Li ni u.................................................................................................................

2
I. Gii thiu................................................................................................................3
II. C s d liu hng i tng OODB.................................................................4
1. Phng php thit k c s d liu hng i tng........................................4
2. Thit k CSDL hng i tng........................................................................6
3. Thc nghim.......................................................................................................9

Li ni u
Khai ph d liu l qu trnh s dng cc cng c phn tch d liu, tm
kim tri thc, m hnh, cc mi quan h trong d liu v t a ra s d on
v tri thc mi. Cc h qun tr c s d liu truyn thng gp nhng hn ch nht
nh khi p dng l thuyt hng lp trnh i tng vo cng ngh pht trin (c
s d liu quan h). Khai ph d liu c nghin cu v p dng nhiu trong
cc lnh vc nh thng k, h h tr ra quyt nh, my hc
Bi vit ny tp trung vo cch thit k c s d liu hng i tng thng
qua lp trnh hng i tng trn d liu quan h c sn, cng vi cc l
thuyt k tha, a hnhvi mc ch lm gim chi ph thc hin v khng gian
b nh.

I. Gii thiu
Ngy nay vi s pht trin ca CNTT, d liu c lu tr trong CSDL ca cc
t chc cng ngy cng ln v tng nhanh vi tc c chng mt. Trong nhng d
liu tim n nhng ti nguyn cha c khai ph, cn phi c mt cch khai
ph ngun ti nguyn . Khai ph d liu c th phn thnh hai loi:
- Khai ph d liu t mt ngun c sn
- D on d liu mi
Trong sut thi gian di, l thuyt v c s d liu quan h (RDB) c s
dng nh mt gii php lu tr d liu hiu qu. Tuy nhin khi d liu ln ln,
xut hin nhng dng d liu phc tp m RDB khng th x l c, i hi phi
c mt k thut khc thay th.
C s d liu hng i tng (OODB) l mt m hnh da trn ngn ng
lp trnh hng i tng, ly i tng l nn tng ca d liu, c kh nng x l
nhng loi d liu phc tp. Tuy nhin, hin ti cc h qun tr c s d liu hng
i tng vn cha pht trin mnh cnh tranh vi nhng h qun tr c s
d liu quan h (SQL server, Oracle). Bn cnh , hu ht cc ng dng ln v
ph bin u s dng c s d liu quan h. V vy bi vit ny hng vo cch s
dng nn tng c sn ca RDB cng vi l thuyt lp trnh hng i tng xy
dng OODB. Sc mnh ca l thuyt OO nm tnh k tha. VD: vi RDB th
bng ha n v chi tit ha n phi c quan h 1-nhiu, khi s dng l thuyt
OO ta c th tng qut ha thnh lp chi tit ha n k tha lp ha n
Mt c tnh quan trng khc ca lp trnh hng i tng l tnh a
hnh: tnh a hnh cho php i tng c nhng hnh vi, phng thc khc nhau,
ty theo yu cu s dng (Overload v Override).
Vic nghin cu l thuyt OODB v khai ph d liu trong OODB l iu
cn thit v c tnh thc tin quan trng. Tuy nhin vn cha c mt tiu chun no
v khai ph d liu trong RDB ln OODB nn vic p dng l thuyt v OO vo
cc h RDB hin ti s l mt gii php tt cho vic pht trin cc ng dng c s
d liu.
L thuyt OO khi p dng vo h RDB s chuyn cc mi quan h 1-1, 1nhiu thnh mi quan h k tha gia cc lp. Bn cnh tnh a hnh s cho
3

php n gin cu truy vn, lm tng tc x l ca h thng, lm gim khng

gian b nh
II. C s d liu hng i tng OODB
OODB c thit k gn vi th gii thc, c kh nng m hnh ha cc i
tng d liu phc tp, c th m t nhng cu trc d liu phc tp nh cu trc
cy, cy trc cc i tng phc tp. Thc t OODB l mt tp hp cc i tng
d liu c m phng vi cc mi quan h t thc t vo Database.
OODB cho php m t nhng tnh hung phc tp ca d liu thng qua cc
thuc tnh v phng thc, v d: Mt lp hc c thuc tnh l danh sch cc i
tng bn, gh, mun truy cp vo danh sch ny phi thng qua mt phng thc
kim tra c phi sinh vin hay khng
1. Phng php thit k c s d liu hng i tng
V mt l thuyt c ba cch xy dng mt h qun tr c s d liu hng
i tng (DBMS):
- M rng t mt ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng.
- M rng t mt h c s d liu quan h.
- Xy dng mi hon ton (t ngn ng n CSDL).
Gi s trn mt h c s d liu quan h l cc bng, ta s nhm cc trng
chung cc bng thnh mt bng mi, bng ny ta coi nh mt lp, v cc bng
(lp) khc c th k tha t bng ny.
Gi s T l tp cc bng ca h CSDL D, t l mt bng trong tp T, t c cc
trng chung ca cc bng khc. Ta xt v d v phn mm ERP vi cc bng sau:

Cc bng trn c th c biu din thnh cc lp nh sau:

Nh ta thy cc bng c chung cc thuc tnh ny s gy nn s d tha d liu

gi s mt khch hng cng chnh l mt nh phn phi. iu ny cn thit phi
5

thay i cch thit k, s dng tnh k tha ca l thuyt hng i tng lm

gim s d tha v tng hiu qu truy vn d liu
2. Thit k CSDL hng i tng
Nh ni ngay t u v cch thit k, ta s lc tt c cc trng chung c
th c, to ra mt bng mi cha cc trng ny, cc bng cn li s khng cn
n cc trng ny na. Ta t l bng Person. Bng Persion c mt trng
PlaceID s tham chiu n mt bng khc (khi lp trnh s hiu trng/thuc tnh
ny l mt lp) l bng Places:

Bng Person coi l mt class v cc trng ca bng ny chnh l thuc tnh.

Cc lp Employee, Suplier, Customer k tha lp Persion v tha hng cc thuc
tnh ca bng ny. CSDL ban u sau khi thit k li ta c nh sau:

T y ta c th d dng thm cc bng mi bng cch xem xt cc trng c

th dng li t cc bng nh ngha.

3. Thc nghim
Ta s thc nghim so snh dung lng gia hai cch thit k trn, ta tm gi cch
thit k trong bi l m hnh lai (object relational databases: CSDL hng i
tng & quan h), bng cch insert cng mt lng thng tin (bn ghi) vo CSDL
MS Access v so snh dung lng file access sau khi insert:
500 records
1000 records
2000 records
5000 records
10000 records

CSDL quan h
708 KB
984 KB
1.60 MB
3.66 MB
6.82 MB

CSDL lai
628 KB
916 KB
1.41 MB
3.28 MB
5.56 MB

nh gi: Vi nhng CSDL nh th cch thit k ny khng gim nhiu khng

gian nh nhng vi nhng CSDL ln nh Dataware house th khng gian nh s
gim i rt ng k, bn cnh cch xy dng ny s ph hp vi tnh hng ch
ca dataware house, VD: phn mm h tr t vn la chn nh cung cp, s ly
thng tin t bng Supliers vi cc thng tin cn thit a ra nh gi.
Tuy nhin: Cch xy dng ny s lm phc tp ha vn khi truy vn, thay v
phi vo mt bng ly d liu, ta phi vo nhiu bng.