which might run in hot water have slipped inte the pile of clothes. ‘The person who tries to follow these directions is likely to have to reach into the hat water and pull out seme piece of clothing because: (Circle the letter.) a. the directions don’t say how lang clothes take ta wash, ‘b. the directions don’t say how much weight the machine can take. «, the directions don't warn soan enough ta check for clothing that might run in hot water. esr 220 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION § ANSWER: c. it and 4 Now go back to the parngraph you wrote for frome 223 and check to see if your details are avenged i nef the pte. Make eth the details arin the ight or acord- ing to your pattern, Helow the paragraph mame the pattern which you used 356 General Review secrion 2 ‘Suppose you had written something like the following paragraph for frame 965, with the topic sentence, “I have always hoped for ; 1. Ehave always hoped for n pair of ioe skates because figure 2. Although [have been able to rent or berraw skates whenev always thought that it would be more fun to have my own my awn skates, I would have more chances (o practice skating, to borrow somcone else's skates. coming tore and ma to borrow my brother ay easy people wre be been trying In this psn bes his roasanns Far w.‘Topic Sentence euoTiON 2 ANSWER: 1. Jack ts a-very good student. 2. We have many kinds of students in our class, Asentence may be either a specific detail or a general stateront. It all depends on the rest of the sentences in the paragraph. From the group of eight sentences below, choose four which would fit into a. paragraph that has “Cathy ix very pretty” as the general statement. Put the letiers of the four you choose next to the numbers in Diagram A below. “Three of the reintining sentences now Thay go next Lo the numbers abave the line in [iia~ gram B, One sentence, the general statement, should go below the line. Place their lettens next to the numbers, A B ay ae 2 2. Cathy is very pretty, a 4 ‘Cathy is very pretty. GS: o. Sue is very intelligent. 6. She has long black hair and fair skin. c. Her eves are pale green. d, The girls in my elass are quite different from one an- other, ¢. Linda isn’t pretty, but she’s very friendly. f. Her features are regular and her teeth ore beautiful. g. Carol is the best roller-skater in school, A, When she smiles, she looks better than ever. 166 ‘Time and Space Organization seCTION 5 ‘Underline the mest important event in the paragraph which you just wrote. ‘Tell on this ‘page whether you put the mast important event first or last and why you put it where you did, 293 Cause-Effect Relationship: secriON 4 ANSWER: He wanted to make the Athletic Claly sqund good He was trying to get more members for the Athletic Club, ‘The frames you just finished reveal the biggest error we have to worry about in expres ing cause.cffect relationships, We have to be sure that the things we say ave carises netn- ally are causes, Look at the sente campletel M cs below, ‘The writer hns included one cause which obviously fs not true, Cros it oul hil tik drepped our baby las Jess person know, Sha just doo ae sitting for ux, That girl ix the mest anything. esi . 17i 103° Time and Space Organization ‘SRCTION 2 ANSWER: c the dictions don't warn soon enough to check for clothing that might run in hot water, 1, But eight pounds of clothes and one cup of powder into the washer and turn on the hot water, 2 ee en Matas tate se fn Meng ot times 10 wash the clothes. 3, Check to see that nto clathes which might run in hot water have slipped into the pile of clothes, ‘Since clothing that might run in hot water must be pulled out before the clothes go into ihe machine, the direction which warns about this problem should come: a. after 1 &. before 1 ¢, after 2 290 Time and Space Organization secrion 9 When Do We Use Both Time and Space Order ta Organize Details in Paragraphs? i ‘Whether we arrange a paragraph in time order or in space order often depends on what 7 wwe are trying to tell our reader, , Suppase you were writing a letter to your friend, You were describing what the living room, | jn your house looks like, Which order would be most helpful? (Circle the lettoy.) i @. space 8, time 357 General Review SECTION 2 ANSWER; Sentence 1, Thave always hoped for a pair of foe skates because figure skating is my’ fi 2, Although Ihave been able to rent or borrow skates whenever I went skating, { have always thought that it would be mare fun to have my own pair. 3 Furthermore, if 1 had my own skates, | would have more chances to practice skating, since It is not to borrow someone else's skates. 4. In fhct, it seem i. how bony be has wante wn pair of skates40 ‘Topic Sentence sueviox 2 B Cathy is very pretty: Compare your answer with the diagram abave and go on to frame 41, 167 Time and Space Organization secTion 6 How Can We Arrange Space De- tails to Giow Clear Directions? Earlier in this chapter we mentioned two ways of organizing detaits, ‘They were time order and... ~ order, (Fill in the blank.) 294 wuse-Effect Relationship seeTION 4 ANSWER: Besides, all teen-agers are unreliable, How many ca hore: = does this paragraph suggest for Oscar's being in jail? Write the number alw on my baseball. new Oxcar would land in 2. He 1. Even when he was in geade school, he used to her. Once he broke a window laying104 ‘Time and Space Organization seerion 2 ANSWER: 6. before 1 From what you've son so far, it is pomible to sxy that one reason we use time order is to: (Circle the letter.) a. give directions to others 6, tell stories And we can also say that when wo organize details in time order we must be very careful to: (Cirele the letter.) ¢. label the steps d, make it very clear what order is to be followed 291 358 ‘Tine and Space Organization SECTION 9 ANSWER: o. space ‘Suppose you were in the following situation: A friend has come looking for his lost dog. You are telling him where you saw the dog, which yard he cut across, and what direction he was heading in, and when you saw him. Which order would be most helpful? (Circle the letter.) «. space 6, time ¢. both, General Review SECTION 2 ANSWER: c. why his Jove for figure skating makes him want his own-pair of skates Read again the paragraph which you wrote fo tence tells why you have always hoped for son ther, 30168 295 ‘Topic Sentence SECTION 3 How Do We Choose Details for « Paraprapht Write a paragraph below, using any one of the following sentences as your topic sentence. After you have copied the topic sentence, complete the paragraph by supplying at beast three specific details related to the topic sentence. 1, Certain situations always arise in cowboy movies. 2, School elections for Student Council officers are fairly complicated. 3, Baby-sitting for thy little brother is trying. ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 6 ANSWER: space ‘Two ways of organizing details are time order and space order, ‘The sentence below shows Sore ere, order, (Fill in the blank.) John ran down the alley, jumped to the top of the fence, climbed through a second-story window, and disappenred, ‘Cause-Effeet Relationship secriON 4 ANSWER: Four. Every sentence except the first supposedly tells a ease If your answer was none you are right also—aa you will see in this frame ay have something to do with Oscar's general behavior. But, by them- what is weong with then? Write your answer here105 Timo and Space Organization ANSWER: cand d ‘Suppose you are looking for-a friend's notebook and he tells you where to find it, (Assume yout had never been in your friend's bedroom.) Which of the following would make it ensier for you to find the notebook? (Circle the letter.) 1, My badroims i atthe end of the hall on the right. ‘The clout is inside the ‘bedroom on the left of the door. You will find my jacket hanging in the ‘back right-hand corner of the closet. ‘The notebook ia in the inside jacket 6. The notebook is in my jacket pocket in the bedroom closet. 292 ‘Time and Space Organization SeeTION 9 ANSWER: ¢. both. You want to chow where the dog was running (space) and when ‘was you last saw the dog (time). ‘Decide which order would be mast helpful in each of the following situations. Write time onder of space order below each sentence, 1, You are explaining to a friend how to find your house, t. -----) 2. You are telling about all the homework you did Last night. ( ) 2. You are telling a friend how to fix a flat tire on his bicycle, ¢ -) 4. You are describing your new school. tenes §, You are explaining the event which be up to your being late to school. a 359 General Review secrt0x 2 1. ‘The mountain peaks were stacked up on all sides of the hills, 2, The Lazy S wus one of the prettiest valleys I have ever sven, 4, There was a sloping meadow running off from the creck, and in late spring millions of violets grew there. de, one aide of the v 4. Th wns two or thre miles lang and half or two-thirds of a mile The crock in the middle of it curved slowly for the other; its shape had given the valley i 6. Beyond the meadow on both sides there wns‘Topic Sentence ‘One problem in writing » paragraph is to make suce that all the specific details support ‘the general statement (topic sentence), Suppose the topic sentence of a paragraph you were writing was, “I had a very pleasant week en In the list of specific details below, circle the details that do not support the goneral statement. 1, Phad fun at the fnavie Friday night. 2. I broke my mother's best vase and got punished. 3. [took my dog out for a pleasant walk Saturday afternoon. 4. The dog was lost Sunday and didn't come back until nearly nine. 5. My parents took me to a picnic down by the river Sunday afternoon. 6. Sunday night wa stayed up late and watched a funny television show, 169 ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: space ‘Read the following group of sentences. 2, Go down the hall to the end. On the table to the left you'll ind » book. Under the book is the shopping list. 4. The shopping list is on the table. If you were looking for the shopping list, which set of directions would give you more help in finding it? (Cirele the letter.) 296 — Cause-Effect Relationship ANSWER: ‘They don't really tell us shat eatsed Oscar to end up in jail, er ‘They don’t tell us enough about Oscar's behavine. Another common error people make in expressing cause-effect relationships is to assume that certain causes are sufficient to produce an effect which they obviously couldn't ppro- duce, What is wrong with the cause-effect relationship expressed in the following sentences? ‘Yesterday morning I stepped on a spider on my way to school. Then in the fternoon Father washed our car. Naturally it rained teday. (Write your anawer below.)106 ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: a ‘One reason we use space order is to; (Circle the letter.) @, give other people an idea of what. things look like #, give other people directions which will help them find things When we organize details in space order we must be very careful to: (Cirele the letter.) «, describe the size of things d. give the reader enough information go that he will know exactly where ‘things are. ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: 1, You are explaining to a friend how to find your house. (space order) 2. You are telling about all the homework you did last night. (time order) 3. You are telling-a friend how to fix # fat tre ont his bicyele, (probably time ander, You tell him what to do first, what to do second, and so on, Spare order is right to —you also want 10 tell him exactly where to find the places be needs to worl an.) 4. You are describing your new school. (space order) 5. You are explaining the events which led up to your being Inte to achool, (time order) Suppose your teacher aaked you to write a paragraph about an embarrassing inchdent. You remember the time you climbed up ta the thirty-foot diving board at a swimming pool to see what the view was like. Unfortunately, your friends below thought you were going to dive from the hijh board and turned all their attention to you, But you were too frightened to dive, and you had ta climb back down the Isdder. Which of the following might be a good topic sentence for the paragraph? (Circle the letter.) @. Swimming can be really embarrassing. 4, Lam always getting myself into crazy situations. ¢, L was really embarrassed at a swimming pool ance, ‘General Review ANSWE! 4, 9, 6, 1 ‘The Lary § was tho prottiest valley I have ever seen, It was two or three miles long and half or two-thirds of a mile wide, "The creek in the middle of it curved slowly: from ‘one side of the valley to the other; its shape had given the valley its name. ‘There wns a sloping mendow running off from the creek, and in late spring millions of violets grew there, Heyond the meadow on both sides there was timber to the tops of the hills, “The mountain peaks were stacked up on all sides of the bill ‘The paragraph above is organized acvucding to spect velatic intended to: (Circle the letter.) why the aut whip. All the details are the 8 was pretiy imagine ihe a‘Topie Sentence ANSWER: Zand 4 do not support the topic sentence (general ststeruent) Cross out any sentence in the following paragraph which dees not support the topic sentence. All the ladies on our block give us trouble, Mrs. Brown calls the police whenever we try to play ball in the steeot. Mrs, Smith invites us in for lemonade every day. If we happen to stray into Mrs. Green's yard, she sereams at us. Mrs. Thomas won't even let us whisper without getting mad, 170 ‘Time and Space Organization SeoTION 6 At least one of the reasons we use space order, then, is to: (Circle the letter.) 4, tell ether poople what things look like. 4. give other people directions. 207 Cause-Effect Relationship section 4 Ps ANSWER: ‘The writer believes that stepping on spiders and washing cars cise rain. This is not true. Sometimes writers state that a certain effect will follow from causes they list, While son of the causes may be valid, one or more of them may not be, Examine the following sen- ences and cross aul any cases that will not necessarily produce the effect Une writer say's they will, a. Ifyou want to be a star athlete, practice your sport every day. Get plenty of sicep, eat a well-balanced diet, and be sure to include Zappo, the cereal of « wery meal, times a ingredients lavely-to-leok-at complexion, wash your face carefully four ‘Always use Lilyskin, the soap with « hundred skin-softening107 Time and Space Organization ANSWER: band d ‘One reason we use space order and time order is to give directions. "There are, of course, many other reasons, We use time order, for instance, when we are telling a story and when we want ta make sure that our reader will know when and in what order things happened. Sometimes we use space order to describe n room, a house, « view to a friend who has never seen what we are describing, ‘The important thing to remember is that we must always be accurate in our use of time and space order. If wo're not, our descriptions or directions will not be clear. This chapter willexplain many techniques you can use to be accurate in your ust of time and space order, 234 ‘Time and Space Organization eecTION 9 ANSWER: c. I was really embarrassed at » ewimming pool once. Now you have a topic sentence and several details. “The next thing ta do is decide haw you will order your details. You have, in effect, a built-in time sequence. Put the details below in the propor time order. (List the letters in their proper order.) 4, standing at the end of the high board (You will want to use this one twice.) &, deciding to climb up to the high board to see what the view is like ¢. climbing down the ladder @, realizing your friends are looking at you because they think you are going ‘to dive ¢, climbing up the Indder f. deciding that you are too afraid to dive from that height ‘381 General Heview secrion 2 ANSWER: §. a is abo, of course, a correct answer. In this paragraph, however, the au: thor needs only to make the scene clear to the reader. If he does so, he should also have Ibnin able to comvinoe the reader that bis tapic sentence is ace On payo 144, write a paragraph beginning with this as a topic sentence [have always liked the view from First fill in the blank with the name of a place th parngraph by tolling what you see when you look at it Intionships between the ee 386Topic Sentence secniow 8 ANSWER: Mra Smith invites us in for lemonade every day. If you can find a topic sentence in the paragraph below, underline it. 1, On Sunday we had a high wind that blew down some trees in our neighborhood. 2. Mon- day was x0 cold that we had to turn on the heat and get our winter coats out. 9. ‘Tuesday stayed chilly, but by Wednesday the weather cleared and we gut some sunshine. 4. Thurs: day warns hot and humid asan August day. 5. Friday morning it began to sain, and it looks as if we'll have cold, stendy wind for two more days, ‘Time and Space Organization 6 secnion 6 ANSWER: 6. Give other people directions, Look at the following sentences again: 2, Go dawn the hall to the end, On the table to the left you'T! find a book, ‘Under the book is the shopping list. i The shopping list is on the table, ‘The reaton @ is not as helpful as a in telling the reader how to find the shopping list is: (Cirele one number.) 1, 5 doesn’t provide enough information to help the reader find the list quickly. 2, You couldn't find the list at all if you followed the directions in 6, Cause-Eiffect Relationship SECTION 5 How Can We Organise Paragraphs Ac cunding to Cause-Eifect Helationships? ANSWER; You should have cramd out the eouses that begin 2, be sure to include Zappo 8, Always use Lilyskin ‘What is the «fect of Mary's behavior In the paragraph below? We went to see the elephant. Mary insisted on sticking a branch through the fence and poking the huge beast. She also made faces and called it unpleasant narnos. ‘The ele~ phant looked at ber quite calmly and then walked off into the corner of the yard for a drink of water. Mary was still dancing araund and trying to reach it with the branch when it maved rapidly to the fence, lifted its enarmaus trunk, and sprayed quantities of water all over her. (Write your answer bere.) 87108 ‘Time and Space Organiration section 3 What Words Do We Have to Help Moke Time Order Clear? Which of the following paragraphs shows more clearly the order in which the events hap- pened! (Circle the letter.) 4, After we got off the bus, Mrs, Murphy's eat came racing across the lawn, Before we could catch the cat, it ran up a tree. While we wore trying to get the eat down, a huge dog came and frightened us away. 6, We got off the bus and Mrs. Murphy's cat raced across the lawn and we tried to cateh it, The cat went up a tree and we tried to get it dawn and a huge dog came along and we were frightened away. 235 © Time and Space Organization ‘SRETION 9 ANSWER: 5, ¢,0, 4,0, f.¢ ‘You might also want to describe space details in your paragraph, How many of the fel- lowing space details might you emphasize? (Circle the letters.) 1. ‘The pool lacks about 4 hundred mikes down from the high board, 6. The hills surrounding the pool. ¢. The parking lot off in the distance, 4. The high board doesn’t look very far up when you begin your climb, ¢, Your friends seem to surround the board when they think you are about: to dive, #. Te looks like a long, long climb back down to the ground. $62 General Review seevion 2 Which of the following paragraphs is a betier answer to the writing assignment in the last frame? (Circle the Jotter.) a. I have always liked the view fre Looking toward the east I can see docks and railros under the bridge. Farthor away large houses are the bridge across the river in our town, tracks beginning right ttered-on both sides of the river. Beyond them, the woods take over the hanks of the river as it winds off toward the horizon, Way off in the distance the river disappears in the midst of some high bills 88‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: No sentence should be underlined, ‘There is no topic aentence, If You thought there was, do this feame and thes yo on to frame 48, Uf not, skip to frame Look at the list below. Write statement Sefow the line which will sum up what was said’ in the other six statements, 1. Monday was cold. 2. Tuesday was cold, 3, Wednesday was cold. 4. ‘Thursday was cold. 5, Friday was cold. 6. Saturday wan cold 172 ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: 1 Suppose a friend is coming from out of Lawn to visit you. He has nover been Ip your house before. He will bo coming on a bus, and you are writing a letter to tell him how to {get to your house from the bus station, Which of the following directions would be most helpful to your friend? (Circle the ee eee ater) EN Seth a. Ga aut the door of the bus station oO (zl 12] [2] eas eee ene 4. Go out the York Street entrance ‘of the bus station, turn right, and walk up to the carner of York and Elm. = Seer = ¢ Leave the bus station and look for = a Elm Street. 298 Cause-Effect Relationship Yark Suet ANSWER: ‘The elephant sprays Mary. ‘The elephant gets angry and gives Mary a bath. "The elephant gets sarne water and sprays Macy Underline the eauses which produce the elephant’s anger: We went to see the elephant, Mary insisted on sticking a branch through the fence and poking the huge beast. Sh ‘aces and called it unpleasant names. ‘The ele- phant looked at her quite cal of water. Mary waa still around ond trying to reach it with the branch wh moved rapidly to the fence, ited its enormous trunk, and sprayed quantities of water all108 Time and Space Organization ANSWER: a. (Actually, you probably noticed that both paragraphs established the arder ofevents. The difference is that paragraph o indicates the passing of time more clearly than poragraph & does.) a. After we got off the bus, Mra. Murphy's cat came racing across the lawn. Before we could catch the cat, it min up a tree. While we were trying to get the cat down, a huge dog came and frightened us away. 4. We got off the bus and Mrs, Murphy's eat raced across the lawn and we tried to catch it. The cat went up a tree and we tried to got it down and a huge dog came along and we were frightened away. ‘Most readers would probably find paragraph a easier to follow than paragraph #. The events are the same, and the order of events is the same, but certain words in a make is tra cate Samet do ieee aa ‘Underline the words in a which help make the a Fs 236 ‘Time and Space Organization secrion 9 ANSWER: a, d,¢, /. You probably would not emphasize 5 and c because you would want to keep your reader's attention on the situation at the diving board. ‘Now in the space provided on page 148, write the paragraph, beginning with the topic sentence in frame 234. Be sure to arrange the details in time order. Also be sure to be accurate in describing whatever space details you decide to include, 363 General Review section 2 ANSWER: a is better. Tt makes the space relationships clear Now go back to the paragraph you wrote fu space relationships between the various detai the paragraph, ou made the 90173 ‘Topic Sentence ANSWED: The week was cold. ‘The statement. you wrote below the line is called a... .... Tt sums up the. Now look again at the paragraph: On Sunday we had a wind that blow down some trees in our neighborhood, Monday ‘was so cold that we had to turn on the heat and get our winter cots out. ‘Tuesday stayed chilly, but by Wednesday the weather cleared and we got some sumshine. ‘Thursday Soon orcad uns] wa wn Acpst dng Eriny ara Woes fr wed Fook eo we'll have cold, steady wind for two more days. Is there.a general statement which sums up the specific details and tells what the weather for the week was like? eeseceesenes din the other sentences, Me (Circle the letter.) , Turn right at the corner of York and Elm and walk down Elm Strect. 6, Turn at the comer of York and Elm ‘Streets, €, When you get to the corner of York and Elm, walk down Elm Street. (Couse-Eifect Relationship SRCTION 6 ANSWER, Mary insisted on sticking a branch through the fence and poking the huge beast She alo made faces and called it unpleasant names, ‘Mary was still dancing around andl trying vo reach it with the branch, ‘Write a general statement about Mary's behavior toward the elephant which details below add up to, 1. Mary insisted on sticking a brands through the fence and poking the huge i thw specific Shea Mary was still dancing aro loo made fees and called it unpleasant names. ed trying to reach it with the branch General statement: Mary 91 seCTION 3237 SECTION 3 ANSWER: After, Before, While ‘Words like ofter, before, and white ore time words. They help make time order clear ta the reader, For instance, loak at the following sentence. He had a flat tire; he spooded down the parkway. Which event happened first? We would all gues: (probably because of the order the sen- ‘ences are prevented in) that “He had a flat tire" came first, But we can't tell for sure, ‘Now look at the following sentence, After he speeded down the parkway, he had a flat tire. ‘Which happened first? (Circle the letter.) 9. he had a fint tire &. he speeded dawn the parkway ‘Time and Space Organization suertox 9 Judging by what you've seen so for, which of the following statements are true? (Circle two letters.) 2, Spoce order and time order toll what details to include in a paragraph. 8, Space order and time order help the writer organize the details he has chosen, to support his topic sentence. . Space order and time order can be used to help the reader imagine the scene which the writer describes, d. Space order and time order can never be used in the same paragraph, for all paragraphs have to be about one or the other, General Review sEcTION 3. Using in Paragraphs Combinations of the Relationships We Have Learned On the greon car ahead of him, Jack could barely see a sign, Since he was curious as to Now what the sign said, he stepped on the gas a Hitle and moved closer to the green he could see that the sign had red lettors and that some af the words wore larger th others, But he still couldn't read the sign. He stepped on the gas some mare and even closer to the green car. At last he could read the sign, which said, “If you ea this sign, your ear is TOO CLOSE TO MY CAR. Time, space, and cause work together in this pa the following blanks with the 1: Asd aph which you have just read. Fill inthe tapic of the paragraph below? (Circle the letter.) a, Sunday's weather 8. weather ‘thin week's weather ‘On Sunday we had a wind that blew down some trees in our neighborhood. Monday was so cold that we had to turn on the heat and get our winter coats out. Tuesday stayed chilly, but by Wednesday the weather cleared and we got some sunshine. Thursday was an hot as an August day. Friday morning it began to rain and it looks as if we'll have cold, steady wind for two more days. 174 ‘Time and Space Organization secriox 6 ANSWER: a. Which of the following would be most helpful to your friend in finding your house? — (Circle the letter.) a. Our house, 342, is down Elm Street, b. Our house is just around the comer on Elm. ‘¢, The third building on the right-hand side of Elm is 342, our house, a Cause. Effect Relationship seorian 6 ANSWER: [Any one of these is possible.) Mary teanod the elephant « great deal Mary behaved badly toward the elophant. Mary was unkind to the elephant. ‘Mary's behavior toward the elephant was bad. Mary did not leave the elephant alone, Paragraphs can be organized around cause-effect relationships. Underline the topic sen- tence in the following paragraph, You don’t have to be fooled by advertisements. Read them carefully for places where they might be lying or exaggerating. Then loak at the products yourself and see if they are what the ads say they ilk to your friends, too, to find eut if they have had success oducts whic re thinking of buying. Read any kind of real lan't buy a product just because an ad suys that a famous baao- ver or movie stat likes it 93wa ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: 6. he speeded down the parkway Underline the word in the sentence bolow which tells us which event happened first. ‘After he speeded down the parkway, he had a flat tire. 298 © Time and Space Organization SECTION 10° Review ind care true. (For extra help, see frames 156-157, 196-197, 221-222, and ‘Two methods of organizing details in a paragraph are _ ~. order and ~~ order. (Fill in the blanks.) 365 General Review SECTION 3: ANSWER: space ‘On the green car ahead of him, Jack could barely see a sign. Since he was curious a5 to what tho sign said, he stepped .on the gas a litite and maved closer to the green car. Now he could see that the sign had red letters and that some of the words were larger than the thers. But ke still couldn't read the sign. He stepped an the gas same mare and moved ‘evan closer to the groon car. At last he could read the sign, which anid, “If you can read this sign, your car is TOO CLOSE TO MY CAR.” From the moment when Jack first sees the sign te the moment when amount of : goes by 4‘Topic Sentence ANSWER: . this woek's weather Which of the words below best expresses what the suthor wants to say about his topic, this week's weather? (Circle the better.) 2. changeable cold «. stormy ‘Use the directions you have already chosen to write a complete set of directions to your friend telling him how to find 42 Elm, Begin with the following: ‘Once you have arrived at the bus station, 302 Cause-Effect [Relationship SROTION & ANSWER; You don’t have to bo fooled by advertisoments, You don't have to be fooled by advertisements, Read them carefully for places where they might be lying or exaggerating. ‘Then loak at the products yourself and see if they are what the ads say they are. ‘Talk to your friends, too, to find out if they have hd sto~ ress with the products which you are thinking of buying. Rend any kind of realiy honest reports you can find. Above all, don’t buy a product just because an ad says that a famous baseball player or movie star tikes Does the topic sentence express or an effect? a cause an effect 95112 Time and Space Organization SECTION 3 ANSWER: Afier he xpeected down the parkway, be had a flat tire. A/ter tells us the time order of the twe events Is there any word in these pairs of two sentences which tells us what the time order is? He ate breakfast. He made a telephone call. He made a telephone call. He ate breakfast. Yes . Noses 239 Time and Space Organization secrion 10 ANSIWER: time; space (For extra help, see frame Both time order and space order are useful in: (Circle the letter.) 4, telling people where to find things. 4, telling people what steps to follow in doing something. ¢. giving directions, 366. General Review SECTION 3 ANSWER: time ‘On the groen car ahoad of him, Jack could barely sce a sign. Since be was curious ws to what the sign taid, he stepped on the gas a little and moved closer te the green car. Now he could see that the sign had red letters and that some of the words were larger than the othors. But ho still couldn't read the sign. He stepped on the gas some more and moved even closer to the green car. At last he could read the sign, which said, “If you can read this sign, your car is TOO CLOSE TO MY CAR.” Jack's curios to the green about what the sign says is the for his moving closer a649 Topic Sentence SeOTION 3 Is there a sentence in the paragraph below which states the topic and assertion? On Sunday we had a wind that blew down some trees in our neighborhood, Monday was 20 cold that we had to turn on the heat and get our winter coats out, ‘Tuesday stayed chilly, but by Wednesday the weather cleared snd we got some sunshine. Thumday was as hot as an August day, Friday morning it began to rain and it looks as if we'll have cold, steady wind for two more days, Ves ..- Ne ccusee 178 ‘Time and Space Organization Secrion 6 Suppose you were telling a friend how to get from scheol ta your house (on the corner of ‘Bishop Drive and Owk Street). Send your friend along the route marked in red. Be sure to make your directions accurate so your friend won't take any wrong turns. (Write out the directions here,) 303. Cause-Effect Relationship: SECTION 5 ‘A vory common methed of organizing paragraphs around a cause-effect relationship is to express the «ffect in the topic sentence and then support the topic sentence with details which are causes that produce Uhe elfect. ‘The paragraph on advertising was one example, Here is another, Underline the affect Jan never seenved stu at anyone, id hello to people in tbe fa or spoke in class, Even her way of walking ve hurried home without a glance e all thought that Jan was a snob. 97113 ‘Timo and Space Oryanization secrion ANSWER: No. ‘There is no word shich (ells us what the time order fx Underline two of the following sentences which contain a word which tells the time order ‘of the two events, He ate breakfast and he made a telephone call. After he ate breakfast, he made a telephone call. He made a telephone call after he ate breakfast. 240 Time and Space Organization skeTION 10 ANSWER: ©. giving directions, (For extra help, ev frame 107.) ‘Some of the useful time words which help establish time order are: (Circle the letters.) a.after 5. ontop of inside d.and ¢.while fduring g. before A. if 367 General Review SECTION 3 ANSWEN: cause (or reason) On the green car ahead of him, Jack could barely see a sign, Since he was curious as to what the sign said, he stepped on the gas a little and maved closer to the green car. Now he cotuld soe that the sign had red letters and that. some of the words were larger than the others. But he still couldn't read the sign. He stepped on the gas seme more and moved even closer to the green car. At last he could read the sign, which said, “If you can read ‘this sign, your car is TOO CLOSE TO MY CAR.” All the relationships we've studied so far—space, cause-effect, and time—are included in ‘the paragraph abave. We can, then, arganize paragraphs by using combinations of the relationships ‘What built-in time sequence could you use if you were writing a paragraph with the topic sentence below? (Circle the letter.) When I heard yesterday morning that the schoo! bully was after me, I was frightened all day clock —nine o'clock —ten o'clock &, morning—noon (lunch time) wore safe at hone arly afternoon—late aft joon when you at night ¢, lunch time —afternoan— evening 98‘On Sunday we had a wind that blew down some trees in our neighborhood. Monday was £0 cold that we had to turn on the heat and get our winter comts out. Tweeday chilly, but by Wednesday the weather cleared and we got some sunshine. Thursday was a¢ hot as an August day. Friday morning it began to rain and it looks as if we'll have cold, steady wind for two more days. In the space provided, write a sentence which will express the topic and assertion of the paragraph above and which will also sum up the specifie details in the rest of the paragraph. ‘Time and Space Organization ‘Look back at the directions you just wrote and check to see if you can answer 'Yes"* to all these questions. If you can, your paragraph is probably accurate. 1, Did you tell your friend which way to turn (left or right) every time he had to make a turn? Letra acalyooe gages el i ha iggh Ral fi atten ok | ‘does x Preece b aucoe did you tell your friend the names. of the streets and drives he was ta walk down? 4, Did you tell your friend exactly where on Bishop Drive your house is? If the answer to any of these questions is “No," go back and revise your paragraph until it is accurate. 804 — Causo-Effect Relationship SECTION 5 ANSWER; We all thought that Jan was a snob. Jan never said bello to people in the halls or spoke in class. Even her way of walking seemed siuck-up. ‘The minute school was out, she always hurried home without a glance at anyone. II thought that Jan was a snob, All the details that support the topic sentence ate: (Circle the letter.) 99114 Time and Space Organization © seeion 3 breakfast, be made a telephone call He made a telephone call after he ote breakfast, ‘The undertined event happened first in time order, He made a telephone call and he ate breakfast. Keoping the time order the same, we could also write: - he made a telephone call, he ate breakfast. (Circle the letter.) a. While 6. After elf d. Before 341 —Time-nnd Space Organization seonow 19 ANSWER: a, ¢, fg, and sometimes d (For extra help, see frames 134-196.) Which of the following paragraphs contains a built-in time sequence? (Circle the letter.) a, This week's weather was very changeable, Monday was stormy, and sev- eral trmes were blown over in our city. "Tuesday was so cold that we had to pet out our winter coats. Wednesday and ‘Thursday became progressively ‘warmer until it was uncomfortably hot by Thursday afternoon. Friday it ‘began to rain. b. The weather in this town is very unpredictable. Terribly cold weather and uncomfortably hot weather within the same week are common. Often 1 leave for school in fair weather and return home in the middie of a rainstorm. Twavldn't be surprised if some day it was 100 degrees at one time of day and snowing at another. 368. General Review secrion 3 ANSWER: } When I heard yesterday morning that the school bully was after me, 1 was frightened all day. Another relationship you could use in writing the paragraph would be cause-effect. ‘The cause of your frar is, of course, the schoo! bully. Which of the details belaw cauld be «fects of your fear? (Circle the letters.) @, As [walked down the hall between classes, Lcauld imagine that he was fal: lowing nie waiting to pounce Leouldn’t concentrate in class because of worry pen if he caught re. My teacher got angry at me bocause T had left last night's hamewark assign. ment at home. out"what wauld he Bz‘Topic Sentence SECTION 3 ANSWER: This week's weather was changeabie. Choow ane tapie sentence from the list below and write a paragraph which begins or ends swith the lapic sentence which yoy choose, Write your paragraph in the space pravided on page 130, 1. Parents make several mistakes in bringing wp children, Crabby teachers aren't always so bad after all. 4. There are several things which I enjay doing in my free time, ‘4 [ find it very hard to save money. 5. ‘Younger brothers or sisters can be a nuisance, 178 "Time and Space Organization section 7 What Are the Onlors We Can Use to Describe Details in Spoce? in MODEL, DIRECTIONS: (Ge tet the font door of shal art turn I Wal down Streot ane half block. Turn left onte River Drive and walk two blocks ta the eae nner of River and Maple Streets, ‘Turn right onto Maple and walk tio blocks to the corner ‘of Maple and Bishop Drive, Turn left until you get to the last house on the left side of Bishop Drive. ‘Decide which of the following paragraphs is organized according to space order and which according to time order, Write space onder next to ane and time arder next to the ether. ‘o, Milton examined the scone from his window. In front of the distant hills to the ght, could oo Us tal ak tree, Uaslernsath the tre stood the oh doghouse, Just below his window was a sandbox, (es 8, Mary held her breath in excitement. ‘Then ake turned her head and lis» tened. She counted to ten and stood up. Next she called out “Sue?" After she had waited for a while, she began to walk away. (oe -- 22 ene eee esd Cause-Effect Relationship SROTION 5 ANSWER: a. causes Choose a topic sentence from the following list (or make up your own) and write a para- graph in which you tell several causes which work together to produce the effect stated in the topic sentence. Write your paragraph in the space provided on page 1 Pat your topic sentence either at the beginning or at the end of your paragraph, wewark dane. y perind, I haven't done much work, little afraid of the dark. 101_ 115 Time and Space Organization ANSWER: d. Before SECTION 3 Is the event which happened first in time onder the one which is written first in this sentence? Before he made a telephone call, he ate breakfast, Yes _ No . 242 Time and Space Organization SRCTION 10. ANSWER: o (For extra help, see frames 146-152.) Write a paragraph using the topic sentence and the built-in time sequence listed below. (Check a good reference book for any facts you will need.) America has been adding states ta the Union ever since our nation was founded. 11787) 2.182003, 1886 4.19105. 1959 369 ‘General Review: ANSWER: 9. bd and / ‘smorroN 3 ‘Now write the paragraph. Begin with the topic sentence: ‘When I heard yesterday morning that the school bully was after me, T was frightened all day. Use time and cause-effect relationships ta organize the details in the rest af the paragraph, Be sure to emphasize your fear and the fact that it Insted all day until you were safely home from school. 102‘Suppose that you wrate this paragraph in the Last exercise; Parents make several mistakes in rearing children. ‘They don’t give thom enough feo dom, for one thing. ‘Thoy always expect them to do too much helping around the house, ‘Sometimes parents can bo very mice—when they change their minds and let their children 0 comewhore afier all, Paronts are wrong when they compare their children with other people's kids, ‘Underline the sentence which does not “belong” with the general statement. Underline the words in the paragraph below which show where the oak tree is in relation to the hills, where the doghouse is in relation to the tree, and where the sandbox is in re- lation to the window. ‘Tom examined the scene from his window. In front of the distant hills to the right, he ‘could see the tall oak tree, Underneath the tree stood the old doghouse, Just below his window was a sandbox, 306 Couse-Effect Relationship: "These are two paragraphs written on topic No. 1 in frame 305, Cirele the letter of the one ‘which best fulfills the assignment, @. I don’t usually do very well on tests. My parents often yell at me but that doesn't help one bit, My life's ambition is not to hnve to take tests, T just hate them. ‘They frighten me a lot. don’t usually do very well on tests. I get scared in a group of people all ‘The ticking of the clock makes me so nervous that I forget 1 T've learned. Often T don't understand the question well enough to answer it116 ‘Time and Space Organization SecrioN 3 ANSWER: No. If you got this answor wrong, ansteer the following question and then go to frame 117. If you got it right, skip now to the question in frame 121 Underline the event which happened first in time order in each af these sentences. She did her homework before she went outdoors, Before she went outdoors, she did her homework. 243 Time and Space Organization SECTION 10 Four patterns of organizing detaits according ta space order are: (Cirele the letters.) @, near to far b. largest to smallest ©, maving point af vision d. clockwise ¢. mast important to least important 7 far to near 4g prettiest to ugliest A. absent point of vision 370 General Review ‘SECTION 3 Read the following details carefully. Later we will write a paragraph using all of them. Place: 1. At the left of the hill, whore the road starts to curve, is a low wire fence. 2.9 steep hill 3. Halfway down the hill, on the left of the road, 4. On the other side of the fence is a shallow pand. 5. The rond curves sharply to the left at the foot of the hill Events: 1. losing contro! and falling the bicycle inte the hedge 2. deciding to coast downhill “no hands” 8, deciding never to show off on a bicycle again, 4. watching the bicyele leap the fence and sink in the pond Because the detaits are out of order, we'll necd to sce haw they go together. We can make the space relationship clear by using the details under “Place” to draw a sketch of the setting. Draw it here: 104‘Tapie Sentence ANSWER: Sometimes parents can be very nice—when they change their minds and let their childron go somewhere afver all, Go back to the paragraph you wrote for frame 51 and make sure that there are no senten- ces which da net add up to the general statement. If there are, cross ther out, ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: mee the right front of; to Undemeath Just below ‘The words which you just underlined help show the . in the paragraph, (Fill in the blank.) 207 Causo-Effect Relationship secrton 5 ANSWER: paragraph b—because it gives several enuses which produce the effect “I don't ‘usually da very well of. testa.” Go back to your own paragraph and make sure that you stated several causes, and only ‘causes, which add up to the topic sentence. Another methad of building » paragraph around a cause-effect relationship is to express a -couse in the topic sentence and then list the effects which follow from it, Underline the ‘cause in the following paragraph, Lincoln's promotion of Grant to lieutenant general changed the course of the war. It enabled the President to give Gi mamand of the Union forces in the 4, Grant led the army in a far more forceful fashion than previous generals had, ‘The Union army fought and eventually, under Grant, forced the Confederate troops to surrender.117 Time and Space Organization SRETION 3 ANSWER: Sie did her tomework happened first in time order in both sentences, ‘He ale breakfast before he made n telephone call. Which event happened firet in time order? (Circle the letter.) 0. He made a telephone call. 4b. He ate breakfast 244 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 10 ANSWER: a, c,d, and / (For oxtra help, see frame 212.) Suppose you were outside this house and you wanted to tell someone where he could find a book you left on the end table marked B in the diagram, Write directions below so that some- ‘one could find the book easily. A—doors (closed) 371 General Review Hilt SECTION 3 ANSWER: Events: 1, losing contro! and deciding ta coast deciding never ta By putting the ev lish the time se fumbe Gf the events in ju L106‘Topic Sentence section 4 Hew Do We Choose an Accurate Topic Sentence? ‘Suppose your teacher asked you to write a paragraph about someone you know, As soon Rea eee eek Spee ee earn lot's say you are writing about Mr. Mansficld, a man in your neighborhood. ‘Now lot's suppose that in thinking about Me. Manefld ‘you remember.several things be has done, ‘You'll want to include these actions in your parageaph— he gives money to all the local charities; he gives money to children in the neighborhood for candy or soda; he has donated records to the local Hop Club; he has offered to pay half the cost of a new movie projector for the Junior High, When you include these things in your paragraph, they will be: (Circle the letter.) a. general statements, 4, specific, details © topic sentences 181 Time and Space Organization seeriaw ANSWER: pace ‘Once having told us that he is at his window, in what order does the writer of the paragraph below mention details in the scene? (Circle the letter.) «a. from the farthest to the nearest &. from the nearest to the farthest ¢. from left t right ‘Tom examined the scene from his window. In front of the distant hills to the right, he could sce the tall oak tree. Undernesth the tree stood the old doghouse, Just below his window was a sandbox, 308 Cause-Effect Relationship sneTion 5 ANSWER: Lincoln's pramation of Grant ta lieutenant general changed the course of the 7 war Ifa paragraph begins with this topic sentence: If you talk back to your parents you may be sorry what do ve expect that the rest of the paragraph will tell us? (Write your answer here.)118 Time and Space Organization SECTION & ANSWER: 4, He ate breakfast, ‘Underline the event which happened first in time order in each of the following sentences. ‘She called up Bob after she came home from school. After she came home fram school, she called up Bob. 245 Time and Space Organization seetiow 10 ‘Suppose you were asked by the police to describe what you saw at the time of an accident, ‘Look at the dingram below, establish where you wore standing (your point of vision), and write a paragraph describing the accident. Keep both the time order and space order clear. Make up whatever facts you need (how fast the cars were going, which car got to the intersection first, which car ran through a red light) to show who caused the accident. A—overhead stoplight B—telephone pole C—parked bus @® Xepoint where the two cars hit each " other 872 General Review section 3 ANSWER: 2,1, 4,9 Events, losing contol and falling off the bicye 1 2. deciding to caast downhill “no hands” 3, 4 into the hedge 3, deciding nover to show off un a bicycle nel ink in the pond= vatching the bicycle leap the fence a 1. The one detail which all the others lead up to ix: hill 6. deciding never to sh bicycle, watching the bi Fill in blank,‘Topke Sentence ANSWER: 6, specific details Before you've begun to write your paragraph, then, you already have several necessary ‘items: a topic (Mr. Mansfield) and four specific details (the things he has done that you want to mention). “Your problem now is to write the topic sentence, You already have a topic. #0 all you newd te complete your topic sentence i something to ay about the topic. This sealed: a. an idea, 2. 8 general statement am assertion. (Circle the letter.) 182 Time and Space Organization ANSWER: a. from the farthest to the nearest we were writing a paragraph about these details: 1. a ear very close to us 3a. ‘telephone pole 4, a postman barely visible in the distance ‘and we arranged them in the same order as in the paragraph which you just read in frame 18, the first one we would mention Cer 309 Cause-Effect Relationship ANSWER: shy, how, in what sway you may be sorry. ‘The paragraph will tell some effecis produced by talking back to parents, Write » paragraph beginning with the topic sentence, “If you talk back to your perents you may be sorry.” Be sure to include at least three efecis.118 ‘Time and Space Organization -sRCTION 3 ANSWER: ashe came hame front schoo! happened first in time order in both sentences ‘Before he made a telephone eall, he ate breakfast, Which event happened first in time ardor? (Circle the letter.) a. He made a telephone call. +b. He ate breakfast. ‘Cause-Effect Relationships: SECTION I What Do We Mean by Cause ond Eject Relationships? ‘The underlined sentence below happened first in time order. Combine these two sentences into one sentence without using ond, Make your sentence show that the underlined part happened first in time. Susan took her dog Oscar for a walk. She ate supper. 373. General Review sreriow 3 Evenis: 1. Josing control and falling off the bicycle into the hedge 2. deciding to coast downhill “no hand: 8, deciding never to shaw off on a bicycle again 4. watching the bicycle leap the fence and sink in the pond Normally in a cause-effect paragraph with only one effect we can put the effect at either the beginning or the end of the paragraph, In this paragraph, hawever, the one effect is likely tn be put only at the end of the paragraph. Why? ‘Write your answer here:310 ‘Now, looking over your details, you find that all the things Mr. Mansfield has done indi- cate that he is nice, Therefore, you decide that your assertion about Mr. Mansfield is that he isa nice man. At this point you have a topic and an assertion. Write the topic sentence in the space We have seen that when we arrange details in space order, one way to do it is to mention the . first and the ~ last. (Fill in the blanks.) Cause-Effect Relationship Suppose that in the last frame you wrote the paragraph below: If you talk back to your parents, you may be sorry. Parents often say things which make you want to talk back. Some of these things seem very stupid or silly, Tt is hare to keep from talking back to your parents all the time, ‘They will send you to your room if you do. I wish I could talk back more often. Underline any sentenves which tell the eifects of talking back to parentsee 120 ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 3 ANSWER: 4, He ate breakfast - Before he made a telophone call, he ate breakfast, Hefore tells us that he ate breakfast first and then made the telephone call, Underline the event which happened first in time order in each of the following sentences: 1, He got a job after he finished high school. 2. Before Grandinother arrived, we cleaned the house, 4, He watched television before he practiced his music lesson. 4, After she took Ralph to school, she came over to visit me, 247 | ANSWER: (any one is acceptable.) , ‘Susan ale supper before she took her dog Oscar for a walk. Susan took her dog Oscar for a walk after she ate chad eaten) supper. Before she took her dog Oscar for a walk, Susan ate supper. After she ate (had eaten) supper, Susan took her dog Oscar for a walk. ‘Write the two sentences below as one sentence without and. Make your sentence show that both events happened at the sume time ‘We were taking a drive and it was raining. 874 General Review seoTION 3 ANSWER: We avo likely to put the effect | ‘The order in which the events occurred Now write the p 145, Begin with the following sentence: agraph in the proper space on When I was bieyeling the other day, I had just pumped up one side of a hill and started coasting dawn the other whenANSWER: Mr. Mansfield is a nice man, After you finish writing, your paragrapls might look something like this: Mr, Mansfield is a sice man, He contributes to many local charities, Often he will give achild in our neighborhood 4 quarter for candy or sods, He has donated records to the local Hop Club, and he even offered to pay half the cost of a new movie projectar for the Junior High. Now, if you remembered the exercises you did in the previous section, you would want to ask yourself if all the details jn the paragraph support the topic sentence. Read the para- graph again. Are there any details in the paragraph which do not support the general statement (Mr. Mansfield is a nice man)? Yes No 184 Time and Space Organization ANSWER: mention the farthest ane first. and thi: necresf one last, Tn the paragraph below, the writer mentions the — ~~ detail last, (Fill in the blanks.) ‘Tom examined the scene from his window, Just below his windew was a sandbox, Underneath the tree, farther away, he could see the doghouse. Off in the distance to the Fight were the hills. san Cause-Effect Relationship ANSWER: (only one). They will send you to your room if you do, If you talk back to your parents you may be sorry. Parents often say things which make you want ta talk back. Some of these things seem: very stupid or silly. It is hard to keop from talking back to your parents all the time. ‘They will send you te your room if you da. T wish I could talk back mare often, Mast of the sentences in the paragraph you just read do not add up to the tople sentence. ‘They would be better in a paragraph whose topic was (Pull in. the blank.) 113a1 ‘Time and Spoce Organiestion SECTION 2 ANSWER: 1, He got 9 job after he finished! high school. . ‘2, Before Grandmother arrived, we cleaned the house. ‘i, He watched television before he practiced his music lesan. 4. After she took Ralph to schoal, she eae over to visit. me. ‘The underlined event happened first in time order, He repaired his motorcycle. He bought 0 pipe wrench. Choose one word which will show the time onder in tiis sentence. (Circle the letter.) he bought « pipe wrench, he repaired his motorcycle. ©. After d. Now While we were taking « drive it was raining (it mined). It was raining (It rained) while we were taking a drive, During the drive (During the time we were taking the drive) it was raining (it rained), 11 Was raining (Tt rained) during the drive (during the time we were taking the drive). Write the following sentences as one sentence without tsing ard. ‘You will find the assignment. The book is in the pocket of my jacket. "The mssignment ix ‘on page 45, Begin your sentence with: You will find the assignment . 975 ‘General Review section & ‘So far the paragraphs you have written using combinations of the relationships have been stories, There are other kinds of parugraphs which wx combinations. Read the para- {graphs below and decide in each ease which relationships are being used. (Write your anawers in the blanks.) a. The shape of the human hand is of great importance. If the thumb were Fight next to the four fingers and if it bent thesame way they do, people would find it impomible to suppart bath sides of an object they were holding in one hand. Swinging a baseball bat, for instance, would be impossible. If the op- posing thumb were placed toward the center of the hand, holding certain ob- jocts would still be imposible. Again using the baseball bat as an example, we can se that the bat couldn't be held if the thumb were, say, in the mid- dip of the palm. ones pets. 2 would have had ded upon the previous nothing to invent. 1 inwention of the wheel could not hy 114BB ‘Topie Sentence snoniay 4 ANSWER: No. All the details support the general statemont. ‘However, the general statement (topic sentence) nevds improving. We have said before that the topic sentence, or general statement, sums up all the details in the paragraph, ‘We could also say that the topic sentence includes all the details in the paragraph. If you think of the whole paragraph oa a straight line and of the specific dataila ax sections of Use line, the picture will come out like this: Reneral state:nent specific specific specific pec dotait (1) detail (2) detail (3) detail (4) and it would Jook this way for our parageaph ; Mr. Manstield ia a nice man he gives money to he gives money to he donates —_he offers to charities children records ta help pay for Hop Club projector es 185, ‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 7 ANSWER: nearest (closest) detail; farthest (farthest away, most distant) detail Suppose we were writing a paragraph using these details: 1. a car very close to us telephone pole just beyend the car a sleeping dog behind the telephone pole 4. a postman barely visible in the distance If we nrrange the details above in the same order as the one in the previous frame, we will mention which detail first? . (Fill in the blank with a number from, the list above.) 312 Cause-Efftet Relationship hari ANSWER: why we want to talk hack te parents things parents do whieh rks te vant to talk back to thom, Look back at the paragaph you wrote about “If you talk back (o your parents, you may be sorry” and make all ihe chotaiks e cause expressed in the topic122 ‘Time and Space Organization seeion 9 ANSWER: c, After he bought a pipe wrench, he repaired his motorcycle, If you got this answer right, go now to frame 129 in the middle of page 3, If not, answer this questian and proceed as ustial, He vepaired his motorcycle, He bought a pipe wrench, ‘Now turn the sentence around and begin with: ‘He repaired his motorcycle. (Complete the sentence. Paeae eeine enna ia tant 249 —— Cause-Effect Relationship SECTION 1 ANSWER: You will find the assignment on page 45 in (af) the bock in my jacket pocket fin the pocket of my jacket). ‘Two ways of arranging details in a paragraph ane «Fill in the blanks.) 976 General Review SECTION 3 ANSWER: fe, space and cause-effect b time and cause-effect ‘The following sentences are suggested topic sentences for paragraphs which could be organ- ized by using more than one relationship. Following the hints given, write one of the paragraphs. When you havo finished it, check to see which relationships you have used and if you have used them clearly. ‘Then give your book to the teacher. Write your paragraph on page 146. 1. A person's attitude toward school can change over the years. (Use the built-in time sequence: entering school, fourth grade, soventh grade, senior year, Suggost why the attitude may be different at each stage.) 2, Fast-pitch softball is faster than baseball bocause it is played on a smaller diamond. (Show how the different space relationships cause ane faster.) 3, Saturdays seem to go by 4.The things 1 enjoy doing were when I was a child londays, are different fr ich faster th: 5. Your own choice. 116ee 5 ‘Topic Sentence SECTION 4 ‘The reason that our topic sentence still needs improving is that it could include many other details besides the ones in the diagram, Choose three details from the list belaw which ‘could be included in '*Mr. Mansfield is a nice man." (Circle the lettors, a, He smiles at people on the street. 4. He kicks old ladies. c. He can't do addition prob. Jems. d. He helps students de their homework. e. He gives people rides to town. 186 Time and Space Organization ‘spevi0x 7 ANSWER: 1. a car very close ta as. ‘When we are arranging details in space order, one way is to mention the _. first and the... <= last. ‘The other way is to mention the . and the _________ detail last. 313 Causo-Effect Relationship shoTtON 5 ‘Read the following paragraphs carefully. Decide which sontence in each is the topic sen- tence. ‘Then decide how each paragraph i organized: whether it includes one cause and several effects or ono effect and several causes. In the blank after each paragraph, write “one cause" or “one offect” according te the type of paragraph it is, «. Predicting the weather can be difficult, ‘The safest forecast can be upset by a storm system that maves faster than anticipated. A drop in temperature of only a few degrees ean turn what looked like a partly cloudy day into a rainy one, Sometimes the wind shifts suddenly and the snow that the weatho man predicted would last all day gives way to sunny skies, 4. Prodicting the weather incorrectly leads to all sorts of trouble. If you say, 's going to rain,” and it doesn't, people will laugh at you. Betting on clear skies the day before a picnic often results in a quick cancellation ar in being drenched by a sudden downpaur in a park. More than one skating party has heen ruined because someone predicted a cold wave that didn't come. 117‘Time and Space Organization SECTION 2 ANSWER: He repaired his motorcycle after'he bought » pips wrench, Both of these sentences show that “he bought a pipe wrench” happened firs! in time order. After he bought a pipe wrench, he repaired his motorcycle. ‘He repaired his motorcycle after he bought # pipe wrench, ‘We can express the same time order another way. he repaired his motorcycle, he bought a pipe wrench. (Circle the latter.) a. Before o&1f 6 New d. While e. After 250 Cause-Effect Relationship ‘section 1 ANSWER: time order and space order. Another kind of order ks couse and effect. If 2 man slips on some ice and breaks his leg, the couse of his fall is: (Circle the letter.) a. breaking his leg 3. slipping on the ice 118Topic Sentence ANSWER: a, dande ‘The problem is that our topic sentence can include many move details than you originally pees 9 Bi ak ee peraaen Tf you think of the graph again, the paragraph locks this: Mr, Mansfield is a nice man, he gives he danates "he affers to records to help pay far Hop Club projector We must change the topic sentence so that jt will include only the specific details we originally planned to put in our paragraph, Looking at the original details again, we see that they all refer to Mr. Manefield’s: (Circle the letter.) a. frequent gifts ‘6. appearance £, enemies ‘Time and Space Organization ANSWER: the nearest detail first and the forthest last ‘the fartheat detail frst and the mairest last Suppose you were describing this roam to a friend: Using one of the two patterns of space orcer which we have just been thinking about, you would mention whieh object in the room firyt? the _ © (Fillin the blank.) Using the other pattern, you would mention which object first? the ... (Pil in the Blanic) 14 Cawse-Effect Relationship SECTION 5 (The other sentences give causes why it is difficult to predict weather.) 6, one cause (The other sentences give the effects of predicting the weather incorsectly.) ‘The sentences below are possible topic sentences for paragraphs which might be built around cause-effect relationships, Choose one sentence from the list. Decide whether the sentence is the ane eatse which produces several effects or the one effect which comes from several causes, ‘Then write the paragraph on page 140, ly mother has never allowed me to have a dog. 2. Small children often do more harm than good when they try to help. 4. Tf you get into trouble at school once, it's hard to xtay out of trouble tho respect a person who lies all the time. "t count your chickens before they're hatched’ 119124 Time and Space Ovganization secroN 3 ANSWER: a. Before he repaired his motoreycie, he bought pipe wrench. Before he repaired his motorcycle, he bought a pipe wrench. Now turn the sentence around and begin with He bought a pipe wrench - (Complete the sentence, keeping the time order the same.) 251 ‘Cause-Effect Relationship ‘SECTION 1 ‘A man slips on some ice and breaks hi leg. ‘The effect (or result) of the man’ 20