12kmt Thuc Dia

AI HOC QUC GIA THANH PH H CHI MINH
TRNG AI HOC KHOA HOC T NHIN

KHOA MI TRNG
BO CO THC TP MI TRNG I CNG
C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT THEO

TUYN HNH TRNH
Ngnh: Khoa Hc Mi Trng
Nhm thc hin:

NHM 08 Lp 12KMT
GVHD: ThS. NGUYN TH NGC
Nm hoc: 2014- 2015
TP. H Chi Minh 2014
BO CO THC TP MI TRNG
LI CM N
Cc thnh vin trong nhm thc tp Mi trng 08 lp 12KMT xin
gi li cm n chn thnh nht n tt c cc thy c tham gia chuyn i
thc tp 07/2014; cc thy c hng dn, gip v to mi iu kin
tt nht nhm c th hon thnh chuyn i thc tp Mi trng u tin
thun li v hiu qu.
c bit, cc thnh vin trong nhm xin gi li cm n chn thnh n
thy H Quang Hi v c Nguyn Th Ngc hng dn nhm v mt kin
thc v x li mu vt nhm hon thnh bi bo co thc tp.
Nhm cng xin gi li cm n n tp th lp Khoa hc mi trng
kha 2012 cng nhm tri qua 6 ngy thc tp b ich v thit thc.
Tp th nhm 08
Page 2
DANH SCH THNH VIN TRONG NHM

PHM TH BCH TRANG (Nhm trng)
1217268
TRN TH THNG TH
1217257
NGUYN TH THANH TUYN
1217295
NGUYN TH THNH VY
1217321
TRN NGUYN THIN TRANG
1217270
TRN THANH TNG
1217303
NGUYN V THNH
1217241
L I MY
1217132
L PHNG ANH
1217197
PHNG TH M DIM
1217147
NG QUANG TR
1217280
NGUYN TH THANH HIN
1217080
Page 3
MC LC
LI CM N...................................................................................................................................
DANH SCH THNH VIN TRONG NHM..............................................................................
MC LC........................................................................................................................................
DANH MC BNG BIU..............................................................................................................
DANH MC HNH NH................................................................................................................
GII THIU CHUNG
1.
T VN ..........................................................................................................................
2.
MC TIU NGHIN CU....................................................................................................
3.
PHNG PHP NGHIEN CU...........................................................................................
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN..........................................................................................................10

1.1
SINH VT VA TAI NGUYN SINH VT......................................................................10
1.2.
NGHA CA TAI NGUYN SINH VT I VI S PHT TRIN CA A
PHNG......................................................................................................................................11
1.3
NHN NH CHUNG V SINH VT VIT NAM....................................................11
CHNG 2: C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT VNG NG NAI (LA NG)................12

2.1.
M T KHU VC NGHIN CU..............................................................................12
2.1.1.
V tri a l...............................................................................................................12
2.1.2.
Lch s hnh thnh...................................................................................................12
2.1.3.
c im a hnh...................................................................................................13
2.2.
C IM TAI NGUYN SINH VT..........................................................................14
2.2.1.
Thc vt...................................................................................................................14
2.2.2.
ng vt..................................................................................................................18
2.3.
NH HNG CA S PHT TRIN KINH T X HI N TAI NGUYN SINH
VT
31
CHNG 3: C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT VNG LM NG................................36

3.1.
M T KHU VC NGHIN CU..............................................................................36

Page 4
3.1.1.
V tri a l...............................................................................................................36
3.1.2.
Lch s hnh thnh...................................................................................................37
3.1.3.
c im a hnh....................................................................................................37
3.1.4.
Nhn sinh.................................................................................................................38
3.2.
C IM TAI NGUYN SINH VT..........................................................................38
3.2.1.
Thc vt...................................................................................................................38
3.2.2.
ng vt..................................................................................................................41
3.3.
VT
50
3.3.1.
nh hng kinh t....................................................................................................38
3.3.2.
nh hng x hi.....................................................................................................41
CHNG 4: C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT VNG NHA TRANG..............................36

4.1.
M T KHU VC NGHIN CU..............................................................................36
4.1.1.
V tri a l...............................................................................................................36
4.1.2.
Lch s hnh thnh...................................................................................................37
4.1.3.
c im a hnh....................................................................................................37
4.1.4.
Nhn sinh.................................................................................................................38
4.2.
C IM TAI NGUYN SINH VT BIN NHA TRANG..........................................38
4.2.1.
Thc vt...................................................................................................................38
4.2.2.
ng vt..................................................................................................................41
4.3.
VT
50
3.3.1.
nh hng ca yu t t nhin ln ti nguyn sinh vt khu bo tn bin Nha Trang

38
3.3.2.
nh hng ca yu t kinh t - x hi......................................................................41
CHNG 5: SO SNH C IM SINH VT CA CC VNG..........................................53

5.1. SO SANH TAI NGUYN SINH VT THEO CAO...........................................................53
5.2. SO SNH TAI NGUYN SINH VT THEO KHI HU..........................................................56
CHNG 6: BO V V KHAI THC HP L TI NGUYN SINH VT..........................53
6.1. BO V TAI NGUYN SINH VT........................................................................................53
6.2. KHAI THC HP L TAI NGUYN SINH VT..................................................................56
Page 5
6.3. NH HNG.......................................................................................................................56
6.3.1.
i vi thnh ph Lt........................................................................................38
6.3.2.
i vi thnh ph Nha Trang..................................................................................41
KT LUN.....................................................................................................................................58
TI LIU THAM KHO..............................................................................................................59
PH LC.......................................................................................................................................61
Page 6
DANH MC BNG BIU

Bng 1.1 Nhm loi ng vt v phn hng nguy c tuyt chng Vit Nam
.................................................................................................................................
Bng 1.2 Thng k ti nguyn thc vt ng Nai..............................................
Bng 4.1 Mt s loi c Vin Hi Dng Hc....................................................
Bng 5.1 S phn b thc vt theo cao.............................................................
Bng 5.2 Phn b sinh vt theo khi hu.................................................................
Page 7
DANH MC HNH NH
Hnh1.1 Mt phu din t.....................................................................................
Hnh 1.2 a hnh vng ni ....................................................................................
Hnh 1.3 Rn san h khu bo tn Hn Mun........................................................
Hnh 1.4 Rng thng dc ng ln nh Rada.....................................................
Hnh 2.1 Cu La Ng (nh Qun- ng Nai) ......................................................
Hnh 2.2 Tng i chin thng La Ng................................................................
Hnh 2.3 Keo l trm ..............................................................................................
Hnh 2.4 Cy liu ...............................................................................................
Hnh 2.5 Cy x c di tich chin thng La Ng..................................................
Hnh 2.6 Keo tai tng...........................................................................................
Hnh 2.7 Hin trng cht ph rng trng cy ng............................................
Hnh 3.1 Bn tnh Lm ng............................................................................
Hnh 3.2 Thng ba l LangBiang........................................................................
Hnh 3.3 Rng l kim..............................................................................................
Hnh 3.4 Rng thng..............................................................................................
Hnh 3.5 Bi cy Dng x.....................................................................................
Hnh 3.6 a y........................................................................................................
Hnh 3.7 G thng 3 l...........................................................................................
Hnh 3.8 Cy rng tr gc r.................................................................................
Hnh 3.9 Mang ln Vin Sinh Hc Lt..........................................................
Page 8
Hnh 3.10 Vn en m trng................................................................................
Hnh 3.11 Si .....................................................................................................
Hnh 3.12 Gu nga...............................................................................................
Hnh 3.13 Cy mc.................................................................................................
Hnh 3.14 Bo hoa mai...........................................................................................
Hnh 3.15 Bo gm.................................................................................................
Hnh 3.16 H..........................................................................................................
Hnh 3.17 Cng......................................................................................................
Hnh 4.1 Bn hnh chinh TP. Nha Trang-Khnh Ha......................................
Hnh 4.2 Thm c bin...........................................................................................
Hnh 4.3 Rng ngp mn........................................................................................
Hnh 4.4 San H.....................................................................................................
Hnh 4.5 Mt s hnh nh v a dng loi c........................................................
Hnh 4.6 ng vt gia gai......................................................................................
Hnh 4.7 Ra bin ti Vin Hi Dng Hc Nha Trang........................................
Hnh 4.8 Hi qu ng ti vin Hi Dng Hc Nha Trang...................................
Hnh 4.9 Mt s hnh nh neo u thuyn ti vnh Nha Trang..............................
Hnh 4.10 Hnh nh cc hot ng sn xut v sinh hot ca ngi dn trn
vnh.........................................................................................................................
Hnh 6.1 Trng rng gi mi mu xanh Vit Nam............................................
Hnh 6.2 Khu du lch Vn hoa Lt.................................................................
Hnh 6.3 Khu du lch Langbiang............................................................................
Page 9
Hnh 6.4 Trang tri nui c nc lnh Klong Klan (Lc Dng, Lm ng)...........
84
Hnh 6.5 Du khch tham quan Vin hi dng hc...............................................
Hnh 6.6 o Hn Mun- Khu bo tn Bin Vit Nam............................................
Page 10
GII THIU CHUNG

1.
t vn
Vit Nam l quc gia nm vng nhit i, c nhiu iu kin cho cc
sinh vt pht trin v to ra s phong ph ca nhiu loi ng, thc vt
v nhiu h sinh thi khc nhau. iu tra, nghin cu, s dng hp l
ngun ti nguyn sinh vt v cc h sinh thi in hnh nhm gp phn
p ng cc nhu cu ca cuc sng con ngi v lng thc, thc
phm, hng tiu dng; quy hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi v bo v
mi trng; gio dc, o to cn b v sinh thi v ti nguyn sinh
vt.
Hin nay, mc d khng t ngi nhn thc c vai tr v tm quan
trng ca ti nguyn sinh vt, tuy nhin do vic qun l, s dng v
khai thc loi ti nguyn ny cha hp l dn n vic suy gim
nhanh chng v cht lng cng nh s lng ti nhiu khu vc.
Thm vo , vic qun l, kim sot nhng ngun ti nguyn khc
nh t, rng,... cng gy pht sinh cc vn lin quan n sinh vt
nh thin tai, l lt, hn hn, nhim do t,... T nhng vn v
hin trng nu trn, i hi cn phi c s quan tm, nghin cu v
ra hng gii quyt hiu qu. V vy, chuyn c im ti nguyn
sinh vt theo tuyn hnh trnh c thc hin nhm nh gi gi tr
ti nguyn sinh vt ca khu vc ny.
2.
Mc tiu v ni dung nghin cu
nh gi hin trng a dng sinh hc trong sut tuyn

hnh trnh.
Nhn bit s b mt s loi trong im kho st, xc nh
c s bin i sinh vt theo c im bin i kh hu,
khu vc.
nh gi c gi tr ti nguyn sinh vt trong mi sinh
cnh.
nh gi tc ng ca con ngi ti ti nguyn sinh vt.
Phn tch v xut cc bin php trong cng tc bo v,
qun l, bo tn a dng sinh hc.
Page 11
3.
nh gi, phn tch ch s a dng sinh hc trong tuyn

hnh trnh t xy dng c s d liu theo di v s
dng bn vng cc loi ti nguyn. Cng nh xut cc
bin php bo tn a dng sinh hc cho tng khu vc
trong tng lai.
Cc phng php nghin cu

Thit lp tuyn kho st
Da trn c s bn a hnh ca
khu vc, xc nh cc sinh cnh chnh cn quan st, nh gi v thu
mu. Ti mi v tr kho st, thc hin mt tuyn iu tra thc vt theo
hng vung gc vi ng ng mc.
Mt ct a hnh sng La Ng
Nguyn tc thu mu: Tin hnh ly mu cc loi i din trong sinh

cnh. Mi mu phi ly y cc b phn gm: cnh, l, v hoa vi
cy g, cn vi cy tho nn ly c cy. Mu thc vt cng c nh
s theo cc im kho st.
Khi thu mu phi ghi chp a im nhn bit ngoi thin nhin nh
c im v, kch thc cy, mu sc hoa, qu, c hay khng c nha
m, mi v
S hiu:
Page 12
a im:
c im:
Sinh cnh:
Ngy ly mu:
Nhm ly mu:
Phng php nghin cu tiu chun

Thng k thnh phn loi
v t nh gi v dy ca loi trong qun x, nh gi vai tr
tng loi trong qun x, nh gi v s sinh trng, pht trin v ti
sinh ca tng loi.
Bc 1: Xc nh nghin cu ( nghin cu phi i din cho cu
trc thm thc vt v iu kin t nhin hnh thnh thm thc vt)
Bc 2: o c cc thng tin ca cy trong
TT
(1)
Loi
cy
(2)
K
hiu
cy
X
(m
)
(3)
H
(m
)
(4
)
ng kinh
thn cy ti:
c trng tn l, m:
1,3
m
0,5
H
0,7
5H
L
t
Tn
bc
Tn
Nam
T
n
ng
Tn
Ty
(5)
(6)
(7)
(
8
)
(9)
10
11
12
Ghi
ch
thm
v
cc
c
im
cy
Phng php xc nh tn khoa hoc

Hon ton khch quan v
trung thnh vi cc mu thc, khng ph thuc vo cc tn gim nh
sn hay do tn cc tc gi xc nh trc y.
Phiu m t thc vt:
Page 13
S hiu:
Ngy thu mu:
a danh ( rng, x, huyn, tnh):
Tn thng thng:
Tn khc:
Tn khoa hc:
H:
Khu vc sinh trng ( Ghi cc dng sinh cnh):
S lng ( nhiu, t, trung bnh):
Cc loi cy mc cng:
c tnh sinh thi ch yu:
Hnh dng tn l:
Khi non, khi trng thnh:
Cnh:
Cch mc:Hnh dng:
Lng v mu sc long:
Hnh dng thn ( trn, thng, c bnh v):
V: dy, mu sc, nh m:
Chiu cao cy: c ngn, di cnh:
Page 14
ng knh cy (ngang ngc): Trung bnh, Ln nht (quan st
c)
L (hnh dng, mu sc, kch thc ca l non v l gi):
Cm hoa: Loiaj, Mu sc, Kch thc
Cc c im khc:
Hoa: Mu sc (i, trng) Kch thc:
Qu: mu sc, Kch thc
Cng dung (iu tra nhn dn):
Ti liu nghin cu gm: Cy c Vit Nam( Phm Hong H,
1991-1993, 1999-2000)
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN
1.1
Sinh vt v ti nguyn sinh vt

1.1.1
Sinh vt
Nh chng ta bit, cc thnh phn c bn ca mi trng bao gm

thch quyn, kh quyn, thy quyn v sinh quyn. Trong , sinh
quyn gi mt vai tr quan trng i vi mi trng, khi nim v
sinh quyn ln u c nh bc hc ngi Nga V.I.Vernadski
xng nm 1926. Sinh quyn l ton b cc dng vt cht sng tn ti
bn trong, bn trn v pha trn Tri t hoc l lp v sng ca Tri
t, trong c cc c th sng v cc h sinh thi hot ng.
Cc c ch xc nh tnh thng nht v ton din ca sinh quyn l s
di chuyn v tin ha ca th gii sinh vt, vng tun hon sinh a
ha ca cc nguyn t ha hc, vng tun hon nc t nhin. Tuy
nhin, trong thc t khng phi bt k ni no trn Tri t cng c
nhng iu kin sng nh nhau i vi c th sng. Ni sinh sng ca
sinh vt trong sinh quyn bao gm mi trng cn (a quyn), mi
Page 15
trng khng kh (kh quyn) hoc mi trng nc ngt hay nc
mn (thy quyn).
i b phn cc sinh vt khng sinh sng nhng a hnh qu cao,
cng ln cao s loi cng gim, cao 1km c rt t cc loi sinh vt,
cao 10-15km ch quan st c mt s vi khun, bo t nm v
ni chung sinh vt khng th phn b vt ra khi tng ozon.
Sinh vt ng vai tr quan trng trong vic:
To ra oxy t do thng qua qu trnh quang hp
Tham gia vo qu trnh hnh thnh mt s loi , m
qung, khong sn: than bn, than ,...
ng vai tr ch o i vi s hnh thnh t
C nh hng n thy quyn qua qu trnh trao i vt cht
gia sinh vt v mi trng nc...
Cc nhn t nh hng n s pht trin v phn b ca sinh vt:
Kh hu: nh hng trc tip thng qua: nhit , m,
lng ma, nh sng.
Nhit : nh hng trc tip n s pht trin v phn
b ca sinh vt. V d nh c r phi Vit Nam c gii
hn chu nhit t 50C-420C, sinh trng v pht trin ti
u 30oC. Di 180C c ngng ln v ngng ,... Mt
s loi tng bch c th sng c c nhit -250C.
Nc v m: quyt nh s sng ca sinh vt, tc
ng trc tip ti s pht trin v phn b ca sinh vt.
Nc c coi l dng thc vt cht cn cho tt c cc
sinh vt sng trn Tri t v l mi trng sng ca rt
nhiu loi. Nc chim ti 60-90% khi lng c th
sinh vt thm ch c th ln ti 98% nh loi mng
nc, rut khoang,... Trong cc iu kin t nhin khc
nhau, vi lng ma, m, hm lng cc cht trong
nc,...khc nhau c nhng loi sinh vt rt khc nhau
Page 16
sinh sng. V d: r, thn ca mt s loi sng trong
nc ph to ra to thnh cc m xp, c nhiu lng dy
gi kh, lm r thn tr nn nh gip cy d dng ni
trn mt nc nh cy lc bnh,...
S thay i nhit theo v dn n s thay i thc
vt theo v .
nh sng nh hng mnh m n s quang hp ca
thc vt cng nh vic si m, tng hp vitamin D
ng vt,...ty thuc vo iu kin nh sng c nhng
cy sinh trng v pht trin rt tt, thch sng ni trng
tri, c nhiu nh sng nh tho nguyn, ng rung, bi
c, rng tha,...v d nh cy tch, bch n, phi
lao,...mt s cy khc li thch sng nhng ni t nh
sng, di tn cy rng hoc cc hc , hang ng nh
phong lan,...
t:
t l mi trng nui dng a s cc loi thc vt, l
gi th cho cy bm vo, l ni sinh sng, tr ng ca rt
nhiu loi ng vt
Page 17
Hnh1.0.1 Mt phu din t
nh hng r rt n s sinh trng v phn b sinh vt

do khc nhau v c tnh l ha v m. Mt s nh
hng ca t n s phn b ca sinh vt c th nhn
thy nh: thc vt ngho dinh dng: sinh trng bnh
thng trn t mng, t nguyn t dinh dng: bch n,
c tranh,... Thc vt cn t c lng dinh dng trung
bnh: trm i, c st,... Thc vt giu dinh dng: sinh
trng tt t su, nhiu nguyn t mn v khong: cy
rng nguyn sinh nhit i, si,...
Ni t m ly chua c cc loi thuc h Lc, h c di
trng, np m,... Ni t Laterit cc i, savan: sim,
thng, mua,... Ni t ly ngp mn ven bin: c,
vt,...
a hnh:
Page 18
cao, hng sn, dc ca a hnh nh hng n
s phn b sinh vt. Vnh ai sinh vt thay i theo
cao. Cng ln cao s lng thc vt v s loi thc vt
cng gim. Ni a hnh thp trng chng ta thng gp
cy thuc h lc, ha tho,...vng g i c th gp tre,
tm vng, dui,... ln n cao khong 600m c th bt
gp bng lng, thng 2 l, trn 1000m c thng 2 l, tng
bch,...
Hnh 1.0.2 a hnh vng ni
ng vt cng c s phn b thch nghi ty theo a

hnh. ng bng c th gp cc loi rn, ch, chut,...
Ln vng cao c th gp kh, sc, hu, nai,...
Sinh vt:
Thc n quyt nh s pht trin v phn b ca ng vt
Trong sinh quyn, mi quan h gia cc loi l rt a
dng v c th hin qua cc mi quan h nh: quan h
gia thc vt v ng vt, quan h cnh tranh, quan h k
sinh vt ch, quan h c ch cm nhim, quan h cng
sinh, quan h hp tc, quan h hi sinh, s cng pht
trin.
Page 19
Mi quan h gia ng vt v thc vt rt cht ch v:
Thc vt l ni c tr ca ng vt
Thc vt l thc n ca ng vt
Con ngi: Trong qu trnh din tin ca lch s loi ngi,
con ngi tng bc thch nghi vi iu kin mi trng.
tn ti v pht trin, bng tr tu ca mnh, con ngi bit
thun ha cc loi sinh vt c sn trong t nhin ni mnh sinh
sng, la chn nhng c im c li ca chng cho mc ch
ca con ngi, dn dn pht trin chng thnh cc loi cy
trng, vt nui, phc v cho nhu cu sng.
Lm nh hng ln n phn b sinh vt, m rng hay
thu hp phm vi phn b sinh vt.
H sinh thi nng nghip l h sinh thi do con ngi to
ra v duy tr trn c s cc quy lut khch quan ca h
sinh thi (HST), l cc n v sn xut nng nghip, l
cc h sinh thi nhn to do lao ng ca con ngi to
ra. V d: nng trng, hp tc x,... Trong hot ng ca
mnh con ngi c nhng c gng nhm nng cao tnh
n nh ca HSTNN nh c canh thay bng lun canh
lm cho HSTNN thm phong ph, mc d s phong ph
l trong thi gian, khng trong khng gian hay dng
phn hu c, kt hp trng trt chn nui, tng s quay
vng cht hu c c tc dng lm tng thm kiu chui
thc n da vo ph liu
Chnh nhng hiu bit v sinh thi hc gip con ngi
ng dng rt nhiu vo trong sn xut, c bit l trong
cng tc nhp ni v pht trin cy trng, vt nui. Cc
cy trng, vt nui khi c a n mt vng sinh thi
mi, nu iu kin sinh thi ph hp c th pht trin
mnh m, cho nng sut v phm cht cao hn nhiu so
Page 20
vi ni khi ngun. Cng c th do iu kin sinh thi
khng ph hp m nng sut, phm cht gim st, khng
pht trin c, thm ch cn b tiu dit.
1.1.2
Ti nguyn sinh vt
L mt dng ti nguyn mi trng (phn theo mi trng thnh phn)

bao gm ti nguyn thc vt, ti nguyn ng vt, ti nguyn vi sinh
vt, ti nguyn h sinh thi cnh quan.
L mc phong ph ca tt c nhng g sng trn Tri t, t ln
nht n nh nht, l ton b ti nguyn thin nhin to nn do tt c
cc dng sng trn Tri t.
1.2
Ngha Ca Ti Nguyn Sinh Vt i Vi S Pht Trin
Ca a Phng
Ti nguyn sinh vt c ngha v cng to ln v quan trng i vi s
pht trin ca a phng, n mang li mt ngun li kinh t t nhiu
mt nh trng trt chn nui, du lch sinh thi,... V ng gp mt
phn khng nh trong vic duy tr s sng ca con ngi, m bo cho
s pht trin ca a phng.
L mt trong nhng ngun ti nguyn ng gp to ln cho
s pht trin kinh t v du lch ca mt a phng ni ring
v c nc ni chung. Nhiu loi sinh vt c gi tr kinh t
cao, pht trin du lch sinh thi, cc l hi,...nh festival hoa
Lt em li ngun li kinh t cho ngi dn a phng,
khu bo tn Hn Mun (Nha Trang) vi nhng rn san h p
v nhng sinh vt bin,...
Page 21
Hnh 1.0.3 Rn san h khu bo tn Hn Mun
Ti nguyn rng c ngha quan trng trong vic gi t,

hn ch xi mn, iu ha nhit , m, gi nc, cn
bt nc chy b mt, bo v v lm giu cho t, iu
chnh t nhin chu trnh thy vn, nh hng n kh hu
a phng v khu vc nh s bay hi, chi phi cc dng
chy mt v ngm,... Rng cn l ni cung cp g, dc
phm, lng thc v to vic lm cho ngi dn a
phng,...
Hnh 1.0.4 Rng thng dc ng ln nh Rada
1.3
Nhn nh Chung V Sinh Vt Vit Nam
Nhn chung Vit Nam l quc gia nm vng nhit i, c nhiu iu

kin cho cc sinh vt pht trin v to ra s phong ph ca nhiu loi
Page 22
ng thc vt v nhiu h sinh thi khc nhau, mt khc do nm ni
gp g ca cc lung di c ng-thc vt, cho nn chng ta c c cc
loi bn a v loi di c. Cc loi di c ch yu l: Lung Hymalaya
mang yu t n i t Vn Nam-Qu Chu-Hymalaya xung. Lung
Hoa Nam chu nh hng mnh ca gi ma ng Bc, em n
nhiu loi thc vt c sc vng ng Bc. Lung n -Mianma t
phng Ty sang, mang n cc loi cy l rng trong ma kh. Phn
b nhng vng c gi phn kh nng Ty Bc v Trung B. Lung
Malaixia-Innxia t pha Nam ln mang theo cy h du, phn b
n v 180 Bc (c trng nht l Ty Nguyn v Nam B).
Theo thng k "Tip cn cc ngun gen v chia s li ch" (ca T
chc Bo tn Thin nhin Th gii - IUCN), th ti Vit Nam c:
Thc vt:
Gn 12.000 loi thc vt bc cao c mch
thuc hn 2.256 chi, 305 h (chim 4% tng s loi, 15%
tng s chi, 57% tng s h thc vt trn th gii); 69
loi thc vt ht trn; 12.000 loi thc vt ht kn; 2.200
loi nm; 2.176 loi to; 481 loi ru; 368 loi vi khun lam;
691 loi dng s v 100 loi khc. Trong c 50% s loi
thc vt bc cao l cc loi c tnh cht bn a, cc loi di
c t Hymalia-Vn Nam-Qu Chu xung chim 10%, cc
loi di c t n -Myanma sang chim 14%, cc loi
t Indonesia-Malaysia di c ln chim 15%, cn li l cc
loi c ngun gc hn i v nhit i khc.
ng vt:
300 loi th; 830 loi chim; 260 loi b st;
158 loi ch nhi; 5.300 loi cn trng; 547 loi c nc
ngt; 2.038 loi c bin; 9.300 loi ng vt khng xng
sng.
V c bn, gii thc vt Vit Nam c hnh thnh t k Tam v
cho n nay rt t thay i.
Tuy nhin hin nay, vi tc ng ca con ngi v s thay i ca kh
hu, nhiu loi b tuyt chng v mt s loi khc ang dn bin
mt.
Bng 1.1 Nhm loi ng vt v phn hng nguy c tuyt chng Vit Nam
Page 23
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Nhm ng vt
Th
Chim
B st
Lng c
C
ng vt khng
xng sng nc
ngt
ng vt khng
xng sng bin
Cn trng
CR
12
11
9
2
4
1
Sch Vit Nam 2007

EX EW EN VU LRnt DD
3
1 30 32
7
9
17 26 12 10
1 14 16
8
9
3 29 50
3
1 11
1
5
44
Ghi ch: Bc phn hng EX: Tuyt chng; EW: Tuyt chng ngoi thin
nhin ; CR: Rt nguy cp; EN: Nguy cp; VU: s nguy cp; LRnt: t nguy
cp; DD: Thiu dn liu.
Hnh 1.5 Biu cc bc phn hng nguy cp, qu, him cc loi ng vt
Page 24
Thng 10 nm 1994, Vit Nam ph chun Cng c Quc t v Bo
tn a dng Sinh gii k kt ti Rio de Janeiro (Brasil) thng 6
nm 1992.
CHNG 2: C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT VNG NG
NAI (LA NG)
2.1
M t khu vc nghin cu
2.1.1
V tr a l
ng Nai
Tnh ng Nai nm trong vng kinh t trng im pha Nam, nm
cc bc min ng Nam B, vi din tch t nhin l 5.907,2 km.
ng Nai c ta t 10o3003 n 11o3457B v t 106o4530 n
107o3500". Pha ng gip tnh Bnh Thun, pha Nam gip tnh B
Ra Vng Tu v Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Pha Bc gip tnh Lm
ng v Bnh Dng.
Nm trn lu vc sng ng Nai v mt nhnh ca sng La Ng.
La Ng
Sng La Ng bt ngun t cao nguyn Di Linh ven khu vc thuc th
x Bo Lc thuc tnh Lm ng, chy qua cc tnh Lm ng, Bnh
Thun, ng Nai vi chiu di trn 272 km v lu vc 4.710 km ri
vo h Tr An. thng ngun sng La Ng l hp lu ca h
thng nhiu sng sui nh, nhng v tng th c th coi l ba sng
nhnh bt ngun t pha Ty, ng Bc v ng th x Bo Lc.
Chng hp lu pha nam th x Bo Lc, theo ng chim bay
khong 7 km.
Lu vc sng La Ng nm trong vng kh hu c hai ma trong nm,
ma ma bt u t thng 5 n thng 11, ma kh bt u t thng 12
n thng 4 nm sau. Sng La Ng mang c im ca cc sng
min ni vi c im l c nhiu ghnh thc t on trung lu tr ln.
Page 25
Sng c din tch lu vc 4.170 km2, di 272 km, dc lu vc
5,6.
Cu La Ng
Hnh 2.1 Cu La Ng (nh Qun- ng Nai)
V tr a l: Cu La Ng nm trn quc l 20, thuc x La Ng, huyn

nh Qun, tnh ng Nai v c v tr ta l X: 0748452 Y:
1234543
Tng i chin thng La Ng
Di tch ta lc ti x Ph Ngc, huyn nh Qun, tnh ng Nai.
Chin thng L Ng i vo lch s khng phi ch v thng li v
mt qun s m cn l thng li ln v mt chnh tr trong v ngoi
nc. ng thi nh du mt bc trng thnh nhanh chng ca lc
lng v trang Bin Ha - ng Nai.
K nim 30 nm Bin Ha - ng Nai, nm 1998 ng b, chnh
quyn v nhn dn ng Nai xy dng tng i chin thng ngay
ti cao im 100, ni din ra cuc giao tranh c lit gia ta v ch;
tng cao 15,5m, t trn bc 2,5m trong khun vin rng trn 5ha.
Tng i sng sng, hin ngang ht bng xung dng La Ng tnh
lng, m tri nh nhc nh th h hm nay khc ghi cng lao ca th
h cha ng.
Page 26
Hnh 2.2 Tng i chin thng La Ng
2.1.3
c im a hnh
a hnh tng i bng phng. t ch yu l t bazan trung tnh,

t vng, t xm bc mu v t ph sa.
a mo khu vc La Ng
Thung lng xm thc c cc ming
ni la. Trong qu trnh vn ng to ni, dung dch sau xm nhp kt
tinh vo trm tch. Cng ln cao ni cng phong ha, trm tch c
trc dung dch macma ln sau theo khe nt xm nhp vo to
thnh cc mch thch anh. Cc l ra quan st c ch yu l cc
thnh to trm tch tui Jura trung, phn trn b phong ha rt nhiu
to thnh t feralit .
Khu vc cu La Ng c a hnh kh dc, c chia lm 2 loi:
Vng i ni gm cc ni la ang ng v mt bn l cc
ngn i tng i thp (trn i c tng i lit s).
Vng trng l vng sng La Ng chy qua.
Thm cy trng nng nghip bao gm cc rung la tp trung ch yu
ven sng La Ng. Cy n qu phn b u 3 khu vc bc thm
Page 27
sng v xen ln trong cc khu dn c, ngoi ra mt s loi cy cng
nghip cng c u t pht trin nh cy iu, cao su.
Cc thm thc vt phn b r rng phong ph vi nhiu loi cy ln
ven b sng, cn trn i cao ch yu l bi c, cy bi.
2.2
c im ti nguyn sinh vt
2.2.1
Thc vt
Thm thc vt ng Nai c cc c trng c bn ca h sinh thi rng

m nhit i gi ma in hnh pha Nam nc ta trong h sinh thi
rng min ng Nam B.
Bng 1.2 Thng k ti nguyn thc vt ng Nai
Stt
Nhm ti nguyn
S loi
Cy g
120
19,3
Cy thuc
240
38,3
Cy cha tanin
79
13,0
Phong lan
71
11,1
Cy cnh
40
6,4
Cy c
31
5,0
Cy du bo
29
4,7
Cy thc phm
21
3,4
Cy c du nha
15
2,4
H sinh thi rng La Ng

Page 28
Rng La Ng thuc qun l ca Cng ty trch nhim hu hn mt
thnh vin La Ng-Vinafor La Ng (B Nng nghip v Pht trin
Nng thn) c nh gi l rng phng h quc gia quan trng khu
vc u ngun h thng sng ng Nai.
Tuy nhin, kt qu mt cuc kho st mi y ca t chc phi chnh
ph FSC ti khu vc rng La Ng cho thy vic qun l rng vn cn
nhiu l hng, s v vi phm lm lut cao. c bit, nhiu khu vc
c nh gi l rng gi tr cao nhng trn thc t gi ch cn l ry
cy n qu.
Theo Qu Quc t bo v thin nhin th gii (WWF), trn cc cnh
rng thuc s qun l ca Vinafor La Ng ghi nhn 585 loi thc vt
bc cao c mch, 48 loi th, 160 loi chim, 38 loi b st, 13 loi
lng c v 191 loi bm, trong c 16 loi thc vt, 17 loi th, 9
loi chim, 13 loi b st ch nhi b e da nguy cp c ghi trong
Sch Vit Nam v th gii.
Khu rng phng h trn l sinh cnh ca nhiu loi ng vt quan
trng nh voi, gu, b tt, ch v chn en, sn dng v cc loi
chim ln nh g tin mt , g li hng ta v nhiu loi b st, lng
c quan trng i vi cng tc bo tn.
Khi vo rng kho st th s rng g qu trn bn bin mt m
thay vo l rng cy chui, nhng vn ng v qut c ngi
dn trng khai thc.
Mt s loi thc vt ta c th d dng quan st thy khu
vc thc tp gn cu La Ng
Keo l trm hay trm bng vng danh php khoa hc
l Acacia auriculiformis l mt loi cy thuc chi Acacia.
Page 29
Hnh 2.3 Keo l trm
Keo l trm l dng cy g ln, chiu cao c th t ti

30 m. Loi cy ny phn cnh thp, tn rng. V cy c
rn dc, mu nu xm. L cy l l gi, do l tht b tiu
gim, b phn quang hp l l gi, c bin thi t
cung cp 1, quan st k c th thy du vt ca tuyn
hnh chu cn cui l gi c hnh dng cong li lim,
kch thc l gi rng t 34 cm, di t 613 cm, trn l
gi c khong 3 gn dng song song, cui l c 1 tuyn
hnh chu.
Hoa t dng bng ui sc, trng hoa mu vng. Qu
dng u xon, ht mu en, c rn ht kh di mu vng
nh mu ca trng hoa.
Keo l trm c trng nhiu ch yu ly g sn xut
giy v cng c, ngoi ra cy ny cng c s dng
ci to t trn i trc, lm thuc gim au, li cy c
cc cht chng nm mc.
Cy liu hay Trm liu , Trm bng , c tn khoa hc
l Callistemon citrinus, thuc h Myrtaceae.
Page 30
Hnh 2.4 Cy liu
Cy g nh cao 78 m. Thn ging thn trm, cnh kh

to, v sn si v thng r xung t. Phin l thon, lc
non mu ti, khi gi mu m, v nh tot mi thm
c trng ca tinh du trm. Hoa nhiu, tp trung u
cnh mu ti, u cnh hoa c l mc tip tc.
ng dng ln nht ca loi cy ny l lm cy cnh.
Cy x c hay s kh, qu g (danh php hai phn: Khaya
senegalensis) l mt loi cy thuc H Xoan (Meliaceae)
Page 31
Hnh 2.5 Cy x c di tich chin thng La Ng
L cy i mc c th cao t 3540 m, ng knh cy

c khi t n 2m ( Tho cm vin TP H Ch Minh).
Cy thng xanh, tn l rm, cnh nhiu, cnh non cong
xung. L kp lng chim mt ln chn, cm hoa chm
tn, hoa nh mu trng c 4 cnh nh mu trng dnh vi
nhau.
Cy cao to nn c trng ly bng mt, to khng
kh xanh; g c s dng cho ng tu thuyn, lm
mc gia dng.
Keo tai tng (Acacia mangium) cn c tn gi khc keo
l to, keo i, keo m, keo ht l mt cy thuc phn h
Trinh n.
Page 32
Hnh2.6 Keo tai tng
Keo tai tng l dng cy g ln, chiu cao c th t ti

30 m. ng knh c th t c n 120150 cm.
Vit Nam, Keo tai tng c trng rng.
Vit Nam, Keo tai tng c trng rng vi mc
ch ch yu ci to mi trng sinh thi v sn xut g
(g ln dng cho xy dng, ng mc; g nh dng
lm nguyn liu cho ngnh cng nghip ch bin bt
giy, g vn dm,..)
2.2.2
ng vt
Tim nng ngun ti nguyn ng vt ng Nai thc s phong ph,

c th chia thnh cc nhm ti nguyn nh sau:
Nhm ng vt qu him c gi tr khoa hc c bit v l
ngun gien d tr quan trng cho vic bo tn v pht trin
khu h ng vt ca a phng.
Nhm ng vt phc v ngh sn bn cho tht v th c 40
loi, chim trn 60 loi, b st 12 loi.
Nhm ng vt cho cc sn phm lm dc liu:
Th: Gu, H, Nai, Kh, Nhm, T t...
Chim: Bm bp.
B st: Tc k, Thn ln bng, K , Trn, Rn h
mang, Rn cp nong, Ra...
Nhm ng vt nui lm cnh c gi tr xut khu ln nh:
Kh, Gu ch,Vn, Sc en, Vng anh, chim Tr, Bi c,
Ra np, K ,Tc k, c Su nc ngt...
Nhm ng vt khng xng sng t cn trng trong thm
rng, trong t, nc v cc nhm ng vt thy sinh c vai
tr c bit trong chu trnh vt cht v m bo nng sut
ca cc h sinh thi cng c gi tr to ln.
Page 33
Cc loi th ng Nai ang c nguy c b dit vong nh T gic mt
sng
(Rhinoceros sondaicus), Voc ng sc, Cy bay... ang cn s quan
tm bo v khn cp caVit Nam v thgii.
n nay cc nh khoa hc thng k c 210 loi chim vi thnh
phn loi bao gm hu ht cc loi chim in hnh ca vng ng
Nam v ca ng Dng, nhiu loi l qu him chim 40% s loi
qu him ca Vit Nam.
2.3
nh hng ca s pht trin Kinh T - X Hi n ti
nguyn sinh vt
Rng t nhin hin nay ca tnh ng Nai phn b tp trung pha
Bc ca tnh nm gn phn hu ngn sng ng Nai thuc cc huyn
Tn Ph, pha Bc huyn nh Qun, huyn Vnh Cu v mt phn t
rng cn li pha ng thuc cc huyn Xun Lc, pha ng huyn
nh Qun gip vi tnh Bnh Thun. Mt s huyn mt ht rng t
nhin nh huyn Thng Nht, Long Thnh, Nhn Trch.
pht trin kinh t mt s c nhn, t chc c bit l cc h ngho
ph rng ly t cho nng nghip, ph rng ly g bun bn.
Hnh 2.0.7 Hin trng cht ph rng trng cy ng
Page 34
Ch sau 5 nm (1978 - 1983) ton lm trng La Ng (nay l Cng ty
lm nghip La Ng) gim 15,5% che ph rng, trong rng
giu gim ti 80%, rng trung bnh v rng ngho gim 26,4%, t
trng cc loi tng nhanh cng vi cc loi rng tre l hn giao.
Ngoi ra khu vc sng La Ng cng b nh hng bi cc hot ng
kinh t - x hi:
nhim nc mt do hot ng nui c b nc thi sinh
hot ca chnh ngi dn
nhim t cht thi ca 2 Cng ty Men thc phm AB
Mauri La Ng v Cng ty c phn Ma ng La Ng
T hai s vic trn ta thy rng cn c s quan tm tht s c bit hn
na ca cc c quan nh nc trong vic qun l rng m vn m bo
c chnh sch pht trin kinh t cho ngi dn, nht l cc h ngho
v cng cn c nhng hnh thc rng e, x pht thch hp hn cho
cc cng ty, doanh nghip gy nhim mi trng nhm bo v mi
trng v h sinh thi.
CHNG 3: C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT VNG LM
NG
3.1
M t khu vc nghin cu
3.1.1
V tr a l
Lm ng l tnh min ni pha Nam Ty Nguyn. C ta t

1112- 1215 v Bc v 10715- 10843 kinh ng. Vi din
tch t nhin l 9.772,19 km2. Lm ng gip vi cc tnh sau:
Pha Bc gip: k Lk.

Pha ng gip: Khnh Ho v Ninh Thun.
Pha Ty gip: k Nng v Bnh Phc.
Pha Ty Nam gip: ng Nai.
Pha ng Nam gip: Bnh Thun.
Page 35
Lm ng c 12 n v hnh chnh, trong c 1 thnh ph Lt, 1
th x Bo Lc v 10 huyn.
Hnh 3.0.8 Bn tnh Lm ng
Ta c th im qua vi mc lch s sau: Ngy 01/11/1899, chnh quyn

Php lp tnh ng Nai Thng, tnh l t ti Di Linh (Djiring). Nm
1903, bi b tnh ng Nai Thng, chuyn thnh i l hnh chnh
Di Linh. Nm 1913 nhp i l Ly vi i l Di Linh, gi chung
l i l Di Linh v vn thuc tnh Bnh Thun. Ngy 06/01/1916
thnh lp tnh Lm Vin (Langbiang hay Lm Bin), gm i l
Lt mi lp li v i l Di Linh, tch t Bnh Thun, tnh l t ti
Lt. Ngy 19/05/1958, chnh quyn Vit Nam Cng Ha i tn tnh
ng Nai thng thnh tnh Lm ng, ng thi tch mt phn t
sp nhp vi thnh ph Lt, thnh lp tnh Tuyn c. Lc ny
tnh Lm ng gm hai qun Bo Lc (Blao) v Di Linh. Sau
chnh quyn Vit Nam Dn Ch Cng Ha v Mt trn dn tc gii
phng min Nam Vit Nam nhp tnh Lm Vin vi tnh ng Nai
Thng thnh tnh Lm ng. Cui cng vo 02/1976, sp nhp tnh
Lm ng v tnh Tuyn c thnh tnh Lm ng mi.
3.1.3
c im a hnh
Page 36
Lm ng l tnh min ni pha Nam Ty Nguyn c cao trung
bnh 800 1.000 m so vi mt nc bin. a hnh tng i phc tp
ch yu l bnh nguyn, sn nguyn, ni cao ng thi cng c nhng
thung lng nh bng phng to nn nhng yu t t nhin khc
nhau v kh hu, th nhng, thc ng vt ... v nhng cnh quan k
th cho Lm ng. c im ni bt ca a hnh tnh Lm ng l s
phn bc kh r rng t Bc xung Nam:
Pha Bc tnh l vng ni cao, vng cao nguyn Lang Biang vi
nhng nh cao t 1.300m n hn 2.000m nh Bi p
(2.287m), Lang Biang (2.167m).
Pha ng v Ty c dng a hnh ni thp ( cao 500
1.000m).
Pha Nam l vng chuyn tip gia cao nguyn Di Linh Bo
Lc v bn bnh nguyn.
3.1.2.1
Kh hu
Lm ng nm trong khu vc chu nh hng ca kh hu nhit i

gi ma bin thin theo cao.
Nhit thay i r rt gia cc khu vc, cng ln cao nhit cng
gim. Nhit trung bnh nm ca tnh dao ng t 18 25C.
Trong nm c 2 ma r rt; ma ma t thng 5 n thng 11, ma
kh t thng 12 n thng 4 nm sau.
Lng ma trung bnh 1.750 3.150 mm/nm, m tng i trung
bnh c nm 85 87%, s gi nng trung bnh c nm 1.890 2.500
gi.
Kh hu n ha v mt m quanh nm, thng t c nhng bin ng
ln trong chu k nm. Thun li cho pht trin du lch ngh dng v
pht trin cc loi cy trng, vt nui c ngun gc n i. c bit
Lm ng c kh hu n i ngay trong vng kh hu nhit i in
hnh v nm khng xa cc trung tm th ln v vng ng bng
ng dn.
Page 37
3.2
c im ti nguyn sinh vt
3.2.1
Thc vt
3.2.1.1
Thnh phn loi
Gm 2000 loi thc vt. Cc yu t t nhin t bao i nay gp phn

hnh thnh nn mt thm thc vt a dng Lt vi cc kiu hnh
rng khc nhau nh: rng l kim, rng thng xanh, rng hn giao v
trng c cy bi... Cc khi ni cao, s, c chia ct mnh cho
php bo tn y nhiu loi ng thc vt c xa. Mt khc, v mt
ranh gii, cao nguyn ny khng c s phn cch ln i vi cc vng
ln cn nn khng c nhng chng ngi ngn cn s di c cc lung
ng thc vt.
Loi cy c trng Lm ng chnh l cy thng, c vi loi thng
nh sau:
Thng hai l: Lt c nhng di rng hp ca thng hai l.
l kiu rng tha khu vc Trung tm thc nghim lm hc
Manline, quanh dy You Lou Rouet v chn ni Pinhatt. Thng
hai l mc ti tt cao 1.400m xen ln vi Du Tr Beng.
c bit Y a Myt, Bidoup cng xut hin loi thng 2 l dt
c coi l qu him ca c th gii, vi ng knh thn c th
n 4m v on thn g trc khi phn cnh ln ti 20m.
Thng ba l: Mc hu ht trong cc khu rng, s lng nhiu hn
cc loi hai l, nm l.
Thng nm l: mt loi thng c hu ca c Ty Nguyn. Ch
mi tm thy mt s chm nh vng ni cao Lc Dng, Bi
Doup v Tri Mt.
Page 38
Hnh 3.0.9 Thng ba l LangBiang
Thnh phn loi cc kiu hnh rng

Rng l kim
Tng chim u th sinh thi ch gm mt loi Thng ba l
mc thun loi, tng ny thng cao ti 30m.
Tng g nh khng lin tc, ch yu ch c mt s loi cy
g nh D, Thanh mai, Du ru, Thu du...
Tng cy bi cng rt tha tht.
Tng c thng lin tc chim u th l cc loi Ha tho.
Hnh 3.0.10 Rng l kim

Page 39
Trong rng l kim c t dy leo nhng xut hin mt s loi b sinh
nh Dng x, a y.
Rng hn giao rt giu v thnh phn loi, mt cy phn b
dy c nht l cc thung lng ven sui. S phn tng kh r
nt:
Tng chim u th sinh thi gm cc loi D, Kim giao,
Thng lng g, Thng tre,... Nhng cy ny thn cao ti 30m
vi ng knh thn vt qu 1,2m.
Tng g nh gm cc h Na, Thu du, Th, Dung, Mu
ch...pht trin, mt s loi rt d gp nh: Ng gia b,
Thanh mai, quyn.
Tng cy bi gm cc loi Mua, Ngy Hng. Tng c c nhiu
loi Dng x. C tranh, C li, C .
Nhng vng t ven sui, ven h d thy cc loi lau sy, Chi t, c
ui chn, Da di, Ci chiu, d, Cc di v cc loi cy c n
cn trng pht trin hn giao cng l ni tn tr nhng loi thc vt
vi sinh nh: Ru, a y, Lan, Lp b sinh rt dy bao quanh thn cy
g nh kiu rng ru in hnh.
Pha Bc v ng Bc Lt, trn ni Lang Biang, Bi Doup li c
nhng loi cy rt to nh Ch st, Ch nc, P mu, cng vi nhiu
cy g qu: Thng nng, Thng trm, Thng 5 l, Ng tng. Nhng
cy ny ng knh thng rt to so vi cc khu rng khc. Thn
cy cao trn 45m, ng knh n 2m.
Thm thc vt trn nhng nh ni cao, gi mnh, c lm sng m
hnh thnh nn nhng trng cy g ln. Nhng cy g ch cao 3 - 5m
gm mt s loi D, quyn, Cm, Sn. Rng ny cng c nhiu
loi b sinh nh Ru, a y, Dng x, Lan v Tre trc.
Trong phm vi rng cao nguyn Lang Biang, s phn b ng, thc
vt theo cao biu hin rt r nt. S thay i thnh phn loi theo
cao ch yu l do ch nhit. Trong thc vt, c nhng loi c
bin sinh thi rng xut hin nhiu vng kh hu khc nhau, li
c nhng loi c bin sinh thi hp ch c kh nng sinh trng
nhng vng kh hu nht nh. Vi hn 3.000 loi thc vt, cao
Page 40
nguyn Lang Biang v nn mt bc tranh sinh ng v thnh phn
thc vt t nhin.
V cc loi thuc ngnh Dng x, cao nguyn Lang Biang
l mt trong nhng trung tm phong ph nht v thnh phn
loi. Ring h Thng t y c 10 loi trong khi c
nc ch c 11 loi. c bit ngnh L thng, c Vit Nam
ch c 1 loi c pht hin ra ti Lt, l cy la
tng (Psilotum nudum).
S c mt ca nhng h Np m, Chui rng, My nc,
Da di biu hin cho tnh c nhit i ca h thc vt
vng cao nguyn ny. ng ch l s xut hin ca loi
Tu l ch, mt i din c duy nht ca chi Tu (Cycas) c
kiu l cht ch i. Mt s khc l nhng loi tn di hay
nhng "ha thch sng" ca h thc vt k tam nh
Thng hai l dt. Thng nm l... y cng l ni tp trung
nhiu nht ca cc loi thuc ngnh Ht trn, ch vi vi ba
chc loi, nhng cc i din thuc ngnh ht trn li l
thnh phn quan trng nht cu trc nn cc kiu rng cao
nguyn Lang Biang, c bit l rng tha thun loi cy l
kim hoc rng hn giao vi cy l rng...
Thng ba l cao nguyn Lang Biang l loi cy bit sinh
vng ng Nam . Chng thng mc cao t 1.000 2.000m. Chnh y Thng ba l gp iu kin thun li
lan trn v pht trin khp ni. Nu c dp ng trn nh
Lang Biang mi thy sc sng mnh lit ca qun th Thng
ba l. Nhng i c tr tri thi Yersin n vng Dankia,
cch y 100 nm, gi tr thnh nhng i thng xanh
thm.
Khi rng hn giao b trit ph, nhng trng c v cy bi trn
cao nguyn Lang Biang dn dn c phc hi. Vi mt din
tch kh ln, hn 10.000ha quanh thnh ph Lt, nhng
trng c cy bi gm cc h Sim, Mua, Thu du c kh
nng ti sinh t nhin thnh nhng rng cy g ln. Trng c
thng c s lng loi ngho nn ch gm C tranh, C li,
Dng x... kh phc hi thnh rng. Nhiu ni t b xi
mn, ngho kit tr si ch c cc loi c h La sinh
sng.
Page 41
3.2.1.2
Vai tr
Lm sch khng kh, trnh nhim

Tho mc t nhin Lt l tc nhn chnh to kh hu n ha v
ngun dng kh tt, tiu dit bt cc vi trng c hi, gim ting n
v lc sch bi trong khng kh.
Nh nhng cy Ht trn m c bit l rng thng lp bt
i nhng i trc, nhng vng t cn ci, to ra nhng
khong khng xanh ti cho Lt. Chnh cy thng lm
tng lng oxy trong kh quyn, mt ha rng thng hng
nm sn sinh ra c 20 - 30 tn oxy trong khi cc rng cy
l rng thng xanh khc ch sinh ra c 8 - 10 tn, nh
kh hu trong lnh ca Lt hnh thnh m cc vng
khc khng th c c.
Hnh 3.0.11 Rng thng
Page 42
Thc vt bc thp cng ng mt vai tr quan trng trong
vic ht cc cht nhim bay trong khng kh.
a y, a tin kh phong ph trong cc kiu rng Lt.
Chng ht trc tip kh m xung quanh, ht lun nhng cht
nhim c trong kh quyn v khng mnh vi cc cht
nhim kim loi.
Cc loi vi nm, x khun, vi khun cng tham gia vo qu
trnh tun hon vt cht, gp phn iu ha kh hu, phong
ha th b, pht trin ng thc vt.
Cc loi To, Nm ln, Dng x v Ru cng ng vai tr
quan trng trong h sinh thi, gp phn bo v mi sinh vng
Lt.
Hnh 3.0.12 Bi cy Dng x
Lm tn hiu ch th mi trng
Cc loi thc vt mt l mm
Lt, in hnh l Phong lan, l mt ch th mi trng tt. cc
nc Ty u, do trnh pht trin cng nghip cao, khng kh b
nhim qu mc. Phong lan khng th sinh sn t nhin bng con
ng hu tnh c. Trong khi , rng Lt, trong nhng
chuyn kho st vng Lang Biang, cc chuyn gia ngoi quc u
ngc nhin v Phong lan y c th sinh sn bng ht d dng. iu
mt ln na chng t mi trng ti y cha b nhim nghim
trng.
Page 43
Hin nay rng Lt v xung quanh thnh ph, trn cc vch v
thn cy. a y bm rt nhiu. iu ny khng nh s trong lnh ca
bu khng kh.
Hnh 3.0.13 a y
Lm nguyn liu, sn phm cho ngnh cng nghip Cy thng

ba l cho g mm nh, thng, d ch bin nn c dng nhiu trong
xy dng, lm giy, lm g dn, hng g th cng m ngh. Nha
Thng ba l kh tt, thng Lt cho nhiu nha, trung bnh 1 hecta
rng cho 1 tn nha. Quan trng nht l nhng rng Thng ba l
thun loi. Qun th Thng ba l c kh nng pht trin cng nghip
khai thc v ch bin g.
Page 44
Hnh 3.0.14 G thng 3 l
Lm tinh du, nc hoa

Ngi ta cng c th chit mt
s loi tinh du qu, nht l cy P-mu v Bch tng. y l nhng
loi g tt, vn rt p, bn khng b mi mt, c mi tinh du d
chu.
D tr gen, a dng sinh hoc Lan rng Lt cn l mt ngun d
tr gen ng k cho cc php lai to. Hy vng trong tng lai, vic lai
to cc ging lan c ngun gc t nhin Lt s cho nhiu ging
mi, c gi tr cao trn th trng quc t.
Lm thuc, dc phm Cc loi Linh chi k sinh trn thng gi c
dng lm thuc.
Phc linh trn nhng r thng vng i ct phong ha t granit, l loi
dc phm u v qu gi.
Trang tr Ngoi ra, cc loi cy chu bng rt phong ph c th lm
king, ni ting nht l cc loi quyn trng, quyn , a, Si,
Ng gia b, Trng sinh... Nhiu loi Thch tng, Dng x, ru cng
d gy trng lm cnh, trang tr vn hoa, ni tht.
Page 45
Lm thc n, ni cho cc loi sinh vt Cc loi Rong, mt s
loi Ru nc, Trch t, Rau mc, cc loi Bo, ngay c Lan
(Spiranthes sp.) v kh nhiu loi to cng nh ph phiu sinh vt.
y l ngun cung cp thc n, ch n np cho ng thc vt thy
sinh.
3.2.1.3
Hin trng khai thc v s dng
Ti nguyn rng ni chung

Lm ng c 617.000 ha rng vi
che ph 63% din tch ton tnh, c im ca rng Lm ng l c
dng v phng h. Din tch tre, na c kh nng p ng yu cu
ch bin khong 50.000 tn bt giy hng nm. Rng Lm ng rt
a dng v loi, c trn 400 cy g, trong c mt s loi g qu
nh: pmu xanh, cm lai, gi, sao, thng 2 l, 3 l, ngoi ra cn c
nhiu loi lm sn c gi tr khc. Rng Lm ng phn b thng
ngun cc sng, sui ln ca khu vc nn c vai tr quan trng trong
phng h, du lch nghin cu, tham quanDin tch t c kh nng
trng rng nguyn liu khong 50.000 70.000 ha, thun li cho
ngnh cng nghip ch bin bt giy, giy.
Ti nguyn cy Thng ba l Lt c mc sinh trng tt,
sn lng g t trn 130m3/ha. Vi din tch trn 15.818 ha rng
thng, tr lng g thng ca Lt l trn 2 triu m3. Bn cnh g
thng, rng Lt cn nhiu cy ly g khc, tr lng cng rt ng
k, l nhng cy D, Gii, Xoan, Ngc lan, Kim giao... Ngi ta
thng k c vi chc loi g qu, c bit c nhiu loi rt c
gi tr trn th trng th gii nh: Bch tng, Hong n, Thng
(cn gi l Hng tng, Thng 2 l dp), P mu, nh tng.
Ti nguyn cy thuc Rng Lt cng giu v ti nguyn cy
thuc. Thnh phn cy thuc t nhin y rt a dng nhng kh
nng khai thc v pht trin mt cch c hiu qu kinh t cao ph hp
vi hon cnh hin nay ch tp trung vo mt s loi sau: Kinh gii,
n but, i bi, Nam sm, Ngu tt nam, Thu hi ng di... l
nhng loi mc khp ni, c tr lng ln. Bn cnh , cng c
mt s loi cy thuc rt d tm Lt, l c sn ca a phng
nh Lng cu li, B ct toi, Hong lin r...
Page 46
Cc loi cy cnh
Vi s lng Lan rng hn 300 loi, ngh
kinh doanh Lan y c t lu i. Cc loi Lan qu ca a
phng c nhiu ngi bit n l Thanh lan, Hong Lan, Hng
lan, T cn, Vn hi, Kim hi, Bch phng, Tuyt ngc, Hong hc,
Hc nh, Vi hi, Mt trc, Bch nhn, Nht im hng, Long tu, D
hc, tho, Thy tin. Nhng loi ny c gi hoa p, hoa cc
mu sc v bn. Mt s loi Lan li tr l rt p nh L gm, Lan
sa.
Theo S Nng nghip - Pht trin nng thn:
T nm 2008 n
nay, tnh trng ph rng tri php trong tnh vn din bin kh phc
tp vi tng din tch rng b ph ln ti gn 930 ha. Mt s loi thc
vt qu him ti y ang c nguy c gim s lng ng k, in
hnh l cch nay khong 5 nm, theo thng k ca ngnh lm nghip,
qun th thng trng thnh (hng nghn nm tui) Lm ng
cn khong 300 cy. Nhng hin nay, vi nhng g din ra lin
quan n qun th thng cui cng ny, con s c th cn li ch
rt t.
Hnh 3.0.15 Cy rng tr gc r
3.2.2
3.2.2.1
ng vt
Thnh phn loi
Theo tng kt t trc n nay. Lt c khong 40 - 50 loi th,

hn 100 loi chim v rt nhiu loi cn trng, b st, lng c. Chim
Page 47
v th rng l hai i tng c quan tm nhiu nht. Nu ch tnh
ring cc loi kinh t Lt tng l ni c s lng ng k cc
loi nai xm, nai c tong, hu vng, ln rng, cheo cheo, th rng,
g rng, tc k, k , sc bay. S loi qu him y cng rt tp
trung, chng hn t gic, tru rng, b tt, nai c tong, b rng, gu
ch, chn di,... H ng vt Lt mang tnh nhit i v cn nhit
i r rt, trong yu t n - Malaysia v c trng cho h ng
vt Indonesia chim u th. Di cc kiu rng khc nhau, qun c
ng vt cng c nhiu bin i r nt.
Thnh phn loi theo cc h rng
Rng thng thun chng
Kh nng cung cp thc n cho ng
vt rt t nn qun c ng vt y ngho nn. Theo nhng nh
gi gn y nht, c t nht 34 loi chim. Trong , nhng loi nh:
Bch thanh, So su, Cu gy, G g, Bm bp, Cho bo, G kin
xanh gy en l nhng loi ph bin. Cc loi Phng cho , Bc
m bng vng, G kin bng hung v M cho l cc loi chim c
hu Lt ni ring.
Rng hn giao
Ph bin c cc loi kim n trn cy nh cy bay, sc bay,
i, nhen; cc loi vn, kh, sc en, sc vn lng, sc
chut, chut cy.
Cc loi th n tht: Ch si, cy hng, cy ging, bo, cp,
gu ch.
Cc loi th mng guc: Nai c tong, nai xm, hu vng,
cheo, hong, tru rng, b rng, b Bang teng, sn dng,
heo rng, thm ch c c voi v t gic.
Ngoi ra trong kiu rng ny cn c v s cc loi chim
thuc b g, b s v nhiu nhm cn trng khc.
Sinh cnh cy bi, trng c Phn tn ri rc a hnh thp
thng xen k v tip gip vi rng hn giao c s phn tng n
gin, ng thi s khc bit dao ng theo ma rt ln. Do tnh cht
ny, qun c ng vt ch yu l
Nhm gm nhm nh chut, di.
Page 48
Chim thuc b s; mt s loi lng c.
Ngoi ra mt s loi mng guc, n tht.
Phn vin sinh hc Lt B vi 7 gian phng trng by v 6
phng lu tr gm: 195 mu xng ca 45 loi ng vt, 386 mu
th ca 58 loi, 245 mu chim ca 95 loi, 43 mu lng th b st
ca 32 loi, 36 mu th nui nh ca 22 loi, hn 300 mu ca cc
loi cn trng thuc 10 b cn trng c ngha khoa hc v kinh t
ph bin ti khu vc Ty Nguyn. Ngoi ra bo tng Sinh hc cn
trng by 245 mu nm ln ca 240 loi thuc khu vc rng thng
Lm ng. Mt s hnh nh ca cc loi ng vt tiu biu ti Lm
ng trng by ti vin sinh hc Lt.
Mang ln Megamuntiacus vuquangensis ( Tc et al, 1994)
y l loi th mi pht hin Vit Nam. Mang ln sng trong rng
gi, rng th sinh, savan. Hot ng kim n ban m. Thc n ch
yu l c, l cy v qu. Sng n l, ch ghp i trong thi k ng
dc.
Hnh 3.0.16 Mang ln Vin Sinh Hc Lt
Vn en m trng Hylobates concolor (Thomas, 1909)

Vn
en m trng sng thnh n t 3-7 con nh trong mt gia nh trong
rng gi trn nh ni cao, rm rp. Hot ng kim n ban ngy trn
cy cao. Thc n l qu, ht, l cy, cn trng, trng chim, chim non.
Hai nm mt la, mi la 1 con. y l loi c hu ca 2
nc Vit Nam v Lo. L loi th bc cao, qu him, c mt s c
Page 49
im ging ngi nn l i tng nghin ca y hc thc nghim v
tin ha.
Hnh 3.0.17 Vn en m trng
Si Cuon alpinus (Pallas, 1811)

Si sng by n 6-8
con trong rng u ngun thng xanh v rng khp. Hot ng tch
cc vo sng sm v chiu ti. Thc n l cc loi th nh hong,
hu nai, ln rng. Phn b rng cc tnh t Bc xung Nam, tr
cc tnh ng bng Sng Hng, sng Cu Long v hi o.
Hnh 3.0.18 Si
Page 50
Gu nga Selenarctos thibetanus (G.Cuvier, 1823) Gu
nga
sng c thn trong rng u ngun, rng hn giao. Hot ng kim
n ban m, leo tro v bi li gii. Gu nga n tp, thc n gm
ng vt v thc vt. Ma sinh sn khng r rt trong nm. Mi la
t 1-2 con, gu con sng vi m t 1,5-2 nm mi tch n. Phn
b rng cc vng rng ni t Bc vo Nam. L loi th rt qu.
Hnh 3.0.19 Gu nga
Cy mc Arctictis binturong (Raffles, 1821) Cy mc sng n

c trong rng gi, rng hn giao, lm t trong hc cy, hot ng
vo ban m, leo tro gii. Thc n l cc loi th nh, rn, c v cc
loi c mng.
Hnh 3.0.20 Cy mc
Page 51
Bo hoa mai Panthera pardus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Bo
hoa mai sng trong rng nguyn sinh, rng th sinh. Ch khng c
nh. Vng hot ng nhiu cao khc nhau. C th leo tro cy
ln cao 2-3 m. Sng n c, ch ghp i trong thi k ng dc v
hp n tm thi trong lc sn mi. Thc n l nhng th khc nh:
hu, nai, hong, ln rng, khv ng vt nui: b, d, cu
Ma sinh sn khng r rt. Mt nm hoc ba nm mt la, mi
la ch mt con.
Hnh 3.0.21 Bo hoa mai
Bo gm Neofelis nebulosa (Griffithi, 1821)

Bo gm sng
trong rng rm, rng nhiu tng trn ni t, ni . Chng s dng
cc hang hc t nhin lm t. Hot ng ban m, leo tro gii, bt
mi t trn cy. Ban ngy thng ng trn cnh cy. Thc n ca bo
gm l cc loi chim, th nh nh: kh, voc, culi, cheo cheo, nai
con, hong. Sinh sn vo ma h. Mi la t 2-4 con.
Page 52
Hnh 3.0.22 Bo gm
H Panthera tigris (Linnaeus, 1758)

H sng c thn
trong cc khu rng gi, rng ti sinh cy bi, lau lch, trng c cao.
Thc n ca h gm nhiu loi th khc nhau nh: hu, nai, hong,
ln, tru, b Ma sinh sn khng r rng. Mi la 2 4 con,
con non sng vi m 1-2 nm. L loi th him c nguy c b tiu
dit do sc p ca nn sn bt v cht ph rng.
Hnh 3.0.23 H
Cng Pavo munticus imperator (Delacour, 1949)

Cng
sng theo n trong rng tha, rng cy h du, cc bi c trng tri
xen ln cy bi hay cy g ln. Ban m ng trn cy cao cnh ch
kim n, t thay i ni trong nm. Cng lm t n gin, sinh sn
vo thng 5, 6. Mi la 4-6 trng. Thc n ch yu l ng cc, ht
c di, cn trng v nhi. L loi chim qu c gi tr khoa hc v
thm m.
Page 53
Hnh 3.0.24 Cng
3.2.2.2
Vai tr
C li
Cung cp thc phm Trc y ton vng Lt c hn 20 loi
cung cp thc phm ph bin. Quan trng nht l cc loi B rng,
Nai, Hong, Cheo, Heo rng, Th rng, G rng.
Cn nhiu loi ng vt nh nh: chut, sc, ch, Nhi, cc loi G
rng, G li, a a.
Cc loi ng vt sng trong nc nh cc loi c Nga, c Sn, c
Lng...trn cc ngun sng a Nhim, mt s c him nh c St
mi, c Chnh, c Rch cc ghnh thc, v mt vi loi thch nghi
vi cao Lt nh: Lng tong chm ui, Tru c, Bng ...
Mt s loi Gip xc nh tm, cua...l ngun thc n quen thuc ca
ng bo cc dn tc bn a. Ma kh, ma tt c ca cc lng, h
p nc ngn sng sui, bt cc loi c thng thng nh Ln,
Chch, Tr, Lc, Thc lc... chu nc kit v cc loi sng trong
thy vc mui n dn.
D tr gen
Heo rng cn l kho d tr gen rt tt to
nn nhng ging heo nui thch hp c cht lng tht cao.
Cung cp dc liu
Nhng dc phm c khai thc
nh cao kh, cao ban long (t cc loi Nai, Hu, Hong), cao gu,
Page 54
cao h ct (t H, Bo, Mo rng), cao trn, mt kh, mt gu, mt
k , nhung nai, ru tc k, ru bm bp, ru rn, ru huyt
dng, vy t t, mai ra, d dy nhm, thm ch c sng t gic. Mt
s dc liu cao cp nh cao h ct, mt gu, sng t v nhung nai
rt t v khng c gi nht nh...
Ly da, lng
trng.
Ngun li ny t trc n nay khng c coi
Lm cnh, gii tr Nui cc loi Sc chn vng, Sc vn lng, Sc

mm hung, Gu, nai, Cheo cheo, Nhng, Khu, Cu gy v nhiu loi
chim khc.
Ch th sinh thi Chim a cc mi trng trong sch, yn tnh. S
c mt cng cc hot ng a dng ca chim l du hiu tt lnh cho
mi trng sng.
Bo tn, pht trin cc ging cy rng Cc loi ong, bm cng
gp phn bo tn v pht trin cc ging cy rng, ci to ging v
nng cao nng sut cy trng a phng. Cc sn phm ca ong
nh mt ong, sa ong cha l cc sn phm c gi tr kinh t cao.
C gi tr kinh t v ngha khoa hoc
B rng c sc chu
ng tt i vi nhiu loi bnh ca gia sc. Chnh v vy, chng
c xp vo hng c gi tr kinh t cao trong rng nhit i. Xt
trn phng din khoa hc, vi loi nh: Chut nht ni, Chut bng
kem, Chut hu ln, Chut lt, Chut rng... c ngha khoa hc
rt ng ch .
C hi
Ph hy ma mng v rng: Chut, di, cn trng.
Vt trung gian truyn bnh: Chng c th mang n cc bnh nh st
rt, thng hn, th t, dch hch, st xut huyt...
3.2.2.3
Hin trng khai thc v s dng
C s lng loi qu him kh phong ph chim khong 2/3 s loi

th qu him trong ton vng. Cc loi ny c lit vo Sch
Page 55
ca Vit Nam v l i tng ca cc t chc bo v th hoang d
trn th gii.
Rng Lm ng c nhiu loi ng vt qu him, c phn b ch
yu cc rng quc gia nh Ct Tin, Bi p Ni Bc bit
rng quc gia Nam Ct Tin l ni c ng ca 40 loi ng vt nm
trong sch th gii v rng Bi p Ni B c 36 loi.
Lt khi xa ni ting c cc khu sn bn nhng loi th trn.
Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, nn sn bn ba bi lm
gim i nhanh chng s lng ca cc loi th ln. Lm tc lng
hnh chng dng tt c cc dng c nh by dy, by sp, by
kp,... v tt c cc loi sng, k c sng qun dng sn bn, by
ng vt hoang d ti vn. Vic bun bn ng vt hoang d din ra
ngy cng phc tp. Ph rng lm gim s a dng sinh thi v lm
mi trng b suy thoi. Rng l ni cung cp ngun sinh thi, cn l
ni sinh sng, tr n ca nhiu loi ng vt. Cho n nay, phn ln
cc loi th c ngha kinh t v khoa hc hu nh b bin mt hon
ton: Cp, Nai C Tong, Voi, B rng, B tt, Gu, Beo, T gic,
Tru rng... Cng vi s thay i ca rng Lt trong 100 nm
qua, thnh phn cc loi chim cng b bin i su sc. Nhng loi
Tr sao, Cng, Phng hong t... hin nay khng cn tm thy.
3.3
nh hng ca s pht trin kinh t x hi n ti nguyn
sinh vt
3.3.1
nh hng kinh t
Vic hnh thnh v m rng cc vng sn xut nng nghip, cng vi

s pht trin ca cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip nh hng to
ln n ton b h sinh thi v cnh quan t nhin ca thnh ph.
Song song vi vic khai thc, k thut s ch vng v thic a
vo mi trng nhiu cht lng c hi nh arsen, sulfur ch, thy
ngn, cyanur... vi mt ng ngi.
Trong sn xut nng nghip, t nm 1975 n nay, hng ngn hecta
rng b trit h lm t canh tc. Trong phi k n mt din
Page 56
tch ln rng u ngun b khai thc trng. Vic t rng ly t
canh tc nng ry ch tn ti trong vi ba ma, khi t b cn dinh
dng, ht ph th b b i. nhng ni ny, rng rt kh ti sinh
do tng mn b ra tri, ch c cc loi cy bi, trng c pht trin.
Trong cc vng chuyn canh rau hoa, do mc thm canh ln, tc
quay vng ca t cao, hu nh khng lc no ngng ngh, lng
phn bn ha hc v thuc tr su c s dng ph bin. S khng
thuc nhanh chng ca su t Lt lm tng qu mc liu
lng thuc cho php s dng. iu ny gy khng t thit hi n
mi trng, c bit vi h sinh vt v ngun nc. H cn trng c
ch gim st mt cch ng k, ko theo s mt dn cc loi chim n
cn trng.
3.3.2
nh hng x hi
Vic th ha mnh m, s tng trng dn c nhanh chng. S tn

ph rng xung quanh lm vt dng chn chng v ci t, gy tc
hi khng nh cho rng. Vic di dn t do vo thnh ph, m ch
yu sng bng khai thc rng, ly g, lm than ci v sn bn chim
th, lm nng ry nhng khu rng u ngun cn li nh khu vc
Datanla, Prenn, khu vc Mang Ling, Cng Tri cng gy nhiu hu
qu nghim trng.
Rng mi lc mt xa dn, rng ni th b n ta, tha tht hoc mt
hn, ting n v kh thi tng nhanh. Mt khc, vic ly t i
to mt bng xy dng cng lm tng lng bi bn. Ma kh, cy
thng khng iu kin quang hp, cht dn tng khm cnh
n c khm cy. Do , gi lc tc ng n cc mi trng, cc
khu nh ln, gy thit hi khng t.
Trong ni th, vic cp t lm nh, lm vn cng ln dn tng
ngy mt nhng khm thng cn li. , mt phn din tch rng t
nhin nhng ch dn cho cc ki t, qun x. Rng thng xanh
di thung lng v trn ni cao quanh Lt lu nay l ngun cung
cp than ci cho thnh ph, sau khi cc rng d hn giao b trit ph
hon ton t cc thp k trc.
Page 57
Nhng hot ng chch nha Thng ba l cng vi vic khai thc
rng gi ven sui lm nng ry, la rng hng nm theo phng
thc t sm, khai thc g ty tin... ang trit ph dn rng thng
duy nht mang vc dng rng n i ca t nc.
CHNG 4: C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT VNG NHA
TRANG
4.1
M t khu vc nghin cu
4.1.1
V tr a l
Thnh ph Nha Trang c ta a l l 1215'52"N v 10913'41"E,

Nha Trang c din tch t t nhin l 252,6km2, vi 27 n v hnh
chnh c s: 19 phng v 08 x vi dn s trn 393.218 ngi (s
liu 31/12/2010). Nha trang l mt thnh ph ven bin v l trung tm
chnh tr, kinh t, vn ha, khoa hc k thut v du lch ca tnh Khnh
Ha-vi pha Bc gip th x Ninh Ha, pha Nam gip th x Cam
Ranh, pha Ty gip Din Khnh-trong mt thung lng ni vy 3 pha
Bc - Ty - Nam v tip gip vi b bin v pha ng.
Hnh 4.0.25 Bn hnh chinh TP. Nha Trang-Khnh Ha
Page 58
T 1653 n gia th k XIX, Nha Trang vn l mt vng t cn
hoang vu v nhiu th d thuc H Bc, huyn Vnh Xng, ph Din
Khnh.
Ngh nh ngy 30 thng 8 nm 1924 ca Ton quyn ng Dng,
Nha Trang tr thnh mt th trn.
Ngy 27 thng 1 nm 1958 Nha Trang c chia thnh 2 x l Nha
Trang ng v Nha Trang Ty thuc qun Vnh Xng.
Ngy 2 thng 4 nm 1975, Qun gii phng tip qun Nha Trang.
Ngy 30 thng 3 nm 1977, th x Nha Trang c nng ln cp thnh
ph trc thuc tnh.
Ngy 22 thng 4 nm 1999, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh quyt nh
s 106/1999 cng nhn Nha Trang l th loi II.
Ngy 22 thng 4 nm 2009, Th tng Chnh ph Nguyn Tn Dng
k quyt nh cng nhn TP. Nha Trang l th loi I.
4.1.3
c im a hnh
a hnh Nha Trang kh phc tp c cao tri di t 0 n 900m so

vi mt nc bin c chia thnh 3 vng a hnh. Vng ng bng
duyn hi v ven sng Ci c din tch khong 81,3km, chim 32,33%
din tch ton thnh ph; vng chuyn tip v cc i thp c dc
t 30 n 150 ch yu nm pha Ty v ng Nam hoc trn cc o
nh chim 36,24% din tch, vng ni c a hnh dc trn 150 phn
b hai u Bc - Nam thnh ph, trn o Hn Tre v mt s o
chim 31,43% din tch ton thnh ph.
Nha Trang nm pha ng ng bng Din Khnh - Nha Trang. Mt
ng bng c bi lp bi sng Ci Nha Trang c din tch gn
300 km, a hnh ng bng b phn ha mnh:
Phn pha Ty dc sng Ch t Khnh Bnh n Din ng
b bc mn, cao tuyt i khong 1020 m.
Page 59
Phn pha ng l a hnh tch t cao tuyt i di
10m, b mt a hnh b phn ct mnh bi cc dng chy.
Kh hu
Nhit i bin gi ma, c bit l mt thnh ph ven
bin nn cng b nh hng kh nhiu bi kh hu bin: gi bin, cc
dng bin nng v lnh. Vi kiu kh hu ven bin in hnh nn Nha
Trang nhn c lng ma ln v hu nh quanh nm. Ngoi ra do
nh hng ca gi bin nn ni y vo bui ti, c bit l ma h ti
tit rt hanh v kh do gi mang mui t bin vo.
4.1.4
Nhn sinh
Theo iu tra dn s nm 2009 th dn s ton thnh ph c

392.279 ngi, trong dn s thnh th chim 74,6%, dn s nng
thn chim 25,4%. Mt dn s trung bnh ton thnh ph l 1.562
ngi/km2. Dn c phn b khng u, tp trung ch yu cc
phng ni thnh. Thnh ph c nhiu bn cng phc v cho nhu cu
i li bng ng thy. Ngoi ra, Nha Trang cn c mt s cng phc
v du lch v giao thng gia cc quc gia trn nh cng du lch
Cu , cng du lch Ph Qu, cng du lch Hn Tre.v cc hn
o du lch gii tr nh: Hn Mun, Vinpearl land.Cc bi bin di
ca thnh ph ny bin n thnh mt thnh ph du lch. Ni y
cng c chn lm ni t chc cc s kin ln nh Festival Bin
(Nha Trang), hay cc cuc thi sc p ln nh Hoa hu Vit
Nam, Hoa hu Th gii ngi Vit 2007, Hoa hu Hon v 2008, Hoa
hu Tri t 2010...
4.2
c im ti nguyn sinh vt bin Nha Trang
Lnh th vit nam tri di t Bc ti Nam t v tuyn 827 Bc n

2323 Bc, t dng a hnh i ni cho ti ng bng, t trn cn cho
ti bin nn l iu kin c tr ca nhiu loi sinh vt khc nhau to
nn s a dng sinh hc, a dng loi cho quc gia. c bit nc ta
c ng b bin ko di 3260km t Bc ti Nam, ni ting vi cc
bi bin p, cc khu bi bo tn bin. Trong c nhc n kh l
nhiu vi vai tr l ht nhn ca Vit Nam tin phong trong cng vic
bo tn a dng sinh hc bin l khu bo tn bin Nha Trang.
Page 60
Khu bo tn bin nha trang l ni bo tn nhiu loi sinh vt bin c
gi tr nh cy rng ngp mn, san h, ra bin, cc loi c qu c gi
tr cao v c mt sinh hc ln kinh t. Mt nh gi v a dng sinh
hc bin ca cc nh khoa hc c thc hin mi y cho thy trong
vnh Nha Trang c 350 loi san h, 250 loi c bin, 122 loi gip xc,
27 loi da gai, 112 loi nhuyn th, 69 loi rong bin, ngoi ra cn c
cc h sinh thi rng ngp mn v thm c bin. y l mt vng bin
c a dng sinh hc c nh gi l cao nht nc ta.
4.2.1
Thc vt
Ch yu l cc cy rng ngp mn v thm c bin. C bin cng vi

cc loi thc vt ph du, rong bin v cy ngp mn, to nn th
gii thc vt bin rt c gi tr v kinh t v mi trng.
Thm c bin
Hnh 4.0.26 Thm c bin
C bin (Seagrass) l nhm thc vt bc cao c hoa duy nht sng

trong mi trng bin, v nhiu ni chng mc thnh tng "cnh
ng" ln trng ging nh ng c. C bin ch sng c i
sng v thng mc trn cc y ct hay bn vng nc nng ven b
c che chn. a s c bin th phn v hon tt vng i di nc.
Cc bi c bin l nhng h sinh thi ht sc a dng v c nng sut
sinh hc cao. Ti c th c n hng trm loi sinh vt sinh sng
nh c (non v trng thnh), thc vt biu sinh, rong bin, vi
Page 61
to, ng vt thn mm, giun nhiu t v giun trn. Cc thm c bin
gp phn quan trng trong vic cung cp thc n v ngun ging hi
sn cho vng bin xung quanh.
Cc bi c bin chim 15% tng lng d tr cacbon ca i dng.
Mi hecta c bin c th gi mt lng cacbon ixt (CO2) gp i
so vi mi hecta rng ma. Hng nm c bin c lp c 27,4 triu
tn CO2.
Vit Nam hin nay c 15 loi c bin, trong vnh Nha trang c
n 7 loi c bin gm: Halophila ovalis, H. decipiens, H. minor,
Thaassia hemprichii, Enhalus acoroifdes, Cymodocea rotundata,
Halodule univervis. Phn b ch yu Hn Tre, Bc Hn Mun....
H sinh thi c bin ng vai tr quan trng trong hot ng iu
chnh, n nh iu kin mi trng, to ngun thc n, ni c tr cho
nhiu loi hi sn. Nhng hin nay H sinh thi c bin ang ng
trc e da t nhiu pha, nhng ch yu do tc ng trc tip ca
con ngi. Tc ng trc tip thng l cc yu t c hc nh hot
ng ca tu thuyn, phng thc nh bt, hot ng du lch, nui
trng thy sn, ci to tHot ng cng cng gy ra p lc ln cho
cc thm c bin cn k do s tng c v cc cht dinh dng xm
nhp bi s i li ca tu thuyn cng nh hot ng giao thng hng
hi. th ha ven b bin cng lin quan n ct, t khi xy
dng, tng xi l b bin l vn chnh nhng vng bin du lch v
nh hng n thm c bin v cc h sinh thi khc.
Rng ngp mn
Page 62
Hnh 4.0.27 Rng ngp mn
Rng ngp mn l mt h thng sinh thi c trng vng ca sng,

ven bin c nhiu tc dng: gi li cht trm tch, chng sng gi xi
l, c nh bi bi, cung cp dinh dng cho cc loi thy sn, duy tr
cn bng sinh thi cho khu vcRng ngp mn cn l ni nui
dng u trng ca cc loi thy sn, ni c ng ca nhiu loi ng
vt (kh, rn, c xu) v cho cc sn phm c gi tr nh g, than,
bt giy, dc liu...V vy, cc vng ven bin Ninh Ha, Vn Ninh,
m By (Nha Trang) ca tnh Khnh Ha trong nhng nm qua rng
ngp mn l mi trng rt thch hp cho c dn ven bin hot ng
nui trng, nh bt, khai thc thy sn v cc ngun li khc.
Din tch rng t nhin v rng trng hin nay l 2332,7 ha, vo thi
im cui nm 2010 che ph rng ca thnh ph t 9,2%.
Khai thc tri php v t pht ca ngi dn khin chnh quyn khng
th kim sot c. T nm 2006, trn a bn thnh ph trin khai
nhiu d n trng v khi phc li rng ngp mn, nh khu vc m
By trong vnh Nha Trang Tuy nhin, t l cy ngp mn sng v
pht trin t kh thp, ch t 50 - 60%, c ni t 10 - 20%. mt s
khu vc trng cy ngp mn, ngi dn vn tin hnh nhiu hot ng
lm nh hng n s pht trin ca cy.
Hin nay mc d c nhiu d n khi phc rng ngp mn trn cc
hn o hn mun, hn trethuc a bn tp Nha Trang tuy nhin din
tch rng vn cn gim theo thi gian.
4.2.2
ng vt
Ch yu l san h v cc loi c v ra bin phn b quanh vnh

Nha Trang: Hn Mun, Hn Tre, Ph Qu.
San h
Page 63
Hnh 4.0.28 San H
San h l cc sinh vt bin thuc lp San h (Anthozoa) tn ti di

dng cc th polip nh ging hi qu, thng sng thnh cc qun th
gm nhiu c th ging ht nhau. Cc c th ny tit ra cacbonat canxi
to b xng cng, xy nn cc rn san h ti cc vng bin nhit
i.
Cc loi san h ph bin: san h mm (Alcyonaria) , san h sng
(Gorgonacea) v san h lng chim (Pennatulacea), hay san h t ong
(Zoantharia). Nhm ny bao gm cc loi san h (san h to rn)
(Scleractinia), san h t ong (Zoanthidea) v hi qu..
khu bo tn bin Nha Trang : San h ch yu tn ti di dng rn,
vi hn 350 loi thuc 64 ging san h to rn, 24 loi thuc 5 ging
san h mm, 3 loi san h sng (Gorgonaea) v 2 loi thy tc san h
(Millepora).
Cu trc rn san h l cu trc aragonit c to bi cc c th sng.
Thng c tm thy cc vng bin nhit i nng t dinh dng
hoc khng c dinh dng. Rn l ni thng tr ca kiu san h vi
b xng ngoi bng cacbonat canxi ( vi). S tch ly cc cht to
xng, b ph v v dn ng bi sng bin v s xm thc sinh hc,
to nn cu trc vi ln nng san h ang sng v lm ch tr n
cho rt nhiu loi ng thc vt khc nhau.
Page 64
Chnh nh cu trc rn khng l to nn mt ngi nh di bin
vi nhiu mu sc khc nhau vi s a dng v phong ph cao. Theo
a dng sinh hc rn san h: Brian Huse, gim c iu hnh Lin
minh Rn San h ti San Francisco (M), cho bit: "Rn san h l h
sinh thi phc tp bc nht trn Tri t. Chng ch chim cha y
1% din tch i dng, nhng li l mi nh cho 25% cc loi sinh vt
bin. V chng ti cng khng bit c mt cch y cc loi y:
cc loi mi vn lin tc c xc nh.
Cc qu trnh trao i dinh dng gia cc sinh vt trong h sinh thi
rn san h:
ti cc vng nc nhit i t dinh dng, cc rn san h
h tr mt h thng a dng sinh hc c bit. Qu trnh
lun chuyn dinh dng gia san h, to n bo, v cc
sinh vt khc sng trong rn gii thch ti sao cc rn san h
sinh si ny n ti nhng vng nc ny; s ti s dng lm
gim tng lng dinh dng cn cho c cng ng.
Vi khun lam cng cung cp cc mui nitrat ha tan cho rn
san h bng qu trnh c nh nit. San h ht cc cht dinh
dng trc tip t nc, trong c nit v phtpho v c,
v n cc sinh vt ph du theo nc tri ngang qua cc
polip. Do , hiu sut s cp ca mt rn san h l rt cao,
dn n gi tr cao nht trn mi mt vung mc 5-10g C
m-2/ngy. Cc "nh sn xut" trong cc cng ng rn san
h gm c to n bo cng sinh, to san h, v nhiu loi
rong bin, cng mt s to loi nh.
Hnh thc sinh sn ch yu ca san h
chnh l v tnh v hu tnh.
C 2 hnh thc sinh sn
Hu tnh
Sinh sn bng cch phng cc giao t
(trng v tinh trng) vo trong nc pht tn. Qu trnh
ny thng din ra vo ban m v ng b. Cc giao t kt
hp vi nhau khi th tinh hnh thnh mt u trng rt nh
gi l planula, thng c mu hng v hnh van; mt qun
th san h c trung bnh mi nm c th to vi nghn u
Page 65
trng ny vt qua xc sut rt nh ca vic u trng to
c mt qun th mi l kiu sinh sn ch yu.
Hnh thc ny ph thuc vo mi trng, c 2 phng php
sinh sn chnh:
San h gieo rc: ph thuc rt nhiu vo iu kin mi
trng, sinh sn hng lot.
San h p trng: ngc li vi san h gieo rc, xy ra i
vi san h khng to rn.
V tnh
Bao gm cc kiu nh
Moc chi
Mc chi ni tua cm
Mc chi ngoi tua cm
Phn chia
Phn chia theo chiu dc
Phn chia theo chiu ngang
Phn i v phn mnh
Li ch t rn san h:
Ni tr ng, ni cung cp thc n cho nhiu loi c nhit
i: c bm (Chaetodontidae), c thia (Pomacentridae),
c m (Scaridae) nhiu mu sc, c m. V nhiu loi
thy h khc nh: tm, cua, nhm, giun bin.
Cht lng cc rn san h lin quan n 50% sn lng
ngun li thu sn trn th gii. Ngoi ra, rn san h, l
bc tng bo v di thm lc a, ngn chn s xm ln
ca bin c vo t lin.
L thc o cht lng nc bin, ni no c san h ni
chc chc mi trng nc bin s sch. V san h rt
nhy cm vi ngun nc nhim.
Page 66
Ni lu tr nhiu ngun gien qu ca i dng. L c
s hnh thnh ni vi c gi tr to ln v mt kinh t
ln x hi.
To ngun li ln cho t nc nh hot ng du lch
sinh thi san h
Qung b hnh nh t nc trn gi tr sinh hc v kh
nng bo tn sinh vt ca Quc Gia.
Cc s liu thng k gn y v "sc khe" rn san h Vit Nam cho
thy, ch cn 1% cc rn san h trong iu kin rt tt ( ph san h
sng hn 75%); 26% cc rn san h trong iu kin tt ( ph san h
sng 50 n 75%); 41% cc rn san h trung bnh ( ph san h sng
25% n 50%) v cn li 31% l cc rn san h ngho. iu ng lo
ngi, hin c 96% cc rn san h trn khp vng bin c nc ang
hng chu tc ng tiu cc t cc hot ng ca con ngi, trong
gn 75% cc rn c mc ri ro cao v rt cao. Khai thc hy dit
c xc nh nh l nguyn nhn quan trng nht ph hy rn san h.
Ngoi ra KBTB cn ni ting vi phong ph ca cc loi c bin,
ra, ba ba.
Cc loi c
Page 67
Hnh 4.0.29 Mt s hnh nh v a dng loi c
KBTB Nha Trang, c th l Vin Hi Dng Hc Nha Trang l ni lu

tr v bo tn nhiu loi cc khc nhau, trong c c cc loi
tuyt chng hoc c nguy c tuyt chng. cc loi c vi nhiu mu
sc khc nhau, nhiu loi khc nhau ni ln s a dng v phong ph
ca sinh vt bin vnh Nha Trang, chng mang c gi tr v a dng
sinh hc ln kinh t, ln c tnh nhn vn
KBTB vi hn 250 loi c khc nhau to nn mt qun c sinh vt
ring bit, to ngun cm hng cho nhiu nh nghin cu v sinh vt
bin, ngun khai thc cho cc ng dn, cng nh hot ng du lch
tham quan trn bin.
Mt s thng k v cc loi c c tm thy KBTB Nha Trang - c
th l vin Hi Dng Hc Nha Trang:
Bng4.3: Mt s loi c Vin Hi Dng Hc
Page 68
Tn thng
thng
C tai tng
Tn
khoa hc
Kch
thc
Ngun gc
c im
Platax
orbicularis
50cm
n
-Thi Thn thin, thng
Bnh Dng
bi l lng di
cnh san h, tu
b
Zanclus
cornutus
22cm
Rn san h i Thn c hnh a,

Ty-n -Thi ming nhn v c
Bnh Dng
vn sc. c hnh
thc ngy trang
trong san h. Thc
n chnh: san h,
to, giun..
Echeneis sp
100cm n
-Thi Trn u c a
Bnh
Dng, bm vo c mp, c
Philipin, Trung voi, ra, tu b..
Quc
C chim xanh
Pomacanthus
semicirculatus
40cm
Bin m, chu - Mu sc rc r rt
Thi
Bnh p, sng ni nc
Dng
cn, hang hc.
C nga
Hippocampus
sp
25cm
n
-Thi C c c ti da
Bnh Dng
mang thai v p
trng thay c ci
C th l
C p
Page 69
C mt qu (c Synanceia
)
verrucosa
35cm
n
-Thi Hnh thc ngy
Bnh Dng
trang , trn lng v
hu mn mang gai
c.
C x phng
Diploprion
bifasciatum
38cm
n
-Thi Tit cht c dng
Bnh Dng
bt nh bong bong
khi c nguy him
C b bng b
Balistoides
conspicillum
50cm
Min duyn hi Mu sc sc s, hoa

nhit i khu vn c o, c c
Indo-Pacific
hai hm rng chc
khe, hung hng,
c nui lm
cnh.
..
Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu loi c khc nh: c nc, c khoang c, c
chnh, c bong Picasso v nhiu loi c c gi tr kinh t khc na.
Page 70
Nh cc iu kin thun li cng vi rn san h pht trin nn ni y
cng l ni tr ng ca nhiu ng vt khc nh:
ng vt gia gai: v d nh nhm bin.
Hnh 4.30 ng vt gia gai
Cc loi ra bin: ra, ba ba, vich
Hnh 4.31 Ra bin ti Vin Hi Dng Hc Nha Trang
Mt s loi s, hi qu v rong bin..
Page 71
Hnh 4.32 Hi qu ng ti vin Hi Dng Hc Nha Trang
4.3
nh hng ca s pht trin kinh t - x hi n ti nguyn
sinh vt
4.3.1
nh hng ca yu t t nhin ln ti nguyn sinh vt
khu bo tn bin Nha Trang

S a dng v phong ph ca sinh vt ti KBTB ph thuc kh nhiu
vo cc iu kin t nhin y, chnh nh cc iu kin thun li ca
t nhin to nn s pht trin ca cc loi sinh vt. in hnh nh:
a hnh, kh hu, ngun nc, nh sng v ngun dinh dng t
nhin....
Mt thun li
Xung quanh vnh Nha Trang u ton l bin, vi
mc nc nng ven b, cng kh hu nng m quanh nm , nc bin
nhn lng nhit ln nn nc bin kh m v n nh l u kin
thun li cc thc vt a mn pht trin: s, c.. v c bit l
cc rn san h. Khi cc rn san h pht trin th ko theo cc loi thy
h khc cng pht trin theo: c, tm, giun, nhm. v n l ni c tr
l ngun cung cp thc n cho sinh vt. Chnh nh ngun thc n di
do cng thu ht nhiu loi sinh vt ln tm n: ra, ba ba, vch, c
ui, c mp xm.. gp phn gia tng tnh a dng sinh hc ni y.
Mt kh khn
Hin nay do hin tng nng ln ton cu v dng
El Nino khin nhit nc tng ln t ngt, m san h rt nhy cm
Page 72
nn nh hng rt ln n qun th san h v sinh vt ni y, chnh
iu khin nhiu rn san h b bc ha (xm thc sinh hc) hng
lot ko theo nhiu sinh vt khc trn h di c i ni khc hoc b cht
do mt ni c tr phn no khin cho a dng sinh hc b gim i
theo thi gian
4.3.2
nh hng ca yu t kinh t - x hi
Cc hot ng ca con ngi tip tc l mi e da ln nht v duy

nht i vi ti nguyn sinh vt, c bit l rn san h Vnh Nha
Trang. C th, s nhim v lm dng ngh c l nhng mi e da
nghim trng nht i vi cc h sinh thi ny. S ph hoi v vt l
i vi cc rn san h do giao thng hng hi gy ra cng l mt vn
Hnh 4.33 Mt s hnh nh neo u thuyn ti vnh Nha Trang
Ngnh kinh doanh hi sn ti sng c xem l mt nguyn nhn

ca s suy thoi do vic s dng xyanua v cc ha cht khc khi nh
bt cc loi c nh. Nhng mi e da ln khng km l nhng hot
ng din ra hng ngy. Cc tu thuyn nh c, du lch x rc, du
my ra vnh, phng v sinh trn tu khng c kt cha. Cht thi t
thc n tha ca tm c v cht thi sinh hot ca con ngi. Cc cht
ny thi xung bin bm trn cc rn san h khin chng khng th
sinh sn ln pht trin lu dn n s cht. Khi san h cht th ng thi
cc loi thy h sng da vo n cng s bin mt do mt ngun thc
n, ni , ni ngy trang
Page 73
Hnh 4.34 Hnh nh cc hot ng sn xut v sinh hot ca ngi dn trn vnh
Mt thng k trn th gii v San H cho bit: Theo The Nature

Conservancy, nu s ph hy tng ln theo tc hin hnh, 70% cc
rn san h trn th gii s bin mt trong vng 50 nm ti. S mt mt
ny s l mt thm ha kinh t i vi nhng t nc vng nhit
i trong c Vit Nam. Hughes, (2003), vit rng : "Vi dn s th
gii ngy cng tng v cc h thng vn ti v lu tr ngy cng pht
trin, nh hng ca con ngi i vi cc rn san h s c quy m
tng theo cp ly tha."
Chnh nhng nguyn nhn trn khin cho din tch San H ti
KBTB Nha Trang gim i ng k ko theo nhiu loi sinh vt khc
Page 74
cng bin mt theo trong quan trng l sn lng c khai thc cng
gim ng k khin cuc sng ngi dn cng tr nn kh khn li
cng kh khn hn. Quan trng hn s a dng sinh hc ca vng b
mt i ko theo nhiu gi tr khc cng mt theo (nhn vn-lch ssinh hc).
Ngoi ra, hin nay cc nh nghin cu ang tm hiu mc nh
hng ca cc nhn t khc nhau i vi cc h thng rn san h. C
nhiu nhn t, trong c vai tr ca cc i dng nh chm ln
ixt cacbon, cc thay i trong kh quyn Tri t, tia cc tm, s
axt ha i dng, virus sinh hc, nh hng ca bo ct, cc cht
nhim khc nhau, nh hng ca s bng n to.. v..v.
CHNG 5: SO SNH C IM SINH VT CA CC VNG
5.1
So snh ti nguyn sinh vt theo cao
S thay i thnh phn loi theo cao ch yu l do ch nhit.

Sut tuyn l trnh Lt - Nha Trang s phn b ng, thc vt theo
cao c biu hin r rt.
Lt
Do cao trung bnh 1.500 m so vi mc nc bin v c bao
quanh bi nhng dy ni cao, nn tuy nm trong vng nhit i gi
ma, kh hu Lt cn mang nhng nt ring ca vng cao. cao
l nhn t gp phn hnh thnh nn mt thm thc vt a dng
Lt vi cc kiu hnh rng khc nhau nh: rng l kim, rng thng
xanh, rng hn giao v trng c cy bi...Thc vt chnh y l
thng vi s l tng dn theo cao.
Cc khi ni cao, s, c chia ct mnh cho php bo tn y
nhiu loi ng vt c xa nh cc loi chim sng trong rng thng,
mt s loi lng th v b st nh ch, cc, thn ln bay, cc loi
kim n trn cy nh Cy bay, Sc bay, i, Nhen; cc loi Vn,
Kh, Sc vn lng, Sc chut, Chut cy; cc loi th n tht nh Ch
si, Cy hng, Cy ging, Bo, Cp, Gu ch v cc loi th mng
guc nh Nai c tong, Nai xm, Hu vng, Cheo, Hong, Tru rng,
B rng, Sn dng, Heo rng, thm ch c c Voi v T gic. Ngoi
Page 75
ra trong cc kiu rng ny cn c v s nhng loi chim thuc b G,
b S v nhiu nhm cn trng khc.
Nha Trang
a hnh Nha Trang kh phc tp c cao tri di t 0 n 900 m so
vi mt nc bin, thc vt ch yu ni y l rng ngp mn v thm
c bin. C nhiu loi ng vt bin.
c bit s phn b ng, thc vt theo cao biu hin rt r
nt trong phm vi rng cao nguyn Lang Biang:
Bng 5.4 S phn b thc vt theo cao
cao (m)
Thc vt
800-1200
Rng tre na v rng hn giao tre vi cy l rng nh:

L
(Bambusa
balcoa),
Sa
(Helicia
cochinchinensis), h u (Fabaceaae), h C (Poaceae),

h iu (Anacardiaceae), h C Ph (Rubiaceae).
1200-1700
Rng tha cy l kim: c trng bi thng ba l (Pinus

khasya)
1700-2000
Rng kn hn hp cy l rng, l kim nhit i: h D

(Fagaceae), h Ch (Theaceae), h Re (Lauraceae), h
Thch (Aceraceae), h Ngc Lan (Magnoliaceae), h
Thng, h Hong n (Cupressaceae), h Kim Giao
(Podocrapaceae),..
>2000
Kiu ph Rng ru (rng ln): thng xuyn b che ph,

trn cy rng c nhiu ru v a y mc, c trng bi
cc h: h Phong Lan (Orchidaceae), h Ng Gia B
(Araliaceae), h D (Fagaceae)
Page 76
Nhit v lng ma thay i theo cao dn n s thay i
ca cc thm thc vt.
5.2
So snh ti nguyn sinh vt theo kh hu
Kh hu l yu t t nhin c nh hng r rt n s phn b v c

im pht trin ca thc vt ch yu thng qua nhit , nc, m,
khng kh v nh sng.
Nhit : mi loi thch nghi vi mt gii hn nhit nht
nh. Loi a nhit thng phn b nhit i, xch o;
nhng loi chu lnh li ch phn b cc v cao v cc
vng ni cao. Ni c nhit thch hp, sinh vt s pht
trin nhanh v thun li hn.
Nc v m khng kh: nhng ni c iu kin nhit,
m v nc thun li nh cc vng xch o, nhit i m,
n i m l nhng mi trng tt sinh vt pht trin.
nh sng quyt nh qu trnh quang hp ca cy xanh.
Nhng cy a sng thng sng v pht trin tt ni c
y nh sng. Nhng cy chu bng thng sng trong
bng rm, di tn l ca cc cy khc.
Mi loi ng vt c nhu cu v thc n v mi trng sinh sng khc
nhau. Mi min kh hu khc nhau c nhng ng vt khc nhau, mc
khc s phn b cc loi thc vt c nh hng su sc ti s phn b
cc loi ng vt.
Bng5.5 Phn b sinh vt theo khi hu
a im
Kh hu
ng Nai - Nhit i gi ma.
Thc vt
- Nhit cao
quanh nm l
- Nhit TB nm 25iu kin thch
27oC.
hp cho pht
- m tng i trin cy trng
trung bnh c nm 80- nhit i, c
bit l cc cy
82%.
ng vt
- C mt ca
nhiu loi th,
chim qu him.
Cc loi ny
thuc din phn
b rng.
Page 77
- Ma ma t thng 5 cng nghip c
n 11 hng nm gi tr xut khu
(lng ma trung bnh cao.
nm 1700-1800mm).
- Lng ma
- S gi nng trung tng i ln v
bnh c nm 2500-2700 phn b theo
gi.
vng v th ng
Nai sm hnh
thnh
nhng
vng
chuyn
canh cy cng
nghi p ngn v
di ngy (gm
cao su, c ph,
ch, iu, du
tm,..),
nhng
vng cy n qu
ni ting,.
Lt
- Nhit i gi ma
vng cao.
- Nhit TB nm 15240C.
- Ma ma t thng 4
n 11 hng nm
(lng ma trung bnh
1.750 - 3.150 mm)
- m tng i
trung bnh c nm 85 91%.
- S gi nng trung
bnh c nm 1.890
2.500 gi
- nhng dy i
thp nhp nh xen
nhng bi c rng
ln di tn rng
tha ven sng
ng Nai v cc
sui, bu, ao h
c din tch ln,
cc kiu rng
thng xanh v
na rng l m
nhit i gi
li c nhng
loi ng vt m
ngy nay ang c
nguy c mt dn
nh T gic 1
sng,
B
Banteng, c su..
- Do ma nhiu, - Nhiu loi ng

kh hu m t vt qu him,
v t ai ph c phn b
ch yu cc
hp pht trin
rng quc gia
nhiu kiu thm nh Ct Tin, Bi
thc vt ca vng p
Ni
ma nhit i v B..nh B rng
cc loi tre, na, (mt loi th to
khe, c th
l ,.
nng
ti
- Nhit khng 1000kg),
Sn
Gu
kh trung bnh dng,
nm Lt nga, Gu ch,
tng i thp Sng nai, Bo
hoa mai
c bit l Cao
Page 78
nguyn
Langbiang ch
nhit thun li
cho s pht trin
ca nhiu loi
thc vt nht l
cc loi cy l
kim, trong c
loi thng ba l
(Pinus Kesiya).
Nha Trang - Va mang tnh cht - Kh hu nhit - Nhiu sinh vt

kh hu nhit i gi i gi ma li bin:
ma va mang tnh c bin to iu
Trong rng
cht ca kh hu i kin thun li san h: khong
dng.
cho rng ngp 300 loi san h,
- Nhit trung bnh mn pht trin hn 230 loi c,
nm l 260C.
trn vng t 120 loi thn
- m tng i ngp nc dc mm, 69 loi
trung bnh c nm 77- theo cc b bin gip xc, 30 loi
80%.
v nhng thm da gai sinh sng.
- Ma ma ngn t c bin sng Trong thm
thng 9-12 hng nm vng
nc c bin, rng
(lng ma trung bnh trong, lng sng ngp mn, sinh
nm
trn
di ven b bin, c vt y vi mc
2000mm).
bit a thch a dng sinh
- S gi nng trung vng nc ven hc cao l mi
bnh c nm 2600 gi.
chn o v trng sng ca
trong cc vng nhiu loi sinh
vnh.
vt c gi tr sinh
hc v kinh k
Page 79
CHNG 6: BO V V KHAI THC HP L TI NGUYN SINH
VT
6.1
Bo v ti nguyn sinh vt
Vit Nam c nh gi l mt trong quc gia c ngun ti nguyn a

dng sinh hc cao nht th gii. Trong nhng nm qua, mc d c
nhiu n lc bo tn s a dng ny tuy nhin nhng hot ng bun
bn, tiu th bt hp php ng, thc vt hoang d nguy cp, cc b
phn v dn xut ca chng khin cho ngun ti nguyn sinh hc
nc ta khng ngng suy gim. V th chng ta cn c nhng bin
php bo v ti nguyn sinh vt.
i vi thc vt
Quy nh vic khai thc: cm khai thc g qu, khai thc g trong rng
cm, rng non, gy chy rng.
y mnh cng tc gio dc cho mi ngi dn v vai tr ca rng
cng nh hu qu ca vic khai thc rng ba bi:
Cn gio dc cho mi ngi hiu bit vai tr ca rng i
vi i sng ca con ngi, nh quan nim thi quen
cho rng rng l ca tri cho m s dng phung ph.
Vic a ni dung bo v cc ngun ti nguyn ni chung v
ngun ti nguyn rng ni ring vo chng trnh gio dc
l mt iu ht sc cn thit.
Tuyn truyn gio dc, h tr v hng dn, to iu kin
mi ngi nht l ng bo cc dn tc lm quen vi li
sng nh canh, nh c.
S dng phng php Nng - lm kt hp v Lm - nng kt hp:
Trong phng php Nng - lm kt hp th sn xut nng
nghip l ch yu, vic trng xen cc cy thn g lu nm
nhm mc ch phng chng gi bo, chng xi mn, gi
m v gi nc.... to iu kin lm tng sn lng nng
nghip.
Page 80
Trong phng php Lm - Nng kt hp th sn xut cy
lm nghip l chnh, vic trng xen cy nng nghip vi cy
lm nghip nhm hn ch c di chng xi mn v ng
thi lm tng s lng sn phm nng nghip.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn c th kt hp gia Nng nghip,
Lm nghip v chn nui gia sc, thy sn.
Xy dng v bo v cc khu rng:
i vi rng phng h: c k hoch, bin php bo v nui
dng rng hin c, gy trng rng trn t trng, i ni
trc.
i vi rng c dng: bo v cnh quan, a dng v sinh
vt ca cc vn quc gia v khu bo tn thin nhin.
i vi rng sn xut: m bo duy tr pht trin din tch
v cht lng rng, duy tr v pht trin hon cnh rng,
ph v cht lng t rng.
Trin khai Lut bo v v pht trin rng. Giao quyn s dng t v
bo v rng cho ngi dn.
Bo tn a dng sinh hc. Xy dng v m rng h thng vn quc
gia v cc khu bo tn thin nhin.
Ban hnh Sch Vit Nam.
i vi ng vt
Xy dng h thng vn bn php lut bo v ng vt. Thit lp cc c
quan qun l, kim sot vic bun bn ng vt v iu tra, gim st
ng vt.
Thng tin, tuyn truyn:
Nng cao hiu bit ca ngi dn.
Bn cnh bo ch cng ng vai tr quan trng trong
pht hin, u tranh v ngn nga ti phm lm nghip cng
nh tuyn truyn ph bin thng tin php lut lin quan.
Page 81
Tuyn truyn ng b, rng khp n tn thn, p, khm,
nht l vng dn c sinh sng xung quanh khu sinh thi,
rng, vn quc gia
Chnh quyn a phng cn t chc k cam kt vi ngi
dn, hp dn vn ng, tuyn truyn thng k lm
thay i nhn thc ngi dn; qun nhu, nh hng;
i vi cc knh thng tin (bo, i truyn hnh, pht
thanh ) phi thc hin chuyn mc, chuyn tuyn
truyn, gii thiu cc quy nh, chnh sch, hnh vi b
nghim cm, tm gng bo v ng, thc vt hoang d
mi ngi dn c th tip cn thng tin.
Cu h ng vt:
Th li t nhin i vi cc ng vt hon ton kho mnh.
Bin php tiu hy c p dng i vi ng vt cht
hoc yu.
ng vt sau khi cu h s c ti th li t nhin, ni c
sinh cnh ph hp.
Hp tc quc t:
Thc hin cc chng trnh nghin cu chung v tnh hnh
bun bn ng thc vt Vit Nam v mt s nc trong
khu vc
Hp tc bng cc chng trnh h tr o to v thc thi
CITES v trong mt s d n thc hin h thng Rng
c dng ca Vit Nam
cp n vic kim sot hot ng bun bn ng vt
hoang d v thit lp cc trung tm cu h ng, thc vt
hoang d sau khi thu gi.
Cn tng nng ch ti x pht vi hnh vi bun bn tri php ng vt
hoang d v b phn dn xut ca n, c bit vi vic bun bn sng
t gic, h v cc sn phm t h.
a vn bo v ng vt hoang d vo chng trnh hc ph thng.
Page 82
c bit ch trng tuyn truyn nng cao kin thc php lut ca
ngi dn cc khu vc thng xy ra tnh trng sn bt ng vt tri
php.
Gy nui, pht trin ng vt. M rng sinh cnh cho cc loi ng vt
hoang d thng qua vic tng cng trng rng ph xanh t i trc.
Xy dng nhiu khu bo tn thin nhin, vn quc gia.
Quy nh vic khai thc m bo s dng lu di cc ngun li sinh
vt ca t nc, ban hnh cc quy nh trong khai thc:
6.2
Cm sn bt ng vt tri php.
Cm dng cht n nh bt c v cc dng c nh bt c
con, c bt.
Cm gy c hi cho mi trng nc.
Khai thc hp l
Khai thc trong phm vi c th ti sinh, ti to c i vi cc ngun

ti nguyn phc hi nh rng,... khai thc sn lng ng mc (mc
khai thc va cc ngun ti nguyn c kh nng ti sinh c)
v khng c php khai thc sinh vt vt mc.
Chng vic khai thc ba bi, thay i cch hot ng v tiu dng
ca con ngi gim bt nhu cu khai thc sinh vt. Va khai thc
va phc hi li, v d nh trng thm cy ci,.Nhng sinh vt him
th nn a vo bo tn, trnh khai thc dn n cn kit nh l ng
vt qu (san h, cc loi c him,..), thc vt qu him (thng ,
thng 5 l..).
Page 83
Hnh 6.0.35 Trng rng gi mi mu xanh Vit Nam
Ch trng tng cng cng tc qun l, bo v rng, xy dng v ban

hnh ngh quyt chuyn v cng tc bo v v pht trin rng ch
o thc hin, m bo va n nh pht trin kinh t, x hi t ti
nguyn rng, va n nh mi trng sinh thi, n nh c cu 3 loi
rng c quy hoch, sn sng ng ph vi bin i kh hu, t
chc hi tho v nh hng bo tn v pht trin mt s loi thc vt
qu him c gi tr, bo v mi trng sinh thi nh khoanh vng phn
b ca cc qun th; xy dng v pht trin vn cy ging u dng
bo tn cc loi ging; b sung cc c th non, tng s lng v cp
tui trong qun th, cn c cc bin php h tr khuyn khch pht
trin vng nguyn liu sn xut hng ha, pht trin cc loi cy c
gi tr phc v tt nhu cu ca ngi dn.
Cn t chc h thng theo chiu su hn l chiu rng, bo v c
cc sinh cnh sng ca cc loi ng vt hoang d.
S lc
Lt
C h sinh vt rt a dng vi nhiu chng loi. Ni bt
y l rng thng xanh ngt. Vi iu kin nh vy to nn mt
vng mt m, thun li cho pht trin vic trng rau n i v du lch
sinh thi. Lt l vng trng rau ln nht Vit Nam. Ngoi ra y
cng c nhiu loi ng vt. Lt c mnh danh l Thnh ph
Hoa vi nhiu loi hoa mun sc mu c trng y, v din tch
trng hoa rt ln.
Page 84
Hnh 6.0.36 Khu du lch Vn hoa Lt
Lang Biang Quen vi cy c min nhit i ng bng, ta s thy

s khc l v cng ni y trc cnh rng thng trng ip ph
xanh c mt vng i ni cao. Quan st c ch yu y l thng 3
l. Thc vt Langbiang gm nhng rng n i thun nht, in hnh
l nhng rng thng hai l v ba l vi sn lng ln. Ngoi ra cn c
cy h Du, minh chng cho kh hu kh hn. S c mt ca loi cy
Np m, chui rng, My nc, Da di biu hin cho tnh c nhit
i ca h thc vt y. Langbiang cng l ni tp trung nhiu nht
ca cc loi thuc ngnh ht Trn - l thnh phn quan trng nht to
nn cu trc cc kiu rng ca Langbiang, c bt l rng tha thun
loi l kim hoc rng hn giao vi cy l rng. Trn ni langbiang
c nhiu loi cy rt to nh ch st, ch nc, P mu cng nhiu cy
g qu khc nhau Thm thc vt trn nh ni cao, gi mnh, lm
sng m hnh thnh nn nhng trng cy g ln. y cung cp
o, hng, lan rng, nhiu loi hoa, cho ng bng. Rng
Langbiang c nhiu loi th ln v nh, cn c c nhng loi chim v
cn trng Cc yu t t nhin gp phn hnh thnh mt thm thc
vt a dng vi hn 3000 loi thc vt, gip v nn mt bc tranh sinh
ng v thnh phn t nhin. V y l im thu ht du khch v pht
trin kinh t Nh vy vi tim nng sn c - kh hu trong lnh mt
m, nhiu cnh p to dng nn mt im du lch kh hp dn. C th
tn dng nhng loi hoa, thc vt trng by bn ngoi th trng.
Page 85
Hnh 6.0.37 Khu du lch Langbiang
Doc chuyn hnh trnh t Lt n Nha Trang

Chng
ta
cn tham quan tri nui c Hi y tp trung s lng ln cc loi
c, m ch yu l c Hi. Vi iu kin kh hu thun li, s chm
nui ng cch lm cho tht c ngon hn. Tri nui c hi y l ni
cung cp c ln phc v cho ch bin thy hi sn.
Hnh 6.0.38 Trang tri nui c nc lnh Klong Klan (Lc Dng, Lm ng)
Vin Hi Dng Hoc

Ni n Vin Hi Dng Hc, ngi ta
khng th khng nhc n mt b phn hu c ca n l bo tng Hi
Dng Hc - vn rt ni ting t nhng nm 30 ca th k trc vi
Page 86
ci tn dn d l H c Hi hc vin Nha Trang. Hin nay, bo tng
Hi Dng Hc c tp trung u t nng cp, m rng v pht trin
thnh mt qun th lin hon bao gm cc b nui sinh vt bin phc
v nghin cu, tham quan cng nh gio dc cng ng, v mt h
thng nh lu tr mu sinh vt bin ln nht nc. C rt nhiu mu
vt c gi n nhiu phng th nghim khc nhau nc ngoi,
nhiu bo tng trn th gii.
Hnh 6.39 Du khch tham quan Vin hi dng hc
n tham quan bo tng, ngoi vic chim ngng v p ca hng

trm loi sinh vt bin nhit i, khch tham quan cn c th xem xt
tm hiu hn 10.000 loi sinh vt bin ng ang c lu tr. B
mu sinh vt bin bao gm cc loi hin hu bin Vit Nam,
Campuchia v cc vng nc ln cn, trong c cc loi th bin
qu him ang c nguy c tuyt chng nh B bin (Dugong). c
bit, bo tng ang lu gi, bo qun trng by b xng c voi khng
l b chn vi trong lng t ng bng sng Hng t nht hn
200 nm. y thc s l mt di vt lch s t nhin v cng qu gi.
Bo tng cn gii thiu vi du khch cc c im t nhin ca vng
bin ng, gii thiu nhng khong sn, ti nguyn qu gi, nhng
cnh quan mi trng vng bin ven b, cc h sinh thi giu c nh
Page 87
rng ngp mn, rn san h, thm c bin - lu nhc nh mi
ngi hy nng cao thc bo v cnh quan mi trng, ngun li v
li ch ca con chu mai sau.
Bo tng Hi Dng Hc ang tr thnh trung tm trng by gii
thiu v gio dc truyn thng chinh phc khai thc v bo v bin
ng ca ngi Vit. y thc s l mt trung tm di sn vn ha
bin rt ng qu, l im thm quan thu ht rt nhiu du khch khi
n thnh ph bin Nha Trang, Khnh Ha.
Hn Mun L mt trong nhng hn o th mng nht trong h
thng o ca Nha Trang. Hn Mun cch cng Cu 10 km (khong
45 pht i tu). Khng ch hp dn bi ct trng, bin xanh, nhng t
yn hoang s trn cheo leo vch ni y cn ni ting l mt
trong nhng "thy cung" "giu v p" nht ca bin ng Nam .
Ni y cn ni ting c nhiu dch v bin v khm ph bin bng tu
y knh v dch v ln bin. Hn Mun vi rn san h v h sinh vt
bin a dng, phong ph l khu bo tn bin u tin v duy nht
ca Vit Nam hin nay, c Qu ng vt hoang d th
gii (WWF) nh gi l khu vc a dng sinh hc bin bc nht Vit
Nam, c bit rt phong ph v san h, hin ti pht hin c
khong 350 loi.
Hnh 6.40 o Hn Mun- Khu bo tn Bin Vit Nam
Page 88
H sinh thi ng, thc vt bin y v cng phong ph. Theo thng
k trn th gii c khong 2.000 loi san h v sinh vt bin th Hn
Mun c ti 1.500 loi.
Hn Mun, san h nm su 10m, cng vi rt nhiu loi c
m sc v chng loi. Vi su di 18 m, th khng cn cnh p
ca san h, nhng c rt nhiu hang ng. C nhng hang su 1015
m, phi dng n quan st nhng sinh vt bin chuyn sng trong
bng ti nh tm, mc, tm hm, c uiHn Mun c lm khu
bo tn nn vic khai thc y cng c gii hn, tuy nhin cng c
trng hp khai thc tri php, ba bi. c bit l nhng rng san h
qu cn c bo v Bn cnh , vi tim nng sn c nh vy, ta
c th khai thc sinh vt vo lnh vc du lch
6.3
nh hng ti nguyn sinh vt
L mt quc gia c rng vng bin bc ti nguyn khong sn cng

nh ti nguyn sinh vt v cng phong ph v a dng. y chnh l
c hi cng nh thch thc ln ca Vit Nam. V vy vic nh hng
pht trin ti nguyn sinh vt mt cch hp l l v cng cn thit.
6.3.1
i vi thnh ph Lt (Lm ng)
Chng trnh hnh ng bo tn a dng sinh hc tnh Lm ng

giai on 2008-2020 qui nh nhng ni dung chnh nh sau :
Mc tiu n nm 2015:
Bo tn, s dng v pht trin bn vng a dng sinh hc trn cn:
Phc hi, pht trin v qun l rng bn vng;
Bo tn nguyn v cc loi thc vt, ng vt rng nguy cp,
qu, him, c hu;
Bo tn, s dng v pht trin bn vng a dng sinh hc cc vng t
ngp nc: iu tra, nh gi cc gi tr a dng sinh hc; qun l c
hiu qu cc vng t ngp nc quan trng;
Page 89
Bo tn, s dng v pht trin bn vng a dng sinh hc nng nghip:
iu tra, nh gi cc ngun gen cy trng, vt nui, vi sinh vt nng
nghip; xy dng chng trnh bo tn s dng v pht trin bn vng
cc ging cy trng, vt nui bn a, nht l cc ging loi c hu,
qu, him, c gi tr kinh t - x hi cao;
S dng bn vng ti nguyn sinh vt:
Kim sot vic khai thc hp l ngun ti nguyn sinh vt;
Xy dng v thc hin phng n phng nga, kim sot v
gim thiu tc hi ca cc loi sinh vt ngoi lai xm hi i
vi a dng sinh hc;
S dng kinh ph thu c t chnh sch chi tr dch v mi
trng rng u t cho cng tc bo v, pht trin ti
nguyn rng;
Tng cng nng lc qun l Nh nc v a dng sinh hc:
Kin ton v tng cng nng lc cho cc cp chnh quyn,
c quan chuyn mn thc hin tt chc nng qun l Nh
nc v a dng sinh hc v an ton sinh hc;
Xy dng c ch t chc v cc qui ch qun l v thc
thi Chng trnh hnh ng bo tn a dng sinh hc;
Tng cng c s vt cht k thut; y mnh cng tc
nghin cu khoa hc; xy dng v thc hin k hoch o
to ngun nhn lc phc v cho cng tc bo tn a dng
sinh hc;
Tuyn truyn, gio dc, nng cao nhn thc v thu ht s
tham gia ca cng ng v qun l, bo tn v pht trin a
dng sinh hc;
nh hng n nm 2020:
Xy dng cc k hoch bo tn, s dng v pht trin bn vng a
dng sinh hc v ging, loi, ngun gen, sinh vt v h sinh thi ca
Lm ng;
Cc hot ng khai thc tri php ti nguyn thin nhin v cc e do
khc n a dng sinh hc c gim thiu;
Page 90
Gp phn pht trin kinh t - x hi, nng cao mc sng cho ngi
dn nng thn min ni, bo v mi trng sinh thi v cung cp cc
dch v mi trng ca tnh;
Nng cao nhn thc ca mi ngi dn, cc t chc v tm quan
trng, gi tr ca ngun ti nguyn, tham gia bo tn, s dng a dng
sinh hc;
Hon thin h thng t chc, c ch, chnh sch bo tn a dng sinh
hc Lm ng ph hp vi k hoch hnh ng bo tn a dng
sinh hc v cc chin lc quc gia.
Nhng nhm gii php chnh:
V qun l Nh nc
Hon thin h thng c ch, chnh sch, vn
bn quy phm php lut v qun l a dng sinh hc, kin ton t chc
v tng cng nng lc cho h thng cc c quan qun l Nh nc v
a dng sinh hc.
V k thut, cng ngh Nghin cu, ng dng khoa hc cng ngh
bo tn, pht trin v s dng bn vng ti nguyn sinh vt;
Hin i ho c s vt cht k thut, xy dng h thng Bo tng thin
nhin ca tnh Lm ng tp hp, lu gi, trng by cc ngun
gen, hin vt, tiu bn cc loi c hu, qu, him phc v cho cng
tc nghin cu khoa hc, va l ni tham quan, thu ht du khch
pht trin kinh t;
Ch trng o to ngun nhn lc, xy dng cc chng trnh o to,
nng cao trnh chuyn mn nghip v cho i ng qun l a dng
sinh hc cc cp.
V cng tc x hi ho Tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc
v nng cao thc, trch nhim bo v rng, bo tn a dng sinh hc
ca cng ng a phng. Xy dng k hoch phi hp cht ch gia
cc c quan, ban, ngnh lin quan trong tnh;
y mnh x hi ho cng tc bo v rng, bo tn a dng sinh hc;
pht huy ngun tri thc ti a phng, xy dng m hnh qun l
Page 91
rng cng ng, m hnh ng qun l, bo v v chia s li ch t
rng, t ti nguyn a dng sinh hc.
V kinh t Pht trin nng nghip theo hng cng ngh cao; h tr
nhn dn trng rng ph xanh t trng i trc v bo v rng; pht
trin cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut vt liu thay th g; pht trin du
lch sinh thi gn vic bo v mi trng, gi gn ti nguyn thin
nhin vi quyn li kinh t ca ngi dn trn a bn.
V lin kt cc tnh v hp tc quc t
Tng cng lin kt vi
cc tnh: Tng cng hp tc vi cc tnh min ng Nam B, Duyn
hi Min Trung v Ty Nguyn, xy dng cc hnh lang bo tn a
dng sinh hc m bo s thng nht cng nhau pht trin, c bit
trong trin khai thc hin chnh sch chi tr dch v mi trng rng.
Tng cng hp tc quc t v a dng sinh hc:
a dng ha cc hnh thc hp tc vi cc nc trong lnh
vc bo tn a dng sinh hc hc tp, tip nhn, chuyn
giao cng ngh, h tr k thut, ti chnh;
Tng cng hp tc quc t v nghin cu trong lnh vc bo
tn a dng sinh hc, o to, pht trin ngun nhn lc, thu
ht chuyn gia, thu ht vn u t vo cc d n bo v v
pht trin rng, bo tn a dng sinh hc, bo v mi trng;
V ngun vn u t
Ngun vn dnh cho Chng trnh ngoi
mt phn ly t vn ngn sch Nh nc, phn cn li cn c huy
ng t i tng hng li nh vo ti nguyn sinh vt, vn ca cc
ngnh kinh doanh, cc ngnh cng nghip, t cc nh u t, cc t
chc trong, ngoi nc, trong cng ng dn c, ti tr quc t
6.3.2
i vi thnh ph Nha Trang (Khnh Ha)
Cc chnh sch nh hng pht trin ti nguyn sinh vt

Trch nhim vi cc nh hoch nh chnh sch
T chc qun l vic s dng v bo v ti nguyn bin
Page 92
Thnh lp ban qun l c trch nhim qun l, kim tra v gim
st vic khai thc, bo v, tn to ti nguyn mi trng du lch
bin TP. Nha Trang v cc huyn, o trong tnh c gn lin
vi bin.
Xy dng m hnh qun l cc hot ng du lch sinh thi bin
vi s tham gia ca cng ng a phng v cc i tc c lin
quan. Chnh quyn a phng c php s dng hp l, c
hiu qu cc ngun thu nh thu, ngun thu l ph, vo vic
pht trin kinh t a phng v bo v ti nguyn mi trng
du lch bin.
Quy hoch pht trin du lch sinh thi bin bn vng
Tin hnh lp v thc hin quy hoch pht trin du lch sinh thi
bin bn vng, m bo pht trin du lch sinh thi bin c quy
hoch, thc hin cc mc tiu, nguyn tc v yu cu pht trin
du lch bn vng; ha nhp chung trong quy hoch pht trin
kinh t x hi ca tnh.
Cng khai ha ni dung quy hoch pht trin du lch sinh thi
bin cng nh cc d n bo tn ti nguyn mi trng bin cho
cc i tng c lin quan v tham gia thc hin d n h
nm c nhng ni dung, nhim v, mc tiu ca cc d n
cn phi gii quyt.
Tin hnh phn chia cc khu vc u t bo v ti nguyn c
hiu qu.
Duy tr tnh a dng sinh hc, s dng v bo v ti nguyn mi
trng du lch sinh thi bin mt cch bn vng
S dng ngun qu h tr cho cng tc gio dc mi trng
bin, xy dng thu gom v x l cht thi ng quy nh,
khuyn khch vic ti ch v s dng cc sn phm ti ch.
Tng cng thu ht vn u t v cc ngun lc cho vic thc
hin cc d n, chin lc, chng trnh hnh ng nhm bo v
s a dng sinh hc, bo tn cc sinh vt bin c hu qu
him, cc h sinh thi b ph hy.
Tin hnh thu ph mi trng, s dng cc cng c ti chnh
thng pht nhm ngn chn vic khai thc ba bi, ph hy v
Page 93
gy hu qu xu cho ti nguyn v mi trng bin trong du
lch.
p dng cc quy ch ngn chn s ph hy cc h sinh thi, cc
hnh ng khai thc sinh vt bin mang tnh hy dit. Nghim
cm vic s dng cc loi sinh vt bin qu him c nguy c b
tuyt chng lm sn phm lu nim, hoc thc phm phc v
cho nhu cu ca du khch.
Tng cng hp tc, thu ht u t thc hin cc d n h tr
pht trin kinh t v du lch a phng, khuyn khch cng
ng tham gia vo hot ng du lch v bo tn sinh thi bin,
pht trin kinh t sn xut hng ha cung cp cho du khch
gim s l thuc ca cng ng a phng v tc ng tiu cc
ca h ln cc h sinh thi.
u tin min gim hoc khng thu thu trong thi gian nht
nh vi cc hnh thc u t thun ty cho hot ng bo v
mi trng du lch bin
Trch nhim vi cc n v t chc o to
Ngun nhn lc du lch c o to c cht lng cao, c trang b
nhng kin thc v nghip v, phm cht ni chung v nhng kin
thc v ti nguyn mi trng du lch, vn ha y s lm cho du
khch nhn thc ng v c nhng hnh vi ng n, c thc trch
nhim ng gp cho vic bo v ti nguyn mi trng du lch v
nng cao cht lng cuc sng ca cng ng a phng. lm
c iu ny, S VHTT&DL tnh Khnh Ha khi thit lp v thc
hin cc d n quy hoch, k hoch pht trin du lch tnh cn hoch
nh cc chin lc gii php u t nng cao cht lng ngun nhn
lc v nhn thc ca cc i tng tham gia du lch v ti nguyn mi
trng du lch. Ring cc trng, trung tm o to du lch cn tng
cng o to nhn lc, nng cao nhn thc ca cc i tng tham
gia du lch v ti nguyn v mi trng t nhin, bao gm:
a ni dung pht trin du lch bn vng, ti nguyn mi trng, vn
ha vo chng trnh o to cng nh trong cc chng trnh gio
dc du lch cho cng ng a phng.
u tin o to, tuyn dng ngun nhn lc du lch l ngi a
phng, c bit ch o to cn b lnh o qun l l ngi a
Page 94
phng v nng cao nhn thc ca h v ti nguyn v mi trng t
nhin.
Tng cng phi hp, hp tc u t gia cc c s o to trong
nc vi cc t chc v c s o to quc t, o to ngun nhn lc
du lch ni chung v c bit l gio dc nng cao nhn thc ca cc
i tng tham gia du lch v ti nguyn v mi trng.
Lng ghp gio dc nng cao nhn thc cng ng v cc vn pht
trin du lch bn vng, ti nguyn v mi trng du lch vi cc
chng trnh pht trin kinh t, vn ha x hi.
Dnh mt t l tha ng thu nhp t du lch cho vic u t gio dc
nng cao hiu bit ca cc i tng tham gia du lch v cc vn ti
nguyn v mi trng du lch.
Khuyn khch pht trin nghin cu khoa hc v ng dng cng ngh
trong lnh vc mi trng bin; u tin cc d n u t du lch c gii
php hu hiu cho vn mi trng, cc loi hnh du lch thn thin
vi mi trng.
Trch nhim vi cc n v t chc du lch
Cc nh iu hnh l nhng ngi c hiu bit ton din v t chc
kinh doanh, song phi lun tn trng nhng nguyn tc ca du lch
sinh thi bin.
m bo tip th du lch sinh thi bin (du lch xanh) phn nh ng
cht lng sn phm du lch, cc chnh sch v nhng hot ng c li
cho mi trng du lch, hng dn cho du khch nhng iu h cn
lm, nn lm, nhng iu h khng nn lm v khng c lm v
phng din ti nguyn mi trng, vn ha v x hi.
Cung cp cho du khch nhng thng tin v vic cn tn trng nhng di
sn vn ha a phng, ti nguyn mi trng v dn c nhng ni
h n. ng thi khuyn khch du khch s dng nhng sn phm du
lch c li cho ti nguyn mi trng, kinh t, v x hi a phng.
Hng dn vin du lch sinh thi phi c kin thc, nm c y
thng tin v c im mi trng t nhin v sinh thi bin, vn ho
Page 95
cng ng a phng; c trch nhim ph bin ni quy ca tour du
lch sinh thi vi du khch nhm hn ch hnh vi gy hi h sinh thi
v mi trng ca du khch, bng cch no gip khi dy v kch
thch s hng phn ca khch du lch sinh thi mun tm hiu v h
sinh thi bin v c thc bo v h sinh thi bin.
Trch nhim ca khch du lch
Khch du lch khi tham gia du lch sinh thi bin cn thu hiu c
ngha ca loi hnh du lch, ng thi tch cc hng ng, cng t
nguyn tham gia tri nghim khm ph th gii ca bin, tm hiu v
bin, am hiu v bin v tun th cc quy nh c ra.
Page 96
KT LUN
Sinh vt ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong cuc sng ca chng ta. Song,
nhn thc v nh gi c vai tr ca tng loi sinh vt li l mt vn
khng ch p ng cho nhu cu kinh t - x hi cho hin ti m cn pht
trin cho tng lai.
Thng qua chuyn thc a ta thy c s thay di r nt ca tng loi
sinh vt cng nh s a dng phong ph v thch nghi ca tng loi tng
a phng khc nhau. V ti nguyn sinh vt c ngha v cng to ln v
quan trng i vi s pht trin ca a phng, n mang li mt ngun li
kinh t t nhiu mt nh trng trt chn nui, du lch sinh thi,... V ng
gp mt phn khng nh trong vic duy tr s sng ca con ngi, m bo
cho s pht trin ca a phng.
Tuy nhin, vic s dng v qun l ti nguyn cn lng lo cng nh cha
nh gi ht gi tr ca ti nguyn sinh vt, v du: ti ng Nai, rng c
nh gi l c gi tr cao nhng thc t ch l ry cy n qu, Lt nn
ph rng, sn bn tri php, ba bi lm cho s lng ng vt qu him
ngy cng suy gim. c bit Nha Trang vic lm dng v nh bt hi
sn lm cho h sinh thi cng b e da nghim trng. Vic bo v v pht
trin cc rn san h l v cng quan trng i vi tnh hnh kinh t, vn ha,
x hi ni y.
XUT
T nhng vn cn tn ti trn, nhm khc phc v ci thin ngun ti
nguyn sinh vt, cn a ra mt s gii php c th nh sau:
Cc c quan, ban ngnh c trch nhim v thm quyn vi ti nguyn
v mi trng tng a phng cn tng cng v a ra nhng bin php
qun l hp l, cht ch hn nh vic qun l cc h nui trng thy, hi sn
bng b (Nha Trang), kim sot cht ch qun l, khai thc cc dng ti
nguyn rng, t nhm trnh nhim v thin tai... Hn na, cn phi c th
ha bin php qun l bng cch tng cng cng c lut php, thc hin
cc chng trnh nh chi tr dch v sinh thi, giao t, giao rng cho ngi
dn. Ngoi ra, cn y mnh tuyn truyn, nhm vo thc ngi dn. y
l c s lu di gip cho vic bo v v s dng hp l ngun ti nguyn
Page 97
sinh vt. i vi cc tnh, khu vc gn bin, cn quan tm, coi trng cng
tc bo tn, khai thc, s dng hp l ti nguyn bin.
Page 98
PH LC
Ph lc 1: Phiu kho st hin trng hot ng ti khu bo tn
bin Nha Trang
I HC QUC GIA THNH PH H CH MINH
I HC KHOA HC T NHIN
KHOA MI TRNG
--------oOo-------PHIU KHO ST
KHO ST HIN TRNG HOT NG TI KHU BO TN
BIN NHA TRANG
PHIU S:
M I TNG:
IM KHO ST :
Chng ti l sinh vin khoa Mi Trng, trng i hc Khoa Hc T
Nhin H Quc Gia TPHCM, chng ti ang thc hin mt kho st
nh v hin trng hot ng ti khu bo tn bin Hn Mun.
Chng ti rt cm n nu bn dnh mt t thi gian tr li vi cu hi
sau. Tt c cc cu tr li ca bn u l nhng thng tin rt qu gi v
c ngha quan trng trong qu trnh kho st ca chng ti.
Xin chn thnh cm n!
Xin hy cho chng ti bit
I. THNG TIN C NHN
Ho v tn:
Page 99
a ch:
Gii tnh:
Bn thuc nhm tui no di y:
<15
20-25
30-40
15-20
25-30
>40
II. KHO ST HIN TRNG HOT NG TI KHU BO TN

BIN HN MUN
1.
Bn khu bo tn Hn Mun:
Nhiu ln
Thnh thong
Him khi
Khc:
2.
Bn n y vo dp:
Tt
L
Theo on t chc
Theo gia nh
Khc:
3.
Bn bit n ni y qua:
Nhng bi tm p
H sinh thi rn san h p lng ly
Nhng hang ng vi nhng mn nh cao, vch dng him tr.
Khc:..
Page 100
4.
Hin trng san h ti Hn Mun:
Rt ngho nn
a dng
Ngho nn
Rt a dng
Trung tm
5.
Theo bn nguyn nhn ch yu gy suy gim h sinh thi
bin Hn Mun l do:
Do khai thc qu mc
Do hot ng du lch
nh hng hot ng ca cc dng hi lu nng t xch o a ti
Khc:
6.
Theo bn, nh hng tiu cc ca vic nui trng thy hi
sn ca ngi dn vng o i vi cc loi thy sinh trong khu
bo tn:
Nhiu
t
7.
Theo bn, cht thi sinh hot ca ngi dn cc vng o
lm suy gim cc loi thy sinh trong khu bo tn:
Nhiu
t
8.
Theo bn, vic pht trin du lch san h Hn Mun c nh
hng n pht trin ca rn san h khng:
C
Khng
Nu c, theo bn du lch nh hng nh th no n rn san h:
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
9.
Theo bn, cng tc bo tn sinh thi bin i i pht pht
trin du lch ti KBTB Hn Mun nh th no:
Tt
Cha tt
Page 101
Nu cha tt, bn c xut kin no cho cng tc bo tn sinh
thi bin ti KBTB Hn Mun n hon thin hn :
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
10.
Theo bn, s lng sut ngm san h trn ngy ca dch v
du lch hp l cha:
Qu nhiu
Qu t
Hp l
11.
C
Bn tng thy ngi khc x rc xung bin cha:

Cha
Bn c suy nh g v hnh ng vt rc xung bin:

..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
12.
Theo bn, vic ci to v gi gn khu bo tn Hn Mun l
trch nhim ca ai:
Cc c quan nh nc
Tt c mi ngi
13. Theo bn, im du lch bo tn bin Hn Mun c mc ph:
Hp l
Cha hp l
14. Bn lm g gp phn vo hot ng bo tn cng nh bo
v mi trng ti khu bo tn bin Nha Trang ny?
..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
Page 102

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AI HOC QUC GIA THANH PH H CHI MINH

TRNG AI HOC KHOA HOC T NHIN

BO CO THC TP MI TRNG I CNG

C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT THEO

Ngnh: Khoa Hc Mi Trng

Nhm thc hin:

DANH SCH THNH VIN TRONG NHM

NGUYN TH THANH TUYN

TRN NGUYN THIN TRANG

TRN THANH TNG

NGUYN TH THANH HIN

MC TIU NGHIN CU....................................................................................................

PHNG PHP NGHIEN CU...........................................................................................

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN..........................................................................................................10

SINH VT VA TAI NGUYN SINH VT......................................................................10

NGHA CA TAI NGUYN SINH VT I VI S PHT TRIN CA A

NHN NH CHUNG V SINH VT VIT NAM....................................................11

CHNG 2: C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT VNG NG NAI (LA NG)................12

M T KHU VC NGHIN CU..............................................................................12

Lch s hnh thnh...................................................................................................12

C IM TAI NGUYN SINH VT..........................................................................14

NH HNG CA S PHT TRIN KINH T X HI N TAI NGUYN SINH

CHNG 3: C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT VNG LM NG................................36

M T KHU VC NGHIN CU..............................................................................36

Lch s hnh thnh...................................................................................................37

C IM TAI NGUYN SINH VT..........................................................................38

NH HNG CA S PHT TRIN KINH T X HI N TAI NGUYN SINH

nh hng kinh t....................................................................................................38

CHNG 4: C IM TI NGUYN SINH VT VNG NHA TRANG..............................36

M T KHU VC NGHIN CU..............................................................................36

Lch s hnh thnh...................................................................................................37

C IM TAI NGUYN SINH VT BIN NHA TRANG..........................................38

NH HNG CA S PHT TRIN KINH T X HI N TAI NGUYN SINH

nh hng ca yu t t nhin ln ti nguyn sinh vt khu bo tn bin Nha Trang

nh hng ca yu t kinh t - x hi......................................................................41

CHNG 5: SO SNH C IM SINH VT CA CC VNG..........................................53

i vi thnh ph Nha Trang..................................................................................41

DANH MC BNG BIU

GII THIU CHUNG

Mc tiu v ni dung nghin cu

nh gi hin trng a dng sinh hc trong sut tuyn

nh gi, phn tch ch s a dng sinh hc trong tuyn

Cc phng php nghin cu

Nguyn tc thu mu: Tin hnh ly mu cc loi i din trong sinh

Phng php nghin cu tiu chun

Phng php xc nh tn khoa hoc

Sinh vt v ti nguyn sinh vt

Nh chng ta bit, cc thnh phn c bn ca mi trng bao gm

Hnh1.0.1 Mt phu din t

nh hng r rt n s sinh trng v phn b sinh vt

Hnh 1.0.2 a hnh vng ni

ng vt cng c s phn b thch nghi ty theo a

L mt dng ti nguyn mi trng (phn theo mi trng thnh phn)

Ngha Ca Ti Nguyn Sinh Vt i Vi S Pht Trin

Hnh 1.0.3 Rn san h khu bo tn Hn Mun

Ti nguyn rng c ngha quan trng trong vic gi t,

Hnh 1.0.4 Rng thng dc ng ln nh Rada

Nhn nh Chung V Sinh Vt Vit Nam

Nhn chung Vit Nam l quc gia nm vng nhit i, c nhiu iu

Sch Vit Nam 2007

Hnh 2.1 Cu La Ng (nh Qun- ng Nai)

V tr a l: Cu La Ng nm trn quc l 20, thuc x La Ng, huyn

Hnh 2.2 Tng i chin thng La Ng

a hnh tng i bng phng. t ch yu l t bazan trung tnh,