The University of the State of New York THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT Albany, New York 12234 Reference Tables for Chemistry ® PHYSICAL CONSTANTS AND CONVERSION FACTORS: Name Symbol Valuets) Units "Angstrom uni x 1x10" m meter Avogadro number Na | 6.02 x 10° per mot Charge of electron € 1.60 x 10% o coulomb Electron volt wv 1.60 x 1077? 5 joule Speed of ight © | 3.00% 108 mis Planck's constant h 6.63 x 10 Jas 1.58 x 10°" keales Universal gas constant | | 0.0821 Leatm/moleK | tter-atmosphere/mole-kelvin 1.98 cal/mol-K calories/mole-kelvin 831 J/mol-K joules/mole-kevin Atomic mass unit amu) | 1.66 x 10% g gram Volume standard, liter L 1x 10% em? = 1 dm? cubic centimeters, cubie decimeter ‘Standard pressure, atm 101.3 kPa kilopascals atmosphere 760 mg millimeters of mercury 160 torr tore Heat equivalent, ket | 4.18 x 10° joules Lilocatorie Physical Constants for H;0 Molal freezing point depression se. 186°C ‘Molal boiling point elevation. : 052°C Heat of fusion...... te 79.72 calig Heat of vaporization, 539.4 cal/g STANDARD UNITS Symbol ‘Name Quantity Selected Prefixes m meter Tength Factor Prefix Symbol kg Kilogram mass Pa pascal pressure of mega M K ‘kelvin thermodynamic temperature 10° kilo k mol mole amount of substance 10! deci a 1 Joule energy, work, 10? enti c quantity of heat 103 milli ™ s second time 108 micro # c coulom quantity of electricity 10° ‘nano a v volt electric potential, potential difference L volumeSOLUBILITY CURVES © x 40 DENSITY AND BOILING POINTS OF SOME COMMON GASES 130 Boili fame agramsflter estes atts] Mo =" 100 4 Air — | 129 — 2 KNO3, ‘Ammonia na, | 0771 | 240 8 90 Carbon dioxide co, | 1.98 195 2 Carbon monoxide co 1.25 82 w 80 Chlorine a, | 321 238 ca HC\, ei Hydrogen H, | 0.0899 | 20 3 7 ni i T Hydrogen chloride HCL | 1.64 188, B 609 3 KCI Hydrogen sulfide HS | 154 212 i Methane cH, | 0.716 | 109 5 50 Nitrogen N, } 1.25 7 2 Nitrogen (I1) oxide No | 134 121 2 40 ‘Oxygen oO. | 143 90 oe NaCl: Sulfur dioxide so, | 292 263 KCI, ‘STP is defined as 273K and 1 atm 20 10 S02 ras © 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 ® TEMPERATURE °C TABLE OF SOLUBILITIES IN WATER i —nearly insoluble ® ss — slightly soluble 2 s —soluble jo /3| ll 2/2 2) ‘SELECTED POLYATOMIC IONS decomposes /3 2/31 5| =| 8] 2/2 {| 8] 8 a —noisoltea 82 ||| £] 2) Ble [=| 5| 3] | Bers dimecuy chromate S131 S| SP ste lel a NHy ‘ammoniuin dichromate ‘Aluminum, ss{ sf als] al if s{ slits} al! co, Jaceae permanganate ‘Ammonium sfs[sfsts{s[s[s{s}s[s manganate Barium ststifstitstststifita cyanide nitrite Calcium, sfstits[s| sl s[sti festa carbonate nitrate er IL s{s|ifs[ if ifn i] s{i hydrogen hydroxide Tron IT ststitstetitststits{t carbonate phosphate Tron IIT stsPalstititatstifssta]| c,o2 oxalate thiocyanate (ead sfssfifss}ifilss}s|ililil] cio hypochlorite sulfite ‘Magnesium. ststifs{s|ilsts|ifs|4]| cio, chlorite sulfate Mercury T ssfititifs!alitstitss[i]| cioy chlorate hydrogen sulfate Mercury I stssfifstssfifitstil ali]! cioy perchlorate thiosulfate Potassium sts[stststststsiststs ss} i} if ij ssf ali ilss|i sts[sfststststsiststs si[sftils]s/ils ijsji© ‘STANDARD ENERGIES OF FORMATION Free Energy of Formation keal/mol (AH) | _keal/mol (AGP OF COMPOUNDS AT 1 atm AND 298 K Heat (Enthalpy) of Compound Formation* ‘Aluminum oxide Al,0,6) ~400.5 ‘Ammonia NH3(g) -11.0 Barium sulfate BaSO,(s) -352.1 Calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)(s) 235.7 Carbon dioxide COxg) -94.1 Carbon monoxide CO(g) 26.4 Copper (It) sulfate CuSO,(s) -184.4 Ethane CH(@) -20.2 Ethene (ethylene) CH(e) 2.5 Ethyne (acetylene) C3H3(2) 542 Hydrogen fluoride HF(@) 648 Hydrogen iodide HI(g) 63 Iodine chloride ICs) 43 Lead (MD) oxide PbO) 515 Magnesium oxide MgO(s) 143.8 Nitrogen (oxide NOCg) 216 Nitrogen (IV) oxide NO3(@) 79 Potassium chloride KCIs) 108.4 Sodium chloride NaCls) -98.3 Sulfur dioxide SO;(g) -10.9 Water H20(g) -578 Water H,0(6) -68.3 “378.2 * Minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction ‘Sample equations: 2AM) + F0;(8) = ALOx(s) + 400.5 kcal 2AM) + $0318) — AlOs(s) AH ~ ~400.5 kcal/mol ® SELECTED RADIOISOTOPES Decay Muctide Half-Life Mode “au 2.69.4 6 Be 5730 y & % ~ co 5.26y s Bigs 30.23 y & ad 2758 @ oH 12.26 y & By 8.074 & °K 1.235 at 2K Rah s Sir 10.76 y & Tm Ke 439h + Ny 128 8 aa 143d s pu 2.44 x 10hy « Ra 1600 y a Ro 3.824 @ se | 281 y a Te 2.13 x 10° y & wm Tee 60h x 2h 14 x 10!y « =u 1.62 x 108 y « By 71 x 108y @ Mu 4.51 x 10 y @ ‘y=years; d=days; hours; 5= seconds m = meta stable or excited state of the same nu- cleus. Gamma decay from such a state is called an isomeric transition (IT). Nuclear isomers ae different energy states of the same nucleus, each having a different measurable lifetime.@ 0) HEATS OF REACTION AT 1 atm and 298 K ‘SYMBOLS USED IN NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Reaction ‘OH kcal) alpha partic THe CHA) + 2048) ~ CONG) + 21,00 2128 Sei 2 ‘eta particle % C3Hg(g) + 50,(g) + 3CO(g) + 4H,0(0) 530.6 (electron), or 3, ‘gamma radiation CH;OH() + 30,() ~ CO,(g) + 2H,0¢) — -173.6 neutron 6b 204(s) + 6071) ~ 6COn(g) + 6H) -669.9 1 proton COL) + }Ox(8) — COx8) “617 a deuteron it CgHgl®) + F021) ~ 8CO%{e) + 9HLO 1302.7 2 7 tit ’ KNOx(s) 22 K* (ag + NOs ta) +83 ee ta itron a NaH) 22 Nattag) + OFF) -106 fea NH,CU(s) 22 NH," (aq) + CI(aq) 43.5 NH,NO3(s) 22. NH," (aq) + NO5 (aq) +61 Nacits) 22. Na (aq) + Cag) +09 KCIO44s) BK "(aq) + C105 (aq) $9.9 LiBris) "2. Lit (aq) + Br (eq) “17 H* (aq) + OH"(aq) ~ H,0(8) 713.8IONIZATION ENERGIES AND ELECTRONEGATIVITIES L 18 313] + First lonization Energy (kcal/mol of atoms) 367 H A Electronegatvity* d 7 2 30 4s 16 125] 215] ii] 260] 336] 34] 497] 235 239 * Arbitrary scale based on fluorine = 4.0®© RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF ACIDS IN AQUEOUS. SOLUTION AT 1 atm AND 298 K Conjugate, Pairs ACID__ BASE HI=H* +1 very large HBr = H* + Br very large Hel = HY + cr very large HNO; = H* + NO, very large H,SO, = HT + HSO, large HO + SO, = H* + HSOy 1s x HSO, = HY + Soe 12x HPO, =H” + H,POS 73x Fe(H,0),°* = H” + Fe(H;0);(OH)"* — |8.9 x HNO, = H* + NO; 46 x HF = H+ F 35x Cr(H,0),°* = HT + CrtH;0)0H)"* | 1.0 x CH,COOH = H™ + CH,COO™ 18 x AUH;0),'* = H7 + AHO OH) | 1.1 x H,0 + CO; = HT + HCOS 43x HSO, = H* + So. Lx HS = HT + HS” 9.5 x H,PO, = H* + HPO,” 62x NH," = H* + NHy 57x 10 HCO, = H* + CO,” 5.6 x 10"! HPO,” = HT + PO,” 22 x 10) HS’ = HY +S 13 x 10" 1,0 = H* + OF 1.0 x 10 ow = Ht + 0% < 10 NH, = HY + NHS very small Note: H* (aq) = H,0~ ‘Sample equation: HI + H,O = H,0* +1 ‘CONSTANTS FOR VARIOUS EQUILIBRIA AT 1 atm AND 298 K = 10x 10% 1.0 x 10"! H,0(?) H,0@ + H,00) Hi (aq) + OH (aq) K, H,0" (aq) + OF (aq) Ky CH,COO (aq) + H,0(8) = CH;COOH(aq) + OH (aq) Ky, 10 NaF(aq) + H,0(€) = Na” (aq) + OH (aq) + HF(aq) Ky 10" NH(aq) + H,0(f) = NH," (aq) + OH (aq) Ky 105 COs? (aq) + HO) = HCO; (aq) + OF (aq) Ky 10% Ag(NH3)2""(aq) = Ag* (aq) + 2NH3(aq) Keg 10* No(g) + 3H2(g) = 2NH3(@) Ky 10° Hy(@) + h(@) = 2H) Ke 10" ‘Compound ‘Compound Ky ‘AgBr 50 LigCO 25 x 107 Agcl 18 PbCl, 16 x 104 Ag;C1O, Li PCO, 14x10 Agl 83 PCrO, 2.8 x 10% BaSO, uw Pbl, 71 x 10% CaSO, 91 ZnCO, 14 x io!Periodic Table of the E 3 4 pon fon tb «| K | Ca | Se | Ti* eat jam aH eT | pe a > an = N = 37 38 39 40 s| Cs | Ba |La-Lu| Hf fee ene | ie >| Fr | Ra Ac-LriUng* are 8a 89 103 104 block (OF THE MOST STABLE OR COMMON ISOTOPE. Nd Pm on = Us Puements nesses te sstlock 2.00000 18 0 fation States H | fl ‘ 1 ' 1 1 | “The sjtematic names and stl for elements of tne rumbersgeterthan | { | ! ‘UG wi sd le pe li tanes by PAC : ' ! 1 i 1 fl i Bk | Cf Es | "Md No ir sei 99 101 rs mi ae Top =e |® © STANDARD ELECTRODE POTENTIALS Tonic Concentrations 1 M Water At 298 K, 1 atm Half-Reaction Fy(g) + 26° — 2F BH* + MnO, + Se” = Mni* + 44,0 Aul* + 3e” — Au(s) Chig) + 26° = 2cr 14H* + Cr,0,? + 66" = 2Cr'* + 74,0 4H" + Oxg) + 4e” = 2H,0 * + MnO,(5) + 22° = Mn?* + 2H,0 Bry(@) + 2° = 2Br° Hg" + 2e" = Hatt) Agh +e = Ag(s) Hg" + 26° — 2Hg(¢) Fe’ te — Re 1s) + 26° = 20 Cut + = Cals) cut? + 26° ~ cuss) 4H” + 80g" + 20° — SOs(aq) + 24,0 Sat? + 26° = Su? 2H” + 26° = Hote) POT + 26” — Pbis) Sn?” + 2e” — Snis) Ni? + 2e" = Nils) Cot + 26 = Co(s) Fe?” + 26 — Feis) crit + 3e” = Cris) Znt* + 2 — Enis) 2H,0 + 2e" ~ 20H + Hyg) Mn®* + 2e° — Mn(s) APY + 3e = Al) Mg?* + 26° — Mais) Na* + €7 = Nas) Cat + 20° = Cats) SP* + 2e° — Sris) Ba* + 26° — Bats) Cs +67 = C4) Kt +e - K@) Rb* + &° = Rb(s) Lit +e = Lig e (volts) +2.87 +151 +150 +1.36 41.23 41.23 +122 +1.09 +0.85 +0.80 +0.80 40.77 +0.54 +0.52 +0.34 40.17 +0.15 0.00 -0.13 “0.14 0.26 0.28 -0.45 0.74 0.76 0.83 -1.19 1.66 2.37 21 -2.87 2.89 291 2.92 2.93 2.98 3.04 VAPOR PRESSURE OF WATER or torr °C} Gants) |] °c | (mmitgy 0 26 25.2 27 26.7 10 28 28.3 1 29 30.0 16 30 31.8 7 40, 55.3, 18 50 92.5 19 oo | 494 20 70 | 233.7 21 so | 395.1 2 90 | 525.8 23 100 | 760.0 24 10s | 906.1 25 10 | 1074.6RADII OF ATOMS Cy He 0.37 (-) © KEY () 12 ‘Symbol F 122 TE Covalent Radius, A} 0.64 1.23 10.89 Atomic Radius in Metals, Ay (—) 152 [1.13 Van der Waals Radius, A} 1.35 Ie) Na | Me ‘A dash (-) indicates data ate not available. 1.57 | 1.36 1:58 | 1.60 231] K | Ca Se | Ti v | Cr | Mn} Fe | Co | Ni | Cu 2.03 ]1.74 | 4a} 1.32} 122 | arr) iar] ar} ia6 fas | 1.17 1.89 227/97] ner} 1.45 | 132 | 128 | 1.24] 1.24] 1.25 | 1.25 | 1.28 - wlolLolololoafelolololoa 1.98 Rb | St | ¥ |Z | Nb | Mo| Te | Ru | Rh| Pa | Ag Xe 2.16 | 1,92 | 1.62 | 1.45 | 1.34] 1.29 | (=) | 1.24 | 1.25 | 1.28] 134 2.09 248 2.15 | 1-81 | 1.60 | 1.43} 1.36 | 1.36 | 1.33 | 135 | 1.38] 144 ©) 244 |) | oO Oo fefolo|o cs | Ba |la-Lu) Af Ww ir Au 2.35 | 1.98 Lad | 1.34 | 130 1.26 134 214 2.65 | 2.17 1.56 | 1.43 | 1.37 136 Lag 2.62 | (-) Ol olo 2 oo Ra [Aer] ) 20 © Pr Eu Tb | Dy Yb | Lu 1.65 1.85 1.59 | 1.59 1,70 | 1.56 1.83 2.08 178 | 1.77 © ie) 40s7218 DET 509