.

: .
: :
, :23.02.2011

, 2011.


1 ...........................................................................................................................................7
1.1 , .................................................................................... 7
1.2 .............................................................................. 8
1.3 .................................................................................................................................. 9
1.3.1 ..................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 ..........................................................9
1.3.3 .............................................................................................. 10
1.4 ....................................................................................... 17
1.4.1 ...................................................................... 17

2. .....................................................................................................20
2.1 ..................................................................................... 20
2.2 ............................................................................................................. 20
2.3 .................................................. 20
2.4 ............................................. 24
2.5 ..................... 27
2.6 ....................................................... 29
2.6.1 , [1] ....................................... 29
2.7 .......................................................................................................... 35
2.8
........................................................................................................................................................ 39
2.9
................................................................................................................................................................. 45
2.10
........................................................................................................................................................ 45
2.11 ................................................ 47
2.12 ( ) ................................................ 50
2.13 .............................................................................................. 50
2.14 [6] .............................. 51
2.15
............................................................................................................ 53
2.16 ........................................................................... 53

3. ......................................................................................................................56
3.1. .................................................. 56
3.1.1 .......................................................................................................... 56
3.1.2.
............................................................................................................................................................ 59
3.1.3. (. 3.1.3) .............. 61
3.1.4. , ............. 62
3.1.5 -
............................................................................................................................................................ 63
3.1.6 ................... 64
3.1.7 ....................................................................................................... 67
3.1.8 ............................................................................................... 71
3.1.9 ................................................................................... 78
3.2. ........................................................................................................................ 79

4. .....................................................................................................84
4.1 .............................................................................................. 84
4.1 .............................................................................................. 85
4.2. .......................................................................................................... 86
4.3. ............................................................................ 87
4.3.1 .................................................................................................... 87
4.3.2 ..................................................................................................................... 89
4.3.3 ...................................................... 91
4.3.4 ............................................................... 92
4.3.5 .................................................................... 92
4.3.6 ............................................................... 93

4.3.7 .......................................... 94
4.3.8 .............................................................. 95
4.3.9 t ........ 95
4.3.10 ............................................................................................................. 96
4.3.11 ............................................................................. 97
................................................................................................................................................. 98

5. J .............................99
5.1 ...................................................... 99
5.2 ............................................................................... 102
5.3 c ............................................ 105
5.3.1 c ........................ 106
5.3.2 c (. 5.3.3 .
5.3.4)................................................................................................................................................. 109
5.3.3 c (. 5.1.1) ..................................................... 111
5.3.4 c ................................... 113
5.4. .............................................................................................. 113
5.5. ............................................................. 116
5.5.1 ............................................................................................... 116
5.5.2 ................................................................................ 117
5.5.3 ............................................................................................................. 119
5.5.3.1 ...................................................... 119
5.5.3.1 ................................................. 120

5.5.4 ................................................................................................ 122

5.6. c ....................................... 123
5.7 c ...... 125

6. .....................................................................128
6.1 .................................................. 129
6.2 .............................................................................................. 130
6.3 ....... 133
6.3.1

1 = const

................................................ 135

6.3.2 .................... 138

6.3.3
.................................................................................................................................... 141
6.3.4 .................................................................................. 142

7. ..............................................................................................144
7.1 ........................................................................ 145
7.2 .................................................................................................................. 149
7.3 ..................................................................................... 151
7.4 ......................................................................................... 152
7.5 .................................................................................................................. 154
7.6 ............................................ 158
7.7 ................................................................................................... 162
7.8
............................................................................................................................................................... 163
7.9 ....................................................................................... 167
7.10 ....................................................................... 169
7.11 ............................................... 172

8. ..........................................................................................177
8.1 ................................................................................................................ 177
8.1.1 ................................................................................................................................. 177
8.1.2 .............................................................................................................................. 178
8.1.3 ........................................................................................... 181
8.1.3.1 .......................................................................................................................... 181
8.1.3.2 ............................................................................................................................ 182
8.1.3.3 ......................................................................................... 183
8.1.3.4 .............................................................................................. 185

8.1.4 .............................................................................................. 187

8.1.5 ................................................................................... 188
8.2. ........................................................................................................................ 192
8.2.1. ........................................................................................................... 193
8.2.2 , .......................................................... 194

8.3 ............................................................................................................. 195

8.4 ......................................................................................................................... 196
8.4.1 ............................................................................................................... 200
8.4.2 .................................................................................................................. 200
8.5 .................................................................................................................... 201
8.5.1 .................................................................................................................... 202
8.5.2 ...................................................................................................................... 205
8.6 ........................................................................................................................................ 208
8.6.1. .......................................................................................................... 211
8.7 ......................................................................................................................................... 211
8.7.1 ...................................................................................................... 211
8.7.2. .......................................................................................................... 214
8.7.3 .............................................................................. 215
8.7.4 ......................................................................... 216
8.8 ................................................................................................................... 216
8.8.1 ........................................................................................... 216
8.8.2 , ............................................... 217
8.8.3 ................................. 218
8.8.4 ............................................................................................ 218
8.9 ................................................................................................................................. 218
8.9.1. ......................................................................................................................... 218
8.9.2. ........................................................................................................................... 219
8.9.2.1. ........................................................................................................................ 219
8.9.2.2. 100% ................................................................................. 219
8.9.2.3. ..................................................................................................................... 220
8.9.2.4. ................................................................................................ 220
8.9.2.5. ..................................................................................................... 220

8.9.3. ............................................................................................................................ 220

8.9.4. ...................................................................................................... 223
8.9.5. ................................................................................................................. 224
8.9.8. ..................................................................................................... 228
8.9.10. ....................................................................................................................... 231
8.9.11. ................................................................................... 231
8.9.12. ................................................................................................................... 231

9. ..........................................................................232
9.1 ............................................................................. 232

10. ..........................................................................................237
10.1. ............................................... 237
10.2 ................................................................................................................... 239
10.2.1 ........................................................................................................ 239
10.2.2 ................................................................................................ 242
10.2.3 ..... 243
10.2.4. ................. 245
10.2.5 ......................................................................................... 245
10.2.6 ............................................................ 246
10.3. ...................................... 246
10.4. ............ 247
10.5. ............................................... 249
10.6 .................................................................................. 251

1
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1.3
1.3.1

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10


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DIN 2481 [3]). ,
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p2 .
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ond
2

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11

1.

600

4000

500
400

3000

h [kJ/kg]

2500

200

T [ C]

300

100

3500

2s 2

4s

1500

2000

4s 4
1000

-100

500

-200

s [kJ/kgK]

0 1
0

s [kJ/kgK]

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13

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14

. 1.3.7 -

. 1.3.8 -

. 1.3.9 -

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1 - (). 2 -
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. 5 - 2.
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. 5 - 2. 6 . 7
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1 - (). 2 - 2.
. 3 - 2. . 4 - .
5

15

1.
.
.

. , ,
, . 1.3.12.
:
1. ( 10 bar),
2. ( 88 bar),
3. ( 224 bar)
4. ( 224 bar).
(
88 bar ),
( 224 ).
, [1] :
1. ,
2. ( 485),
3. ( 565 )
4. ( 565).

, 565
.

-,

-,

(. 1.3.6)

. 1.3.12 -
.
1 - (). 2 - .
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16

1.4

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17

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600 W,
1300 W.
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70 - 80 % .
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18



BSS132.
30 W 200 W 20,1%,
58 %.
1.4.2 - IEC No. 45
34
42
64
88
105 126 140

435

455

485

535

165

535 565

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19

2.

2.
2.1

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2.2
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1.3.1 .

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2.3
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,
. .

, .
1 kg
. ,
. LiT
.
20


, .
,
. ,
LsT .
,
.

.
,
.

.

PiT = M GV LiT

PsT = M GV LsT .

.

.

.
:

iT =

LiT
LsT

iT =

PiT
PsT

. .

, :

LiT = h 3 h4 = hiT
( h ) - -
- h - .

:

LsT = h 3 h4 s

.
.
.
21

2.
-

,
.
:

LiT = hiT
:

LsT = hsT
.

. :

PiT = M GV hiT
PsT = M GV hsT
.
, , ,
, .
h, s ,
.
, , ,
LiT .

LiT = iT (h 3 h4 s ) = iT hsT .

.
.
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, .

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, .
(. ,
, 535-565),
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,
. .
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(. ) .
.

22


.
:
.

PeT = LeT M GV .

(. ).
.
:

mT =

LeT
LiT

mT =

PeT
PiT

PiT - PeT
.
, . .
.

, :

LeT = mT LiT = mT iT LsT = mT iT (h3 h4 s ) = mT iT hsT

3 4s, .
,
. :

PeT = M GV mT iT LsT = M GV mT iT (h3 h4 s ) = M GV mT iT hsT

PeT /PiT . .
:

eT =

PeT M GV mT iT LsT
=
= mT iT
PsT
M GV LsT

.

. PGb
PeT
.

PeT - PGb

23

2.
.
, .
.

G =

LGb PGb
=
LeT PeT

. b
, . .
.
Psp,TP , Psp,B . .
.
. . .

TA =

PGb LGb mT iT G LsT

=
=
= mT iT G
PsT
LsT
LsT

2.4

.
,
. ,

-K .

. :

pGV

- ,

t GV

- ,

p PK

- .

1.3.1 T , s
1.3.2 p3 , t 3 , p 4 .
, . ,
.

. .
. ,
, .
:

LGb

.
.
.
24

TPb

.
.
.

LGb

, .
:

LGb = mT iT LsT G = mT iT (h3 h4 s ) G = mT iT hsT G

(
) .
:

PGb

TPb = 
Q

dov,TP

PGb
M (h h ) h
= GV mT iT G 3 4 s = mT iT G sT
M GV (h3 h2 )
M GV (h3 h2 )
(h3 h2 )

. - :

RC =

hsT
h3 h2 s

( h2 s h2 ):

TPb iT mT G RC

.
,
,
( 90%)
50%.
.
( )

. :

Gb
Bb =  Gb = 
= KTPb
Qdov,B M GV (h3 h2 )
K

h2 s h2
-:

Bb iT mT G K RC .

- :

25

2.

SPTP
TPn =  Gb
M GV (h3 h2 )

-:

Bn =

PGb PSPB

M PR (hPR hNV )

= TPn K

a

:

mTPb

.
,
.

qTPb

.
,
.

.
,

.
:

mTPb =

M GV
1
1
=
=
PGb
LGb mT iT (h3 h4 s )G

(
) .
:

qTPb =

Q dov,TP
PGb

M GV ( h3 h2 )
=
=
PGb

M GV ( h3 h2 )
.

M GV mT iT G (h3 h4 s )

(h3 h2 )
1

mT iT G hsT mT iT G RC

qTPb =

TPb

( )

. :

qBb =

Q dov,B
PGb

M GV (h3 h2 )
1
=
=
Bb
K PGb
26


. d
1 kg
1 kg :

BBb =

(h3 h2 ) H u
=
d
K

H u
:

bBb =

q Bb
Hu

PGb
:

BBb = PGb bBb

PGb
:

M GV = mTPb PGb .
2.5
,
,
.

.
.
,
. , 1 kg
.
, . 1.3.1,
:

(h3 h2 )
K
1 kg .
. LiNP ,
, .

,

(h3 h2 )
(h h )
+ LiNP = 3 2 + h2 h1
K
K
.

27

2.
1 kg LGb ,
.

.

h4 h1
:

h3 h2
(h3 h2 )
K
.
,
, ,
.
. 1 kg . :

LiT LeT + LeT LGb = LiT LGb

:

(h3 h2 )
(h h )
+ LiNP = 3 2 + (h3 h2 ) + LGb + LiT LGb + h4 h1
K
K
.
.
,
.
,
. ,
, .
, ,
.

. :

(h h )

(h h )

M GV 3 2 + LiNP = M GV 3 2 + (h3 h2 ) + (h4 h1 ) + PGb + PiT PGb

K

.
.
:

M GV = M NV = M PK = M K
,
.

,
.
28


,
.

. , .

2.6
,
.
, .
.
2.6.1 , [1]
( )
:

e = h T0 s
h , s .
T0 , (
) .
( )
1 2.

1 2. :

Li max = e1 e 2 = h1 T0 s1 (h2 T0 s 2 )
Li min = e 2 e1 = h2 T0 s 2 (h1 T0 s1 )

. -
.
,
.
.
, . :

Li < Li max

Li < e1 e 2

Li > Li min

Li > e1 e2

.

.
:

e = h1 T0 s1 (h2 T0 s 2 ) Li
29

2.
e = Li [h2 T0 s 2 (h1 T0 s1 )]

. ( )
. ( .
). 1
kg .
,
, . ( ).
:

E10 = H 10 T0 S 0
1 , 0
.
,
. 1 kg 1 kg
. H10
. . .
:

E 2 = H 2 T0 S 2
:

E10 E 2 = H 10 T0 S10 ( H 2 T0 S 2 )
.

, . :

E 20 = H 20 T0 S 20
:

E10 E 20 = H 10 H 20 T0 ( S10 S 20 )
H10 H 20 ( )
( 1 kg ). :

E10 E 20 = H u T0 ( S10 S 20 )
:

>
Hu
<
.
. , ,
:

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 )
Hu

S10 S 20
.
30


. ,
, . ,
. ,
[2].
,
.
.
. ,
.
-
- .
,
, . ,
,
, S10 S 20 .

.
.
1 kg - kg ,
d kg -
:

H u h3 h2
=
d
K

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, - -
.
.
, .
,
.
,
. .
,
.

. Carnot- .
q
Carnot.
.
. .


. ,
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.
2.6.2
31

2.
1 kg
:

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 ) H u h3 h2

=
d
d
K
.
,

h3 h2
+ Li NP
K
1 kg
. .
.
. ,
.
1 kg :

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 )
1 kg d kg , 1 kg
:

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 )
d

T0 ( S 10 S 20 )
d
(
), . :

H u T0 ( S10 S 20 ) H u h3 h2

=
d
d
K
- .
h2 T 0s 2 h3 T 0s3 .
:

h3 T0 s 3 (h2 T0 s 2 )
-
- .
() .
:

e Kot =

H u T0 ( S 10 S 20 )
[h3 T0 s 3 (h2 T0 s 2 )]
d

:
32


e Kot =

(h3 h2 )
(h h )
[h3 T0 s3 (h2 T0 s2 )] = 3 2 (h3 h2 ) + T0 ( s3 s2 )
K
K

. ,
,
. ,
,
.
-
. .
.
.
.
.
.
, ,

,
.
.

.
.
.
.

. , , -
-
.:

(h3 h2 )
+ h2 T0 s2 = h3 T0 s3 + e Kot
K
.
.
:

h3 T0 s 3 (h4 T0 s 4 )
, , LiT = h3 h4 . ,
,
.
.:

e T = h3 T0 s3 (h4 T0 s 4 ) LiT = T0 ( s4 s3 )
, ,

h3 T0 s3 = LiT + h4 T0 s4 + e T
.

33

2.
. , ,
.

.

LiT - LeT

LeT - LGb

()
. :

e K = h4 T0 s 4 (h1 T0 s1 )

. ( )
.
, .
.
. :

T1 = T4 = T0

T0 ( s4 s3 ) = h4 h3
.
.
.
. ,
.

LiNP [h2 + T0 s2 (i1 T0 s1 )] = T0 ( s2 s1 ) = e NP

. , ,
.

:

h3 h2
+ LiNP = LGb + e Kot + e NP + e K + LiT LeT + LeT + LGb + e T
k

.
.
. 1
kg .
. .
34


2.7

,
.
,
.
Rankin-Clausius-a :
,
,


.

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.
,

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,

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. (. 2.7.5-6).
.
.
( )
.
12 %. ( )
( )
. (
)
.
. -
- 535-565 C.
.
.

535 .
.
- 535 - .

35

2.

. 2.7.5 -

. 2.7.6 -

. 2.7.7 -
(
Tsr Tsr1 )

2.7.8

. 2.7.9

36


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h, s . 2.11.3.
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37

2.
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2.7.9 2.7.10. , .
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(.2.7.10).
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. 2.7.7 -
- BBC

. 2.7.8 -

38

. 2.7.10 -

. 2.7.9 -

. 2.7.11 -

2.8


2.8.1.
,
.
.

. ,
:

pGV

- ,

39

2.

t GV

- ,

p NV

- ,

t NV

- ,

p PK

- .
P

Gn

Kontrolna granica parnog bloka

Psp

Kontrolna granica parnog turbopostrojenja

GV1

TVP

TNP

Gb

PK

MZ

E
Kond

ZVP2

ZNP2

ZVP1

ZNP1

HZP

HE

KP

NP

. 2.8.1

.
. , PiT ,
,
. ( . 2.7.10 2.8.2):

PiT = PiT I + PiT II + PiT III + . . .

40

. 2.8.2 -

PiT I = M I LiT I
PiT II = M II LiT II
PiT III = M III LiT III
:

PiT = M I LiT I + M II LiT II + M III LiT III + . . .

:

M I = M GV ; M II = M GV M O1 ; M III = M GV M O1 M O 2 ; . . .
, ,
:

PiT = M GV (hGV - hO1 ) + M GV - M O1 )(hO1 - hO 2 ) + ( M GV - M O1 - M O2 )(hO 2 - hO 3 ). . .

41

2.

. 2.8.3 - . t c - , m -
,
:

M
PiT = M GV hiT I + 1 O1

M GV

M

M
hiT II + 1 O1 O2 hiT III + ....


M GV M GV


M
GV .
,
- , , .
, ,
, .
.

( ) .
hiT
:

LieqT = hieqT = hiT I + 1

M O1
hiT II + 1
M GV

M O1 M O2

hiT III + . . .
M GV M GV

M O1 M O2
;
; ...
M GV M GV
( 100)
. ,
1 kg
, (
42


),
.
:

LGb = LieqT mT G = hieqT mT G

, ,
,
.
. ( 30 %
70 %
).

. 2.8.4. -

. 2.8.5 - - BBC
43

2.

( )

.
:

TPb =

PGb
PGb
=
Qdov,TP M GV hGV M NV hNV

, , , ,
:

M

ieqT mT G
TPb =  GV Gb
=
M GV (hGV - hNV ) (hGV - hNV )

hGV hNV hieqT ,

LGb ,

.

- :

M

K
GV mT G
ieqT
Gb
=
Bb =  Gb =




Qdov,B M GV hPR M NV hNV M GV hPR M NV hNV

K
,
. :

Bb =

KmTG hieqT
hGV hNV

= KTPb

.
:

qTPb =

Q dov,TP
PGb

M GV hGV M NV hNV
PGb

q Bb =

M GV hPR M NV hNV
M GV hPR M NV hNV
=
K PGb
K M GV mT G hieqT

,
. :

44

q Bb =

hGV hNV
q
= TPb .
K mT G hieqT
K

. :

mTPb =

M GV
1
1
=
=
PGb
LGb hieqT mT G

2.9

.
,
. .

. , .
,
-.


.
.

. ,
.
,
. (
) . ,
, , (.
2.8.3).

2.10


.
:

pGV 1

tGV 1

pGV 2

45

2.

tGV 2

p PK

p NV

t NV

.
. :

PiT = PiT I + PiT II = M GT I LieqT I + M GT II LieqT II

PiT = M GV I hieqT I + M GV II hieqT II

hieqTI , hieqTII
.



M
GV 1 M GV 2 .
:

M
LGb = mT G hieqT I + GV 2 hieqT II
M GV 1

Gn

Kontrolna granica parnog bloka

Psp

Kontrolna granica parnog turbopostrojenja

GV1

GV2

TNP

TSP

TVP

Gb

PK

MZ

E
Kond

ZVP2

ZVP1

ZNP3

ZNP2

ZNP1

HZP

HE

KP

NP

. 2.10.1 -

:
46

TPb =

M GV 1

PGb
hGV1 M NV hNV + M GV 2 hGV2 M T II hT II

hGV 1 , hTII
, hGV 2
, hNV
( ).
:

qTPb =

M GV 1 hGV I M NV hNV + M GV 2 hGV

PGb

II

M T II hT II

TPb

- :

Bb =

M GV I

K PGb
K TPb
hPR I M NV hNV + M GV II hPR II M T II hT II

- :

q Bb =

M GV I hPR I M NV hNV + M GV II hPR II M T II hT II qTPb

K PGb
K

hPR1 , hPR2
.
- - :

q Bn =

M GV 1 hPR 1 M NV hNV + M GV 2 hPR 2 M T II hT II

q Bb

P
K ( PGb PSPB )
1 - SPB
PGb
Bn =

1
=
q Bn

PSPB
PGb
q Bb .

mTPb =

1
=
LGb

M
mT G hieqT I + GV 2 hieqT II
M GV 1

2.11
, -
( 11)
.
,
.

47

2.
,
. .
,
, , , .

.
,
.
.

. 2.11.1, 2.11.2
2.11.3.

. 2.11.1 -

. 2.11.2 -

. 2.11.3 -


, . Schroeder [3]
48


,
. 200 W, 250 bar, 520/530/ 540C
( ), 303,6C,
0,024 bar 9
q Bn = 8737 kJ / kWh . Bb = 41.2% .
. .
200 W [3]

-
- .

-
- .

-
- .

-
- .

-
- .

-
- .

%
%
100
100
7,85
47,89
0,8
1,28
1,05
6,89
48,07
1,71
1,03
1,03
41,2
41,2

. , ,
, 9,88%.
. ,
.
92,15 %, . 47,89
%. .
.
. :



, .
,
.

1500 W , .
. ( )

.
.

.
49

2.
,
, .
.

2.12 ( )

. (
) ,
, .
.

2.13

,
. - -
. ,
( )
.
, .
. , ,

.
.
, ,
.
.
.
, .

( ) .
. ,
.
.

.
.
.

.

.
( )
(
).

.
.

50



.


. .
. :

pT =

LiT
LpT

.
.
,

.
.
.
.

.

:

p =

dLi
dLp

,
:

p =

dh
.
dhs

2.14 [6]

AC AB (. 2.14.1)

ha hb (he hd ) dhs hs
ha hb he hd .

abde Ts -.

dhs abde + dhs

dh = p dhs

51

2.

hiT = p ( hsT + A )

dh = dh
p

.

p .
.

iT =

hiT
hsT

hsT

hiT

. 2.14.1 -

iT = p 1 +

A
= p
hsT

.

. - -

, .
.

= 1 +

A
hsT

A B C Ts -
.

52


2.15


.

hsS > hsT

hsS
hsT

zhsS = hsT
z

hiS

iS

hiT

iT

iT = iS .

( ).

2.16
, ,
. ABC
, [6]

a=

A
z2

ABC , a abc , z
. Ts -

z hsS + za = hsT + A

= 1 + ( 1) 1
z

.
.
2.17

.

Tc ( 2.14.1). Glok
53

2.
dLrev dLi .
.:

Glok = dLrev dLi

hc hb

hc hb = Tc ds
Tc ds
. ,
, -
- .

.
.

Carnot .
Tc ds Tc
pg Tg .
Tc ds :

CarnotTc ds
Grez (
) .
:

Tg
Grez = Glok CarnotTc ds = Tc ds 1 Tc ds = Tg ds
Tc
.
. -
- [6]:

Grez = KGlok =

Tg
Tc

Glok ;

K=

Tg
Tc

. (
)
.

.

.

.

54


(. )
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
.

1. Energie und Exergie, VDI, Verlag 1965.

2. TRAUPEL, W.: Der Einfluss des Brenstoffes auf den Wirkungsgrad von Verbrennungsmaschinen,
Allgemeine Wrmetechnik, Nr. 1, 1952.
3. SCHRDER, K.: Wege zum verlustrmsten Wrmekraft-Werk, Svetska energetska konferencija,
1964.
4. , .., , ..: . . .
, , 1960.
5. , ..:
, , 1963.
6. TRAUPEL, W.: Thermische Turbomaschinen, Springer, Berlin 1968.
7. BARTLETT, R.: Steam Turbine Performance and Economics.
8. SALlSBURY J.K.: Steam Turbines and Their Cycles, J. Wiley, 1950.
9. STODOLA, A.: Dampf-und Gasturbinen, Springer, Berlin 1924.
10. SCHRDER, K., Grosse Dampfkraftwerke, Springer, Berlin 1962, Bd I, Bd II, Bd III Teil A i B.
11. WOOD, B.: Alternative Fluids for Power Generation, Proc. 1. Mech. E, Vol. 184, N2 4, 1969-70.
12. BARDGETT, W.E., CLARK, C.L.: Comparative High - Temperature Properties of British and American
Steals, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 168, N2 16, 1954.
13. HORLOCK, J.H.: Approximate Equations for the Properties of Superheated Steam, Proc. I. Mech. E.,
Vol. 173, N2 33, 1959.
14. Contra Flov Heat Exchangers, Proc. I. Mech. E. Vol. 159, N2 44, 1948.
15. SPENCE, J.R.: The Development and production of high pressure fead heaters for modern central
power, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 182, N2 36, 1967-68.
16. BROWN, F.H., DORE, J.W.H.: Reheat Practice in British Power Station, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 172,
N2 16, 1958.
17. BAUMANN, K.: Improments in Thermal Efticiencies with High Steam Pressures and Temperatures in
Non-Reheating Plant, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 155, N2 17, 1946.
18. , .: , , 1960.
19. .., . ., . ., . .:
, , 1963.
20. , .., , ..: , , 1960.

55

3.
-
-
. ,
.

.

.
. .

.

3.1.
3.1.1

A1 A2
(. 3.1.1.).
A1 A2 . dt
, . A1 ,
dx1 . A1dx1

1 A1dx1 . dt
A2 dx2 . 2 A2 dx2 .
.
.
, ,
.

1 A1dx1 = 2 A2 dx2
:

1 A1

dx1
dx
= 2 A2 2 dx2
dt
dt

. 3.1.1 -

3.

dx1
dx2
= c1 ( )
= c2 (
dt
dt

)
:

1c1 A1 = 2c2 A2

c1 A1 c2 A2
=
.
v1
v2
c
.
.
A1 = A2

1c1 = 2c2 = const

.
,
.
. .
.

.
.

.

. A1 p1 A1 A2 p2 A2 .
F c1 1 c2 2 .
,
.

1 A1dx1 2 A2 dx2 .
:

p1 A1 cos 1 + F p2 A2 cos 2 = 2 A2

dx2
dx
c2 cos 2 1 A1 1 c1 cos 1
dt
dt

( p + c ) A cos
1

2
1 1

+ F = p2 + 2c22 A2 cos 2

p + c 2 - -
.
57


.
F = 0; A1 = A2 = const ; 1 = 2 = 0 :

p1 + 1c12 = p2 + 2c22 = const

.
A1 = A2 F = 0 p1 = p2 .
( F ), p1 = p2 .

. , . F
. - .
.

,
.
.


. (

c2
.
2
pA
dx . ( 1 kg )
1 kg )

Li , q .
,
, A1 1 A1dx1 dt
:

c12
+
u
1
A1dx11
2

p1 A1 p1 A1dx1 .
2 A2 dx2

c22
u2 + A2 dx2 2
2

p2 A2 dx2 . dt
:

Li A dx qA dx

, :

3.

c12
c22
u
A
dx
p
A
dx
u

+
+
=
+
1
1 1 1
2
A2 dx2 2 + p2 A2 dx2 ( Li + q ) Adx
1 1 1
2
2

( ),

u1 +
Kako je u +

p1

c12
p c2
= u2 + 2 + 2 Li q
2
2 2

= h , :

c12
c22
h1 + = h2 + Li q
2
2
.
( p, t ,
h, s, u ) ( ).
.

.
3.1.2.

.
.
1.
. (. 3.1.2) Li = 0 q = 0
:

h1 +

c1
c
= h2 + 2 = const
2
2

.
:

h0 = h +

59

c
2

. 3.1.2 - hs -

h 0 = h +

c
= const .
2

.
. .
( h ) c
.
2.
.

h1 +

c1
c
= h2 + 2 Li
2
2

Li = h10 h20
,

. .
.

.
. , :

e0 = h 0 T0 s 0

3.
3.
.

q = h10 h20
.
, .
3.1.3. (. 3.1.3)

.
,
.

. cPP .

cPP , p + dp , + d ,
dc .
p c = 0 .
cPP ,
cPP dc cPP .
[17]:

M = A cPP
:


Adp = Mdc
dp = cPP dc

A cPP = A ( = d )( cPP dc )
:

61

dc
cPP

3.1.3 -

:

cPP =

dp
d

, (
)
,

s = const
(
)

dp
cPP = czv =

d s =const

p / = const

czv = RT .
3.1.4. ,


.
,

.

.
, .
,
.
,

3.
.
. " " " "
. c czv
:

sin =

czv
c

c
1
= Ma =
czv
sin
( )
.

:
(
)
.

.


.
3.1.5

.
.
( )
( ),
,
.

. (
) p0 ; t0 ; 0
h0 s0 c0 = 0 .
( c0 = 0 ) .

h00 = h0
(. 3.1.2) ,
,

h10 = h20 = h00 = h0 = const

:

63

h0 = h10 = h20 .
-
. .

hs -. -
-
.
hs - :

h0 = h10 = h20 = const

e

h0 = h1 +

c12
c2
= h2 + 2
2
2

0-1-2 0
2. 0-10-20
. ,
. c0 = 0 ,
h0 = h0 .

.

c1 = 2 ( h0 h1 )
c2 = 2 ( h0 h2 )
c2 = 2 ( h1 h2 ) + c12

c1 c2 c1 c2 .
3.1.6
- -
( )
( ).

.
. ,
, .
(
) .
.
.

3.

, .

h0 = h1 +

c12
c2
= h2 + 2
2
2

h0 h1 = c p (T0 T1 ) ; h0 h2 = c p (T0 T2 )
:

c12
c22
T0 = T1 +
= T2 +
2c p
2c p

c2
T =T +
2c p
0

.
:

T10 = T20 = T0 = const

.
.
, .
.

hs - . ,

.
1 .
.
.
-

hs -, . .

,
.

.

T 0 = T0 T
.

T0 =T +

65

c2
2c p

T0
1 c
= 1+

T
2 czv

1 2
T0
Ma
= 1+
T
2

T0
1 2
= 1+
Ma
2
T
-
- T0 T
Ma . ,

Ma
T T0 .
T
.

.

.

.
, ,
. -
- hs -

p20 < p10 < p0

.

Tds = dh vdp
.

.
. :

T 0 ds 0 = dh 0 v 0 dp 0
dh0
T 0 dp 0
ds = 0 R 0 0
T
p T
0

dh0 = 0

3.

dp 0
ds = R 0
p
0

( )
(

ds 0 dp 0 .

.
1
2 ( ):

s2 s1 = s = R ln

p10
p20

. 1 2 . s2 s1 = 0

p10 = p20 .
Tokol s .

,
. , :

T
p
=
p T
0

p0 v0
=
p v

p p .
:

p0 1
1
= 1 +
Ma 2
2
p

. (
) .

0

p p .
0

. p p
Ma .
3.1.7

67

T 0 T0
1 2
Ma
= = 1+
2
T
T

p 1
p
1
Ma 2
= 0 = 1 +
2
p
p

v 0 v0 1

Ma 2
= = 1 +
2
v
v

0 0 1 2 1
Ma
=
= 1+
2

,
.
.

,
.

c2
dh = d
2
:

dp

= cdc

( )
.

= const

dp
d
=
p

dA dc d
+ +
=0
A
c

,
:

3.

dA dp 1 Ma 2
=
A
p Ma 2
dA d 1 Ma 2
=
A
Ma 2

dA
dc
=
1 Ma 2
A
c

dc
1 d
=
c
Ma 2
dc
1 dp
=
c
Ma 2 p

.
. Ma ,
, (
1).
,
. ,
, .

. = 0,1
1% 70% ( ).
1%
100%. ,
. ( ).
.
Ma = 1 .
, ,
( ).
,
.
,
.

c
,

dc
d
=
c

Ma = 1 .
.
.
( Ma = 1 )
69


.
, , .

. ( )
2

( Ma > 1 ) ,
(
).
.

, .


.
, ,
:

p0 p 0 1
1
=
= 1 +
Ma 2 ,
2
pk pk

Ma =1

p0 p 0 + 1 1
=
=

pk pk 2
T0 T 0 + 1
=
=
Tk Tk
2
-
Ma = 1 -
. .

cA = k ck Ak
:

A k ck
=
Ak
c

.

c =

c =

p0

p
Maczv
RT
1 1+

2 1

1
Ma
1 +
2

1
2
T0

Ma 2

Ma RT

3.

c =

p0
R T0

Ma

Ma
1 +
2

2 2( 1)

Ma = 1

k ck =

p0

Ma

R T0
+ 1 2( 1)

+1

A
1 2 1
2( 1)
=
Ma 2

1 +

Ak Ma + 1
2

A k ck
=
Ak
c

.

.

.
3.1.8
(
)
.
( )
.
.
.

.


.

.
, .

.

.
.
.
71

c12
c22
h1 + = h2 + = const
2
2

p2 c22
c12
+ =
+
1 1 2 1 2 2
p1

1c1 = 2c2

p1 + 1c12 = p2 + 2c22
c1 c2
( 1
2 ):

1
+
p2 p1
( p2 p1 ) 1 2 =

1 2
1 2 1
2

Rankien-Hugoniot- .
(.
3.1.4) :
1. . p2 p1

dp
d
=
p

. ( . )
(

dp
d
=
).
p

.
2.
. .

:

1c1 = 2c2
p1 + 1c12 = p2 + 2c22

3.

p2 c22
c12
+ =
+
1 1 2 1 2 2
p1

. 3.1.4 -

2 = 1

c1
c2

p1 + 1c12 = p2 + 1c1c2
:

p2 = p1 + 1c12 1c1c2
p2

p1
p1 + 1c12 1c1c2 c2 c22
c12
+
=
+
2 1 1 1
c1 2
1

p1 c2 c12 c22
=
c (c c )
1 +
1 1 c1
1 2 1 2
2

p1 c1 c2 c1 c2
+
c1 + c2 =
c (c c )
2
1 1 c1
1 2 1 2

73

p1

1 1

c12 c1c2
+
=
cc
2
2
1 1 2

p1

1 1

= RT1

= c pT1

c12
c12
+ = c pT1 + = c pT0 = c pT 0 .
2
1 1 2
p1

RT0 =

+1
c1c2
2 ( 1)

2
RT0 = ck2
+1
:

c1c2 = ck2 .

( c1 ck
) .
c1 ck c2 ck .
.

:

2
c2 ck2 ck2 / czv2 1 + 1 RT0 1
=
=
=
RT1 Ma12
c1 c12 c12 / czv2 1

c2
2 T0 1
=
c1 + 1 T1 Ma12

1 2
+
Ma1
1
c2
2
2
=
c1 + 1
Ma12
c2
2
1
1
=
+
2
c1 + 1 Ma1 + 1

3.

c2
2
1
1+11
=
+
+1
c1 + 1 Ma12
c2
2
1
= 1
1

c1
+ 1 Ma12

:

c2 1
2
1
=
= 1
1

c1 2
+ 1 Ma12
Ma1 :

c2 1
1
=

+1
c1 2
:

c1c2 = ck2
ck2
c1 c2

=
czv1 czv 2 czv1czv 2
ck2
Ma1Ma2 =
czv1czv 2

2
RT0
T0 T0
2
=
Ma1Ma1 = + 1
RT1 RT2 + 1 T1 T2

Ma1Ma1 =

Ma1Ma1 =

2
T10 T20
+ 1 T1 T2

2
1
1
Ma12 1 +
Ma2 2
1+
+1
2
2
Ma22

2 + ( 1) Ma12
=
2 Ma12 ( 1)

Ma2 Ma1 :

Ma2
75

1
2


Ma2
.

1 c2 Ma2czv 2 Ma2 T2
= =
=
2 c1 Ma1czv1 Ma1 T1
Ma2 :

T2
1
2
1

=
1+
Ma12 1 1 +
Ma12 1
2
T1 Ma1 + 1
+1

p2 T2 1
2
=
= 1+
Ma12 1
p1 T1 2
+1

Tds = dh vdp

ds =
ds =

c p dT

dp
p

T
c p ( pdv + vdp )

dp
p

pv
dv
dp
dp
ds = c p
+ cp
( c p cv )
v
p
p
dv
dp
ds = c p
+ cv
v
p
dv
dp
+ cv
ds = cv
v
p
2

dv
dp
ds = cv v + cv p
1
1
1

p

s2 s1
= ln 2 + ln 2
cv
p1
1

s2 s1
2

Ma12 1
= ln 1 +
cv
+1

) + ln 1 2+ 1 1 Ma1

. ,
()

T 0 ds 0 = dh0 v 0 dp 0

3.

dh0 = 0

ds 0 = R

dp 0
p0

ds = ds , :

p0
s2 s1 = R ln 20
p1
p20
p10

= 1 +
Ma12 1
+1

1
1

2
1
+ 1

2
+ 1 Ma1

-
0

- . p2
Ma1 .
0

p2 p1 ,
Ma1 . :

p20 p20 p2
=
p1 p2 p2

2 1

1
Ma2
= 1 +
p2
2

p20

p2
2
Ma12 1
= 1+
p1
+1

( Ma2 Ma1 )
0

p2 p1 Ma1 :

p20
=
p1

+1
1
Ma12
1 +
2

1 1
2
Ma12

+ 1
+1

p1 .
, p1
. p1
.
,
77


p1 [1].

.
- .

p2 p1 p2
=
1
p1
p1
.

p2
2
1 =
Ma12 1
+1
p1

Ma1 1 .

.
.
3.1.9

, ,
.
.
(
),
.
.

:

T10
1 2
Ma1
= 1+
T1
2

p10 1
1
= 1 +
Ma12
p1
2

T20
1 2
Ma2
= 1+
T2
2

p20 1
1
= 1 +
Ma22
p2
2

1c1 A1
=1
2c2 A2

:

3.
+1
2
(
1
1)
Ma12

1+
A1 p10 T20 Ma2
2
=
1

0
0
A2 p2 T1
Ma1 1 +
Ma22

:

.

.
, .
( Ma )
.
,

.
.

0

. p1 = p2

T10 = T20 ( )
.
0

p2 p1 ( 2
1) ,

.

A p0 T 0
A p0 T 0
1 1
2

= 1 10 20
0
0
A
p
T
2 2 1 M A2 p2 T1
- .

A1
A1
=
A2 M A2
3.2.
.
.
.

ct .
79


(. 3.3.1).
.
,
. .

.

. 3.3.1 -

.

1c1n = 2c2 n
:

p1 + 1c12n = p2 + 2c22n
:

1c1n c1t = 2c2 n c2t

:

c1t = c2t

-
.
:

c12
c22
h1 + = h2 +
2
2

c 2 = cn2 + ct2

c1t = c2t

c12n
c22n
h1 +
= h2 +
2
2
cn

3.

cn .

Ma
Man . cn = c sin Man = Ma sin
Ma1
.
( )
Ma1 Ma1 .

, y
.
(. 3.3.1):

1c1n = 2c2 n
c1t = c2t

tg ( ) =
tg ( ) =

c2 n
c2t

c1n 1
c1t 2

tg ( ) = tg

1
2

1
2

( Ma1 Ma1 sin ) :

2
1
tg ( ) = 1
1
2
2
+ 1 Ma1 sin

tg

3.3.2

( ).

.
:

81

2
Ma12 sin 2 1
+1

(
90).
. Ma1 .

.
, . 0
, , :

sin =

1
Ma

. .
.
.
.

(. 3.3.2) [3].

.
.
.

. :

c12n + c12t
p2 c22n + c22t
p0
+
=
+
=
2
2
1 1
1 2
1 0
p1

ck =

2 p0
+ 1 0

+ 1 2 1 2

p1 = 1
ck
c1n + c12t
2
2

+ 1 2 1 2

p2 = 2
ck
c2 n + c22t
2
2

p1 + 1c12n = p2 + 2c22n

3.

1 2
1 2
+ 1 2
+ 1 2
c1n + ck2
c1t = 2
c2 n + ck2
c2t
2
2
2

1c1n = 2c2 n

c1t = c2t = ct

c1n c2 n = ck2

1 2
c .
+1 t

1.
2.
3.
4.

SHAPIRO A.: Compressible Fluid Flow, The Ronald Press Co., 1953 New York, 1, II
FANNO: Diplomarbeit ETH, Zi.irich,1904
OSWATITSCH K.: Gasdynamik, Springer, Wien, 1952
BUSEMANN A.: Vortrage aus dem Gebiete der Aerodynamik, Aachen 1929

5.

PRANDTL L. BUSEMANN A.: Naherungsverfahren zur zeichnerische Ermittlung von ebenen Strmungen
in Uber-schallstroemungen, Stodola Festschrift, Ztirich 1929
OSWATITSCH K.: Fortschritte in Gasdynamik, Acta Phisica Austriaka, 1947
OSWATITSCH K.: SCHWARZENBURGER R.: Ubungen zur Gasdynamik, Springer Wien 1963
DEI M. E.: Tehnieskaja Gazodinamika, Gosenergoizdat, Moskva, 1961
ABRAMOVI G. A.: Prikladnaja gazovaja dinamika, Nauka, Moskva 1969
EMMONS H. W.: Fundamentals of Gas Dynamics, Princeton, New Jersey 1960
TOWNSEND A. A.: The Structure of Turbulent Shear Flow, Cambridge at the University Press, 1956
VORONJEC K., OBRADOVIC: N.: Mehanika fluida, Gradevinska knjiga, Beograd, 1960
THEODORE VON KARMAN: Aerodynamik, Interavia Genf, 1956
PATTERSON G. N.: Molecular Flow of Gases, John Wiley and Sons, New York
HAYES W., PROBSTEIN R.: Hypersonic Flow Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1959
RICHARD VON MISES, Mathematical Theory of Compressible Fluid Flow, Academic Press, New York, 1957
PRANDTL L.: Strmungslehre, F. Vieweg, Braunschweig, 1956
Compresibile Fluid Flow Tables and Graphs.
SEARS E. R.: General Theory of High Speed Aerodynamics, Princeton, 1954
HOWARTH L.: Modern Development in Fluid Dynamics Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1953

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

83

84

4.
, .
.
. ,
, , . , ,
.
, .
.
l . ,
.

. 4.1 -

4.1
,
.
.
(. 4.1.1
. 4.1.2). . ,
.

.
(. 4.1.3)

. 4.1.1 - . 4.1.2 -


84

. 4.1. 3 -

. 4.1.4

4.1

.
:

s - - ,

max

x ,max =
f =

- - ,

x ,max
s

f max
s

x f ,max =

- ,

x f ,max
s

4.

- ,

s = 180o ( 1s + 2 s )

1s ( 0 s )

- , .

2 s (1s )

- ,

R1 ( R0 )

- , ,

R2 ( R1 )

- .

.
. 0
, 1 2
.
, ,
. ,
+.
-.
-
- . (. l )

t =

t
s

t ( t )

.
.

.

l
s
l
D

.
.

4.2.

.
.
:

Re -
Ma -

86

in -

T-

4.3.

.
:
,

.
, .
,
, .
, ,
.
:

2 (1 )
kP

- .

4.3.1
, ,
,

, ( ).

hd =

c12s c12
,
2
2

hd =

w22s w22

.
2
2

( )
.

4.

. 4.3.1 -

. 4.3.3 -

. 4.3.2 -

. 4.3.4 -

88


. ,

R'

R''

c12
R = 22 ,
c1s
2

w22
R = 22
w2 s
2

(. 4.3.1, . 4.3.2 ).

:

c12s c12

hd
2
2 =1
R = 2 =
2
c1s
c1s
2
2

c12
2 ,
c12s
2

w22s w22

hd
2
2 =1
R = 2 =
2
w2 s
w2 s
2
2

w22
2
w22s
2

, :

R = 1 R ,

R = 1 R .

prof )

sec,kr ). :
R = prof + sec,kr

.
, (.
)
.
4.3.2
:



.
:

prof = Re Ma prof ,0 + i + ii

4.
:

prof ,0 -
i

ii

- .

.
:

Re

Ma

Re

.
:

.
1 kg . ,

.

(. 4.3.8).

. 4.3.8 - ( )
( )
( ) ()

, .
.
90


. :

Fu = 1c1a ( c1u c0u ) tl


Mc
1a

Fu
c c
= 1u 0u = kOP .

Mc
c1a
1a
. - .

kOP

kOP / prof .

(. 4.3.10)

prof

. 4.1.10. -

4.3.3

.
:

()
() .

4.
4.3.4

(. 4.3.11). ,
Ma , Ma .

( Ma > 0.9 1.0 ) ,

Ma . , Ma
Ma :

Ma = 1.0,

Ma 1.0

Ma = 1 + 50.0 ( Ma 1) ,
2

Ma

Ma > 1.0

Ma

1.0

1.0

Ma

. 4.3.11 -
4.3.5

.
.
.

ii

ii

ii = A

ii
ii
, ii =
t sin 2
20

1.0 + 0.7 B, B 3.3

A=
3.1 + 0.27 B, B > 3.3
92

ii

B=

ii

Ma Re prof 0

. 4.3.12
4.3.6
in = 0 s 0 . in = 1s 1
.
.
.
. ,
,
. .

. ,
.
.
. .
, ,
.

.
(

+in ) ( in )

.
.
, ( )
.

4.

. 4.3.13
4.3.7

.
.
.
. ,
.
.
.

. .
.

.
.
.

.

.

.
.
.

94

. 4.3.14
4.3.8
-

kOP =

cu
;
ca

kOP =

wu
wa

2 .

1 , ,

.
.
.
4.3.9

.
.
[8].

.
1 (. 4.3.13)

ca a = c1t sin 1
.
BC DE

4.
. AB AE
. AE
AB
.
:

ca a cos a = c1t sin 1 cos 1

:

sin 1 =

cos 1 a
a
=K
cos a t
t

. .

sin 1 =

a
t

t = t /s , t

t = t /s, t ).

a /t

. 4.3.15 -
4.3.10

.
:

kP =

M
M s

.
. .

.

M s = D1 l1c1s sin 1s 1s
96

D1 l1 .

.
( 1s ).

kP

. .

.
.

.
4.3.11

. .

l l

l l

R = f1 , t , , ,Re, Ma, in ,
s D
s

1 = f 2 , t , , , Re, Ma, in ,
s D
s

l l
t

k P = f3 , t , , ,Re, Ma, in ,
s D
s

-
, .

:
1)
.
2) .

.

.
Re Ma
:

R = f1 ( in )
1 = const
k P = f 2 (Re, Ma)
(
) Re Ma

4.

R = const
1 = const , 2 = const
k P = const

1 const , 2 const

.

.
) , Re Ma ,
. [9],
[12], [13].

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
[26]
[27]
[28]
[29]
[30]
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
[35]
[36]
[37]
[38]
[39]
[40]
[41]
[42]
[43]
[44]
[45]

FORSTER V. T.: Performance los s of modem stearn-turbine duo to surface roughness, Proc. 1. Mech. E., Vol. 181, Ni!. 17, 1967
SCHLlCHTING H.: Grenzschichittheorie, Braun Verlag, Karlsruhe, 1951
PRANDTL L., SCHLlCHTING H.: Das Widerstandgesetz rauher Platt en, Werft, Reed. Hafen, 1934
SPEIDEL L.: The effect of surface finish on the efficiency of stearn turbines, Siemens Zeit., 1961, Ni! 8, Vol. 35
BAMMERT K., FIEDLER K.: Der Reibungsverlust von rauhen Turbinenschaufelgitter, BWK Vol. 18, Ni! 9, 1966
SPEIDEL L.: Einfluss der OberfHichenrauhigkeitauf die Str5rnungsverluste in ebenen Schaufelgitter, Forsch. Geb. Ing. Wes., Ni! 5 1954,
SHAPIRO A.: Cornpressible Flid Flow, Ronald Press Co, New York, 1953
TRAUPEL W.: Therrnische Turbornaschinen, Vol. 1, Springer Berlin, 1966
DEl M. E., EILlPOV G. A., LAZAREV L. A.: Atlas profila reetok os evih turbin, Moskva,
HAUSENBLAS H.: Vorausberechnung des Teillastverhaltens von Gasturbinen, Springer, Berlin 1962
HAUSENBLAS H.: Zusammenfassende Uebrsicht liber britische Schaufe1gitterrnessungen, Konstruktion, Vol. 11, Ni! 12
DEIC M, E., TROJANOVSKI B. M.: Islodovanija i raoti stupeni osevih turbin, Mainostrojenije, Moskva 1964
DEle M. E., SAMOILOVIC G. S.: Osnovi aerodinamiki osevih turbomain, Magiz, Moskva 1959
MOROZOV S. G.: Teplovi raoti parovih turbini pri peremenih veimah, Magiz, Moskva 1962
ZRICKI G. S., LOKAl V. 1., MAKSUTOVA M. K. STRUNKIN V. A.: Gazovi turbini aviacionih dvigatelji, Oborongiz, Moskva 1963
TRAUPEL W.: Die Theorie der Strmung durch Radia1maschinen, Braun, Karlsruhe 1962
BETZ A.: EinfUhrung in der Theorie der Stromingsmaschinen, Braun Karlsruhe, 1959.
HORLOCK J. H.: Some recent reseJrch in turbo-machinery, Proc. I. Mech. E. Vol. 182, NE 26, 1967-68
HORLOCK J. H.: Reynolds number effects in cascades Bnd axial flow compressors, Trans. Am. Soc. mech, Engrs. 1964, Ser. A
VAVRA M. H.: Aerothermodynamics and fluid flow in turbomachines, John Wiley, New York 1960
SWAINSTON M. J.: Development of spanwise profile s trough cascedes and axial flow turbomaschines, Proc. I. Mech. E. Vol. 183, NE 10,1968-69
PARKER B.: Calculation of flow trough cascades of blades having relative motion and the genertion of alternating pressures and forces due to
interacting affects, Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 182, NE 11, 1967-68
IMBACH H. E.: Zur Darstel1ung der Ergebnisse systematischer Untersuchungen an Schaufelgittern, BBC Mitt. Band. 53, NE 3, 1966
BALJE O. E.: AxiBl Cascade Technology and Application to Flow Path Designs, Trans. Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs' 1968, Ser. A
HEBBEL H. H.: Uber den Einfluss der Machzahl und der Reynoldszahl auf die aerodynamischen Beiwerte von Verdichterschaufel bei
verschiedener Turbulenz der Stromung, Forschg. Ing. - Wes. Bd. 33, 1967, NE 5
DZUNG L. S.: Mittelungverfahren in der Theorie der Schaufelgitter, BBC Mitt. Bd. 54, 1967. NE 1
BELIK L, ZDENEK D: Neue Forschungsmethoden fUr den Durchflussteil von Dampfturbinen, Die schw. Ind. Tschech. NE 2, 1964
BAMMERT K.: Vorlesungen iiber Thermische Turbomaschinen-Inst. T. H Hannover-Teil 1 i Teil 2
HAUSENBLAS B.: Uberschal1stromungen am Austritt von Turbinenschaufel-Kranzen, Ing. Archiv Bd. 26, NE 6, 1958
TRAUPEL W.: Die Strahablenkung in der vol1beaufschagten Turbine, Mitt. inst. Therm. Turbomasch. ETH Ziirich, NE 3, 1956
BAMMERT K.: V. I. K. Berichte Nr. 141/42 1963
TODD K. W.: Flow characteristics in stearn turbines, Trans. Inst. Fluid-Flow Mach. NE 14-16 1963
COTTON K. C., ANGELO J.: Observed effects of deposits on stearn turbine effieciency, ASME Paper NE 57-A-116
SCHLICHTING H., SCHOLZ No: Uber theoretische Berechnung der Stromungsverluste eines ebenen Schaufelgittern Ing. Archiv Bd. 19, 1951
KRAFT H.: Nonsteady flow trough a turbine, IX Congres int. Mech. 1957
PFEIL H.: Optimale Primarverluste an Axialgittern und Axialstufen von Stromungsmaschinen, VDI-Forsch-H. 535, 1969
GEISLER O., MANGE J.: Neue GegendruckdampfturbiJ;}e fUr kleine Leistungen und kleine Volumenstrome, BWK, Vol. 22, NE 2, 1970
FAURY M.: Contibution it etude theorique des turbines, Entropie, NE 20, 1968
DOLLIN F.: Some design problems arising in the development of very large high-speed turbines-Proc. I. Mech. E. Vol. 177 NE 9-1963
LUDEK B.: Aerodynamische Forschung auf dem Gebiet des Darnpfturbinenbaus, Schkoda Revue, NE 1, 1969
MEYER H.: Transonic Flow in the Last Rotor Blade 'Row of a Low Pressure Stearn Turbine, Roy, Soc. Conf. on Int. Aerodyn. Carnbridge 1967
BARSUN K: Influence of the Turbulence Level on the Performance of Two-Dimensional Compressor Cascades, Roy. Soc. Conf. on Int. Aerodyn.
Cabridge 1967
HAWTHORNE W. R: Methods of Treating Three-dimensional Flows in Cascades and Blade Rows, Roy. Soc. Conf. on Int. Aerodyn. Cambridge,
1967
HETHERINGTON R: Computer Calculations of the Flow in Axial Compressors, Roy. Soc. Conf. on Int. Aerodyn.Cambridge1967

98

5. J

.

.
( - )
. .

. ,
. ,
. .
.

.
.
.

( )
.
, .
,
,
.

5.1
- 0 (. 5.1.1)
( ).

p0 , t0 .

h, s - .

.

c0 0
. ( )

. . :

h00 = h0 +

c02
2

,
.
, . 0 1

hs -

, t 0 1

99


0
0
, 0 1
.

hs

hd
hs

hd

. 5.1.1 - ,

p1 , t1 , ,
h1 , s1 ( hs -).
c1

1 .

1 c ,
:

c1 = 2 h00 h1 = 2 h0 h1 + c02
c (

p0 , t0

c0

p1 )

. c

, c (
c). c

( ). c
c .
0 1 ,
0 1 c .
.

100


1 .
c,
- . c
c - .
.
c , . .
,
c

R1

1 .
- c
c .


. c
1

u1 ,

c1 w1 .
c1 . w1
c1 u1 .
. ,

c1

u1

u1 ,
( ) :

cos 2 =

cos 1 u1 /c1
1 + ( u1 /c1 ) 2u1 /c1 cos 1
2

cos 1 1 / c1
1 = 1 / c12 2cos 1 / c1

c1 .
.

.

p2

. ,
cc .
, 1 2,
.
.
c
- .
c . ,
c -, .
c
.
(
).
.
101


, c
.
,
1 2,
.
c . c
c

5.2

,
c .
. (
) .
,
.
,
.
,
. .
- :

h00

h10

c02
c12
= h0 + = h1 + = const
2
2

Lu =

h10

h10

c12
c22
= h1 + h2 +
2
2

. 1 2,
u1 u2 ,
.

R2

2 RdR .

w
. c:

h1 +

R2
w12
w2
+ 2 RdR = h2 + 2
R1
2
2

h1 +

w12 u12
w2 u 2

= h2 + 2 2 .
2
2
2
2

.
102

c12 c22 w22 w12 u12 u22

+
+
Lu =
2
2
2

c2

1 2 .

w2

c2 .

1 2 . .

w12 = c12 + u12 2c1u1 cos 1

w22 = c22 + u22 2c2u2 cos 2

:

Lu = u1c1 cos 1 u2c2 cos 2

c1u = c1 cos 1 , c2u = c2 cos 2 = c2 cos 2

.

.


Pu = ML
u

Pu = M u

Mu =

M ( u1c1u u2c2u )

M ( R1c1u R2c2u )

.
.
.
( )
.
, c
, ,
c
.

c12 c22 w22 w12 u12 u22

+
+
Lu =
2
2
2
, .
. c
,
103


.

.
.
( c )
.

u1 = u2
. c
-
c c .
,
.

.
c .
.

w22 w12
rk = 2 2
c1 c2 + w22 w12 + u12 u22
:

( 0,15)
0.15.
.
0,5.
.
c .

r=

hs

hs
hsS

hsS = hs + hs +

c02
2

hsS

. c

.
. c
:

r=

hs
.
hs + hs

104


5.3 c

hs + hs

c02

2

Lu = hsS hd + hd + hc 2

hd

hd

hc 2

.
( ). c
c . .

c02
hsS = + hs + hs
2

u =

Lu
h0
hu0
h0 h20
= u 2
00
LsS hsS c0
h0 h2 s
+ hs + hs
2

,

.

uts ,

ts

.
c, ,
c .

,

Lu

.
c :

utt =

Lu
LsS

c22
2

hu0
hs + hs +

c02 c22

2 2

h00 h20
h00 h20s

hs' + hs'' c c
uth =

Lu
h 0 h20
.
0
hs + hs h0 h2 s '

105


5.3.1 c
(. 5.3.1 5.3.2) r = 0

rth = 0

u1 = u2 = u .

Lu = hu0 = u ( c1u c2u ) = u ( c1 cos 1 + c2 cos 2 )

c2 cos 2 = w2 cos 2 u
:

Lu = hu0 = u c1 cos 1 + ( w2 cos 2 u ) .

c :

R'' =

w22 /2
.
w22s /2

w22s
w12
= h2 s +
h1 +
2
2

r=0

h1 = h2s

w2 s = w1 .

. ,

.
, , ,
, .
c

Lu = hu0 = u c1 cos 1 + R w1 cos 2 u .

w1 =

w1u
c cos 1 u
.
= 1
cos 1
cos 1

cos 2
Lu = hu0 = u ( c1 cos 1 u ) 1 + R
.
cos 1

c02
LsS = hsS = + hs + hs
2

hs" = 0 ( r = 0 )
LsS = hsS =

c02
c2
c2
+ hs = 1s = 1 .
2
2 2 R

c [1]:
106

u = 2 R

u
u
cos 2
cos 1 1 + R
.
cos 1
c1
c1

. 5.3.1 -

( )
( )

. 5.3.2 -

c c
. c
( R = 1 R )
( R = 1 R ). .
c.
c
, - 1 2 .
c
. c c 1 . ,
cos 1 . ,

cos 1 =

w1u
c1 cos 1 u
=
w1
c12 + u12 2c1u1 cos 1

cos 1 =

cos 1

u
c1

u
u
1 + 2 cos 1
c1
c1

107

u

c1

c. c ,
( R ; 1 ; R; 2 ) c
. c c c . .

u
. .
c1

.
c . ,
c c
.

u
c1

( 1

2 )

. c

Lu = hu0 = LsS hd + hd + hc 2 .
: hd -

hd - y
hc 2 - .

. c

c12s c12
hd =

2
2
w22s w22 w12 w22
hd =

2
2
2
2
c22
hc 2 =
2
( hsS =

Lu =

c12s
)
2

c12 c22 w22 w12

+
2
2

. .
c c

u /c1 (

) .
a
u /c1 .
108



c. c 2 .
u /c1
c . ;

(u )

u
cos 1
= 0 da je =
2
u
c1 opt

c1

c u u /c1 .
5.3.2 c (.
5.3.3 . 5.3.4)
c
. .
. c

c1 = w2 ;

w1 = c2

rk = 0,5 .
c c

R = R

1 = 2 .

c
:

c12 c22 w22 w12 u12 u22

Lu =
+
+
= hu0
2
2
2

Lu = hu0 = c12 w12 = c12 c12 + u 2 2c1u cos 1 = 2c1u cos 1 u 2

w22s
w12
h1 +
= h2 +
2
2

hs'' = h1 h2 s

hs''

w22s w12
=

.
2
2

hs'' = h1 h2 s

109


p00

hs

hd
p20

hs
hd

. 5.3.3 -

. 5.3.4 -

c :

c02
c12s
h0 + = h1s +
2
2

'

hs = h0 h1s

hs =

c12s c02
.
2
2

LsS =

c02
c 2 w2 w2
+ hs + hs = 1s + 2 s + 1
2
2
2
2

w2 s = c1s .
c :

u =

Lu hu0
2c1u cos 1 u 2
=
= 2
LsS
LsS 2c1s c12 + u 2 2c1u cos 1

110

u
u 2
cos 1 u
c1
c1
u =
2 R u
u
+ 2cos 1
R
c1
c1
2

c .

R R = R .
c c
c

u /c1 .

R , 1 = 2

(u )
u

c1

=0

u /c1

c.

u
= cos 1 .
c1 opt

u /c1

( c

) .
5.3.3 c (. 5.1.1)
c c
( r = 0 r = 0,5
).

u1 = u2 .

c
c c - .
[3]
. :

Lu = u1c1u u2c2u .
c:

Lu = u1c1 cos 1 + u2c2 cos 2 .

,

111

u1 = R1 , u2 = R2

u2 = u1

R2
R1

Lu = u1c1 cos 1 u1

w2

R2
R2
w2 cos 2 u1
R1
R1

c :

w2 = R w2 s
h1 +

w2
w12 u22 u12
+
= h2 s + 2 s
2
2
2

hs'' = h1 h2 s
:

w2 s = 2hs'' + w12 + u22 u12

w2 s = 2hs'' + c12 + u12 2c1u1 cos 1 + ( u1R2 /R1 ) u12
2

w2 s = 2hs'' + c12 2c1u1 cos 1 + ( u1R2 /R1 )

w2s

w2

w2

Lu ,

"

( r = hs /hsS ):

Lu = hu0 = u1c1 cos 1 + u1

R2
R2
2
2
R cos 2 2hsS r + c1 2c1u1 cos 1 + ( u1R2 /R1 ) u1 .
R1
R1

h0 +

c02
c2
= h1s + 1s
2
2

hs'

c02 c12s
+ =
2
2

c02
+ hs' + hs'' r = hs" /hsS ,
hsS =
2
hs'

c02
c12s
''
+ = hsS hs = hsS (1 r ) =
2
2

, ( R =
112

c12 /2
)
c12s /2

c12
LsS = hsS = '
.
2 R (1 r )
c

u =

Lu
u
R
u R
= 2 R (1 r ) 1 cos 1 + 2 R cos 2 a 1 2
LsS
c1
R1
c1 R1
u R
r
u
a=
+ 1 2 1 cos 1 + 1 2
c1
R (1 r )
c1 R1

c c
( R ,

1 ), ( R, 2 ) (

u1
R
; r ; 2 ). c
c1
R1

c . ,
. u1 /c1
(
). R2 /R1
.
, c
, . c
.
5.3.4 c

R , 1 , R, 2 ,

u1
R
, r , 2 . c
c1
R1

.
c c .

(. )
c c .
, .
c c , .

5.4.
c c

.
c c (
c )
u1 /c1 u
.
c
.
: .
113

.
c .
, .
c :

s = hsS =

hsS
u12
2

LsS = hsS =

c12
2 R (1 r )

s =

c12

R (1 r )( u1 /c1 )

c c c .
.
u1 /c1 s

u =

2
R2
1 R2

cos
1
r
cos
b

(
)
R

R
1
2
R1
s
s R1

b = (1 r ) 2 R cos 1 1 r
'
R

1 R
+r+ 2
s R1
s
1

c .

.

s ,opt , A =

4
R cos 2 1

hs ,opt , A =

2u12
R cos 2 1

s ,opt , P =

2
R cos 2 1

114

hs ,opt , P

u12
=
R cos 2 1

.

. c

= V =

V
D1 l1u1

.
.

D1 l1

c .

D1 l1c1 sin 1 sin

=
D1 l1u1
u1 /c1

u1 /c1

u1 /c1 =

sin

u = 2

R2
sin 1 R2

cos
c
cos 1 +

2
R
s sin 1
R1
R1

sin 1 R2
s sin 2 1
sin 1
2

1
1
2
cos
c=

1
2

2
R1
s R sin 1

u = f R ,1 , R, 2 , s , ,

u1 /c1
.

R2
.
R1

R2
s ,opt opt
R1

c . s

115


5.5.

.
.
c c .
5.5.1

( ).
c
(. 5.5.1).
c ,
. (
) c -
:

dFf = C f

u2
2 R dR
2

, 2R dR , c
C f , c
. ( DG
DK ):
2

u
Ff = C f
2

DK2

DG2

u
= Cf
2

(D
D

K /D

) ( D /D )
2

u2 2
Cf D
2

Pf = F f u = C f

u3 2
D
2

C f c Re .

( 0,3 0, 6 )103 .

c
Pf h f 1 kg .

 , P = M h h = P /M . c
M
f
f
f
f
 h .
PsS = M
sS

f =

h f
hsS

116

Pf
PsS

. 5.5.1 - c
s :

u3 2
u2
Cf D
D lu D
1 D
2
f =
= Cf 2
= ( 0,19 0,38 ) 103
.


hsS V l
M hsS
s l
5.5.2
( )
. .
.

. D , .

(1 ) D

1 .
( 200 MW).
,
,
. hv
.

117

mlaznici

)
ventilacija

)ubrzavanje

. 5.5.2

(1 ) D l .
c

Fv = Cv

u2
(1 ) D l
2

u3
Pv = Fvu = Cv (1 ) D l .
2

:

v =

hv
M hv
P
Pv
1 1
=
= v =
= Cv


hsS M hsS PsS M hsS
s

o Cv = 0,04 + 0,52

l
.
D

.

.
cc - "" -
. c
.
. c

Cub . [4]
Fub = Cub

118

u2
zS lt
2

zS

( zS tl )
.

ub =

Pub hub
=
=
PsS hsS

u3
u2
zS lt
z t
D l u zS t
2
S
.
= Cub 2
= Cub
hsS V D
V hsS
s D

Cub

= 0,3.
Cub
5.5.3

.

.
.

.
.
.

.
5.5.3.1

( : PS, +)
( : US , -).

: .
5.5.3.
(
) ,
.
:

;
;
.

;

.

119

p00

p01

+
+
+

+
+

c 02

Presek AA

hd + hP

hs

1s

PS

US

2
2s

2s

hd + h"P

hs

(uvecano)

p0

c 22

L sS = hsS

W2

Li

p0

. 5.5.3 -

,
(
) . ,
.

( 5.5.3).


:

P = K

DK
l1D1

P = K

DV
l2 D2

w
K = 0.4 1.47 u ( 0.65 + sin 2 )
w2 a

5.5.3.1

, ,
.
120



.
,
.
( )
.

.
, , .

.
()
, .
( 5.5.4).
( )
.
,
( r = 0.15 ,
r = 0.20 0.25 )
( ).
.

.



.

,
( 5.5.4).
(
), ,
.

 )
( M
P

 )
( M
C DP
M
1
1
= P = c

2
M
nz l Dm sin 2 tan 1

, DP , Dm , 1 2 ( 0
1 ) .
Cc = 0.6 ,

nz

121

2* 2

1* 1

p 00

0
c0
.

c2

M 0MP

p0

hP
2*

2s

p 20
p2

2s

hP + h f

c2

20

1*
1s

2* 2

1* 1

h"d

hd

MP

hs

L sS = hsS

Li

M0

c 20

c1

p1

s
. 5.5.4 - ( )
()

:

P = 2 1

tan 2

tan 1
cos 2 1 , P = 2 1
cos 2 2 .
tan 0
tan 1

5.5.4
.
.

c .
.

.

.
.
c .
( )
.
c [7, 8]
c .

.
122


.
.
.
.

. ,

.
-
- .
.

c . ,
.
.
.
.

. .

.
c c1u = 0 c2u = u

hx ,dir = (1 x2 ) ( c1u c2u ) = (1 x2 ) u 2

.
:

x ,dir =

hx ,dir
hsS

(1 x2 )

5.6. c

.
.
. :
17. hd ,
18. hd
19. hc 2 .
,
. :
20. c h f
21. hv

123


22. hub
23. hP
24. hx
, ,

Li = hi0 = Lu ( h f + hv + huv + hP + hx )
,

Li = hi0 = LsS ( hd + hd + hc 2 ) ( h f + hv + huv + hP + hx ) .

.
,
.
c
c .
c .

, -
- :

i =

Li
LsS

, c
. :

Li

itt =

c22
LsS
2

c c c .

itherm =

hi
hs + hs

c
c c c (
),
.
, l /D .
.
.
c
c ,
:

i = f R , 1 , R , 2 , s , ,

124

R2 l
,
, .
R1 D


5.7
c

. c
c .

c .

c.
c

R2 l
,
,
R1 D

i = f R , 1 , R , 2 , s , ,

c,
c
.

( ),
.
1 11 14 0,05 - 0,15.
,
. c (
),
. (
) .

c.

i = f s , , ,
D

= 1 ):

i = f s , ,
D

s ,opt = f1
D

i = f 2 ,
D

.

c . c
c
. l /D .
125


( s

r s , r )

.
l /D
c, . ,
D n c
:

s ,opt

hsS 2 602 hsS

= 2 =
u /2
D 2 2 n 2

opt =

V
60V
= 2 2
D lu D l n
l =D

hsS V
D n .

[4].
5.7.1:

14,5

23,5

0,45

4- 6

20

20

0,40

2- 3

11-14

0,40-0,90

16-24

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]

STODOLA, A.: Dampf- und Gasturbinene, Springer, Berlin 1924

DEl ,M. E., TROJANOVSKI: Isledovanija i raeti stupeni osevih turbomain, Mainostrojenije: Moskva 1964
VAVRA, M. H.: Aero-Thermodynamic and Flow in Turbomachines, John Viley New York 1960
TRAUPEL, W.: Thermische Turbomaschinen, Springer, Berlin 1966
POPOVIC, M.: Toplotne turbine I, Nauna knjiga 1960
TRUTNOVSKY, K.: Berhrungfreie Dichtungen, VDI, Berlin 1965
KIRILOV, I. I., JABLONK P. M.: Osnovi teoriji vlanoparovih turbin, Mainostrojenije, Lenjingrad 1968
GIARMATHY, G.: Grundlagen einer Theorie der Nassdampfturbinen, Zrich 1962

126

127

6.


.
, .

0, 1, 2 3
.

.
,
.


.
,
. ,
,
, .
.

.


.
.

, .
:
( )
, .
, .
, .
.

. ()
.

. .
.
.
.

cu

wu ,

.

. .
.
128

6.

.
c1 , w1 c2 w2 .
.
,
.
.
.
.

6.1
, ,
.
.
,
.
.
.
.
,
( ) .
. ,
,
.
.
.
.
.
.
, .

. 6.1.1

129

,
.
.
.

.
( )
. ,
.
,
.
. ,
.
.

.
. , (
) .
.
,
, .
- -
, R z .
.
.

.

6.2
, ,
. .
,
.

cR , cu , cz

cR = f1 ( R, z )
cu = f 2 ( R, z )
c z = f 3 ( R, z )
p = f 4 ( R, z )
t = f 5 ( R, z )

130

T .

6.
, ,
.

. .

.
,

.
(. 6.1.1)
dV = dRdzRd

dm = dV = dRdzRd .

G
G
G
F
= dma , a

dm

p
p

pdzRd p +
dR dzRd = dRdzRd
R
R

FR dm = FR dRdzRd

FR

.
:
. .

cu .

cu 2
cu 2
= dRdzRd
.
dm
R
R
.
.
.

RK

cm 2
cm 2
dm
= dRdzRd
.
RK
RK

cm 2
cos
dRdzRd
RK

131

m cm ,
cm cm m
c
=
= cm m
t
t m
m

cm

cm
sin
m

F = dma :

cu 2
cm 2
c
p

dRdzRd + FR dRdzRd + dRdzRd

+ dRdzRd
cos = cm m dRdzRd sin
R
R
RK
m

cu 2 cm 2
c
1 p

cos FR + cm m sin
R
R
RK
m

c
1 p cu 2 cm 2
=
+
cos + FR cm m sin
m
R R RK

.
.
(
).
.
.
, ,
.
,
.

FR

.
. .
.

.
.
.
.

cu 2
R

. .

.
.
. ,
132

6.
.
,

. ,
, .
. , ,
. ( )
.

cm 2
RK

.

, (
) .
.
.

cm

cm
sin
m

sin ,

6.3

1 p cu 2
=
R R


. .
.
.
:

1 p1 c1u 2
=
R1 R1
1 1.
.
, .
:

Tds = dh
133

dp

ds = 0

dhs =

dp

.

.

dh = Kdhs

K =p

dh = K

dp

1:

1 h1 c1u 2
=
K R1
R1
h1 ,

h10

c2
h =h+
2
0

( )

2
c 2
h10 1 c1

= K 1u
R1
R1 2 R1

c1u ,

c1u = c1 cos 1 , :

( )

2
h01 1 c1
c12 cos 2 1

=K
R1 2 R1
R1

1
. 1
0.
:

( ) = 2 K cos

c12
c12

R1
R1

c12 = Ce e

R1

R1K

134

2cos 2 1K

R1
R1

6.
.
() . :
2

c12 = c1K 2 e

R1

K cos 2 1

R1K

R1
R1

c1 .

1 ). .

c1 ,

.
( )

1 .

1 .

. -

. ,
1 .
(.
).
.
6.3.1

1 = const

1
.
.
. K = 1 K
K .

2

c1

=e
c1K

2K cos 2 1

R1

R1K

R1
R1

:
2

c1 R1

c
1K R1K

2K cos 2 1

D
= 1
D1K

2K cos 2 1

c1 = 2 'R hsS ( 1 r )
135

1 r R,K
=
1 rK
R

D
1
D1K

2K cos 2 1

cos 2 1

, .

. -
- .
.
,
.

h10 = const

h1 h1K =

c1K 2 c12

2
2

. ( ).
.
:

c12 K c12
c p ( T1 T1K ) =
2
2
T1
1 2 c1
Ma 1K 1
=1+

T1K
2
c
1K

:
1
m1

1 1 2 c1
Ma1K 1
= 1 +

2
c1K
1K

Ma1K < 1 ,
(
),
. .
1 = const (
):

1c1a < 1c1aK

Ma1K < 1
136

6.
.
,
. ( 0)
.
1 (
).

. (
).
.
.

.
, .
2.

90 (
) . c2u = 0 ,

( )

2
h20 1 c2

=0
R2 2 R2

hu = u1c1u u2c2u = u1c1u = h10 h20

h20 = h10 uc1u = h10 uc1 cos 1

:

( )

2
h10 ( uc1 cos 1 ) 1 c2

=
2 R2
R2
R2

h10 = const

(. 1

) :

( )

2
( uc1 cos 1 ) 1 c2

=
R2
2 R2

c2

c2

R2 .

c2

( ).

(
137

c2u = 0 ):

hu = uc1u = uc1 cos 1

huK = u K c1uK = uK c1K cos 1K = u K c1K cos 1
:

hu
uc1
D
=
= 1
huK u K c1K D1K

D
1
D1K

hu D1
=

huK D1K
( 1
,

K cos 2 1

1 K cos 2 1

= 11o 15o )

D1V /D1K ,

. , ,
2.

hu = h0 1 h0 2

h10 = const .

h20 .

.
.

1 = 30o

D1V /D1K = 2

18%.

.

.
,
.
. ( )
.
.
c1 .

1 .
,
. .

. .
6.3.2


138

6.
. .

( ).

c1u R1 = c1u R1K = const

2

c1 cos 1K R1K

c1K cos 1 R1

:
R1

2K cos
cos 1K R1K
R1k

=e
cos 1 R1

R1
R1

. . ,

c1a

1:

c1 cos 1 R1 = c1K cos 1K R1K

c1 sin 1 = c1K sin 1K

:

tg 1
R
D
= 1 = 1
tg 1K R1K D1K
,
.
.

.
:

h0 1 1 ( c1 )
c1u 2

=K
R1 2 R1
R1
2

h10 = const

K = 1 ; c12 = c12u + c12a

c1a = const )
( c1u )
R
= 2 1
c1u
R1
2

139

c1u R1 = c1uK R1K

,
.

. :

c12 = c1u 2 + c1a 2 ; c1u R1 = c1uK R1K ; c1a = c1aK = const

:
2

c12
c1K 2

R
c1uK 1K + c1aK 2
R1
=
c1uK 2 + c1aK 2

R1K
R1

R1K
2
2

+ tg 1K
c1 R1

=
c
1 + tg 2 1K
1K
:
2

c1
R1K

c1K
R1

c1 = 2 R ,K hsS ( 1 r )

1 = const .

:
2

R1
2

+ tg 1K
R ,K
1 r R1K
=
2
R
1 rK
1 + tg 1K

,

1 = const .

, .

.

( ) 1.

140

6.
.
,
.
.
2.

c1u = 0 ,

.
:

hu = uc1u = R1c1u
huK = u K c1uK = R1K c1uK

R1c1u = R1K c1uK

hu = huK = const .

c2

2
2
h0 2 1 ( c2 )
=
=0
R2 2 R2

hu = h10 h20
hu = const
c1 = const .

h10 = const

h20 = const

1 = const , .

.
6.3.3



.
.

1c1a = 1K c1aK = const ,

.
,

1 .

1,
.

141

1 ,


6.3.4
, ,
.

D1V /D1K = 1,8

l
1
=
Dm 3,5

* 6.1.
6.1

1V /1K

1V /1K

1K / 2V

rK rV

i [%]

3,7

2,8

0 - 0,65

75

1,8

4,6

1,6

0 - 0,7

72

3,7

2,8

0 - 0,65

77

1 = const
R1c1u = const ; c1a = const

1c1a = const ; Ma1m = 1

1 = const

1 const

1.

. (

Ma1m = 1 ).

Ma1m = 1 .

,
.

,
. , , .
, ,

1 = const

.
(.

Ma1m ).

.
.
.

. .

* .
142

6.


.
6.2 -
- 3000 /

mm

mm

820

2200

5,70

480

2,70

Siemens

850

2250

6,05

490

2,65

AEG

870

3470

6,75

525

285

koda

914

3540

7,28

542

278

English Electric

940

3460

7,28

534

2,62

English Electric

952

2478

7,40

538

2,61

General electric

960

2480

7,48

540

259

1050

2550

8,41

565

2,43

1000

2700

8,48

580

2,70

Ratenau

1000

2800

8,80

598

2,80

AEG

1000

2820

8,85

600

2,82

BBC

m / sec

Dm /l

[46] DARIEUS G.: Contribution au trace des aubes radiales des turbines StodolaFestschrift, Zrich 1929
[47] STRSCHELETZKY M.: Hydrodynamische Grundlagen zur Berechnung der Schiffsschrauben, Braun Verlag,
Karlsruhe, 1950
[48] WU CH. H.: A General Theory of ThreeDimensional Flow in Subsonic and Supersonic Turbomaschines of Axial
Radial and Mixed Flow, Trans. ASME, Bd. 74, 1952
[49] SMITH L. H.: The Radial-Equilibrium Equation of Turbomachinery, Trans. ASME, Ser. A. 1966
[50] SMITH A.: Survey of Twisted Blading Development in Steam Turbines Proc. I. Mech. E., Vol. 184, No. 26, 1969
70
[51] POCHOBRADSKY B.: Effect of Centrifugal Forces in Axial Flow Turbines, Engineering Vol. 163, 1947, London
[52] DOLLIN F.: Factors influencing the continuing development of the steam turbines, Proc. Mech. E. Vol. 169, 1955
[53] BAMMERT K.: Zirkulationsverteilung in mehrstufigen Axialturbinen, Abhandlungen der Braunschweigischen
Wissenschaftlichen Gesselschaft Bd. IV., 1952
[54] BAMMERT K.: Zur Berechnung der Strmung in vielstufigen axialen Turbornaschinen mit beliebiger
Beschaufelung, Forschg. auf dem. Geb. des Ingwes., Bd. 26 No. 68, 1960
[55] TURINSKI M.: Beitrag einer Dampfturbinenstufe mit relativ langer Schaufel, Schkoda Revue, No. 1, 1969
[56] TRAUPEL W.: Thermische Turbomasehinen, Springer, Berlin, 1958
[57] DEICH. E., TROJANOVSKI B. M.: Isledovanija i raseti stupeni osevih turbin, Malinostrojenije, Moskva 1964
[58] BRACHETI H. E.: Das Strmungsfeld in Dampfturbinen und seine Bedeutung fr den Wirkungsgrad, V. I. K.
Berichte, No. 141/142, 1963
[59] DORMAN T. E. WELNA H., LINDLAUF R. W.: Application580 of ControlledVortex Aerodynamics to Advanced
Axial Flow Turbines, Trans. ASME, Ser. A., No. 3, 1968.

143

7.
,
:
,
,
,
,
,

.

,
:
,

.
, ,
,
.
,

.
,
,
( PGb,nom ). ,
. .
,

.
, q, .
0,8 0,9
. ,
,
0,9 1,0 .
.
-
:


.

,
.
144

7.

,
,
.
, ,
.

:
,
,
,

,

,

.

7.1

. a
50 MW .
,
(. 7.1).
.
,
.
: . . 7.1

.
,

,
.

p0 = 88 bar

t0 = 500 C

yK = 0,10 ,

vK = 36, 2 m3 /kg ,

pK = 0,034 bar

v0 = 0,0376 m3 /kg

. .

300 MW 600 MW ,
,
, 1200 MW .

145

,
,

,

,

25 35 %,

65 75 %
.

,
(

).


:

( )
,

.
. 7.1 -


( ) ,
,
.
.
,

146

7.

.

.
,

,
.


.

,

.

,
. ,
, .

,

.
:



,

.
-200-130 ( 1 2
)
1,3 bar. .
, ( 3-6), 305 308,5 W,

4,65 bar, 5,41 bar.
.
(. 7.2 ,).
7.2 ) )
. ,
,
1800,
.
,

147

.
1800

.

,

. 7.2 -
: ) 600 W; ) -800-240 ; ) -1300247 , ; ) -600-166
; ) -500-240 . 1 , 2 - , 3 -
, 4 - , 5 - 6
- .

148

)

1800

7.

. 7.3 - .
,

7.2

() .
50 Hz
50 s

25 s .

50 s
.
, , ,
, .
, .
,
.
:

3000 ob/min ( 50 s 1 ) 1500 ob/min ( 25 s 1 ).

.
, ,
.

.
l1 l2

,
. ,
A1

A2 ,
149

l1

l2

,
.
n > 3000 ob/min
n = 3000 ob/min .
4 - 12 W,
.

. D /l ,

.
, ,
3000 ob/min 1500 ob/min .

( n = 3000 ob/min ) . ,

,
[3]. .
.

: , , .

,
( 1500 ob/min ).

,
D /l . D /l 1500 ob/min
3000 ob/min ,
A = Dl .
.
,
4 , 2 3 ,

hc 2 =

c22
. 16
2

, 2 3 4 , 1,78 .
n = 1500 ob/min n = 3000 ob/min
2 ,

hc 2 .
, D /l n = 3000 ob/min .
D /l
.
n = 1500 ob/min n = 3000 ob/min ,
,
150

7.
.
n = 3000 ob/min , n = 1500 ob/min
,
.

.
,
PGb = 1000 1500 W

.
n = 1500 ob/min n = 1500 ob/min
,
.
,

.
,
, .
n = 1500 ob/min .
.
, , .
, n = 00 ob/min n = 3000 ob/min
3 , ,
, 2,2 ,
1,7 ( ) 1,25 1,15 [3].
,
, n = 1500 ob/min n = 3000 ob/min

( n = 1500 ob/min ) .
, 400 900 W
n = 3000 ob/min n = 1500 ob/min .
900 W n = 1500 ob/min .

7.3
:

,
.

.
, () 60 Hz .
1300 1380 W
.
800 W (-800-240-1-).
151



. , ,
,
( hc 2 ) .
, .
,
.

. ()
800 W 6 300 t
5 . .
20%.
2000 3000 W
,
n = 3000 ob/min
n = 1500 ob/min .

.

p
t
t

247 bar

538 C

538 C

M
p
PGb
n
l

1155 kg/s
0.68 bar
1300 MW
3600 ob/min
760 mm

. - 1300 MW

7.4

,
.
.
,
. ,
, .

152

7.
.
,
, .
300 500 W
. ,
500 W
,
: 500 W, .

.

, ,
( < 1 ).
,
doz = 15 20 MPa ( ).
. ,
[2]. 1200 W
, ,
75 W
150 mm .

( n = 3000 ob/min ) 500 W [2].

,
.
.

,
.

, , .
, ,
,
, .

< 1 , .
r = 0,05

r = 0,15
( ).
( r = 0,0 ). ,
( r > 0,0 )
( r = 0,0 ),
r = 0,05 . ,

< 1 , . ,
, ,
,
153

7.5
,
r = 0,05 r = 0, 20

r > 0, 20 .
r = 0,15 .

. ,
,
. ,
,
.

. ,
,

[2]. ,
,
.
.

.
.

.
.
,
, , .

.

,
. , ,
,
.
. ,
,
r = 0,50 .

.

. 6.1.
.
: p0 = 236 bar t0 = 580 C v0 = 0.1452 m /kg
o

154

7.
6.1. ( pK = 0.034 bar y K = 0.10 ),
2.500 .
[2]:
,
( );
, (
).
,
,
, .
( )
.
80 120 kJ/kg .
,
().
.
,
.

.
,
.

,
.
( M 0 / M on < 1 )
.
,
, ,
.
.
.
u /c1 ,

sS

. u /c1

( u /c1 )opt

(. 7.3), .

(. 7.3,).


, .
,
,
155



. ,
:
, , ( < 1 )

c2 ,

c22 /2 ,
.
,


.
(),
.

,


.

. 7.3 -
( : 42, 82 126
).
1 - ;
2 -
.

, (
)
. . ,
,
( < 1 ). ,
( D1 )
.
n , . ,
156

7.
u /c1
,
, . ,
.
, , ( .
), 0,5 0,6
.
( ) 20 25
.

.
0,4 [2].
.
, .
( r = 0.5 )
, .
,
= 1 . ,
30 40 .
, .
, ,
.
25
W .

, ,
. ,
= 1
.
,
, ,
.
.
,
. 2,5 W
. .
12 W.

, . ,
. .
.
, , ,
l /D .
.
,
,
. ( n = const )

157


. , ,
, ,
. .
l /D
. ,
.
. ,
l /D
.

, ,
.
,
, .
.
,

. ,
,
[2].
. l /D , ,
.
, 50-
.
, ,

- . ,

,
. ,
,
.
, ( Ma > 1 )

.
l /D 1/10
.

7.6
,

,
.

.

,
.
158

7.


, ,
.
. ,
, ,
.
,

. z
( hsS ) (iS ).
, ,
, .
,

(

hsS > H sT ), :
h
= sS
H sT

(7.1)

z hsS = H sT
(iS ) (iT ), :

hsS

iS

H sT

iT

(7.2)

,
:

iT = iS
,
(
).
: iS
, :

iT = iS

(7.4)

abc ABC ( 2.14.1

2.14). :

a=

A
z2

159


A ABC , a abc z
. Ts :

z hsS + za = hsT + A

(7.6)

(7.6) hsT (7.1)

2.14-2.16 :

za
H sT

= 1 + 1

= 1 + ( 1) 1

= 1 + ( 1) 1

za
H sT

za /H sT

za /H sT

1 + A/H sT 1

= 1 + ( 1) 1
z

(7.7)

(7.4) (7.7),
7.4, [9] 7.5, [2],

. z
.
,
,
.
7.4
, ,

160

iS .

7.

. 7.4 -
.
1

1 = 14o

2 = 20O ; 2

1 = 2 = 17.5o .

, ,
,
. i
,

i 0.25

i*

- ,

i 0.50

50 %, 25 %.

1: ______ ; _ _ _
; - ; - .
2: _ _ _ ; - ; ; - .

7.6 7.7 sS 0

, 7.4.
.
7.4 7.7
. [2]
,
. , ,
.

161

. 7.5 - p0 /p z ( p0

p z

)
iS

. 7.6 -

,
7.4.
sS / sS 0

/ 0

. 6.7 -
,
7.4.

1 - ; 2
- ; 3 - ;
4 - .

1 - ; 2-
; 3 - ; 4 - .

7.7

(I) ( z ) .
1-1 :

D1 =

M 1v1

(1 r ) sS 0 l1 2 n sin 1

M 1 - ,
v1 - ,
162

(7.8)

7.

- ,

r - ,

sS 0

- ,

l - ,
n - ,

- c1 .

( I z ).
D1I D1z ,
u1I u1z ,
:

um2 = u1Iu1z

(7.9)

z=

2 hsT
sS 0um2

sS 0

. ,

.
.

7.8

,

.


.
.
:

PT = M GV hieqTmT

(7.11)


( M
GV ,
).
:

ieqT =

hieqT
hsT
163

(7.12)


(7.11)

 , , :
M
PK

PT =

M GV 
M PK hsTieqTmT
M PK

(7.13)

2-2 z
D2 z :

M PK = D2 z l2 z 2 z c2 az

(7.14)

(7.13) , :

PT =

M GV
D2 z l2 z 2 z c2 az hsTieqTmT
M PK

(7.15)

. ,
.

. 7.8 -
dm =

L AdR

L ,

dFc = L AdRR 2 ( 7.8). x x

, dFcx x x :
Fcx =

RV

L A

(7.16)

RdR

Rx

164

7.
(7.17)

cx

V
F
A
= cx =
L 2 RdR
Ax R Ax
x

, :

A f ( R ) (7.17)

cK

RV2 RK2
R + RK
= L
= L 2 V
RV RK
2
2

cK = L 2 Rml = L 2

Rm2
l 2
l = 2 L
um
Rm
Dm

(7.18)

m , .
2-2 (7.18)
:

cK = 2 L

l2 z 2
u2 z
D2 z

,
: .

A = f ( R )
(7.18) K r = 0.4 0.5 , :

cK , A= f ( R ) = K r cK , A f ( R )
(7.18) :

cK = 2 K r L

l2 z 2
u2 z
D2 z

(7.19)

(7.19), u2 z = D2 z n , :

D2 z =

cK

2 K r Ll2 z ( n )

(7.20)

D2 z (7.15) :

PT =

M GV
cK
2 z c2 az hsTieqTmT
M PK 2 K r L n 2

c2 az

2 z = 90o , c2 az c2 z

:
165

(7.21)

c 2 z

c 2 z

c22z /2

hsT

c2 z 2c 2 z hsT

(7.22)

n = 1.15nn nn
.
, ,

cK ,doz

PT , gr =

cK

cK ,doz
M GV
2 z 2c 2 z hsT hsTieqTmT
M PK 2 K r L (1.15n )2

(7.23)

(7.23)
, , [2]:
1.

,
n = 1500 ob/min n = 3000 ob/min , (7.23)
. 7.2.

.
n = 1500 ob/min 2000 W.
,
500 - 1000 W, [2].
2.

c 2 z

50 %, 22 %.

. , ,
. , c 2 z hsT > 70 kJ/kg
c2
.
3. pK

2z

. , ,
.
, pK = 0.035 bar pK = 0.05 bar
13 %,
0,5 %,
0,9 %.

pK

, .
:
pK .
166

7.
4.
cK ,doz / L .

L = 4.5 103 kg/m3 .

2000 mm .

cK ,doz = 520 540 MPa

D2 z l2 z = 10 m .
2

, l /D .
:
,

:
,
,
,
,
,



.
5. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
.

7.9

.
.

, .
. -

- ,

, .
( D2 z
l2 z ) .

.
D2 z l2 z

167


( 7.9). 2-2 :

D2 z =

M 2 z v2 z
2 z 2 c 2 z hsT

(7.24)

2 z = l2 z D2 z = const .

1-1 :

D1z =

M 1z v1z

R 2 n1z sin 1z

(7.25)

(1 r ) sS

sS = hsS = const .

1z = 2 z = z .

. 7.9 -

c 2 z = 1.5 % c 2 z = 3 % ,
u2 z ,doz
(7.18)
[2]

2 z ,max = 1/2.4

cK ,doz

2 z = const ,

max
cK
,doz .

n = 3000 ob/min ,
, 8
3

10 m .
1/2,7 1/2,4.

2 z

2 z < 1/3

.
n = 3000 ob/min
168

7.
3

4 6 m .

c 2 z

c 2 z

.
, ,
.
,
c 2 z , ,

.

7.10

. .
,
( )
,
[3].,
.

 v / M v = 0,5 0,6 ) .
(M
2z 2z
2 zn 2 zn
,

.
.
,
, .

r .
rK = 0,3 .
,

.
, :
,
, .
,

.
- 7.10.

, 10, 2 m

l2 = 1048 mm D2 = 3102 mm
n = 3000 ob/min .

169

l2 = 1200 mm D2 = 3252 mm , 12, 25 m 2 .

u2V 700 m/s Maw2 > 1,5 .

. 7.10 :
) -25-29 (1931..); ) -100-29 (1935. .); ) -100-25 (1935. .); ) -50-90 (1943. .); ) -150-170
(1950. .); ) -200-130 (1957. .); ) -200-130(1957.) ) -300-240 (1959. .); ) -1200-240 (1972. .)

,

.
,
30 % 50 % .
( ).
.
.
: .
, : .

.


. (
.
,
, ,
.
170

7.

.
, .

. .
.
.

.

n = 3000 ob/min
l2 = 1200 1300 mm

l2 = 1800 1900 mm n = 1500 ob/min .

,

.
,
,
[3].

.

.
.
, : , , ,
,
1-1 .
c2 az , Mac 2 z 0,8
,
La = 1,0 . ,
.


.
,
,
,
.

 v / M v < 1 ).
( M
2z 2z
2 zn 2 zn

171

12,5 m2

1900 mm

1150 mm
:
f1 = 91 Hz , f 2 = 158 Hz , f 3 = 174 Hz , f 4 = 267 Hz

. -

7.11

.
, ,
. ,

[3].
:
;
;
;
;
[3].
0
.
,
,
.
. ,
3000 - 4000 1000 - 2000 .
R 30 % 40 %
( 7.11). ,
172

7.
,
.
.

qBb /qBb 0

. 7.11 -
. 1 - ; 2 - .

250 300
. 6 8 .
3
, 5 % , , 20 .
60 ,
15 2 % ,
, 50 [3].
10 ,

.

, .
, ,

.

.
.
,
.
,
130 - 170 bar.
.
. ,
,
[5]. 500 W
O

160 bar 510/510 C [5]. 0

, 130-160 bar
.

173


,
. .
.
.

:
,

.
"Kindbi" Altom,
, PGb = 260 W ,

t0 = 500 O C p0 = 79,5 bar n = 3000 ob/min .

, ,
O

127 bar 510 C

O

160 170 bar 520 C .

,

.
[3].


.

. ,

,
0,04 bar 0,10 bar.

.

. 24
2 3 . 8-10
,

. ,
8 10 .
1000 1500 ,
:
. , ,
100 W. , 500
W, e . 100 W
:

;
;
174

7.
;
.

.

, .
, ,
.

,
.

[3]:

1.
. , i
420 OC.
2. ,

. ( = 1 )
. ,
,

.
.
3.
, .
4. ,
.
.
5. .
6.
.
7. ,
.

. .
.
8. ,
.

. ,
,
.

, .
.
175



[3].
,
.

,
(~18 21 Hz) .

.
. ,
.

, ,
.


, - ,
[3].

176

8.
:
, ,
,
,
,
,

.

8.1
8.1.1
.

.
.
.
.
(
8.6 8.7).

8.6

177

8.7

8.8 -
1- , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - , 5 - , 6 - , 7 , 8 - .

, ,
(. 8.8).
8.1.2
.

. , ,
.
.
( 8.9).

.

178

8.

. 8.9 -
) , b) , c)
, d) , e) , f) .

, ( 8.10),
.
, , ,
.
.
.
.
,
1500 mm, .

(, 3D ) ( 8.12).

8.10 -

179

8.11

8.12-
180

8.
8.1.3

.
:

.
: .
8.1.3.1

dFc

8.13 -
dm =

L AdR

L ,

dFc = L AdRR 2 ( 8.). x x

, Fcx x x Ax
:

Fcx =

RV

L A

RdR

Rx

:
R

cx

V
F
A
= cx =
L 2 RdR
Ax R Ax
x

, : A f ( R ) ,
:

cK = L 2

RV2 RK2
R + RK
= L 2 V
RV RK
2
2

181

cK = L 2 Rml = L 2

Rm2
l
l = 2 Lum2
Rm
Dm

(7.18)

m , .
,
: .
() ,

A = f ( R ) , K r = 0.4 0.5 , :

cK , A= f ( R ) = K r cK , A f ( R )
:

cK = 2 K r Lu22z

l2 z
.
D2 z

8.1.3.2

Fu
u

Fa

F re

. 8.14.

G
G
 (w
( F = M
2 w1 ) ),
:

F u = M ( w1u w2u ) = M wu .

hu = uwu = u hsS , s =

hsS
i
u 2 /2

u = Dm n

182

8.

Fu =

Fu = M u s Dm n .
2z

tm =

Dm
z

Fu =

1 
Mu s tm n .
2

c2 c0 ,
.


:

Fa = M ( c1a c2a ) + p Dml

p = p1 p2 .

( c1a c2 a )

z :
Fa =

Fa = p Dm l
z

, :

Fa = ptml

p p .
8.1.3.3

.
r = const ,
.
, Lu = u cu = const ,
. :

Frez = Fu2 + Fa2 = Fu 1 + tg 2

tg =

Fa
.
Fu

183


.
:

M = Frez

l
.
2

. )
( 1 ) ( 2 )
:

M 1 = M cos
M 2 = M sin .
a1 , a2 :

s ( a1 , a2 ) =

a cos a2 sin
M1
M
a1 2 a2 = M 1

I1
I2
I
I2

8.15
.
.

. 8.15 ,

(
s ):

kA =

A
I
, k I1 = 14 ,
2
s
s

kI2 =

I2
,
s4

x1 =

kI
kI
a1
a
, x2 = 2 , k w1 = 1 , k w 2 = 2 .
s
s
x1
x2

,
. :
184

8.

s ( x1 , x2 ) =

M
s3

x1 cos x2 sin

kI
kI2

k A , k I , k I
1

8.16. .

. 8.16

2
. :

s ( x1 , x2 ) =

Frez

l
2

M x2
=
s 3 k I 2 s 3kW2

8.1.3.4

a j
.
:

u = ( c + s )

.

:

= 1,1 1, 2
= 1, 4 .
,
. ,
.
. ,
.

185

0 = ( c + s ) doz
,
:

s =

doz
M x cos x2 sin
c = 3 1

kI2
s k I1

2 ( = 90 ) M = Frez
o

l
,
2

smin :
3
=
smin

l Frez
.
doz

c
2kW2

:
Frez = Fu

1 + tg 2 =

cK = 2 K r Lu 2

1 
Mu s tm n 1 + tg 2 ,
2

: tm =

tm
,
s

,
:

=
smin

tg =

l M u s tm n 1 + tg 2
l

4kW2 doz 2 K r Lu 2
D

Fa
.
Fu

( c = 0 ),
:

=
smin

l M u s tm n 1 + tg 2
4kW2

doz

.
, :

 n ),
( M
s ,
186

8.

( tm
( doz

l2 z
),
D2 z

L ),

p
u2 z .
,
.
8.1.4

, .
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.
( ,
) .
,
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. .

,
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()
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.
:


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187


8.1.5

. (. 3.8.):
,
.

,

,
,
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,
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.

. 8.17

. 8.18
,

( ).

188

8.

. 8.19

. 8.20

) , ) 1. , ) , ) )

. 8.21 -

189

. 8.22

. 8.23 190

8.

. 8.24 -

. 8.25 -

191

. 8.26 -

. 8.27 -

8.2.
.
, .
.
, ,
( 8.13).

, . ,
, .
.
192

8.
8.2.1.
.

.
.

( + 20% ) .
.
( ).
.
. . ,


.
(. , ,
, ), ,
, .

8.28

193

. 8.29 8.2.2 ,

.
o

50 100 C
.
3 10 ob / min .
,
0,01 0,02 mm /m

, .
,
.
,
.
,

.

10 25% ( ).
,
.
194

8.

8.30 -

. 1500 ob/ min
1300 W 442 m/s .
3400 kN .

8.3
. ,
, . .
8.31.
.
. .
6 18, .
( ) ,
.

, , . .

. : , ,
.

, .

195

. 8.31 -
,
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.
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.

8.4
.
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).

. ,
.
.
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(. 8.32).
,
(.
8.32).

196

8.

8.32 -
1- ,2- ,3- / ,4-
.

8.33-

, ,
,
( 8.33 8.34).

197

8.34 - ,
,
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.
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8.35 -
198

8.

8.36-
) , b) , c) , d)
.
,
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( 8.36. 8.36.)
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,
( 8.36.). 8.36.
,
. 8.36.
, .
.
,
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.

8.37 -
199


,
, .

.
8.4.1
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.

30 .
: (
), .
: 1979. . ! ( !)

.
8.4.2

.
.

(), .
,
( )
( ).

,
. 8.38.
,
.
1.
.
.
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(), 2 3
().

TVP

TSP

TNP1

TNP2

TNP3

8.38 -

200

8.

, .

.
,
.

, .

.
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.
.
,
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.

8.5
, .
, .


.
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.
( 8.39).

201

8.39 -
p - , - , -
, hmin - , B - , D - ,
- , F- , C - , n - .

pmax

, . .

, ,
( ).
.
.
:
, ;
,
;
;
.
8.5.1
( 8.1)
8.1 -

202

8.

, , .
3 5 . W80
79 - 81% , 11 - 13% , 5 - 7% 1 - 3% .
0,1%, 0,05% 0,05%.
8.40 8.42 .

8.40 -
1 - , 2 - , 3 - , 4 - , 5 -
, 6 - , 7 - , 8 - , 9 -
.

203

. 8.41 -

.
.
1 2 .

204

8.

8.42 -

8.43 -

8.5.2

.
.

.

.
,
.
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8.44 .
, .

.
.

205

8.44 -
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.
120 .
.

8.45 -

206

8.

8.46 - -

207

. 8.47

8.6

, . , .
.
, ( 8.48).

. ()
.
.
8.49 8.50.

.

8.48 -
, B , C - , D -

208

8.

8.49 -

8.50-

8.51 -
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( , a
).

209

8.52 -
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210

8.
8.6.1.
.
.
,
.

, ,
.
.
. .

8.53 -
a) , b) , c)
.

.
,
.
( 8.53 )
.
.
.

. 8.53 .

( 8.53 ).
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.
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8.7
8.7.1

211


, (
) .
.
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8.54), ( 8.55).

8.54 -
8.54,
.
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.
.
.
( 8.55).
(1), (2), (3,4), (5) (6).
(6) (8),
.
, x1,
(2). (3,4)
(6). x .
x, (6).
.
,
212

8.
(6), (3,4) .
x.
(2) .

8.55 - -

213

8.56 -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

/

/

x1
c

. 8.57 -

8.7.2.
.
.
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8.58.

214

8.

. 8.58- ( )

1 - , 2 - , 3 - ,4 - , 5
- , 6 - , 7 - , 8 - .
: (6)
(7). (6)
. (1)
(5) , (6)
.
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(6).
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,
.
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8.7.3

.
,
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215


, .
,
.

.
8.7.4
()
.
, . , ,
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.
() .

. 8.59 -
()
.
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.
() . 8.59

.

8.8
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.

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8.8.1
.
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. 90 180,
216

8.
.
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.
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.

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8 20 -1, .
, ,
80 -1.
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8.8.2 ,

( 8.60).
.
, 80 120 -1.
.
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(2), (5, 6, 7).
, , (3)
.
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,
.

8.60 -
217


1 - , 2 - , 4 - , 5 - , 6-
, 7 - () , 8 - , 9 -
, 10 - .
8.8.3
8.61 .
.
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8.61 -
8.8.4
,
.
:
,
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.
.
.

8.9
,
.
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8.9.1.
, :
,
218

8.
,
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, .
:
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),
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5 40 , 1 3
, 100 200 .

,
.
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8.9.2.
,
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.
8.9.2.1.

, .
.

, , .
.
8.9.2.2. 100%

, ,
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219


. ,
. 100% ,
.
.
8.9.2.3.

, ,
.
, .
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8.9.2.4.

, ,
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8.9.2.5.

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8.9.3.
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.

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:
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;
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220

8.
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.

221

8.1 -
( 300 W )

1.
7.
2. 8.
3.. 9.
4.
10.
5. .
11.
6. . 12.
- ;
- 10 40 ;

13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.

- 1 3 ;
- 100 200 .

222

8.

8.2 -

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

- ;
- 10 40 bar;

7.
8.
9.
10.

11. .

12.
- 1 3 bar;
- 100 200 bar.

13.
14.,
15.,
16.

17. ,
18. /

8.9.4.
.
,
.
. 0,2
0,5 mbar.

223


8.9.5.
, .
, ,
().
,
,
.

8.9.6.
,
,
( 5.3.).
, (
), .
, 20 30
. , , .
,
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.
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4 . , (4)
(5).
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.
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(3), .

.

(9).

(11) ,
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.
(7), (12), (9)
,

.

224

8.

5.3 -

[9] ,
10.
[10] ,
11. ,
[11] ,
12. ,
[12] ,
13. ,
[13] ,
14. ,
[14] ,
15. ,
[15] ,
16. ,
[16] ,
17. ,
[17] ,
18. .
8.9.7.
, .
,
.
,
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8
.

U ( 8 10 ) :

U=

7
8 . , .

= 1

.
, .
,
225


.
.
,
.

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,
.
,
( 8.4 8.5).
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.

8.4 -

1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,

7. ,
8. ,
9. ,
10. ,
11. .

226

8.

8.5 -

,
,

,
,
,
,

8. ,
9. ,
10. . ,
11. ,
12. ,
13. ,
14. .

227

8.9.8.

( 5.6).
,
,
.

8.6 -
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

,
,
,
,
,
.

, .
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.
( 5.7) (5)
(6), .

228

8.

5.7-

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6. ,
7. ,
8. ,
9.
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(8).
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(3).
()
. (3).
(7)
. (1) (2).
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8.9.9.
.
, , ( 5.8).
, , .
,
.

229

5.8 -
, ,
.
( 5.9) , ,
. ,
. ,
, .
.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

,
,
,
,
,
,
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15. ,
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5.9 -

230

8.
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40 45/48.
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8.9.10.

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(. );
( );
(. ).
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8.9.11.
,
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, .
.
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8.9.12.
,
.
,
.
() .
.
, .
.


.
231

9.

. .

.
.

.
.

.
.

.


.

9.1

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
. .

.
. .
.
.

.
. 1
.
. 1

.

M = k P1 D1 l1c1 sin 1 1

232

 = k P1 D1 l1 2 R ( 1 r ) hsS sin 1 1
M

.

(k


M
P1

D1 l1 2 R ( 1 r ) sin 2 1

= hs 12

hs =

; 1

0 2z 2
,

 2
M

p01

k P1 D1 l1 2 R ( 1 r ) sin 1

= p
p2 z

.
.
.
m
. .
p0 I

p
p2 z

poI
p2 z

p m
0 I 0 I dp
p0 I

p0 I
p2 z

dp

 2
M

(k

1
P1

D1 l1

2 R ( 1 r ) sin 1

233

p0 I
p2 z

p m
0 I
dp
p0 I

9.

 =
M

(k

1
P1

D1 l1 2 R ( 1 r ) sin 1

m
p0 I 0 I
m+1
2

p
1 2z
p0 I

m +1
m

ATeq

(k

l1 2 R ( 1 r ) sin 1

P1 D1

m
= k PTeq ATeq
m+1
2

k PTeq

 = k PTeq ATeq p0 I 0 I 1 p2 z
M
p0 I

m +1
m

0 I =

p0 I
RT0 I

 = k PTeq ATeq
M

p0 I
RT0 I

p
1 2z
p0 I

m +1
m

.
.

. ,
, ,
, ,
.

.
,
.

.

m .

T .

p2 z
1
=

p01 T

.
234

p0 I
RT0 I

 = k PTeq ATeq
M

k PTeq

 T0 I
M
const
p0 I
,
.

,

ATeq

k PTeq ,

 = k PTeq ATeq
M

p0 I
RT0 I

p2 z

p0 I

m
m +1

.
.
.

m
2.
m+1

 = k PTeq ATeq
M

k PTeq

p0 I
RT0 I

p
1 2z
p0 I

 ,
. M
p0 I p2 z .

 , p0 I
p2 z = const M
. p2 z
.
. p0 I = const

 , p2 z M

M
235

9.
p2 z .
.

T ' = T ''
' '' :

 k PTeq
poI
M
=
 k PTeq
poI
M

T0I
T0I

k PTeq

 T0 I
M
p0 I
.
T . .
.

.
.
.

.
.

b) TRAUPEL W.: Neue allgemeine Theorie der mehrstufige axialen Turbomaschinen, Leeman
Zrrch, 1942.
c) HAUSENBLAS, H.: Vorausberechnung des Teillastverhaltens von gasturbinen, Springer, Berlin,
1962.
d) ..: , , 1961.
e) . .: , , 1966.

236

10.
,
: , ,
, ,
.
,
,

.
.
,
: ,
, ,
, ,
.


,
.
( RC )
.
.

, .
.
,

.
-
, .
.
.

10.1.

, .

,


.

PGb = M 0 hsTiT mTG

237

(10.1)

TPb = RCiTmTG
(10.2)
:

M 0 - ( "0"
."" ),

hsT - ,

iT - ,
mT

- ,

G -
RC

- -K.

.
.

 ,
(10.1) : M
0

hsT , iT , mT , G . , (10.2)
:

RC ,

iT , mT , G . :

RC = const

, :
( p0 t0 ) ( pCond ).
,
( p0 ) ( hsT )
( t0 ) .
iT (iT = const ) ,
. ,

:
T .

mT = const

G = const

,
( : mT = 0.99 0.995 ) .

:
238

10.
. (10.1),


, . M
0

- :

p
M 0 = kpeqT AeqT 0
T0
(10.3)

kpeqT - ,
AeqT - .
p0 -
T0 - .
kpeqT

.
p0 T0 , (10.3)
,
AeqT . .
p0 T0 ,
.

10.2
10.2.1


M
0
AeqT : ) )
.

.
. -
.
( ) ,
.

239

10.1 -
,
-
. 10.1
.

.


.

 ,
M
0
. (10.3),

p
M 0 AeqT 0
T0

(10.3)

p
M 0 = AGS KRS
TKRS

(10.4)

AGS - ,
pKRS -
TKRS - .
,

AeqT . .

240

10.
, .
. ,
( )
,
.
TKRS
(10.4) pKRS ,
AGS . 10.2

.

10.2 -
.

RC

iT
RC

, .

. ,

iT . iT
. ,

.

.
.
,
.
. , ,
, .
.
. ,
,
.
241


(
) , , , ,
. ,
, .
,
, .
,
.
.
,

.
.

.

.
,

.


.

,
.
10.2.2

,
.
- ,
,
AeqT (10.3) (10.3")
.
(10.3')

p
M 0 = AGS GS
TGS

(10.5)

, , :

AGS - ,
pGS - ,

TGS - .
242

10.
10.3
, 10.4.
AGS ,
TGS ,
(10.5)
.

10.3 -
.

10.4 -

.

:
, p0 T0
. ,
T
(iT ),
( hsT ) .

. ( )
,
.

,

.
10.2.3

.
, 10.5.
.

.
,
243



- .

10.5 -
.

, .
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
,
.

, .

.
. (
) ,

.
.

,
.
,
( ) ,
. ,
, .
,
,
. ,
, .
244

10.

,
.
,
,
.
10.2.4.
,

. ,
. ,

.
,
.
.

.
10.2.5
(10.3')

 .
M
0

10.6.
,
,
( , )
,
.

 P .
M
0
Gb
().
,
.
p0

RC .

.

,
.
. ,
.
.


.

245

10.6 - .
10.2.6

,
(,
, )
( ).
.
, .
:
.
.

10.3.

.



. 10.7

.

10.7 -
( ).
246

10.

.
:

qTPpn =

QTP
PGb PNP

qTPpn = qTPb =

QTP
PGb

QTP - ,
PGb -
PNP - .
(10.6) PNP = f ( PGb )
10.7
.
10.7
, 200 300 W,
o

pGV = 127 bar tGV = 530 C .

(
100 % 30 % 1,035).
( 10.7)
, qTPb
.

100 % 60 %.

1%.

. ,
,
, ,
.
.

10.4.

, ,
.

247


() ( 10.8).
:

p =
p

npH nnS
nn

- ,

npH - ,

nnS - ,
nn - ( nn = 50 s 1 nn = 25s 1 ).

nn

,
.

10.8 - ,
.

3 % 5 %. ,

10.8
p
nn , PGb .

.

,
.

.
.

: ( 10.9).

.
248

10.
.
. .

,
.

10.9 { ()
.

. . 92 % .
107 %
.


. ,
,
.

10.5.

- (-).
.
:
,
,

.
, ,
,
, .

. ,

.
,
249


.
:

.
. ,

. .
, 0.3 bar .
,
,
.
,
.

,
.

, ,
, .
,

.
, ,

34 bar ,
,
, .
, ,

( -).

.
.
, ,
-

. ,
,
.

. :
.
, ,
.

250

10.
10.6
,
:
( ,
, , ,
... );
;
;
;
.
,
, ,

.

, ,
.
:
;
;

.

.
(
-). ,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
.

251