Series Er: J.P. B, ALLEN and. G, WIDDOWSON Physical Scence_J. PB. Allen and H. G. Widdowson Mechonicl Energi H. Gendining Workshop Pracce Alan Mountfors Edvcation Ezabeth Lard ‘Aericalre "Alan Mountord Stil Stes IP Allen sod H. G. Widdowson Biologic! Science Tan Peon ENGLISH IN FOCUS English in Biological Science IAN PEARSON TEACHER'S EDITION 1978 OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS 1978ford Unive Pe, Walon Soret, Oxford ON? 6DP fan 0 19 457513 7 (Sens Han) fats B 19 37808 & acer ao) (© Osird aves Pres 1978 Al igh esac. Ne part of hi pucaon may be reproduc toy i Teckel tiscaing,nsntng or ers, was Be ror permision of ‘iid ler Pre Bite welch laa ‘ube and nou or condo dings condom beg Eetiien oae Contents T' Ritonale of the course 2 Demands onthe teacher and students 3 Gaide to the book snd stractare of unis ‘Unit Blogy ~The Sty of Living Organisms ir READING AND COMPREHENSION Exrxersr a: Listing the into pointe Extaeist a: Finding ot about the meaing of wonds Exeneist €: Checking fact and Heat Estneise 0: Connecting facts an des it: USE OF LANGUAGE bxuneise Fe Dein shape eaneise +: Desbing de Exencise n: Deseibing sina between vo osiisms Exeacise = Desibing ifeences between two gunn TRANSFER OF INFORMATION rxencise ss tbl of simaritis and itrenes {xeKCISE a: Maing ti! deseipton of a ogni 1. GUIDED WRITING = DDesenibing and comparing the form and structure of two simple erga V: READING AND NOTE-TAKING The ebaracerh of Hving things Unit 2 The Ditereces between Plats ad Anions I: READING AND COMPREHENSION [usneise 4: Finding out about the meaning of wordsI: USE OF LANGUAGE Sacise Naming stems : Dewrbing form and strate Desebing function Fxexcise 0: General stemens bagnetse u: Negaive genoa latemens Ll: TRANSFER OF INFORMATION xencrse 1: Descbing smlariin and ferences v: GUIDED wRiTING. Stating acs and discussing their importance \V; READING AND NOTE-TAKING LUnt3 The Ned for Energy Autotrophs and Heterotropts i READING AND COMPREHENSION Exencise ai Finding ot about the meaning of words encist 6: Detentions and naming statements [xeneie €: Checking fet ad West fxencisep: Connecting acs and as I: USE OF LANGUAGE ‘Stating condition and its consequence ‘Sting fact and ts consequence Describing srvetore Deseritingelatve postion Describing a sequence of evens Describing a sequence of evens and ging Il TRANSFER OF INFORMATION Exexcise x: Deserting the general steuctre ofa gre ea barnelst L: Dosrbing the shape and arrangement ofthe els nrc oe Descebing sires and ferences ExEnese w: Desrbing uncon and ging extra information teense o: Desebing relive poston 1V; GUIDED WRITING Deseribing the dete strate and the fonction bet tees V: READING AND NOTE-TAKING " 0 2» Unit 4 Food Webs, Energy Fh; nd Natrent Cte 1: READING AND COMPREHENSION "eteISt 4: Findiog out about the meaning of words bxrncist e© Avoiding repetition atmerse ©: Checking facts and iss xprerse be Finding the fope of paragraph USE OF LANGUAGE Excise Fe Desrbing feeding relationships "itv: Becrtig he lon an oman nos xeteisé o: Naming and classying an organise fxenetsr n: Desebng energs flow through a community of sence: Stina proximation [EXERCISE k: Comparing Flav energy losses and deserting Uk: TRANSFER OF INFORMATION rene U2 Deserbing process [XPHCIE M: Dessbing theresa of a proses tence x: Desebing whet respons for proses Describing an experiment and is ests Ecology Unit $- Reproduction I READING AND COMPREHENSION Aencis t Avoilingrepetion Stacie 6 Connecting ft eas Exeter o; Using wort sd pes nh sina mean ‘I USE OF LANGUAGE 7 Tenis Desig proces dtr ee Sterne: Dating te ming ad dration of proeses tts 6: Dessng he ingot evente lit TRANSFER OF INFORMATION brctire Desig the ste of» Mover kets 1 Desay what someting css of & “ ° 50 50 2 ss ie svii Coments Desetbing the reprodsction of simple plant V; READING AND NOTE-TAKING The importance of sca reproduction Unit 6 Species and tne Adaptations |: READING AND COMPREHENSION [enc A Finding st abou! the meaing of words eeecioe bs Avoiding repelion [uEneIse €: Checking facts and eas ‘exercise: Connecting fac and dean I: USE OF LANGUAGE ExERcISE E: Deseribing evens that oecur oe after anther [EXERCISE H: Desig the begining and end of prowess txencine Making deinitons and desing fonction [ExeRese ): Desig the creaatry system of the Hah [EXERCISE K: Deserbing the srotre and working of the frops neat Mh TRANSFER OF INFORMATION EXERCISE L: Desig the BYS ofthe amphitin 1; GUIDED WRITING. Describing the sractre and fonction of the dogfish oar V; READING AND NOTE-TARING ole? soliton I READING AND COMPREHENSION unc 8: Finding out aboot the meaning of words Exercise # Disinguihing lacs and belts Fnnesh 6: Assesing the uth of tafements 1: USE OF LANGUAGE scence bs Desa the Bones ofthe forelimb of» tap [EXEREISEE: Deseibing the lena of bones fxencise F Deserting the fasion, reduction, and ss of bones ll: TRANSFER OF INFORMATION Desaning an evottoniry Hae v; GUIDED WRITING. Describing the foe, abit and evolution of organisms in 0 ” n 1 n a B 8 16 i » » a fs BS ss %9 \V: READING AND NOTE-TAKING Unt The Divers of Lite 1: READING AND COMPREHENSION fenton 4: Rng out oat he sing of word feercinr : Relate what ve rad fo what know OSE OF EANcuace Eveacian €*Dssrbing bow the bil of bind is adapted 30 tht te Hida fet on area foes sxencisev: Compr the il ah fod feet birds Exrrtse Desens elon ripe TRANSFER OF INFORMATION Eretie Making gener statements sout atic eins nxeweise 6: Making an identification key wv: GUIDED WRITING Desig tenia ees of vous prtozoane V; READING AND NOTETAKING Man nd the coaytom Summary of Grammar 1st of Bila Terms ey tothe Exess, with Note for 38 to am us in M3 im7 Evolution 1 READING AND COMPREHENSION ‘THE EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION Almost al oli hls that ove milion of years the sharers of species hinge The hor. for example, ithoupht toe the descendant of ‘long series of horse-tke amulet sab elev that singe ancestral, Specescanpive ie toamumberof liferent species Thus, th hte th ss, ‘hezebra andoter horse aninulsare Bought derv froma common tcestalspeces The mame we give tothe process of change selon, 22d NES that species vane ‘One source of evidence that species ext is Comparative Em ogy ‘when we compare the embryo of ferent verterats, we Bi that che some obvious sir. However, the aul forms ace the con aed. many of these similares cannot e found. Forename al vt [ebrate embryos pesca very star embryonis bones just bebod the traineese Inu fob these bogs develop into jawbone, whores inn ‘mammal they develo into ear-bones snd fonction as part 0 the hearing ppuraus. If all vertebrates hae a common ancestor, we san begin 12 expla why the embryos ae si Further evidence provided by Comparative Anatomy. Forexampe the armofaman, the wing ofa bit, tnd the ont legos are ier {orm and uncon each cae threes cleat relationship between wht ‘elim looks like and what its uted fo, But when we laok st he anion) ‘ofthese threetimbs wefind tht cach one'sbul neatly the suse genera pra. Agu. hs sar eu explin alos we sesep that al ‘rtcrates havea common ances, ‘OF the ther soures of evident for evaaton the most important is perhip Palsontoogy, whichis the study of the fouled remins f [rgiatims that ined ons of year ag. The inal of ancien animale an Plants stow us that thes ngaioms were mor or less diferent rom todays ice tfeent rom thoe that came before an thone tat came ster, The ‘Shvious explanation forsuch dferencesisthat ongantamewelve- Howe, 1 Reading and Comprchesion 83 the proces of change must be extremely sow, because even quite sal ‘hangesappenty take lac ove milhonsa year hiss te, iexpsis| Sehy sso cul or usta observe the processor evoltionast proceeds ving orzaniss. EXERCISE A. Finding out about the meaning of words Find inthe passage the words and phrases given helow and ee Ifyou can fnewcr the sestons oat them. The numbers in brachete Fete Io he pragraps in whch the words out erie (1) hte means the same as evolve no. Which phrase in te me porgraph here means evolve rom? 2, Mel yout olive that species eso’ I want to make it lear that ‘ecpt thei str, but ls sow you tha ean prove tht he ‘den etre. Which othor ver de the fst paragraph ger the same Informations believe? ‘hence (2) ete means support fora eli A source of evidences (2) one pe of evidence (©) where ne ad endence (6) Hlatge amount of evidence 4. obvious similares 2) refers her to anes which re eas to () see (6) deserve (6) understand rer exdence (3) has a sinitae meaning: (2) stronger evidence (@) adatom evidence {) more recent evidence ‘Which word is sein pas 7 flized remains (4) ae found in very ancient rocks. Do you think foslzed means (4) donee (8) enemely bard (6) termed 0 sone |, Further (8) doesnot mean the same thing ere at dows in the tid paragraph, De you think It ould be replaced hee by (2) London © Simic (2) Therefore raph 3 onside the wing of hired and be84 Unit Evolution ©. ving organisms (4) do nt contra wi dead ongoniams, Wesay halve ‘organoma die and are then dead But we ty that iro orgndsm ie ‘ut a re then extinct So, individual onpanisme de and pees ca ‘ecomeenice Do you think an ean species he sume hing a 8 species tat () revolving tevery rate (6) no longer exis EXERCISE B-Disingulhing fics ond bles ‘When we retd itis very important notice whether statements are given as {fos ot ony as reports of what people belove Study the statements below nd ir to decide which ones ae reports of what some people Belee "Wate down al the statements from the lt Below hat You dee a ‘bei rater than fats. Begin cach with one of the following phrases tis thought tat Iisbived that 1. The modern horse is diferent in some ways from its ancestors 2. The ome andthe zebra have 3 common ancestor 3. The enor of etlerntverebrates show certain obvious snares The hearing apparstus of mammal nclades numberof e-bone, 1. There oni evidence for evolution, SS. Evolutionary changes ate extremely slo 5: Some ofthe eifrenes hetwesn living an extn! organisms ae very EXERCISE ©. Ancsing the ruth of taements Sometimes a writer ell ws hat something i tue and sometimes he wltes ‘Shout something in sucha way tat we san conclude that ne. "Look a the Satements blow and wot wheter you think each one does cor does ao flow rom whats sadn the passage, Write he mumbo 1-7 ‘Sour notebook, followed in each cise by doer follow or dows nt fallow. 1, Some biologie do not believe that organisms eve 2. Allvertzbrate embryos have a Baie 3, An alt ch ho ao bearing appar 2. There ba plener revemblance between fh embryo and mamma {ino than betacen a Al a ad an at ama 1 Use of Language 85 5, The numberof hones inthe sm of ma is xsl the sme asi the feont leg af hose 6 Palaconolgie ae not interested in ing orsaisns. 5. "Thor lena pai our sing he evolu tary proceein ation 11_USE OF LANGUAGE EXERCISE D_ Describing the bones ofthe forlinb of a terapod “The Tetrapod are the Yourfoued vertebrates: amphibians reptiles, bids i amma In all ene the lbs re bull om che same pater although ‘he ange of form and function wares widely. Te forelimh of Sphenodon (the tata lard of New Zealand) shows us he hase arrangement nova The fart of Spenodon A complete desspton ofthe tetra fort mast cover (a) the main parts and their names (6) the bones ming wp each part end their names (6) the shape and relative ues af he ones, (6) the way the varios Bones inteteate {In our dseipton it stu to distinguish between she proximal end of tne or prt uted pears the sear ofthe body) andthe dal eb ‘Now sce you cana the Information in Figure 71 to complete the statemenison dhe new page Notice atthe base trap forcin® eat is deserbed ot the olin of Sphenodan ss such86 Unie? Evolution “The teeapodforelin consists of parts: the upper. an the Thehandiemade wpe setsolbone theca that makeupthe te digs. “The single bone of the. Fortin is called the “he smal... which make up the eaypes are called ‘The theses of seal ends boaes which ‘The humerus i ange clongited bone which aut proximally with the pecoal ple and wh the rads andthe 9, Therndiusand...arelarge. bones whichartculate.. ah... and 10. The eral ae small bone which aril 11 The ve metacarpls are rlaly saleyindeical bone which arin te 12, Theivesettof...consitof smal indica bones whic suse EXERCISE E_Dewebing the lengh of Bones ‘Look at Figure 7.2 onthe nxt page, which shows the oaes of the fost’ PART ONE a bone i longer than is wie, we el 1 The hones fhe. are smal and rowhly rounded in shape, tal the Some log bones are longer than thesia the same limb We ea therefore fate for example In the hors, th humerus i shorter than the fused rvs and un. example the adie and the ul of he com the adie sod ula and the humerus of the at the second an third melaearpals of he Frchi f the bat ‘heproxinal and thetwo asta phalanges ofthe hes andonly gt ofthe fertimi ofthe home (rote thet we tll fone phan) {heproial plans ofthe fourth andofse Rn sta te foreinb of a lmg bone. Complete this Use of Language $1 | enue tol o Te sat sc ‘oracle Sen ae” rove 72. The bones of een in seen fees rapsWe can sho desribe bone lngth by reference 10 other animals, For example: hc hurnerus of the horse is eately shorter than hat of the op. We must say rly sony, esau in abolte terms the hor’ eee ‘obvi many times loner tan that of he fog. Now compare the fl. Towing, using statements sla tothe example the humerus ofthe Nose and ofthe cow the cade and la of mun ad of he bat the metacarpals af the bat and ofthe ied the rads othe cow and othe foe EXERCISE F Describing the ain, rlacion and lows of boner Sphenodon (Fire 7-1) probably shows us what the hose ancestral tt ‘pod looked ke, thatthe various abetype shown in Figure 7.2 fe thereat of evolutionary proces. We can therefore describe these ints ty comparing them he ance elim a represented By ‘Sphenodon. For exam (4) Inthe horse the adi and the ulna are completely fused (8) Thefitandith metacarpal ofthe hore artesian the secondand fourth are reduced sd ised to the tid (6) Only the third dp retained in the foreli of the horse. Inalleheeof hese sentences we se that it snot neces sncestel pater ‘Nov deere the folowing 1 the Jos of sme metacarpal the bi {he fasion of the eurals of the bat {he fusion ofthe second and third metacarpal ofthe bit some of the ‘arpa the fiom ofthe radian he wn of he fog the redaction the fist metacarpal of he £08 ‘he etnton of ony eran dt th orl ofthe cow tomemon the M1 Transfer of Information 88 TRANSFER OF INFORMATION EXERCISE G Desenbing on evoutionary line ‘he modern horse (Equa) adescendd fom okippus which appeared at ‘he benny ofthe Teta peri | aje HE — Hi 7 ‘nos 73 Diam stow ha ans he ane ta 2 Note hat he Conse emi ie ito the Tetany and Quarry pegpaundintcsh pesticide intogpck. The mmbeson tele SOM inia mone 0 pers go PART ONE Ween dese when ance fihe man Bane appeared and thEohippus appeared inthe cay Eocene an slonly evolved ito Oro. [Now rite similar descriptions of the ote sven dest ancestors of he ‘modern horse, aumering your sentences rm 1107. Noi tha some "ses we find tm erect descendants fom th ame ancestor, so tha Some types evetve mach more quis than others Thus Ovaippas evolved From Eohipus relatively slow. but i evolved into Epps tlately sucky. Use citer soy o uly in jour sentence, Die the epochs ‘Because evolution veryslow, anew ype does nosuddenly appear. Weean therefore sy Sometime ia the late Eocene, Orhippu volvedtiom the Epps ie. By talking about the “Fokus ine” we make it lea hat Eokippa grad ally evohed into forme which were more an ore efferent fem ie Now You desc the origin fal the oer hors nthe dapam, numbering Sour sentenes fom tt 1 AAS Figure 7.4 shows, the numberof igi on the forelimb dcresed 3 the anoeut —Orongpue —Meangaut —Hosaneo Plano HOUNE 74 Dig © sho th number fg on he rein of ar ‘eto hone ‘We can describe the contition in hina by saying! ‘The orl ofthe euly Eacene hore Fippus had our digs, number tne being eed toa splot bone Now describe the condom inthe othe four horse, ating tht you mast ese some dips ein est WV Gaited Weting 91 PART FOUR We can describe the rtionsip between succeeding ancestal types by Eohipps was foursoed horse whic ved inthe eanly Eocene. Aer Some 13 lion oarsiteslvedinta Orbis, hich alsohud four oe. Now write similar descripons of he rltlonslp between the following: Orohipps (8 toe): Ephippus (8 toes) Epihigpus : Mesohppus (3 toe) Mesohipps Mioippus (3 Sos) Miokppus = Paalipps (3 005) Paraippas« Merychppus (3 fs) Merch Pippa (1102) Plohippus = Equus (110) IV GUIDED WRITING Here some information about the mace horse and four fis ancestow ‘ie of icin | food | Groat | root | Teoippas | 26a | ssovone | netandoat | Sonblened oe ee zion nn spttome | Da We can desrbe the eat history ofthe evolution in of the Hore 8 Tolows sing information inte table sbove and some information from Eohppas appeate in the caly Eosene, when the ground was wet and oft twas 121020 inches hgh anda for aig ons forlin.Theress ao one splint bone. representing te fst dg. Ife onthe broad Tested plants that grew at he te. “Merokippar evolved about 38 mains of years ao. I had only three igi on tc fovclri athough the ith was represented by apn bone “The cate snd he vegetation met til sina to tone he Eocene, nd Mesohipus ab od on broscaved plans However bythe mide ‘the Miocene the limate was dlr and sof grasses replace the road leaves plant Using the two paragraphs above as examples, write thre paragraphs that ‘deste Merychippun, Ploippus sn Eau a siilae way. Do not ink four paragrapis tothe two above but start the sory aga with Mery pps. V_ READING AND NOTE-TAKING Read the passge below and make noes onthe man points of the theory NATURAL SELECTION In 1858 Darwin an Wallace tether put forward the theory of natural ‘icc, which etch had worked out independenty of the other. Their ‘ny tice oexpain owe spesencan evolve into one or more detent species I i ned pon four observable facts Fast ie well known that ongtnieme normaly produce more oping than are nosded to replace the parent For example. abled Hke the sparrow ny produce 130 or moe fling ine ese many races ity a thousand eggs Some fishes ay mach larger numbers of exp One the alba ays fe mio “rhe sec servation thatthe number of nds of any pa tir specie stays more oes the same to yar fo year we how {ake thitoct together mah the servation aout the embers of leis roduced me can deduce that there ante 4 igh marly rate (ce {lath te) daring development Inother words, most fringe before ‘hey steal and Before they can themetes reproduce. “The tind observation that here a wide rane of variation amon ‘the ina of ny pacar specie. The mest avous Kind of vara tion usally in morpogy but we ko find ferences of anton Pylon. ndRehusowr From ts deduced tht certain individual Ihemiers of a apeics mnt poses vantages that ater Ick. For ‘hampl ithercia shornge of foo, fndeiduals il Nave bare Yeading and Notesaking 98 {ers which enable thom eat mors than others. They may be beter Inter or faster runners, or whatever, butte ipsa pnt that they can vive shen other cot. I we now take the dedacion {gether with the ddction tat he mort at daring development Ingh, we can dedace that orgaoims with advantages ave a eter chance ‘The nl observation that tsp normally resemble thei parents. ‘Tye argument then sayy that hecnun the parent ate likly to posse ‘vantages, these wl be passed onto the ofring It so fllos hat ‘eadvantageoos variations wll nob paedion offing, becawe the {navidute wich poen therm ae not ily to survive ut hey te od ‘enough to reprdice Thus we can deduce tat advantageous rasions se retsne fom generation to generation, whens Sadvantageous ‘es wl dn ppene, This ow clearhy we tlk ofmatara etn. We mean by this hase that ature Gn other wards, theeaiconen) selects or choot, te Individuals which wil reproduce and xo pase on ther charctertic, Thee selected india re the ones tat ae bet adapted fo ther cironment Because the environmen! may alle, and Beaune inde ‘tual may move to places wher the environment is different, survival ‘Sromatances, dexcem with modfeation then the key to he survival of