Quy Trinh Bao Duong May Tinh MZFXP 20131216030921 5165

Gio trnh
QUY TRNH BO
DNG MY TNH
MC LC
CHNG 1. QUY TRNH BO DNG MY TNH.......................5

1.1 GII THIU CHUNG................................................................................5
1.1.1. Phm vi p dng...............................................................................5
1.1.2. Quy nh v an ton..........................................................................5
1.1.3. Dng c cn thit cho bo dng....................................................5
1.1.4. iu kin lm vic.............................................................................5
1.1.5. S tng th qu trnh bo dng.................................................5
1.2. TIP NHN NH GI TNH TRNG.................................................6
1.3. MT VI IU CN LU KHI TIN HNH THO LP.............7
1.4. TIN HNH BO DNG......................................................................8
1.4.1. Sao lu d liu, dit virus.................................................................8
1.4.2. Tin hnh bo dng phn cng...................................................21
1.4.3. Tin hnh lp rp v hiu chnh....................................................27
1.4.4. Dng trnh tin ch ti u ho h thng....................................30
1.4.5. Yu cu k thut cn t c sau khi bo dng........................40
CHNG 2. PHT HIN, THAY TH CC B PHN H HNG

TRONG KHI H THNG MY TNH............................................41
2.1. PHT HIN CC B PHN H HNG.............................................41
2.1.1. Lu x l li ngun...................................................................41
2.1.2. Lu x l li card mn hnh......................................................43
2.1.3. Lu x l li thit b IDE...........................................................44
2.1.4. Lu x l li a cng.............................................................46
2.1.5. Lu x l li a CDRom........................................................47
2.1.6. Lu x l li bo mch ch, vi x l, b nh.............................48
2.1.7. Lu x l li khi vn hnh ca bo mch ch, vi x l, b nh.
................................................................................................................... 49
2.1.8. Lu x l li card m thanh......................................................51
2.1.9. Lu x l li a mm.............................................................52
2.1.10. Lu x l li bn phm............................................................53
2.1.10. Lu x l li chut...................................................................53
2.1.11. Lu x l xung t...................................................................54
2.2. THAY TH CC B PHN H HNG...............................................55
2.2.1. Thay th ngun...............................................................................55
2.2.2.Thay th card mn hnh...................................................................55
2.2.3. Thay th a IDE..........................................................................55
2.2.4. Thay th RAM.................................................................................56
2.2.5. Thay th CPU..................................................................................56
2.2.6. Thay th bo mch ch.....................................................................56
2.2.7. Thay th a mm.........................................................................56
2.2.8. Thay th bn phm, chut...............................................................56
CHNG 3: KHI NGUN MY TNH.........................................57

3.1. TNG QUAN NGUN MY TNH.......................................................57
3.1.1. Cc dng b ngun.........................................................................57
3.1.2. Cc kiu gic cm ca b ngun....................................................70
3.1.3. Ti ca b ngun............................................................................78
3.1.4. Cc chi tit k thut ca b ngun.................................................81
3.1.5. Cc yu cu cn thit khi tin hnh sa cha ngun my tnh...83
CHNG 4: SA CHA NGUN MY TNH KIU AT.................85

4.1. S KHI KIU NGUN AT...........................................................85
4.1.1. Gii thch cc thnh phn mch in trn s khi b ngun
kiu AT......................................................................................................85
4.1.2. S nguyn l ngun AT..............................................................87
4.2. TH T TM PAN TRN MCH NGUN AT....................................89
4.2.1 Kim tra mch nn v chnh lu s cp.........................................89
4.2.2. Kim tra ti......................................................................................89
4.2.3. Kim tra khi dao ng...................................................................90
4.2.4. Kim tra mch bo v.....................................................................93
4.3. CC H HNG THNG GP TRN KHI NGUN AT..............93
4.3.1. Bt in n cu ch.........................................................................93
4.3.2. Mt dao ng khng c in p ra.................................................94
4.3.3. Ngun ra thp hn bnh thng..................................................100
4.3.4. Ngun ra cao hn bnh thng...................................................101
4.3.5. C ngun khi mi cp, sau mt ngun...................................102
CHNG 5: SA CHA NGUN MY TNH KIU ATX............103

5.1. S KHI KIU NGUN ATX......................................................103
5.1.1. Gii thch cc thnh phn mch in trn s khi b ngun
kiu ATX..................................................................................................103
5.1.2. S nguyn l kiu ngun ATX.................................................105
5.2. CC H HNG THNG GP TRN KHI NGUN ATX.........113
5.2.1. Bt in n cu ch.......................................................................113
5.2.2. Mt dao ng khng c in p ra...............................................115
5.2.3. Ngun ra thp hn bnh thng..................................................120
5.2.4. Ngun ra cao hn bnh thng....................................................121
5.2.5. C ngun khi mi cp, sau mt ngun...................................122
5.2.6. Ngun chp chn, lin tc khi ng li.....................................122
5.1. S NGUYN L NGUN MY TNH KIU AT V ATX........124
Quy trnh bo dng my tnh
CHNG 1. QUY TRNH BO DNG MY TNH

1.1 GII THIU CHUNG
1.1.1. Phm vi p dng
- Ti liu ny p dng cho vic qun l v tin hnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh.
1.1.2. Quy nh v an ton
- Phi ngt cc ngun in p cung cp cho my trc khi tin hnh bo dng.
- Trong qu trnh hiu chnh my trc khi lp rp cn phi ch n cc ngun
in.
- V tr ng kim tra hiu chnh my phi c thm cch in, dp cch in.
1.1.3. Dng c cn thit cho bo dng
Khi lm vic vi cc thnh phn my tnh, c th lm tt cng vic lau chi v
sinh h thng chng ta cn phi c mt s cng c sau:
- T vt nh c t tnh
- Km nhn
- T vt dt loi nh c t tnh
- Bnh pht kh
- T vt loi va c t tnh
- Bn chi nh
- T vt dt loi va c t tnh
- My ht bi
- a CD cng c
- cng lu d liu
- Vi bng mm khng c si vi hoc ming xp mm.

- Cn 900 v dung dch BUTIN, cht ty SUMO v m bi trn
SILICONE.
1.1.4. iu kin lm vic
- in p xoay chiu t 220 V n 240 V (10%) 50/60 (Hz).
- Bn thao tc phi m bo thun tin (khng qu cao, khng qu thp), sng.
1.1.5. S tng th qu trnh bo dng
Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh
Tip nhn
my
Lp h s
bo dng
Sao lu d liu
Dit Virus
Tin hnh bo dng
V sinh
khi
ngun
V sinh
card
mn
hnh
V sinh V sinh V sinh

qut b bo mch cc a
vi x l
ch
V sinh
chut,
bn
phm
V sinh
v my
V sinh
v mn
hnh
Lp rp, kim tra ton my

Chy tin ch Ace-Utilities
Chy tin ch Defragmenter
Tr my
cho n v
1.2. TIP NHN NH GI TNH TRNG

- Kim tra lnh bo dng.
- Kim tra tnh trng bn ngoi, tem nim phong, tem qun l.
- Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca my.
- So snh cu hnh thc trng vi lnh bo dng
- My vn ang hot ng, cn tin hnh bo dng theo nh k.
- D tr vt t cn thay th.
1.3. MT VI IU CN LU KHI TIN HNH THO LP

Trc khi g b h thng nn ghi li tt c cc thit b v cu hnh ca tng b
phn, bao gm cc thit lp chuyn mch (jumper v switch), cc hng v sp xp
cp ni, cc v tr dy thm ch c v tr sp xp ca cc card iu hp.
Vic ghi chp ny ht sc quan trng, v nu cc jumper hoc switch gp rc ri
khi chng ta s bit lc u chng c thit lp nh th no trong khi ti liu
hng dn khng c. Ngoi ra cng nn ghi li cc nh hng cp ni, hu ht cc h
thng c nhn mc sn xut u c s dng cp v u ni c kho khng lp
ngc, tuy nhin i vi mt s th khng c c tnh ny. Thm vo , cc cp ni
ca cng v mm c t km vi nhau, v th chng ta nn nh du v ghi li
tng u cp ni cng nh nh hng thch hp cho chng. Cp ni thng c mt
dy mu (, xanh hoc en) mt u cho bit chn s 1, cng c th l mt du
hiu trn u ni cp nh mt tam gic hay thm ch l mt s 1. Thit b c ni cp
cng c nh du cho bit nh hng chn s 1. Thng thng bn cnh chn
s 1 c nh du mt im.
Tuy nhin vic cm nhm hoc ngc cp tn hiu khng gy thit hi g ngoi
vic mt thi gian cm li. Nhng khi ni cp ngun li l chuyn khc. Nu cm
ngc hoc sai u ni cp ngun ca bo mch ch th mt in th 12V s c t
vo v tr m l ra ch l in th 5V, trng hp ny c th dn n n bo mch ch.
Hin nay vic s dng bo mch ch v ngun ATX th vic cm ngc kh c th xy
ra.
Khi lm sch cc thit b in t, ta nn phng vi vn phng tnh in c
bit khi thi tit hanh kh. Ta nn p dng mt s bin php chng tnh in i vi
cc thit b cn lau chi gim thiu nguy c phng tnh in. Mt s thit b chng
tnh in tiu biu nh cc dy ni t, mt u dy ny s c ni t bo mch ch
cn lm sch, u cn li c tip t. N c tc dng loi b hin tng tnh in.
Mt cch khc l chm tay bn tay cm bo mch ch xung t khi lau chi, lc tay
s ng vai tr l dy tip t.
Khi tho cc mch hoc chp ta c bit khng c chng ln b mt kim loi
dn in. V hin nay c nhiu bo mch ch, card v cc mch khc c ci sn cc pin
liti. Nhng pin ny phn ng mnh khi chng b chp mch, pin s nhanh chng b qu
nng v c th pht n.
1.4. TIN HNH BO DNG

1.4.1. Sao lu d liu, dit virus
Trc khi tin hnh bo dng my tnh, k thut vin phi tin hnh vic sao lu
d liu v dit virus. S d phi sao lu d liu l phng trnh tnh hung hng hc
a, lm mt, hng d liu trong qu trnh bo dng v qut virus.
1.4.1.1. Cc tin ch sao lu d liu
Hin nay c rt nhiu tin ch phc v cho vic sao lu d liu, c th k ra y
mt s tin ch nh sau:
Tn chng trnh
Tnh nng
Disk2Disk version
1.2
H tr Win9x/ NT, sao lu d liu (th mc, a) vo

cng.
Disk Clone
ExtraStrength
version 1.0
Sao chp a cng
Diskeeper version
5.3.340.4
Chng trnh dn a cho Windows NT/ 2000

y l mt chng trnh c bit dng sao chp a
cng.N c th:
- To bn sao ging ht ca bt k cng no, chng ging
nhau t d liu cho ti cu trc v c MBR cho n Boot
Record.
Drive Image
version 1.0
- C th to bn sao ca ton b a cng hay tng

Partition (phn khu) ring r trong cng.
- C th to file Image (file nn dng hnh nh) cho cng
hay Partition ri t file Image ny to thnh hng lot bn sao
khc.
- Khng i hi 2 cng phi c cng dung lng.
- H tr FAT16 v FAT32.
y l chng trnh sao lu d liu cng v cc Partition
thnh:
NortonGhost 2003
- To bn sao ging ht ca bt k cng no, chng ging

nhau t d liu cho ti cu trc v c MBR cho n Boot
Record.
- C th to bn sao ca ton b a cng hay tng
Partition (phn khu) ring r trong cng.
- File nn dng hnh nh h tr Win98/Me/2000/XP v
OS/2.
Hng dn phn mm Norton Ghost 2003
Chng trnh Ghost to ra mt nh, tht s l mt tp tin nn khng l cha tt c
cc khi lng d liu trn cng vo thi im thc hin ghost, ri sau ta c
th yn tm lm ci cng ca mnh nh: fdisk, format, ci th mt phn mm mi ....
m khng h lo lng g n d liu c ca mnh, nu cn thit, ch vi vi thao tc n
gin, mt cht thi gian, chng ta li c c mt h thng y nh c.
Nhng h iu hnh, phn mm, bn FAT no tng thch vi Ghost?
Ghost khng coi trng iu , chnh xc hn, Ghost khng h phn bit l h
iu hnh no (95, 98, Me, 2K, XP), phn mm no (WinZip, Office, Player ...), hoc
bn phn vng no (FAT, FAT32, NTFS), mi th u bnh ng trong Ghost v n coi
mi th u l d liu.
Chc nng chnh ca chng trnh:
-
To file nh cho a (Disk -> To Image)
To file nh cho Partition (Partition -> To Image)
To bn sao ging ht cho a (Disk -> To Disk)
To bn sao ging ht Partition (Partition -> To Partition)
Gii nn file nh ca mt a (Disk -> From Image)
Gii nn file nh ca Partition (Partition -> From Image)
...
To file nh cho mt Partition
Chng ta c th to file nh cho c mt a hay ch cho mt partition, trong
trng hp to file nh cho c a th chng ta cn phi c mt a khc lu file
nh. Cn trong trng hp ch cn to nh cho partition th chng ta c th lu file nh
ca partition sang partition khc hoc sang mt a khc c dung lng trng.
Thc hin
Chy phn mm Norton Ghost 2003
Mn hnh khi ng ca Ghost, click OK

Giao din chnh ca Norton Ghost 2003
V d: To file nh cho mt Partition
Chn Local \ Partition \ To Image
Chn a vt l cn Ghost, nhn OK

Ch : Vic chn a vt l cn Ghost ( a gc)phi chnh xc, trnh trng
hp Ghost ngc s mt ht d liu ca a hoc Partition mun Ghost.
10
Chn Partition m mun ghost, nhn OK
Chn ni lu file nh (image)

Chn ni mun lu file nh, thng thng ghost ly lun th mc c cha file
ghost.exe lm th mc mc nh, chng ta vn c th chn ni khc lu. Nhng
ch rng chng ta khng th file nh nm trong Partition mun ghost. G tn file
nh vo v chn Save. Gi s t tn l Win98SE
Nu dung lng lu d liu cn hn ch, chng trnh s cho php ta chn
nn, c th chn ch High tit kim ch trng, cch nn High ch chm hn
khng nn mt cht khng ng k.
11
Sau khi chn xong ch nn hoc khng nn, giao din sau xut hin.
Chn Yes khi gp thng bo "Proceed with partition image creation ?"
Ch n khi chng trnh chy xong cng l lc ta hon thnh
12
Cch phc hi partition t file nh

Chng ta chy phn mm Ghost
Chn Local \ Partition \ From Image

Ch : Chng ta c th chn Disk hay Partition th u c th chn "From Image"
c, nhng ti sao c c 2 ty chn ny ? y l cu tr li:
- Nu chn "Disk -> From Image" trong khi Image c to t mt Partition th
sau khi Un-Ghost, ch cn duy nht mt Partition mc d trc a c chia
thnh nhiu Partition, S d nh vy l v ty chn ny c ngha l "To mt a t
file nh" v do file nh ch l nh ca mt Partition nn sau khi Un-Ghost, Norton
Ghost t ng link cc Partition li vi nhau to thnh mt Partition duy nht l C. Tt
c d liu cha trn cc Partition khc u b xa.
- Nu chn "Partition from Image" sau khi Un-Ghost chng ta s c mt Partition
vi d liu mi c Ghost, cn d liu trn cc Partition cn li vn c gi
nguyn.
13
Chn file nh un-ghost

Sau khi chn "Partition from Image" hoc "Disk from Image", chng trnh s hi
file nh Un-Ghost, chn Win98SE.gho, click Open
Chn partition mun un-ghost, click OK
14
Chn Yes khi gp thng bo "Proceed with partition image restore?"
v ch n khi chng trnh chy xong cng l lc ta hon thnh.

1.4.1.2. Dit virus
Trn thc t c rt nhiu phn mm dit virus hiu qu, chng ta nn chn phn
mm dit virus c ting vi phin bn cp nht mi nht v c th chy c trong
mi trng DOS nh:
McAfee: Chng trnh dit virus ca McAffe
F-Prot: Chng trnh dit Virus ca F-Prot
Nav: Chng trnh dit Virus ca Norton Antivirus
15
Bkav: Chng trnh dit virus ca Bkav

Di y ti xin hng dn s dng hai phn mm thng dng nht hin nay chy
c trn mi trng DOS:
Khi ng my tnh t a CD cng c, chy phn mm dit virus c sn trn a
nh:
McAfee
Mn hnh di y s xut hin khi chn chng trnh McAfee:
1. Scan of all files (Qut tt c cc files): La chn ny cho php chng trnh
qut tt c cc files c trn my tnh.
2. Quick Scan (Qut nhanh): Ch qut nhng file c ui l *.DLL, *.EXE,
*.COM.
3. Manual Scan (T thit lp ch qut): Ta c th t mnh thit lp ch
qut cho chng trnh bng la chn ny.
Khi la chn xong 1 trong 3 la chn trn, nhn mt s tng ng vi cc la
chn trn (1,2,3), mn hnh tip theo s hin th v cho php chn la nhng phng
thc hot ng ca chng trnh trong khi qut.
16
1. Clean Viruses from infected files or rename files (Dit hoc i tn nhng
files b nhim virus): La chn ny cho php chng trnh qut v khi tm thy virus
b nhim vo mt file no , n s t ng dit hoc nu khng dit c, n s i
tn file theo mc nh (khi chng trnh tm thy virus m khng dit c, chng
trnh s a ra phng n) c th nhn bit d dng v c phng php x l.
2. Delete infected files: Xo ht tt c nhng file b nhim virus (lu : Chng
trnh s xo tt c nhng file b nhim virus trn my tnh, hy cn thn vi la chn
ny bi v c th n s xo cc file quan trng c th khi ng c HH).
3. Move infected files to c:\viruses: Chng trnh s khng lm g vi nhng
file b nhim virus m n ch di chuyn chng ti mt th mc ch sn l c:\Viruses.
y cng l mt la chn an ton cho my tnh.
4. Default setting only: Chy chng trnh theo mc nh ca McAffe.
Sau khi la chn xong, mn hnh tip theo s xut hin cho php chng ta chn
a cn qut.
17
Chng ta hy chn mt trong nhng a cn qut bng cch nhn phm s tng
ng vi cc la chn, chng trnh s bt u qut v dit virus.
F-Prot
Giao din chnh xut hin khi chon la chng trnh F-Prot:
1. Quick Scan (Qut nhanh): S dng la chn ny qut nhng file c phn
m rng l EXE, COM, DLL
2. Dump Scan of all files (Qut tt c cc files c trn a):
18
Khng phi lc no virus cng ch nhim vo nhng file chng trnh (COM,
EXE) m n cn c th nhim vo tt c cc file c ui m rng khc (DOC, JPG,
XLS), v vy ta nn chn la chn ny nu nh nghi ng my tnh b nhim virus.
3. Scan only files with default Extensions (Qut theo mc nh):
Chng trnh s qut theo nhng thit lp mc nh ca F-Prot.
Sau khi la chn xong, mn hnh tip theo ca F-Prot xut hin, bao gm cc la
chn:
1. Disinfect automaticly (Dit virus khng cn hi): T ng tiu dit virus khi
tm thy nhng file b nhim.
2. Ask me before disinfected (Hi trc khi dit): Nn s dng la chn ny, bi
v s c nhng file quan trng b nhim virus, c th khi dit xong, nhng file s b
virus ph v khng th lm vic nh trc c na.
3. Delete Automaticly (t ng xo): Xo nhng file b nhim virus m khng
cn hi li.
4. Ask me before delete (hi trc khi xo): Khi tm thy virus, chng trnh s
hi li chng ta xem c nn xo hay khng nhng file b nhim.
5. Rename Automaticly (Com/ Exe to Vom/ vxe): T ng i tn nhng file b
nhim c ui *.com, *.exe thnh file c ui *.vom, *.vxe .
6. Ask before rename (hi li trc khi i tn): Chng trnh s hi li chng
ta trc khi i tn nhng file b nhim virus.
19
7. Report only: Khng lm g vi nhng file b nhim, ch tng hp v nhng

file ri in ra mt bn bo co.
Sau khi la chn xong bng cch nhn mt phm s tng ng vi cc la chn,
mn hnh tip theo xut hin cho php ta la chn a cn qut. Chn a tng
ng v i chng trnh lm vic vi a cho n khi qut xong.
20
1.4.2. Tin hnh bo dng phn cng

1.4.2.1. Bo dng khi ngun
Qat khi
ngun
Bng mch
khi ngun
Dy ngun
cung cp cc
thit b
Dy ra cng
tc ngun
- Rt cc dy ngun cung cp ti cc thit b (bo mch ch, a cng, a mm,

CD, qut b x l trung tm,...). Ring i vi ngun AT th thm thao tc rt 4 dy
ngun ra khi cng tc ngun (nn ghi nh li v tr mu dy tin cho vic lp li
sau ny), cng c mt s loi c hn trc tip ln cng tc, khi ta phi tho c
cng tc.
- Dng t vt 4 cnh tho ln lt 4 vt nh v khi ngun pha sau my. Nh
nhng lch khi ngun ra khi khung my.
- Dng t vt 4 cnh tho ln lt 4 vt trn khi ngun, m v khi ngun.
- V sinh qut ngun:
Trc qut
21
Rt dy cm ngun cung cp ra khi bng mch. Dng t vt 4 cnh tho 4 vt nh

vt qut trn khung ngun ra.
Dng chi lng kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm trn cnh qut.
Dng m bi trn tra vo trc cnh qut ngun lm tng kh nng vn hnh ca
qut.
- V sinh bng mch khi ngun: Dng t vt 4 cnh tho cc vt nh v bng
mch, chn phch cm trn v khi ngun ra.
Dng chi lng kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm trn bng mch,
mch in.
S dng dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng qut ln b mt ca bng mch v
mch in lm sch cc vt mc, cc vt g do b oxi ho gy nn, sau sy kh
bng mch v mch in.
Ch : Sau khi qut dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng ln bng mch v mch
in phi m bo tht kh mi cho ngun hot ng.
1.4.2.2. Bo dng Card mn hnh
Ram
u ra tn hiu
Chp st
Chn ni
- S dng T vt 4 cnh tho vt bt gi card mn hnh ra khi khung my.

- Card mn hnh c tho ra s dng chi lng nh nhng qut sch kt hp vi
my ht bi ht sch cc bi bn bm trn b mt bng mch v mch in, k c u
ra tn hiu ca card.
- S dng dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng qut ln b mt ca bng mch v
bng mch v mch in.
22
Ch : Sau khi qut dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng ln bng mch v mch
in phi m bo tht kh mi lp vo my.
- S dng bng chm cn 900 lau chi sch cc chn cm ca card mn hnh ri
kh. Trong qu trnh tho lp khng nn chm tay vo vo cc chn ni c m vng
(trng) .
- i vi loi card mn hnh c cm RAM. Ta nhc b RAM ra khi card ri ly
chi lng qut sch cc bi bn trong , k c chn RAM. Ri cm tr li, m bo
c cm chc chn.
- i vi card manh hnh c b phn qut tn nhit (Card c dung lng ln) ta cn
phi v sinh qut bng cch dng chi lng, bnh xt kh lm sch cc bi bn bm trn
qut. Tra m bi trn vo trc qut.
(i vi card sound, card my in... ta u tin hnh tng t)
1.4.2.3. Bo dng qut b x l trung tm
Vi b x l cm:
Qut b x l trung tm
B khung nh v
khi tn nhit
Kho
Khi tn nhit
Ly
B x l trung tm
cm
tho khi tn nhit ra ta cn gt 2 kho, bt ln lt 4 ly 4 gc khung nh v

khi tn nhit ra. Nhc c khi tn nhit ra khi b mt b x l.
Mt s loi bo mch v trc, khi tn nhit c nh v bi 1 ai mc vo 2 mu
trn cm b x l. Dng tay, km nhn hoc t vt dt nhn ai gi khi tn
nhit xung. Nhc khi tn nhit ra khi b mt b x l.
- Dng t vt 4 cnh tho ln lt 4 vt nh v qut trn khi tn nhit.
- Dng chi lng v bnh xt lau sch bi bn bm trn cnh qut.
- Dng m bi trn tra vo trc qut.
23
Vi b x l s dng khe cm:

Trc qut
Ly gi khi
tn nhit
Qut b x l
trung tm
Chn cm
- Gt 2 ai gi khi tn nhit vi b x l. Tho ri khi tn nhit ra khi b x l.

- Tho qut ra khi khi tn nhit.
- Dng chi lng v bnh xt lau sch bi bn bm trn cnh qut.
- Dng m bi trn tra vo trc qut.
1.4.2.4. Bo dng bo mch ch
- S dng T vt loi 4 cnh tho ln lt cc vt c bt trn bo mch vi sn
my (g b cc cht nha nu c).
- Bo mch ch c tho ra v t trn b mt phng v mm, khng dn in, s
dng chi lng nh nhng qut sch kt hp vi my ht bi ht sch cc bi bn bm
trn b mt bng mch v mch in.
- S dng dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng qut ln b mt ca bng mch v
bng mch v mch in.
Ch : sau khi qut dung dch BUTIN pha vi nha thng ln bng mch v mch
in phi m bo tht kh mi lp vo my.
24
1.4.2.5. Bo dng a mm, CD-ROM
a CD-ROM
a mm
S dng a lau u t bo dng thng xuyn cho thit b ny. Ngoi ra ta c

th tho cc b phn a ra, lm nh vy khng nhng ta c th lau c u t m
cn c th bi trn mt s c ch trong a, lm sch cc u ni.
Ch : Khi thuc c th gy ra hin tng n mn trn mt s b phn ca my tnh,
c bit l i vi mt s b phn nhy cm nh u c ca a mm, cc thu knh
trong cc a quang. Do ta nn trnh ht thuc l gn cc thit b ny.
-Ta nn dui thng v lm sch cc u ni ca cp tn hiu mm, cng, CDROM...
25
1.4.2.6. Bo dng chut v bn phm

Bn phm:
- Khi bn phm c hin tng chp chn, kt phm th l lc bn phm cn c
lm sch.
- S dng vi mm hoc bn chi nh c tm dung dch cht ty sch Sumo lau

sch b mt v quanh phm.
- S dng t vt 4 cnh tho b cc vt mt sau bn phm.
- Nhc mt bn phm ln.
- Tho ri tng phm, dng bn chi lng v bnh xt kh lau chi vng tip xc
gia phm v bn mch.
Chut:
- Khi chut c hin tng dch chuyn khng theo mun cng l lc chut cn
c bo dng.
Bi cao su
Trc ln
Trc ln
- Xoay ming nha hnh vnh khn y con chut theo chiu mi tn.
- Tho qu bi cao su ra, s dng vi mm lau sch bi cao su.
26
- S dng bng hoc vi mm lau sch b mt cc trc ln bn trong ca chut.

- S dng vi mm hoc bn chi nh c tm dung dch cht ty sch Sumo lau
sch mt ngoi ca chut.
hn ch li do chut gy ra, ta nn bo dng chut thng xuyn hn v vic
dng bn di chut cng l mt bin php tng kh nng chng nhim bn ca chut.
1.4.2.7. Bo dng v my
- Khi cc linh kin c tho ri ht ra khi khung my cng l lc ta tin hnh
bo dng v my.
- S dng chi lng qut nh kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm trong
khung my.
- Dng vi m lau sch li bn trong.
- S dng vi mm hoc ming xp mm c tm dung dch ty vt bn (nh
Sumo, hoc kem Canna...) lau nh nhiu ln ln b mt ngoi ca v my. Sau dng
vi mm sch lau sch.
1.4.2.8. V sinh v mn hnh
- Ngt ngun in cp cho mn hnh.
- S dng chi lng qut nh kt hp my ht bi lm sch cc lp bi bm mt
trn ca mn hnh, trnh bi ri vo trong.
- Dng vi m lau sch mt knh ca mn hnh.
- S dng vi mm hoc ming xp mm c tm dung dch ty vt bn (nh
Sumo, hoc kem Canna...) lau nh nhiu ln ln b mt ngoi ca v mn hnh. Sau
dng vi mm sch lau sch.
1.4.3. Tin hnh lp rp v hiu chnh
Sau khi bo dng cc thit b xong, cng vic by gi l phi lp rp li chng
thnh mt PC hot ng.
1.4.3.1. Lp t b vi x l ln bo mch ch
- i vi CPU cm: Tm chn s 1 trn CPU; n thng nm mt gc ca
CPU v c nh du bng mt chm nh. Tip theo tm chn s 1 tng ng trn
cm ZIP trn bo mch ch; n cng thng c nh du ngay trn bo mch ch
hoc mt gc ca cm c un cong. t CPU vo cm bng cch nng ai
bo v thng ng ln, sau t tng ng cc chn ca CPU vi cc chn cm
ri nh nhng nhn xung. Nu qu trnh nhn xung thy cht tay phi dng ngay v
27
kim tra cc chn CPU xem chn no b cong th dng km nh ko thng. Khi CPU
c t vo , nhn ai bo v vo ng v tr nhm nh v CPU.
Tip theo l lp b tn nhit: i vi dng my t Pentium III tr v trc th b
tn nhit c c nh bi mt ai c nu hai u vo hai mu trn cm, trc
tin ta phi t mt u (thng l u nh) mc vo mu trn cm, dng tay hoc
km nh y u cn li mc vo mu i din.
Ring i vi dng my Pentium IV hin nay, b tn nhit kh ln, do thit k
lp t cng khc, c khi tn nhit c chp bi mt b khung, ta m 2 kho trn
b mt khi tn nhit ra nhm ni lng khung vi khi tn nhit. T t a c khi
chp ln b vi x l. Khi no c 4 cht trn khung tn nhit khp vo khung trn bo
mch ch th ta ng 2 kho nh v khi tn nhit li.
- i vi CPU s dng khe cm: Trc ht nh v hai gi vo hai bn ca khe
cm. y cht qua l vt trn gi v bo mch ch cho n khi vo ng v tr (khi
nghe thy ting tch). t cc chn gi cht qua l nh v v tr. Sau y b vi
x l ( lp tn nhit, qut) trt trn gi cho n khi vo ng khe cm trn bo
mch ch. Cht ca b vi x l s t kho khi b vi x l c t vo ng ch.
1.4.3.2. Lp RAM
Tu tng loi RAM m c nhng phng php lp khc nhau. Thng thng lp
cc thanh RAM vo cc khe cm hoc bank nh c nh s thp nht.
- i vi SIMM ta phi lp hoc l 2 thanh hoc l 4 thanh. Vic lp 2 thanh th
yu cu 2 thanh phi trong cng mt khi nh v c dung lng bng nhau. Khi
tho lp phi theo th t vo trc ra sau, gi nging thanh RAM t vo khe cm ri
y vo khi no thanh RAM c kho 2 u l c.
- i vi DIMM v 1 khi nh cn 1 DIMM do khng nht thit phi lp 2
thanh. Trc khi lp phi m kho hai u khe cm ra ri n nh thanh RAM xung.
Khi no kho bp vo cc khc trn thanh RAM l c. Nu khng thy thanh RAM
trt vo khe cm th chc chn l do ta cm sai hng. Vic n qu mnh c th lm
gy thanh RAM hoc v khe cm. Nu kp gi ca khe cm b v, thanh RAM khng
th nm chc chn c trong khe cm do khi hot ng d gy li do tip xc
chp chn.
1.4.3.3. Lp bo mch ch vo khung my
Trc khi lp bo mch ch cn xem trn bo mch ch c nhng v tr no c th
bt vt c, t ta i lp cc nha (khi trn l khng c vng m) hoc kim
loi (khi trn l c vng m) ln khung my tng ng vi cc v tr xc nh.
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t bo mch ch xung khung my ri y n trt i nh cc v khe cm trn

khung my sao cho khp vo khung my. Tc l phi khp cc cng trn bo mch ch
vi tm bo v I/O trn khung my. Khi t bo mch ch vo v tr ph hp, cc l vt
trn bo mch ch s thng hng vi cc l vt trn khung my.
Dng t vt 4 cnh c t tnh ln lt bt cc vt vo ng v tr bt sau
xit cht ln lt cc vt nhm nh v bo mch ch.
1.4.3.4. Lp a cng, a mm, a CD
Theo v tr c nh sn xut xc nh sn trn khung my t ta tin hnh lp
t a sao cho ph hp. La theo chiu thun ta t a vo v tr, khi vo ng v
tr, cc l vt trn a s thng hng vi l trn khung my. Dng t vt 4 cnh bt cc
vt hai bn , m bo c xit cht vo khung my.
1.4.3.5. Lp khi ngun
a khi ngun ph hp vo v tr xc nh sn. Dng t vt 4 cnh bt 4 vt nhm
nh v khi ngun vo khung my. Sau ln lt xit cht 4 vt, m bo khi
ngun c c nh ln khung my.
i vi bo mch v khung my s dng ngun AT. Ta cn phi cm 4 chn vo
cng tc ngun. Cn phi ch mu dy cm cho ng: Theo chiu cng tc th
dy mu xanh u vi dy mu nu, dy mu en u vi dy mu trng.
Sau khi lp t xong khi ngun. Ta tin hnh ni ngun cung cp ti: bo mch
ch, qut CPU, cng, mm, CD..
Ring vi dng Pentium IV, ngoi dy ngun ATX (20chn) cho bo mch ch cn
c mt dy ngun ATX_12V (4chn) cng c ni xung bo mch ch.
1.4.3.6. Ni cp I/O v cc cp khc vo bo mch ch
- Ni cp gia mm v u ni iu khin mm 34 chn trn bo mch ch.
- Ni cp IDE gia cng, CD-ROM vi u ni IDE (master, slaver) 40 chn
trn bo mch ch. Thng thng ta dng u ni IDE chnh cho cng v IDE ph
cho CD-ROM hoc nhng thit b khc.
- Ni cc dy n LED ( cng, ngun, loa trong, nt RESET, nt Power v nt
TURBO trn mt s h thng) t khung my vo v tr tng ng trn bo mch ch
(nu khng th phi xem sch hng dn ni cho ng).
- i vi bo mch ch dng Pentium IV. Ta cn phi ni cc dy cho cng USB t
khung my ln bo mch ch.
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1.4.3.7. Lp t cc card m rng bus

Hu ht cc h thng u s dng card m rng cho cc card mn hnh, card m
thanh, card mng... Nhng card ny c cm vo cc khe cm m rng trn bo mch
ch.
Gi cc cnh ca card cn thn, y vo khe cm, trnh chm vo cc chip v
mch. t y card vo khe cm ph hp, n nh nhng t nh card, cho n khi card
vo ng v tr. Dng vt 4 cnh xit cht gi card ln khung my.
Ni dy audio t card m thanh ti CD-ROM.
1.4.4. Dng trnh tin ch ti u ho h thng
1.4.4.1. Trnh tin ch Ace-Utilities
Ace Utilities l mt phn mm c tp hp hn 15 cng c bo v, ti u ho h
thng, vi n, chng ta c th chy HH nhanh hn rt nhiu.Chng trnh c th
thc hin vic ti u ho h thng my tnh, xo b i nhng File khng cn n v
nhng file rc trong trnh duyt Internet. Ace Utilities c th tm v xo nhng dng
lnh khng cn n trong Registry, nhng ng dng v Internet history, qun l
cookies v hn th na, vi tin ch qun l nhng file t ng khi ng vi
Windows cho php ta c th d dng Disable hay Enable chng...Tm li, vi Ace
Utilities, ta c th hon ton yn tm vi HH Windows ca mnh...
Hnh 1: Giao din ca Ace Utilities

Ace Utilities c th lm vic c vi nhng phin ca nhng H iu hnh sau:
Windows 98, Me, 2000, XP v Windows NT 4.0
30
Cu hnh ti thiu
+ Ch ho 800x600 vi 16bit mu
+ 5Mb a cng cn trng
+ B x l Intel Pentium hoc AMD K5 133Mhz
+ 32 Mb RAM
Cu hnh ngh
+ Ch ho 1024x768 vi 16,7 triu mu
+ Hn 10Mb a cng cn trng
+ B x l Intel Pentium 3/4 hoc althon 500Mhz
+ 128 Mb RAM
CC TIN CH CA ACE-UTILITIES
Ace Utilities c giao din thn thin, d s dng cho ngi s dng. Cc tin ch
c thit k thnh nhng thanh Tab ngay trn mn hnh chnh ca chng trnh,
ngoi ra cn c cc Icon nm trn thanh Popup Menu tin cu hnh cho chng trnh.
1. Remove Unneeded Files

Windows cng nh hu ht cc ng dng khc khi chy u to ra cc file tm thi
lm vic, nhng c mt iu bt tin l nhng ng dng li khng t xo chng
sau khi lm vic xong. V vy m c th h thng s chy chm hn rt nhiu do
nhng file rc ny, trc y, thng phi lm cng vic xo chng bng cch tm
n th mc cha chng. Chnh v vy, Ace Utilities cung cp cho chng ta tin ch
ny nhm mc ch tm v xo tt c cc file .
Trn mn hnh chnh ca Ace utilities, click chut vo tab Remove Unneeded Files
bn tri , sau click vo nt Scan. Ace Utilities s t ng qut trn a cng v hin
th danh sch ca tt c nhng file chng tm c. Cng vic ca chng ta l ch vic
nhn nt Delete all trn ca s x xung ca tab Remove Unneeded Files.
2. Clean System Registry
Registry chnh l c s d liu ca Windows, l ni c dng lu tr d liu,
trong qu trnh ci dt v xo b cc chng trnh ng dng, Registry s sinh ra nhng
d liu b hng, hoc khng lm g c, nhng d liu hng ny cng lm cho my
tnh chy chm li, khng th xo c chng nu nh khng hiu su v Registry.
Ace utilities s lm thay ta vic ny mt cch nhanh chng v c hiu qu bng tin
31
ch Clean System Registry, n s t ng tm nhng d liu hng trn ton b Registry

v hin th ton b chng ln danh sch trn ca s Ace utilities.
Cch s dng:
Hy click vo Tab Clean System Registry, sau nhn nt Scan, i mt cht
trong khi Ace Utilities thc hin vic tm kim, sau nhn vo nt Remove All
xo b chng.
Trc khi qut, ta c th to ra mt bn Backup (bn lu) cho Registry phng
trng hp c th phi dng li dng li bng cch click vo Menu Regclean->
Backup whole registry->Run ntbackup->Backup wizard, sau lm theo hng dn
ca chng trnh backup.
3. Erase Your History
Tin ch ny c th xo ht nhng file link trong history, cookies, cache, cc file
tm trn Internet...
Cch s dng:
Click vo cng c Erase Your History nh du i tng bn phi mn hnh,
click Start.
Sau y l cng dng ca cc la chn:
- Excute Privacy Plug-ins
Hu ht nhng ng dng nh Winzip, Windows Media Player, Paint,
Acdsee...u lu li nhng ti liu c m trc (Picture, movie...)
Ace c th xo c 88 ti liu khc nhau trong History nu nh du vo la chn
ny.
- Delete recently opened Document history
Bt c khi no c mt file c m th mt li tt (Shortcut) s c hnh thnh
nh v n v tr ca file trn cng cho ngi s dng d dng truy cp chng
ln sau, nhng lin kt ny s c lu vo mt th mc c tn l Document trong
Menu Start ca Windows. Nu mun xo chng, ch vic nh du vo la chn ny.
- Delete open/save dialog history
Khi ta m hoc ghi li mt ti liu no , thng tin v ti liu s c ct
gi vo trong Registry ca windows, iu ny cng lm cho h thng c th chy
chm i. Hy check vo la chn ny xo nhng thng tin t registry.
- Delete all files in the Temporary Internet Files folder
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Temporary Internet File l ni c lu gi nhng trang Web v cc file

Internet sau khi truy cp Internet, thng l nhng file ny c kch thc nh nhng
chng li c rt nhiu. V vy, hy nh du vo la chn ny nu nh khng cn s
dng n chng na.
- Delete Cookies in the Temporary Internet Files folder
La chn ny cho php xo i nhng Cookies (mt vi website s lu gi thng
tin v chng trong mt file vn bn (Text file) chng c gi l cookies) nm
trn a cng ca my tnh. Trong cookies c th lu gi nhng thng tin c nhn,
hoc c th l mt trang Web ving thm, tm li kookies ging nh mt li tt dn
ta n thm trang web vo ln sau mt cch nhanh chng hn.
- Clear IE browser history
a ch ca nhng trang web nhp vo thnh a ch trn Internet Explorer
gi l IE Browser history, nhng a ch ny s c IE lu li theo tng ngy, chng
c th d dng bit c hm trc mnh thm nhng website no bng tin ch
ny. Khi no khng cn n chng na, hy nh du vo la chn ny.
- Clear IE typed URLs
L ni nhng a ch website c nhp trn thanh Address Bar. Ta c th xo
chng bng la chn ny.
- Delete all Auto-complete data of Internet Explorer
Mt tin ch nh cho chng ta khi lt web, khi cn tm mt trang web no ,
chng ta thng nhp tn ca trang web vo hp text box tm kim, nhng sau
li qun mt a ch ca website , mun tm li? gim bt thi gian, IE cho php
chng ta ch cn nhp 1 t u tin ln Textbox tm kim , mt danh sch nhng
cm t c t u tin nhp c hin ra, cng vic ca chng ta l ch vic la chn
tn website mun tm kim. Auto-complete data of Internet Explorer chnh l ni ct
gi chng.
- Delete locked URL cache file (index files)
File Index.dat l ni lu gi nhng thng tin ca tt c cc Website ving
thm, Cookies v cc file c download, nu cha bao gi xo file Index.dat ny
th tt c nhng cuc truy cp Internet u c lu gi y. iu c bit nu nh
gp n, chng ta cng khng th xo c file ny bi windows kho n. Do vy
ch c cch duy nht xo n ra khi a cng ca chng ta l bng phn mm
Ace Utilities.
- Empty Clipboard (paste data)
33
Cliboard mt tin ch ca Windows, n cho php cha cc on ti liu, hnh

nh khi s dng Copy, cut trong cc ti liu. nh du vo la chn ny xo i
nhng d liu c trong n.
- Erase Start > Run history
Khi chy lnh Run t Menu Start ca Windows th nhng ng dng chy trc
s lu gi li tin cho vic ln sau chy li n, nu mun xo chng, ta ch cn
nh du vo la chn ny.
- Erase Start > Find Files history
Cng ging nh lnh Run, khi tm mt file, folder hay mt on vn bn no
, ng dng Search ca Windows cng lu gi li nhng t kho cn tm (chng
hn nh *.txt, *.mp3...), ln sau mun tm li th chng ta c th truy nhp nhanh
hn dng ch ta mun tm.
- Erase Start > Find Computer history
nh du vo la chn ny xo i History trong hp thoi Find Computer.
Nu s dng la chn ny, chng ta s phi khi ng li my tnh.
- Erase Folder streams in the Windows Registry
Mi khi m mt File Folder th Windows s t ng to ra mt on m lnh
trong Registry. nh du la chn ny xo chng.
- Erase start menu click history
Start Menu ca Windows thng nh ngy v gi mi khi c mt ng dng no
c m vo trong mt c s d liu c m ho, la chn ny s gii m c s
d liu v tm nhng dng lnh b li v xo chng ra khi h thng.
- Erase IE favorites menu order history
La chn ny cho php xo nhng lin kt n cc Website trn Internet c
lu tr trong Favourist ca Internet Explorer.
- Erase Outlook Express's deleted mails.
Xo b nhng th in t (Email) trong outlook express.
- Empty the Windows XP Prefetch folder
Prefetch l mt tin ch mi v l mt cng ngh rt hu ch ca Windows XP.
Tuy nhin, sau khi s dng Windows XP mt vi ln, th mc Prefetch s y nhng
file v nhng link (lin kt) rc v chng s lm chm h iu hnh. Chng ta c th
xo sch nhng file ny ly li ti nguyn cho h thng. Tt c nhng file cn thit
cho Windows s c n ti to li.
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4. AutoStart program
Tin ch ny cho php qun l tt c nhng ng dng t ng chy khi khi ng
Windows, nhng chng trnh ny s chim mt phn ti nguyn h thng my tnh v
lm cho my chy chm hn. Tin ch ny c th qun l nhng ng dng chy trong
Registry, Startup Folder v trong file Win.ini.
C th loi b chng ra khi danh sch t ng chy khi khi ng Windows bng
cch b du ng dng . Nhng Shortcut (li tt) ca nhng ng dng s c di
chuyn ti mt v tr khc ch khi chng ta c th nh du cho chng chy t ng
tr li.
Cch s dng:
Click vo Tab Autostart Program, khi mt danh sch nhng shortcut s hin th
trn mn hnh chnh ca Ace Utilities, b du cc ng dng khng mun n chy khi
khi ng Windows v Click vo nt Update/Apply.
5. Fix Invalid Shortcut
Nhiu khi, chng ta cn sp xp li cc th mc trn cng ca mnh. V v tnh,
lm sai lch nhng shortcut trc c to. Nhng Shortcut c gi l
Invalid Shortcut (li tt sai). Ace Utilities s t ng tm trn a cng nhng
shortcut v sa cha li chng bng cch thay i ng dn ca nhng shortcut
n ng th mc c cha file to ra shortcut .
Cch s dng:
Click vo Tab Scan bn phi ca s chnh, chng trnh s t ng qut trn ton
b a cng tm nhng file shortcut b hng v hin th chng bn phi ca ca s
chnh. Sau , click vo Tab Fix All sa cha li cho ng. Hoc c th click vo
Tab Delete Selected xo i nhng shortcut c la chn.
6. Duplicate File Finder (Nhng File c trng tn)
iu ny thng xuyn xy ra trong khi ang Copy, ci t ng dng ln a cng.
N s lm lng ph dung lng a cng v lm chm tc ca h iu hnh. Mc
ch ca tin ch ny l tm v xo bt i nhng File trng tn.
Click vo Tab Scan bn tri mn hnh, chng trnh s t ng tm ton b a
cng nhng File trng tn v hin th chng bn tri ca s Ace Utilities, nh du vo
File cn xo v Click
7. Uninstall Plus
35
Tin ch ny cho php g b nhng ng dng c ci t trn my tnh nhanh

chng v d s dng. N ging nh tin ch Add/remove trong Control Panel ca
Windows.
i khi, c nhng ng dng khng th g b chng bng Add/remove trong
Control Panel ca Windows c, bi v hoc l chng b sai ng dn, hoc b xo
mt trn my tnh...Uninstall ca Ace Utilities c th lm c vic , n t d tm
tt c nhng File cn thit trn a cng v t ng xo b chng.
THIT LP CC THNG S CU HNH CHO ACE UTILITIES
1. Option
Tab ny cho php chn a cng mun qut tm v xo nhng File rc, File
trng tn v nhng ng dn (Shortcut) b hng...
2. Unneeded Files
36
Chng ta c th t set nhng ui c phn m rng mun qut v xo b khi s

dng tin ch Remove Unneeded Files (chng hn mun chng trnh s qut File c
phn m rng l *.inf th nhn vo nt Add v nhp vo textbox Filename Ends with
l *.inf)
3. Exclude
Cng dng ca Tab ny cho php thm nhng Folder mun chng trnh s b qua
n bt k c hay khng c nhng File rc v nhng File trng tn.
4. Regclean
Chng ta c th Undo li nhng file .reg xo trc bng cch s dng tab
ny, click vo File *.reg hin th trn danh sch v nhn Undo.
37
5. Duplicates
C th thm, bt nhng phn m rng ca File mun chng trnh s qut khi s
dng tin ch Duplicate bng cch nhn Add hoc b la chn trn danh sch cc ui
m rng.
1.4.4.2. Chy cng c Defragmenter trong Windows
Trong qu trnh s dng, vic ghi v xo file lm a b phn mnh, c ngha cc
file b phn mnh thnh cc mnh nh v ghi ri rc trn nhiu vng khc nhau thay v
ghi trn mt vng lin tc. Mt trong nhng bin php bo v a cng tt nht l loi
b phn mnh.
- Mt l do khi d liu mt file c lu tr lin tc s gim thiu s dch chuyn
ca u t qua hn ch s bo mn v hng hc ca a. ng thi khi cc file
khng b phn mnh, tc truy xut a tng ln ng k do gim s nng ln h
xung ca u t.
- Hai l d liu d ng c khi phc nu chng may gp s c vi bng FAT v
th mc gc. Ni cch khc, khi d liu ca file b phn thnh cc mnh nh th ta kh
c th xc nh d liu thuc file no khi khng cn cc thng tin ca bng FAT v th
mc gc.
- Defragmenter c cc chc nng sau:
1. Loi b phn mnh file
2. ng gi file
3. Sp xp li cc file
38
Trc khi chy cng c loi b phn mnh, ta nn chy chng trnh sa cha a
nh Scandisk hay NDD ngay c khi khng gp mt vn g vi a. Lm nh vy
m bo a vn hot ng v sn sng thc hin khi chy Defragmenter.
Chy Defragmenter nh sau:
Star/ Programs/ Accessories/ System tools/ Disk Defragmenter
La chon a cn Defragmenter (v d chn a C:\)
39
Sau nhn nt
V ch i cho n khi Defragmenter chy xong l xong!

1.4.5. Yu cu k thut cn t c sau khi bo dng.
1.4.5.1. Khi h thng
Ton khi sch s. Khi bt my n hin th bo ngun trn mt trc ca my tnh
phi sng, qut ngun v qut lm mt vi x l phi quay m v u.. My hot ng
bnh thng.
1.4.5.2. H iu hnh, phn mm ng dng
My sau khi tin hnh bo dng, yu cu h iu hnh v cc phn mm ng
dng chy bnh thng.
40
Pht hin, thay th cc b phn h hng
CHNG 2. PHT HIN, THAY TH CC B PHN H HNG

TRONG KHI H THNG MY TNH
2.1. PHT HIN CC B PHN HNG HNG
2.1.1. Lu x l li ngun
1
Ng u n
ho t
n g ?
C M N
H
NH KH I
NG
KH NG?
KH NG
kh n g
kh n g
IN P
NGU N
C P T T?
S DNG
CM KH C
n g
L U X
3
L L I CARD
t KH I
NG LN
2
sa i
MN H
NH
sa i
NGHE TH Y
NHNG
TING BP?
sa i
L I TN HIU
POWER_OK. TH
L I V I NGU N
KH C
n g
CH N L I IN
P NG CHO
NGU N
4
XEM L U X
BO M C H C H
THITL P
NG?
L L I BO M CH
sa i
THITL P
NG IN
P V O?
n g
n g
M I LP T
THEM PHN
C NG?
C NG TC
NGU N B
L I?
5
KIM TRA L I CHN
CM CHO C C
GIC CM N I T I
BO M CH CH
CH
n g
sa i
sa i
n g
G B C C
PHN CNG
LP TR C ,
KIM TRA, THAY
THKH I
NGU N
THAY THC C
CHUYN M CH,
C NG TC NGU N
n g
M T A
C QUAY
KH NG?
NGU N CUNG CP
BNGN M CH DO
LP R P BO M CH
CH BLCH L C
DN N CM CARD
MN HNH BVNH,
KH NG CHT. h Y
KIM TRA LP R P
L I CHO CHUN
6
n g
NGU N C P
C HO BO M C H
C H C B
C H M M THAY
KH NG?
sa i
L I GIAO TIP GIA

C ARD V KHE C M
TRN BO M C H
C H
n g
sa i
7
THAY TH KH I NGU N
GIC N I
NGU N V BO
M C H C H
C M NG?
sa i
CM L I C C GIC
N I NGU N CHO
BO M CH CH
KH NG
M T A C
QUAY V I GIC
NGU N KH C ?
n g
sa i
TH A V I
M Y KH C
GI C C M
HOC DY
CP NGU N
H NG
G B C C THNH
PHN NGO I TR CARD
MN H
NH. X L XUNG
T NU C
41
1- Khi ngun quay, ta c th nghe thy ting qut quay, ting motor quay, v nhn
thy n trn bng n ca case, nghe thy ting bp.
2- Trong trng hp ngun khng quay, vic u tin phi ngh n l cp
ngun in cho ngun cha? v phi la chn in p cho ngun cho ng
(110V/220V). Nu ta thit lp in p cho ngun l 220V trong khi h thng ng
in ca ta l 110V, khi my khng th hot ng c v ngc li, nu ta thit
lp in p ngun 110V trong khi in cung cp l 220V th ngun s hng ngun v
cc thnh phn khc.
3- Tnh trng my t khi ng li, iu chng t tn hiu Power_ok qu nhanh.
4- Trong qu trnh bo dng, tho lp, c th thay i cc jump, switch, cc
cp tn hiu.... Cn tm ti liu i km theo bo mch ch thit lp li cho ng.
5- Kim tra li cc gic ni ngun ti bo mch ch xem chc chn cha? dng
ng h vn nng KIORISU T119 kim tra xem in p trn cc u ra ng quy nh
khng.
6- C th bo mch ch b tip xc vi v my dn n tnh trng chp mt, cn
kim tra li cc vt xem c lp tha khng? kim tra xem bo mch ch c lch,
vnh khng? lp li card mn hnh.
7- Khi thay th b ngun mi nn thay loi c cng cng sut hoc c cng sut
ln hn, khng c thay loi c cng sut thp hn b ngun b hng, v nh vy b
ngun c kh nng b qu ti khin cho cc in p ti u ra ca ngun khng n
nh, my tnh hay b chp chn.
42
2.1.2. Lu x l li card mn hnh

Kh ng
c tn hiu g
tr n m n h
nh
ha y kh ng ?
c hc c o n
tr nh p n h y
tr n m n h
nh?
1
C H A
R I
C P ng u n
m n h
nh ?
Sa i
Sa i
C c nm iu
khin a n g v
tr g ia ?
n g
Sa i
mn h
nh hin
thc h"NO
SIGNAL"?
n g
Kim tra ng u n
in c ho mn hnh
Sa i
Ng he th y m t
c hu i c c
ting bp?
n g
ng
iu c h
nh s ng v
t ng ph n
n g
n g
C a r d mn h
nh
c m ng ?
Sa i
3
C hc c hn
c p tn hiu
n i t t ?
Sa i
ng
Ra m c m c h a
t t?
Kim tra l i RAM

trn ma inbo a rd
Sa i
Cm l i c a rd
mn h
nh
C p tn hiu mn
h
nh h n g , c c
c hn tn hiu bl i
ng
Cm l i c p
tn hiu c ho
t t
n g
Sa i
Sa l i c p tn
hiu
KH NG
C c a r d n o kh c
a n g c m tr n
ma in bo a r d ?
Sa i
c ARD mn hnh
ho t ng l i
Kt q u t t
V n kh n g c
Th c a r d m n
h
n h kh c
Th l i c a rd
c v i h
th ng kh c
tr c khi
q uyt nh
vt b
Th l i c a r d mn
h
nh n y sa u khi
g b c c c a r d
kh c
Mn h
nh d ng
l i phn
th ng b o c a
BIOS?
T t
V n kh ng c
Xem l u x l
l i mainbo ard,
CPU ho c RAM
xem l u X l
l i xung t
phn c ng
1- Kim tra xem cm dy ngun cho mn hnh cha? in p cp c m bo tt

khng?
2- Kim tra xem cc nm iu chnh trn mn hnh, hy chnh v mc bnh thng,
v c th mn hnh ang c chnh qu ti.
3- Kim tra xem cp tn hiu bt cht vo mn hnh v card mn hnh cha?
4-Card mn hnh c ci cm chc chn cha? Card mn hnh bt vt c
nh cha?
43
5- C th RAM lp cha chc chn, cn lp li RAM sao cho 2 mu khp vo v

c nh c RAM. Nu khe cm khng chc chn, hy cm RAM sang khe cm
khc.
6- Dng thit b kim tra tn hiu cp tn hiu xem cp c b t khng, kim tra
u cp tn hiu xem c b gy khng?
7- Khi thay th card mn hnh, cn ch chng loi sao cho ph hp vi bo mch
ch (c bit l chng li card cm khe AGP), bn cnh cn phi c trnh iu
khin (driver) cho card mn hnh.
2.1.3. Lu x l li thit b IDE
a c
d n g k
tr o n g bio s?
ch a
sa i
c thit l p
l ma ster /
sl a v e?
r i
l a
c r ho c
dv d?
n g
xem l u
n g
x l l i
a c d\ dvd
sa i
thit l p
d y c p
c h n ?
c c d y
c p c
l p l
c n m i?
n g
sa i
a l c
n h n l c
kh n g ?
n g
c h n ma ster/
sla ve ho c c s.
c s yu c u c p
80 c hn ho c
c p 40 c hn
kiu, t c
c hn h x c
kh n g ?
di c p
c c h n
c h t?
a n g d t
m
kim a ?
n g
sa i
c
th l i v i c p
kh c v th kim
tra a trn
m t m y kh c
tr c khi vt b
KH NG
l p c p vo khe
sa o c ho c ht (c h
c hn 1 sao c ho
ng )
Thay c p IDE. nu
bio s kh ng nhn
din c
a,thc th l
a bl i
ho c m c h iu
khin bo m c h
c h kh ng
t ng thc h
n g
kh n g
n h n
thay c p nu
c ng hi ng
n g
sa i
sa i
t c h a ring
sang khe c m
prima ry. Nu fdisk
vn kh ng nh
n
thy a thmbr
c th bph h ng
b i virus
c h y f d isk
c n h
n th y
a
kh n g ?
i dy c p
ng u n, th
t c h ring
a sang c p
ide, kitra
ng u n iu
khin
kh n g
c c l o i a
m i yu c u
lo i c p 80
c hn. kim tra
c h tro ng
c mo s
XEM L U
X L L I CA

A CNG
44
1- Thit lp ch/ t cho a bng cch thay i v tr gim trn a (xem trn b
mt a bit v tr thit lp cho ng). Tuy thuc chng loi m yu cu loi cp
40 chn hay 80 chn
2- Lp cp vo khe cng cn ch sao cho lp ng, i vi loi cp c nh v (c
mu nha nh gia cp) th vic lp rp la n gin. Tuy nhin mt s loi cp c
thng khng c, do khi lp cn phi ch n v tr chn s 1 trn cp lp cho
chnh xc.
45
2.1.4. Lu x l li a cng
1
kh i ng h
iu hn h
tr n a ?
kh n g
Sa i
th t kh i
ng c mo s
c n g ha y
kh n g ?
n g
THITL P A
C NG KH I NG
U TIN HOC G
B C C A
KH C
3
Sa i
c bo o t
c t c d
ha y kh ng ?
XEM L U X
kh n g
L L I
A ide
KH NG
C HTH NG
SAO L U D
PH NG?
ng
A C TH
C C
SAU KHI KH I
NG t C D?
Th i g ian s dng c a
u t q u l u, h y
sa o l u d l iu tr c
khi tha y th a
4
B TV TT
THEO C HU
KY?
Sa i
n g
L I D LIU
KIM TRA VIRUS.

THAY C P IDE,
T NG THM DUNG
L NG TR NG,
THAY TH A
NU L I C N
XUT HIN
CH A R NGUYN
NHN, HAY XEM
L U CHUN
O N KH C
6
n g
R I
n g
n g
Sa i
TH L I B NG VIC
KH I PHC L I H
IU HNH HOC
CI L I. nU THY
L I THXO PHN
KHU B NG FDISK
(S MT D LIU)
NU D LIU L
NGUY CP, TH
CH Y PHN MM
SA A V QUT
VIRUS HOC EM
N N I C KH
N NG PHC H I
L I D LIU
ng
KIM TRA CMOS

V NGU N CP,
TH KIM TRA
TRN M Y KH C
H IU HNH BL I,
ho c BVIRUS. SAO
L U L I D LIU. TH
L I V I PHN MM
DIT VIRUS V SA
L I H IU HNH
KH I NG
C H M, N?
Sa i
A
C H Y LU N
LUON C
TING KU
C H Y SC AN
DIC K V C H Y
DEFRAG MENTER?
A C N
TR NG
C 20%?
Sa i
C H A
XO B B T D
LIU THA T O
DUNG L NG
TR NG HOC LP
THM A M I
Sa i
NG T C C C NG
DNG L I, CHAY SCAN DISK
V DEFRAHMENTER. SAU
KH I NG L I M Y
CH A X C NH R , HAY
THAM KH O L U
CHUN O N KH C
1- Khi bt my, thy mn hnh hin th qu trnh np h iu hnh khng?

2- Xem trong CMOS xem c thit lp khi ng my tnh t a cng khng?
nu khng hy t li v u tin khi ng t a cng (HDD 0) trc.
3- Th dng mt a CD c cha cc file khi ng, ri thit lp trong CMOS cho
my khi ng t CD xem c c khng.
46
4- My ang chy t nhin bt v tt theo mt chu k no .

5- Khi my nghi ng nhim virus, ta nn chun b mt b a sch cha chng
trnh dit virus vi phin bn mi nht (nh McAffe, F-Prot..).
6- Qu trnh s dng v vn hnh my, yu cu ti thiu i vi Partition cha h
iu hnh l dung lng trng phi t 20% tr ln. Do nguyn nhn my chy
chm cng c th do thiu dung lng trng hoc cc file thi hnh b phn mnh qu
nhiu.
2.1.5. Lu x l li a CDRom
n g
kh n g
BIOS c
n h n r a
a kh n g ?
sa i
Kha y n g
a kh n g m
ra c ?
c c
c d
l iu ha y
kh n g ?
kh n g
x l THEO L U
C l n h
mt tr c
a ha y
kh n g ?
l i thit b
ide
c c hi c
a n h c ha y
kh n g ?
d ng kp g iy c m
vo l y a ra.
kh n g
a ph t
r a tin g
n , r un g ?
th o bmt a,
m ra v kim tra.
sau l p l i.
n g
a n g c a
c d ho c d v d
tr o n g ?
n g
g hi a b
l i?
n g
x l theo
tr ng h p
g hi a l i.
Sa i
Sa i
n g
kh n g
thay i tr
nh t
bo o t Cmo s,
th l i ny v i
m y kh c .
c h n a ph
h p v i a
v th l i.
nh b ng l i
a, kim tra xem
c bx c hay
kh ng .
Sa i
c kh i
n g m y t
cd c
kh n g ?
kh n g c
c th a
kh c ?
kim tra l i
c p audio t
t i so und
c a rd.
th o l p l i a c ho
c hun, kim tra l i
a lp (c h
vt g i a )
Sa i
n g
a c
t t?
kh n g
Sa i
q u n l
thit bc
v n ?
n y a n g
d n g c hun g
c p id e?
l i c h a r
ng uyn nhn,
h y th v i s
kh c .
n g
Sa i
XEM L U
X L
XUNG T
d ng ring m t c p
ide th ny.
thay c p ide, thay i

thit l p bio s. th
ny trn m y kh c .
47
2.1.6. Lu x l li bo mch ch, vi x l, b nh

mn h
nh c
hin th
kh n g ?
kh n g
KIM TRA
NGU N
c ha ?
ch a
XEM L U X
r i
n g
KIM TRA
C ARD M N
H
NH c ha ?
r i
L L I NGU N
ch a
TREO C NG
KHI HIN
LN NHNG
TH NG S ?
SAI
MN H
NH
KH I NG B
TREO C NG?
n g
XEM L U
X L L I
RAM
C LP?
c ha
ch a
ri
KHI VN
sa i
XEM L U X
HNH
L L I CARD
MN H
NH
LP RAM VO KHE
NH VCHC CHN
XEM L U X
c PU
C LP
c h a?
r i
QU TTRN KH I
T N NHITC
HO T NG
kh n g ?
kh n g
kh n g
kIM TRA NGU N IN

CP CHO QU T, THAY
QU T M I nu h ng
THITL P
MC NH
C HO BO
M C H C H?
sa i
KH I PHC L I c h
THIT LP Mc NH
CHO BO M CH
CH(c c jumper,
wsitc h)
L XUNG T
ch a
T CPU V T N NHIT
CHO CHC CHN
n GHE TH Y
NHNG
TING "BP"
n g
TTREO
C NG KHI
ANG C
RAM?
sa i
c
C MOS C
THITL P
MC NH?
n g
THAY RAM SAO

CHO PH H P
V I CHNG LO I
CHO PHP CA
BO M CH CH.
n g
sa i
N P L I CH
MC NH TRONG
CMOS
c
m y c b
c h m m t
kh n g ?
n g
TN NHIT
V N HO T
NG T T
sa i
kh n g
tip xc t i m t
s vtrv i v
m y bc hp
THAY T N NHIT
M I, T QU T
LM M T
c
L I CPU, KIM TRA

IN P, V THAY
TH T N NHIT
THAY c PU KH C
xem m y C
HO T NG
KH NG?
kh n g
BO M CH CH L I
48
2.1.7. Lu x l li khi vn hnh ca bo mch ch, vi x l, b nh.

mn h
nh c
hin th
kh n g ?
kh n g
1
KIM TRA
NGU N
c ha ?
ch a
r i
n g
2
XEM L U X
KIM TRA
C ARD M N
H
NH c ha ?
r i
L L I NGU N
SAI
MN H
NH
KH I NG B
TREO C NG?
ch a
TREO C NG
KHI HIN
LN NHNG
TH NG S ?
n g
XEM L U
X L L I
RAM
C LP?
c ha
ch a
ri
KHI VN
sa i
XEM L U X
HNH
L L I CARD
MN H
NH
LP RAM VO KHE
NH VCHC CHN
XEM L U X
c PU
C LP
c h a?
r i
QU TTRN KH I
T N NHITC
HO T NG
kh n g ?
kh n g
n GHE TH Y
NHNG
TING "BP"
kh n g
T CPU V T N NHIT
CHO CHC CHN
kIM TRA NGU N IN

CP CHO QU T, THAY
QU T M I nu h ng
L XUNG T
ch a
n g
TTREO
C NG KHI
ANG C
RAM?
sa i
c
C MOS C
THITL P
MC NH?
n g
5
THITL P
MC NH
C HO BO
M C H C H?
sa i
THAY RAM SAO

CHO PH H P
V I CHNG LO I
CHO PHP CA
BO M CH CH.
n g
sa i
6
KH I PHC L I c h
THIT LP Mc NH
CHO BO M CH
CH(c c jumper,
wsitc h)
N P L I CH
MC NH TRONG
CMOS
m y c b
c h m m t
kh n g ?
TN NHIT
V N HO T
NG T T
n g
sa i
kh n g
THAY T N NHIT
M I, T QU T
LM M T
7
tip xc t i m t
s vtrv i v
m y bc hp
THAY c PU KH C
xem m y C
HO T NG
KH NG?
kh n g
L I CPU, KIM TRA

IN P, V THAY
TH T N NHIT
BO M CH CH L I
1- Kim tra xem cp ngun cha? qut ngun c quay khng?

2- C chc chn card mn hnh hot ng tt khng?
49
3- My treo cng khi ang kim tra thit b, thng s, cu hnh...

4- My treo khi kim tra n RAM.
5- Thay Ram sao cho ng chng loi, bus... Hy xem sch i km vi bo mch
ch bit chnh xc.
6- Xem sch i km vi bo mch ch thit lp cho chnh xc.
7- S dng ng h vn nng KIORISU T119 kim tra. Tm v khc phc im
tip xc gia bo mch ch vi v my (xem c lp tha bt vt khng?)
50
2.1.8. Lu x l li card m thanh
TRONG H IU
H NH TH Y
C ARD SOUND?
kh n g
KC H HO TSOUND
(V O C ONTROL
PANEL TRONG
WINDOWS) V TEST
C UNG
C P NGU N
RA C C LOA
NGO I?
ch a
ri
ri
C M IN C HO KH I
LOA
C H
NH NM
M THANH
LOA C H A?
ch a
C I TTR
NH
IU KHIN
C HU N c ha ?
ri
C D U "!"
HOC D U "?"
TRONG DEVIC E
MANAGER?
kh n g
KIM TRA T TC
C C C H N
C M c h a ?
C ARD C
NG K TRONG
DEVIC E
MANAGER?
ch a
I V I C C C ARD
SOUND C HOC M Y
X C H TAY, H Y C H
NH
T NG NM IU KHIN
M TRN LOA
kh n g
T I TR
NH IU
KHIN M I NH T
TRN INTERNETV
c
n g
NG K DUY
NH TC C ARD
M N H
NH?
sa i
C ARD SOUND
TC H H P
TRONG BO
M C H C H?
ri
XEM L U X
L XUNG T
TRC TRC PHN C NG BO
M C H C H HO C H IU
H NH KH NG T NG THC H
TR
NH IU KHIN. V HIU HO
C ARD SOUNG TRN BO M C H
C H TRONG C MOS V C I T
L I TR
NH IU KHIN SOUND
c ha
C HC C HN L I j a c k
T I C n g r a tn hiu
kh n g
m tha n h c
g i m st n g a y
c khi s d n g
c c phn mm
THAY C ARD
SOUND
H IU H NH, THITB
C ARD SOUND V PHN
MM C NHNG B NG
IU KHIN M THANH
RING BIT. c h
n h b n g
pha tr n m
n g
XEM L U X L
L I c d HOC
C HTRC TRC
KHI NGHE NH C
B NG A c d ?
sa i
PHN C NG BL I, KIM TRA

LOA, NG C P, C ARD
SOUND
DVD
51
2.1.9. Lu x l li a mm
kh n g
A C L Y RA
c KH NG?
BIOS c
n h n r a
a kh n g ?
c c
c d
l iu ha y
kh n g ?
kh n g
th o bmt a , m
r a v kim tr a . sa u
l p l i.
KH NG
KIM TRA C P TN
HIU V NG U N IN
C P
a ph t
r a tin g
n , r un g ?
th o l p l i a c ho
c hu n , kim tr a l i
a l p (c h v t
g i
a)
Sa i
n g
a c
t t?
NGU N C P,
a n g c a
tr o n g ?
n g
n g
g hi a b
l i?
Sa i
n g
Sa i
x l theo tr n g
h p g hi a l i.
kh n g
Sa i
C P NG U N,
c th a
kh c ?
TH L I V I A
KH C
c kh i
n g t FDD
c
kh n g ?
kh n g c
tha y i tr
n h t
bo o t C mo s, th
l i n y v i m y
kh c , NU KH NG
C THTHAY
c
Sa i
q u n l
thit bc
v n ?
l i c h a r n g uyn
n hn , h y th v i s
kh c .
n g
A H NG
HOC QU C
tha y c p, tha y i
thit l p bio s. th
n y tr n m y
kh c .
XEM L U
X L
XUNG T
52
2.1.10. Lu x l li bn phm
kh i n g
n b n phm
s n g kh n g ?
kh n g
c m
b n phm
c h a?
ch a
ri
m n h
n h kh i
n g c b o
l i b n phm
kh n g ?
kh n g
c m l i b n phm
th v i
b n phm
kh c
kh n g
thit l p mc
n h tr o n g
bio s?
sa i
tha o t c c c
phm tr o n g
m i tr n g
DOs c
kh n g ?
n g
kh n g c
kim tr a l i d y,
c hn tn hiu xem c
bt g y kh n g ?
n u kh n g thi tha y
b n phm kh c
kh i phc l i mc
n h c ho Bio s
kh n g
l i bo m c h
c h
kh n g
d ev ic e
ma n a g er
c b o l i
kh n g ?
kh n g
c c phm
hin thi
c hn h x c
kh n g ?
Vsin h im tip xc
g ia n t phm v b n
m c h b n phm.v n
kh n g c thi tha y
b n phm m i
th v i
b n phm
kh c
c
l i bo m c h c h
kim tr a c c c hn
tn hiu c a b n
phm
xem l u x l
xun g t
c h a r n g uyn
n hn
2.1.10. Lu x l li chut
C B O L I
KH NG NH N
C HU TKHI V O
WINDOWS ?
C H A
CM L I CHU T
C M C HU T
C HA ?
TIP XC HOC
CHU T H NG
R I
tH V I
C HU T
KH C ?
KH NG
dEVICE
MANAGER B O
L I ?
KH NG
C
XEM L U X L
XUNG T
L I BO M CH
CH
KH NG
VSINH TRC
L N, BI CAO SU
HOC THAY BI
NU BI QU M N
KH NG
DC H C HUYN
DD NG ?
CH A R NGUYN
NHN, XEM L U
CHUN O N KH C
53
2.1.11. Lu x l xung t
C B O L I
TRONG DEVIC E
Ma Na GeR ?
n g
sa i
n g
DU '!" M U
EN?
sa i
n g
C H"x"
MU ?
sa i
TRONG DEVIC E
MANAGER TH Y
B O L I NH NG
THITBV N L M
VIC
c c ar d
pc i 5v ?
bis c a c a r d pc i
m i kh n g
t ng thc h
n g
sa i
c c ar d
thit l p
t tr c ?
t t c c c
c ar d c
l p c ht?
sa i
sa i
h y l p l i v sit
c ht vit nh v
l iu g c , nu b n
l o i tr
kh ng c ti l iu g c .
g b c c t t c
c c c a r d ng o i
tr c a r d m n h
nh
h y c i t tr
nh
n g
thit l p ng nh ti
ph ng ph p
D U "?" M U
XANH T I
x l tip theo
bng a d i
nu c ng hi ng ,
sa i
bng a
n g
sa i
C H"i" MU
XANH ?
TI NGUYN C
THITL P NH
H NG DN
NH NGTHITBV N
L M VIC
n g
Thit b v hiu
ho , kc h ho t thit
bho t n g r i
kh i ng l i m y
sa i
n g
n g
t t c c c
c ar d c
n g k ?
hay thay thc ard
iu khin m i nht,
t ng thc h nht
mn h
nh
c hin th
kh n g ?
kh ng
Xem l u x
l p tip c a r d r i
kh i ng l i xem
hth n g c n h n
r a thit bkh n g ?
l l i c ard
sa i
mn h
nh
c ard b l i ho c
kh ng t ng thc h.
n g
h y thay th
t
m tr
nh iu khin m i
sa i
c i t tr
n h iu
khin c a r d . xem
tr o ng d ev ic e
ma n a g er c n
xung t kh n g ?
n g
v t ng thc h v i h
iu hnh. sau th
l i l n l t v i c c
c ard c n xung t
54
2.2. THAY TH CC B PHN H HNG

2.2.1. Thay th ngun
Khi thay th b ngun mi nn thay loi c cng cng sut hoc c cng sut ln
hn, khng c thay loi c cng sut thp hn b ngun b hng, v nh vy b
ngun c kh nng b qu ti khin cho cc in p ti u ra ca ngun khng n
nh, my tnh hay b chp chn.
Mt l do dn n li ngun l sai kt ni cng tc ngun. Chn cm cng tc
ngun thng c tn l PW hoc PW-ON, lin kt c kt ni t v my ti bo mch
ch. D phi ch khi lp rp my tnh.
H thng s khng hot ng nu ngun khng c cp ti cho bo mch ch v
khng cp dng 12V (gic 4 chn) i vi th h Pentium4.
2.2.2.Thay th card mn hnh
Khi thay th card mang hnh, cn ch v chng loi card sp thay th, xem bo
mch ch co h tr loi card khng? c bit vi chng loi card s dng khe AGP.
Do cn c ti liu i km bo mch ch xem bo mch ch h tr card AGP
loi no?
Bn cnh , hot ng tt v pht huy ht hiu qu ca Card mn hnh, chng
ta cn phi c trnh iu khin ring cho card mn hnh . Thng thng th khi mua
card mn hnh s c km theo a CD ci t.
2.2.3. Thay th a IDE
Khi thay th a cng, chng ta cng cn ch n dung lng a. i vi
nhng i main c, BIOS khng cho php nhn nhng a c dung lng ln qu
4,3Gb. D s dng a mi c dung lng ln hn, chng ta cn phi np li
BIOS.
Sau khi lp rp xong. Bt my, vo mn hnh BIOS SETUP kim tra xem my
tnh c nhn din c a IDE khng, trong mn hnh BIOS SETUP chn thuc
tnh Auto detection, nu my tnh khng nhn din ra c a IDE, tt my v dng
ng h vn nng KIORISU kim tra xem c cc in p cung cp cho a IDE
cha, nu c tt my.
Khi lp rp a IDE cng cn ch n vic thit lp gim cho ng. Trnh
trng hp thit lp gim trng nhau trn 1 cp tn hiu.
Ring i vi a CD hoc DVD th ngoi cp tn hiu v dy cp ngun cho
a, cn c c dy audio t a ti bo mch ch hoc ti card m thanh.
55
2.2.4. Thay th RAM

Khi thay th RAM, chng ta cng cn ch n chng loi RAM cho ph hp vi
bo mch ch. Xem ti liu i km bo mch ch bit bo mch ch h tr bus no?
2.2.5. Thay th CPU
Khi thay th CPU, cn ch n loi bo mch ch ang dng. Xem c ng dng
CPU khng (shocket)? h tr CPU tc ti a l bao nhiu? chng loi CPU
no?.. Hay tham kho ti liu i km bo mch ch bit chnh xc.
2.2.6. Thay th bo mch ch
Khi thay th bo mch ch cn ch n loi CPU va RAM ang s dng thay
th cho ph hp, trnh tnh trng khng tng thch chng loi (RAM) tc CPU,
chng loi card mn hnh hin c.
2.2.7. Thay th a mm
Khi thay a mm cn ch cm cp cho ng. Khi khi ng m n a mm
khng sng th kim tra li dy ngun cp cho a mm.Trong trng hp n a
mm sang lin tc, iu c ngha l a mm ang cm ngc cp tn hiu.
Cng cn ch vic chn la loi a mm trong BIOS cho ng.
2.2.8. Thay th bn phm, chut
Khi phm, chut hng, vic thay th cng rt n gin. Vn quan trng l chn
la chung loi sao cho ph hp. Xem bo mch ch c h tr khng? nh: s dng
cng COM hay PS/2 hay USB..
56
Sa cha ngun my tnh kiu AT
CHNG 3: KHI NGUN MY TNH

3.1. TNG QUAN NGUN MY TNH
Chc nng ca b ngun rt quan trng bi v n cung cp nng lng in cho
cc thnh phn khc trong khi h thng my tnh. Thng thng, b ngun thng l
mt trong nhng ni hay sy ra nhiu h hng nht trong h thng my tnh. Mt b
ngun c s c khng nhng gy trc trc cho cc thnh phn khc ca h thng m
n cn lm hng cc thnh phn ny do vic cung cp cc in p khng thch hp hay
khng n nh. Bi chnh tm quan trng ca b ngun lin quan ti hot ng ca
khi h thng my tnh, do vy cn phi hiu r nhng tnh nng v tham s k thut
ca b ngun. Chng ny s xem xt b ngun mt cch chi tit, n khng nhng ch
ra cc tnh nng v in ca b ngun m cn c cc dng c kh cng nh cc thit k
vt l c s dng trong cc h thng ngun my tnh t trc cho ti nay.
3.1.1. Cc dng b ngun
Hnh dng v b tr vt l ni chung ca mt thnh phn c gi l dng (form
factor). Khi thit k mt my tnh, nh thit k c th chn s dng mt trong
nhng chun PSU (Power Supply Unit - khi ngun cung cp) ph bin hay quyt
nh t to mt dng ca ring h. Chn la cc dng c sn ng ngha vi mt
ngun cung cp v hn, kh nng thay th d dng vi y cc chng loi v cht
lng. Vic t ch to cc dng mi s tiu tn thi gian cng nh chi ph.
Trc y, ngnh cng nghip my tnh b thng tr bi cc cng ty nh IBM h
sn xut hu ht cc thnh phn c quyn ca ring h. Vic cc nh sn xut khc
bt u sn xut cc my tnh tng thch IBM vi t l ln hn dn n cc chun
khc ca cc thnh phn trong my tnh v tip tc cho n ngy nay.
Intel gii thiu kin trc ATX vo nm 1995, cc dng ca b ngun trong h thng
my tnh khc bit nhau ch yu kch thc v hnh dng lp trong thng my. ATX
v cc chun lin quan gii thiu mt s tnh nng mi (nh tn hiu PS-ON) nhng
hu ht cc b ngun trong my tnh ngy nay u tun theo cng mt thit k in t
c bn. V mt k thut, PSU trong my tnh c m t nh mt in p khng i,
chuyn i na cu bt, tt. in p khng i ngha l PSU t vo cc thnh phn
bn trong ca my tnh cng mt in p, khng quan tm ti in p ca dng xoay
chiu cung cp v cng sut hot ng ca ca b ngun. Chuyn i na cu (Halfbridge forward converting) l mt thit k tt bt ca PSU v k thut qun l in
nng ca b ngun. Kiu b ngun ny i khi c gi l b ngun chuyn mch
(swiching supply). So vi cc kiu b ngun khc, kiu ny cho ngun in hiu qu
hn, sn sinh ra t nhit hn, kch thc nh v c gi thnh r.
57
Ch : Mc d hai b ngun c th c cng mt dng v thit k c bn, chng

c th khc bit rt ln cht lng v hiu qu.
C ba dng ngun dng ngun c bn c s dng trong cc h thng hin i
ngy nay l: LPX style, ATX style, SFX style. Mi kiu b ngun trn u c nhiu
cu hnh v cc mc ngun ra khc nhau. B ngun kiu LPX l chun cho hu ht cc
h thng cho ti khi b ngun dng ATX ra i. T khi , b ngun dng ATX tr
thnh dng thng tr vi kiu SFX b sung cho cc h thng thu gn.
Dng ca b ngun lin quan ti dng ca bng mch chnh theo mt cch khng
r rng lm. V d nh hu ht cc h thng s dng bng mch chnh Baby-AT s
dng b ngun kiu LPX v cc h thng s dng bng mch chnh NLX s dng b
ngun ATX. Bng 3.1 di y m t cc kiu kt hp thng thy ca cc dng b
ngun v bng mch chnh.
Dng bng
Cc dng b ngun
Cc dng b ngun khc
mch chnh
thng s dng
Baby - ATX
LPX style
Baby - AT,AT/Tower,
AT/Desk
LPX
LPX style
Khng
ATX
ATX sytle
Khng
Micro-ATX
ATX style
SFX style
NLX
ATX style
Khng
Bng 3.1. Kiu kt hp ca cc dng b ngun v bng mch chnh

Nh vy, hu ht cc h thng hin nay u s dng b ngun dng ATX cn mt
s c th s dng cc kiu SFX v LPX. Ch rng, mc d tn cc dng b ngun
dng nh l ging vi tn dng ca bng mch chnh nhng dng ca b ngun lin
quan nhiu hn ti thng my ca h thng. Tt c cc kiu b ngun Baby - AT, LPX
v AT/Tower u s dng hai u ni 6 chn cm vo bng mch chnh, v do
c th lm vic vi cng mt loi bng mch chnh. b ngun c th lm vic c
th chng phi va kht vo trong thng my.
3.1.1.1. Kiu PC/ XT
Cc h thng XT ca IBM s dng b ngun c bn ging nh my tnh nguyn
thu ngoi tr b ngun XT mi c cng sut u ra gp i. Do b ngoi v kiu u
ni ging ht nhau nn c th s dng b ngun XT mi nng cp h thng. S ph
bin rng ri thit k XT v my tnh nguyn thu m ng cho cc nh sn xut
bt u xy dng cc ht thng bt chc hnh dng v cch b tr ca IBM. Cc h
thng ny, c gi l tng thch IBM, c th tro i vi hu ht cc thnh phn ca
58
h thng IBM bao gm c b ngun. Mt s lng ln cc nh sn xut sau bt

u xut xng cc thnh phn ny m hu ht u tun theo dng ca mt trong cc
h thng ca IBM. Hnh 3.1 di y l b ngun PC/ XT v cc u ni. Dng ny
cn rt t c s dng trong cc h thng ngy nay.
Hnh 3.1. B ngun PC/ XT v cc u ni

3.1.1.2. Kiu AT
- Kiu AT/ Desk: Cc h thng bn AT, c IBM gii thiu sau XT, c b ngun
ln hn v dng khc so vi cc h thng PC/ XT nguyn thy. H thng ny nhanh
chng c lm nhi v l c s cho cc thit k tng thch IBM. B ngun s
dng trong h thng ny c gi l b ngun AT/ Desktop (xem hnh 3.2). Hng trm
cc nh sn xut sn xut bng mch chnh, b ngun, thng my l cc thnh phn
khc c th tro i mt cch vt l c vi h thng IBM AT nguyn thy. Dng ny
rt t c dng ngy nay.
59
Hnh 3.2. B ngun dng AT/ Desk

- Kiu AT/ Tower: Cu hnh AT/ Tower v c bn chnh l h thng bn kiu AT c
kch c thng dng. Dng ca b ngun v bng mch chnh kh ging nhau trong h
thng kiu thp (Tower) v trong h thng bn. Cu hnh kiu thp khng phi l
mi, trong thc t, cc h thng AT nguyn thy ca IBM c mt 1ogo c th quay
c khi s dng h thng trn mt cnh trong cu hnh thp. Kiu b ngun trong h
thng dng thp ging nh trong h thng bn ngoi tr v tr ca cng tc ngun.
Trn hu ht cc h thng AT/ Desktop, cng tc ngun c nh v trn b ngun
(thng l dng ln). Hu ht cc h thng AT/ Tower s dng cc cng tc ngoi gn
vo b ngun thng qua mt dy cp ngn 4 ng dy. B ngun AT kch thc
vi mt cng tc t xa c gi l dng AT/ Tower (xem hnh 3.3). Dng ny cng rt
t dng hin nay.
60
Hnh 3.3. B ngun dng AT/ Tower

- Kiu Baby - AT: Baby - AT l mt phin bn thu gn da trn h thng AT kch thc
ln. B ngun trong cc h thng ny c rt ngn theo mt chiu nhng vn tun
theo cc thit k AT tt c cc chi tit khc. B ngun kiu Baby - AT c th lp va
trong thng my Baby - AT v AT. Tuy nhin, b ngun dng AT/ Tower khng lp va
trong thng my dng Baby - AT. Do kch thc nh hn v tnh nng y so vi
b ngun kiu AT, b ngun kiu Baby - AT c a thch hn cho n khi thit k
tip sau xut hin. B ngun dng ny rt t c s dng ngy nay. Hnh 3.4 miu t
b ngun dng Baby AT.
61
Hnh 3.4. B ngun dng Baby-AT

3.1.1.3. Kiu LPX
Dng b ngun tip theo tr thnh ph bin l kiu LPX v i khi c gi l
dng PS/ 2 kiu Slimline. B ngun dng LPX c cc u ni vi a v bng mch
chnh ging ht nh vi dng b ngun chun trc . Khc bit ch yu nm hnh
dng bn ngoi. Cc h thng LPX c thit k vi din tch nh hn v chiu cao
thp hn so vi kiu AT. Cc my tnh dng ny s dng cc cu hnh bng mch
chnh khc nhau c cc khe cm m rng trn mt card thng ng cm vo bng
mch chnh. Cc card m rng c cm vo card thng ng ny v do nm song
song vi bng mch chnh. Thng my LPX thng c kch thc nh nn do b
ngun cng nh. B ngun thit k cho cc h thng LPX thng nh hn kiu Baby AT v ch chim mt na khng gian so vi cc kiu b ngun trc . Xem hnh 3.5
62
miu t dng ngun kiu LPX. Cng ging nh thit k Baby - AT vo thi im ,
b ngun LPX cng c y tnh nng nh cc th h trc nhng vi kch thc
nh hn. Do , b ngun kiu LPX nhanh chng c ch ng trong cc h thng ca
cc nh sn xut v tr thnh mt chun khng chnh thc. Dng b ngun ny tr
thnh chun cng nghip trong nhiu nm t cc h thng s dng bng mch chnh
LPX thc s ti cc h thng dng thp s dng cc bng mch chnh Baby - AT hay
thm ch l AT kch thc ln. N cn c s dng trong mt s my tnh ngy nay,
tuy nhin trong khong 4 nm tr li y, LPX b thay th bi kiu ngun ATX.
Hnh 3.5. B ngun dng LPX

Ch : IBM s dng kiu b ngun ny trong mt s h thng PS/ 2 vo
khong cui nhng nm 1980 nn do chng i khi c gi l b ngun kiu PS/
2.
3.1.1.4. Kiu ATX
ATX l mt trong nhng dng b ngun mi nht hin nay (xem hnh 3.6), cc c
t ca dng ATX, hin nay l phin bn 2.01, xc nh hnh dng mi cho bng
63
mch chnh cng nh thng my v b ngun. Hnh dng ca b ngun ATX da trn
thit k LPX nhng vi mt s khc bit quan trng. Mt trong nhng khc bit trong
c t ATX l qut ca b ngun c gn dc theo mt trong ca b ngun, n
c th thi khng kh qua bng mch chnh v ht vo qua mt sau ca thng my.
Lung khng kh dng ny chuyn ng theo chiu ngc so vi cc b ngun thng
thng khc thi lung kh qua mt l trn thng my m qut nh ra. Lung kh lm
mt ca b ngun kiu ATX ny chuyn ng qua cc thnh phn nng nht ca bng
mch chnh nh b x l, cc b nh RAM v cc khe cm m rng c thit k
tn dng ti a tc dng ca lung kh. Kiu thit k ny c th lm gim bt s
qut trong h thng nh qut b x l trung tm (CPU) trong cc h thng ph bin
hin nay, v do gim ting n v nng lng tiu th. Mt li ch khc ca lung
kh dng ny l khi h thng s c gi sch hn. Thng my v c bn s c
iu p v lung khng kh s hn ch cc vt rn nt ca thng my.
Chnh v l do ny m kiu lm mt theo chiu ngc ny cn c gi l thng
gi p lc tch cc. V d: Nh khi ht thuc trc a mm ca mt h thng bnh
thng khi thuc s b cun vo trong a v s lm hng u t. Trong h thng
ATX, khi thuc s b thi ra xa khi a do khng kh c ly vo t qut trn b
ngun nm sau ca thng my. i vi cc h thng chy trong mi trng khc
nghit, c th thm vo mt b lc t trc qut m bo rng khng kh a vo
h thng lun sch.
Mc d v l thuyt, y l mt cch thng gi tuyt vi nhng cc h thng p lc
tch cc c thit k chun yu cu phi c qut cng sut ln ht c lng
khng kh cn thit qua b lc v iu p cho thng my. Hn na, b lc phi c
bo dng mt cch nh k ty theo iu kin mi trng. Bn cnh , lng nhit
thi ra t b ngun s i qua CPU v lm gim kh nng thot nhit ca n. Trong
thc t, cc h thng tn nhit bng qut trn b ngun v qut trn b x l trung tm
l mt gii php tt nht. Chnh v vy, cc c t b ngun ATX c sa i cho
ph hp vi phng php tn nhit c.
c t ATX c Intel a ra u tin vo nm 1995. Nm 1996, c t ny tr nn
rt ph bin trong cc my tnh Pentium, Pentium Pro v cc bng mch chnh dng
ny chim ti 18 % trn th trng. Cng vi s ra i ca Pentium II vo nm 1997
v Pentium III vo nm 1999, ATX tr thnh dng bng mch chnh thng tr thay th
cc bng mch chnh dng Baby - AT trc . ATX v cc kiu dn xut t n hu
nh l dng ch yu trong mt vi nm tr li y.
Dang ATX (xem hnh 3.7) c mt s im khc bit so vi cc dng Baby -AT v
Mini-AT. B ngun my tnh truyn thng c hai u ni cm vo bng mch chnh.
Nu nh cm ngc mt th t quy nh cc u ni ny th s c th lm hng bng
64
mch chnh. Hu ht cc nh sn xut h thng u nh du trn u ni ca b

ngun khng th cm chng ngc th t. Tuy nhin, mt s nh sn xut cc h
thng r tin thng b qua vn ny.
Hnh 3.6. B ngun dng ATX c dng vi h thng ATX v NLX
65
Hnh 3.7. B ngun dng ATX /NLX

Khc vi cc dng trc , dng ATX bao gm mt cm ngun mi cho bng
mch chnh ngn chn vic cm nhm. u ni mi c 20 chn c nh du
khng th cm nhm. u ni ATX mi cung cp ngun + 3.3 V v do hn ch
c b iu p trn bng mch chnh cung cp ngun cho b x l trung tm v
cc mch to ngun + 3.3 V khc.
Bn cnh ngun + 3.3 V, mt s tn hiu khc trong b ngun ATX khng tm thy
trong cc dng b ngun khc l Power - ON (PS - ON) v 5V Standby (5 VSB) v
thng c gi l Soft Power (ngun mm). Power-ON l mt tn hiu cho bng
mch chnh m cc h iu hnh nh Windows 9x s dng iu khin ngun ca h
thng bng phn mm. Nh tn hiu m cc tnh nng c trc nh Wake on
Wing hay Wake on LAN nhn tn hiu t modem hay card mng c th thc s bt hay
tt h thng. Nhiu h thng dng ny thng c cc ty chn cho php t thi gian
nh thc m my tnh da vo c th t ng bt thc hin cc tc v c
lp lch t trc. Cc tn hiu ny cn cho php ty chn bt h thng bng bn phm
ging ht nh trong cc h thng Apple Macintosh. Tn hiu 5V Standby lun c
kch hot v cung cp cho bng mch chnh mt lng in hn ch ngay c khi h
thng tt v cho php bt cc tnh nng trn. Cc tnh nng ny c iu khin
thng qua BIOS ca my tnh.
3.1.1.5. Kiu NLX
c t NLX cng c pht trin bi Intel l mt bn thu gn v thng my v
bng mch chnh so vi ATX. tho mn c kh nng tro i, cc h thng NLX
c thit k s dng b ngun ATX, d l kch thc thng my v bng mch
chnh khc nhau. Ging nh cc h thng Slimline trc , bng mch chnh NLX
s dng mt bo mch ng cm vo cc khe cm m rng. Bng mch chnh NLX
cng c thit k qu trnh bo tr d dng vi mt cht n gin cho php trt
ton b bng mch chnh ra khi thng my trong vng 30 giy. iu ny c th thc
hin c bi khng c g ni vi bng mch chnh ngoi tr bng mch ng. B
ngun ni vi bng mch ng, nh l vi cc a, vi cc thit b mt trc v
vi cc u ni a phng tin. Khng c bng mch hay cp no phi tho ra khi di
chuyn bng mch chnh v ch phi trt n mt cch n gin trn mt rnh trt
vi thi gian trung bnh khong mt pht.
Cng ging nh kin trc ATX c chun ho thay th cc dng Baby - AT
trong cc h thng bn kch thc v dng hnh thp, NLX c d bo s thay
th cc dng LPX nng n v bn c quyn trong cc h thng bn nh hn. c
th tro i c vi ATX, c t NLX khng nh ngha mt dng b ngun mi m
s dng trc tip kiu b ngun ATX. Mc tiu ca NLX l nhm vo th trng my
66
tnh tp trung cc yu cu v dch v v bo dng rt khc so vi ngi dng

gia nh. S chp nhn ca chun NLX ang ko sau n l ATX nhng mt s t nh
sn xut my tnh thng bo cc h thng vi li th gi thp, din tch chim ch
nh v d dng bo tr vi cc dng mi.
3.1.1.6. Kiu SFX (bng mch chnh Micro ATX)
Intel gn y va cng b mt c t v bng mch chnh mi th ba gi l micro
-ATX nhm vo cc h thng cp thp c thit k vi din tch thm ch nh hn
NLX v yu cu v b ngun nh hn. Cc bng mch chnh v thng my Micro
-ATX mi ny c th c thit k s dng mc nh b ngun ATX hay b ngun
mi rt nh SFX cho dng Small (xem hnh 3.8).
Hnh 3.8. B ngun dng SFX vi qut lm mt 60 mm
67
B ngun SFX c thit k mt cch c bit s dng trong cc h thng nh

cha mt lng gii hn phn cng. PSU c th cung cp 90 W dng 1 chiu (ti a l
135 W) vi 4 mc in p mt chiu u ra (+ 5 V,+ 12 V, m 12 V v + 3.3 V).
Cc ngun ny l cho mt h thng nh vi b x l Pentium II, giao din AGP,
bn khe cm m rng v ba thit b ngoi vi nh a cng hay CD-ROM.
Ch : B ngun SFX khng cung cp ngun m 5 V tng thch vi chun
bus ISA. Cc h thng Micro ATX c gi nh l ch s dng bus PCI hay giao din
AGP cho tt c cc card m rng trong my v khng s dng bus ISA.
Mc d Intel thit k b ngun SFX vi bng mch chnh Micro - ATX, SFX, Xt
mt cch ton b cng l mt chun tng thch vi cc bng mch chnh khc. B
ngun SFX s dng cng mt u ni 20 chn c nh ngha trong chun ATX bao
gm c cc tn hiu Power - ON v 5 V standby. S khc bit gia hai h thng SFX
v ATX ch l thit k vt l ca thng my. Trong m hnh b ngun SFX chun, mt
qut ng knh 60 mm c gn trn b mt thng my v hng v pha trong. Qut
s ht kh vo b ngun qua mt l hng ca h thng v thi ra qua mt cng pha
sau h thng. Vic gn qut bn trong theo cch ny lm gim ting n ca h thng v
t kt qu nh thit k p sut m chun. Trong nhiu trng hp, mt s qut b
sung c th cn thit lm mt b x l trung tm (xem hnh 3.8).
i vi cc h thng yu cu kh nng lm mt cao hn, mt phin bn khc cho
php mt qut 90 mm gn trn nc. Qut vi kch thc ln hn ny s cho kh nng
lm mt ln hn v to ra cc lung kh cho cc h thng cn n (xem hnh 3.9a,
3.9b).
68
Hnh 3.9a. B ngun dng SFX vi qut lm mt 90mm c gn trn cng.
69
Hnh 3.9b. B ngun kiu SFX vi qut mt 90mm cgn trn cng.
3.1.2. Cc kiu gic cm ca b ngun
Bng 3.2 l s b tr chn ca hu ht cc h thng LPX, Baby - AT, AT tiu
chun v tng thch PC/ XT. Hai u ni 6 chn (P8 v P9) ni b ngun vi bng
mch chnh trong khi cc u ni 4 chn ging ht t P10 n P13 c s dng
cp ngun cho cc thit b ngoi vi bn trong nh a mm hay a cng. Hnh
3.10 l cc u ni P8 v P9 (i khi c gi l P1, P2).
70
Hnh 3.10. Cc u ni P8 v P9 (hay P1/P2)

Tt c cc b ngun my tnh tiu chun s dng cc u ni P8 v P9 u phi ci
t chng st cnh nhau sao cho hai dy mu en (ni t) ca c hai u ni nm
cnh nhau. Ch rng cc tn gi P8 v P9 khng c chun ho mc d c s
dng trong hu ht cc h thng ca IBM. Trong mt s b ngun, cc u ni ny
c gi l P1, P2 hay c th l tn khc. Do cc u ni ny thng c mt cht
ngn khng cho cm ngc. Khi cm phi tun theo quy tc en - cnh - en m cn
phi m bo l khng c mt chn ni ngun no ca bng mch chnh khi cm u
ni ngun vo b b st. Vic c bt k mt chn no b b st c th gy ra nhng
hng hc nng n cho bng mch chnh v tt c nhng g cm vo khi bt my.
Mt s h thng c th c nhiu hn hay t hn cc u ni vi a. V d nh
trong h thng AT ca IBM, b ngun ch c 3 u ni ti a cn trong cc b
ngun kiu AT power c ti bn u ni vic c nhiu hay t u ni l do n b ph
thuc vo cng sut hot ng ca b ngun, mt s b ngun ATX c th c ti 8 u
ni a.
Nu mun b sung a v cn ti cc u ni t b ngun ti a, mt cp tch
ch Y c th h tr vic ny (xem hnh 3.11). Cc cp kiu ny c th to c hai u
ni t mt u ni ca ngun. Phi m bo l tng u ra ca b ngun phi nm
trong kh nng m cng sut ca b ngun c th cung cp c.
71
Hnh 3.11. Cp ch Y
u ni
Kiu AT
Kiu PC/XT
P8-1
Power_Good (+5V)
Power_Good (+5V)
P8-2
+5V
Key (No connect)
P8-3
+12v
+12v
P8-4
-12v
-12v
P8-5
Ground(0)
Ground(0)
P8-6
Ground(0)
Ground(0)
P9-1
Ground(0)
Ground(0)
P9-2
Ground(0)
Ground(0)
P9-3
-5V
-5V
P9-4
+5V
+5V
P9-5
+5V
+5V
P9-6
+5V
+5V
P10-1
+12v
+12v
P10-2
Ground(0)
Ground(0)
P10-3
Ground(0)
Ground(0)
P10-4
+5V
+5V
P11-1
+12v
+12v
P11-2
Ground(0)
Ground(0)
P11-3
Ground(0)
Ground(0)
P11-4
+5V
P12-1
+12v
72
P12-2
Ground(0)
P12-3
Ground(0)
P12-4
+5V
P13-1
+12v
P13-2
Ground(0)
P13-3
Ground(0)
P13-4
+5V
Bng 3.2. Cc kt ni ca b ngun AT v PC/ XT
Ch rng tt c cc b ngun t AT/ Desk ti Baby - AT v LPX u s dng

cng mt cu hnh chn. Ch c mt chun cng nghip khc cho u ni t b ngun
ti bng mch chnh l u ni kiu ATX 20 chn Molex 39-29-9202 (hay tng
ng) (xem hnh 3.12). u ni kiu ny c s dng u tin trong b ngun kiu
ATX v sau l SFX. y l b ngun 20 chn c kha v chn c cu hnh nh
trong bng 3.3. Mu sc ca cc dy c khuyn ngh theo chun ATX, tuy nhin cc
mu sc ny khng buc phi tun theo trong c t ATX (ni cch khc, mu sc ca
cc dy ny c th khc nhau t nh sn xut ny ti nh sn xut khc).
Hnh 3.11. u ni trn bng mch chnh kiu ATX 20 chn

Mu
Tn hiu
Chn
Chn
Tn hiu
Mu
Da cam
+3,3V
11
+3,3V
Da cam
Xanh
-12v
12
+3,3V
Da cam
en
GND
13
GND
en
Xanh lc
PS_ON
14
+5V
en
GND
15
GND
en
en
GND
16
+5V
en
GND
17
GND
en
Trng
-5V
18
Power_Good
Xm
73
+5V
19
+5VSB
Tm
+5V
20
10
+12v
Vng
Bng 3.3. Cc kt ni ca b ngun ATX

3.1.2.1. u ni ty chn ca b ngun ATX
B sung vo u ni 20 chn (xem hnh 3.13), c t ATX cn nh ngha mt u
ni su chn ty chn (hai hng ba chn) cung cp cc tn hiu nh trong bng 3.4.
My tnh c th s dng cc tn hiu ny cho mn hnh v iu khin qut, gim st
in th ca tn hiu + 3.3 V ti bng mch chnh, cung cp nng lng v ni t cho
cc thit b theo chun IEEE 1394 (Fire Wire).
Mu
Tn hiu
Chn
Chn
Tn hiu
Mu
Xm
D tr
FanM
Trng
1394
FanC
Xanh
D tr
+ 3.3 V
Nu
Bng 3.4. Cc kt ni ty chn ca b ngun ATX

Tn hiu FanM cho php h thng gim st tnh trng qut ca b ngun m t
n c th c cc tc ng tng ng nh ng h thng nu c li qut.
H iu hnh s dng tn hiu FanC vi cc in th bin thin iu khin hot
ng ca qut trong b ngun, chuyn n v trng thi nng lng thp hay tt hon
ton khi h thng chuyn v ch ch. Chun ATX cng xc dinh mc in th +1 V
hay thp hn ch ra l qut chm dt hot ng v mc + 10.5 V tr ln l khi qut
hot ng vi tc cao nht. Cc nh sn xut h thng c th xc nh mt mc
in th trung bnh iu khin tc ca qut. Nu b ngun khng c mch bin
i tc qut, mi mc in th ln hn + 1 V tn hiu FanC u c dch thnh
lnh chy qut tc ti a (v duy nht).
Hnh 3.12. Cc kt ni tu chn ca b ngun ATX
74
Ch : c t SFX cng nh ngha vic s dng u ni iu khin 6 chn

nhng ch s dng n iu khin qut trn mt chn, 5 chn cn li c
dng d tr. Cc cng tc ngun.
Hu ht cc b ngun ngy nay u c mt cng tc ngun t xa c th iu khin
c t mt trc ca thng my. Trong cc dng trc nh AT bn hay Baby
-AT u s dng mt cng tc tch hp vi v ca b ngun. Do b ngun c gn
gc pha sau ca thng my, cng tc s nm mt sau ca thng my.
Cc b ngun trc ATX s dng mt cng tc t xa c ni vi b ngun thng
qua mt cp bn ng dy. Cc u mt ca dy cp ny lp va vi u ni dng
vu cm vo u ni ca cng tc. Cng tc thng l mt phn ca thng my nn b
ngun thng c cp v khng c cng tc. Cp t b ngun ti cng tc ca thng
my cha bn ng dy c mu khc nhau. C th c dy th nm ni t cho
thng my.
Cnh bo: Cng tc t xa thng c ngun 110 V hoc 220 V xoay chiu ti mi thi
im. C th b in git nu s vo u cc dy ny khi b ngun c cm in.
Lun lun m bo l b ngun khng c cm in trc khi ni hay cm cng tc
ny.
Cc mu dy c miu t nh di y:
- Cc dy mu nu v xanh lam l dy ngun v trung tnh t cm 110V hoc
220V xoay chiu ti b ngun. Cc dy ny lun c dng in xoay chiu khi
b ngun c cm.
- Cc dy mu en v trng cung cp dng xoay chiu t cng tc ti b ngun.
Cc dy ny ch c in khi b ngun c cm v cng tc bt.
- Dy mu xanh lc hay mu xanh lc vi sc vng l dy ni t. N c th
c ni vi thng my v gip thng my c ni t thng qua b ngun.
Trn cng tc, cc u ni cho cc dy u c m ho mu. Nu khng m ho, ta
vn c th cm chng mt cch d dng bng cch cm cc dy mu xanh lam v nu
vo cc u song song vi nhau cn cc dy en v trng c ni vi cc u t
cho gc vi nhau. Xem hnh 3.14 bit thm chi tit.
Cnh bo: Mc d vic m ho mu ca cc dy ny c s dng trong hu
ht cc b ngun nhng n khng phi l chnh xc 100 %. Cng c th bt gp cc
b ngun khng s dng s nh du mu nh n trn. V vy cn phi kim
tra tht k cc dy ni trc khi cm n vo cng tc ngun.
75
Hnh 3.14. Cc u ni t xa ca hai loi cng tc b ngun

Ch cn cc dy xanh v nu nm trn cng mt pha ca u cm cn dy en v
trng nm u kia th b ngun lun lm vic ng. Nu cm nhm th t cc dy,
khi bt in s gy ra chp n, bi v vic cm sai ny s gy ra mt dng on mch
ca ngun in li.
Tt c cc b ngun ATX v tip sau u c u ni vi bng mch chnh 20 chn
v s dng tn hiu PS - On bt ngun h thng. Do , cng tc t xa khng iu
khin mt cch vt l dng in t ngun 110V hoc 220V xoay chiu ti b ngun
nh trong cc PSU c. Thay vo , trng thi tt hay bt ca h thng c iu
khin bi tn hiu PS-ON nhn t chn 14 trn u ni ca ngun ATX.
Tn hiu PS-On c th c sinh mt cch vt l bi cng tc ngun ca my tnh
hay mt cch in t bi h iu hnh. PS - On l tn hiu kch hot thp ngha l tt
c cc tn hiu ngun mt chiu c sinh bi b ngun u khng c kch hot khi
PS-On ang mc cao tr tn hiu + 5 VSB (standby) trn chn 9 lun c kch hot
mi khi b ngun c cm vo ngun in li xoay chiu. Tn hiu + 5 VSB cp
ngun hot ng cho cng tc t xa trn thng my khi my tnh tt. Do , cng
tc t xa trn cc h thng kiu ATX (bao gm c cc h thng NLX v SFX) ch c
dng + 5 V mt chiu ch khng phi dng 110V hoc 220 V xoay chiu nh cc dng
c.
76
3.1.2.2. Cc b ni ngun vi a
Cc u ni vi a ca b ngun c chun ho hon ton t cu hnh chn v
thm ch l c mu dy. Bng 3.5 l s b tr chn chun ca u ni vi a v
mu sc ca cc dy.
Chn
Mu dy
Tn hiu
Vng
+12 V
en
Ni t
en
Ni t
+5V
Bng 3.5. S b tr chn ca u ni ngun a.

xc nh v tr chn 1 ca u ni ngun, hy nhn vo u ni ngun mt cch
cn thn. N thng c in ni trn mt nha ca u ni tuy n thng rt nh v
kh c. Tuy nhin cc u ni ny thng c nh du v rt kh c th cm
sai. Hnh 3.15 cho thy cch nh du tng ng vi cc chn trn u ni ngun.
Hnh 3.15. u ni cp ngun vi a
Ch : Mt s u ni c th ch cung cp hai dy, thng l + 5 V v mt

chn ni t (chn 3 hoc chn 4) do cc a mm loi mi ch s dng
ngun + 5 V.
77
3.1.2.3. Cc kiu u ni vt l
Cc u ni vt l dng trong cc b ngun my tnh theo chun cng nghip c
IBM xc nh ln u tin trong cc h thng PC/ XT/ AT nguyn thy. Cc h thng
ny s dng cc kiu u ni c bit gia b ngun v bng mch chnh (cc u ni
P8 v P9) v cc u ni dnh ring cho a cng. Cc u ni cho bng mch chnh
s dng trong tt c cc b ngun theo chun cng nghip khng c g thay i t nm
1981 (khi IBM PC xut hin) cho n nm 1995 (khi Intel cng b chun ATX). Cc
u ni ngun a 4 chn ca my tnh nguyn thu c b xung thm mt u ni
ngun nh hn (cng 4 chn) khi a mm 3 1/2 inch ra i vo nm 1986. Bng 3.6
lit k cc u ni chun s dng cho a v bng mch chnh.
c t u ni
Kiu m
ngun)
(trn
cp Kiu dng (trn thnh

phn)
ATX/ NIX/ SFX (20pin)
Molex 39-29-9202
Molex 39-01-2200
ATX Optional (6-pin)
Molex 39-01-2906
Molex 39-30-1060
PC/ AT/ LPX Motherboard P9 Burdy GTC6P-1

P8/ P9
Burdy GTC 6RI
Disk Drive (large style)
AMP 1- 480424-0
AMP 1- 480426-0
Floppy Drrive (small style)
AMP 171822-4
AMP 171826-4
Bng 3.6. Cc u ni ngun vt l.

3.1.3. Ti ca b ngun
B ngun my tnh thng l ngun kiu xung ngt m m khng phi l dng ngun
tuyn tnh. Ngun xung ngt m s dng mt mch to dao ng chuyn in th
xoay chiu thnh in th mt chiu thp hn cung cp cho cc thnh phn bn trong
khi h thng ca my tnh. Cc b ngun kiu xung ngt m thng c kch thc
nh, trng lng thp v nng lng cao hn so vi kiu ngun tuyn tnh. Phng
php ny cho php b ngun s dng mt bin p xung tn s cao c kch thc nh
v nh hn bin p trong kiu ngun tuyn tnh. Mt c tnh ca tt c cc b ngun
kiu xung ngt m l chng khng chy khi khng c ti iu ny c ngha l bt
buc phi ni thit b tiu th in vo b ngun n c th lm vic c, nh bng
mch chnh, cc a v cc card m rng. Nu khng c thit b no c cm vo,
b ngun s b chy hoc mt mch bo v s ngt mch. Hu ht cc b ngun u
c bo v trong tnh trng khng ti v t ng ngt. mt s b ngun nhi khng
c mch bo v ny v do s b chy sau mt vi giy chy khng ti. Mt s t b
ngun c sn cc in tr lm ti v do khng b hng khi chy khng ti.
Theo c t ca IBM cho b ngun chun 192 W c s dng trong cc h thng
AT nguyn thu, ti ti thiu ca dng 7.0 A phi c in p + 5 V v dng 2.5 A phi
78
c in p + 12 V. Cc h thng khng c a cng thng hot ng khng chnh

xc do cc a mm khng c ti + 12 V tr khi n ang quay. Mt s b ngun c
mt ti ti thiu cho c ngun + 5 V v +12 V. b ngun s b ngt nu khng t ti
c ti ti thiu ny. Chnh v c tnh ny, khi IBM thit k h thng AT nguyn
thu khng c a cng, h cm cp ngun cho a cng vo mt in tr 5 / 50
W c gn trn mt hp kim loi nh lp v tr a cng v c gn vo thng
my. Thng my AT c cc l vn vt trn np l c thit k gn hp in tr.
in tr ny c ni gia chn 1 (+ 12 V) v chn 2 (ni t) trn u ni ngun ca
a cng. N t dng 2.4 A vi in p + 12 V v do tiu th cng sut 28.8 W
cho php b ngun hot ng chun xc. Qut lm mt trong hu ht cc h thng
ch tiu th dng xp x t 0.1 A n 0.25 A. Nu khng c in tr ti, h thng s
khng th khi ng v hot ng chnh xc. Bng mch chnh lun s dng in p
+ 5 V cn ngun + 12 V s dng cho cc m t. Hu ht cc b ngun ngy nay u
khng cn ti ln nh trong h ngun AT nguyn thy. Trong hu ht cc b ngun,
in p + 3.3 V c dng t 0 A n 0.3 A, in p + 5 V c dng t 2.0 A n 4.0 A,
in p + 12 V c dng t 0.5 A n 1.0 A. Hu ht cc bng mch chnh u tiu th
ngun + 5 V v th ngun + 12 V c th vn gy ra mt s vn trong cc h thng
khng c lp cc a. Cc b ngun c cng sut ln thng yu cu ti nh v c
im ny l mt trong nhng tiu ch nh gi b ngun. Cng sut ca b ngun,
cc thng tin k thut ca b ngun c th tm thy t nh sn xut h thng, trn tem
dn trc tip trn b ngun. Bng 3.7 v 3.8 lit k cc c im b ngun ca IBM v
cc b ngun ca cc nh sn xut khc. Cc c im u vo c lit k l in th
cc c im u ra l cng dng in (ampe) v cc mc in p ra. IBM thng
bo mc cng sut ra di dng cng sut ra l thuyt. Nu nh sn xut b ngun
khng c con s ny, c th tnh ton cng sut bng cng thc n gin sau:
S Watt = Vol Ampe
V d nh bng mch chnh c lit k tiu th dng 6 A in p + 5 V th n s
tiu th cng sut l 30 watt.
Bng cch nhn in p v s ampe ti mi u ra v cng cc kt qu li, c th tnh
ton tng cng sut c th cung cp ca b ngun.
Tham s
PC
Port-PC
XT
XT-286
AT
in p u vo mc ti thiu
104
90
90
90
90
in p u vo mc ti a
127
137
137
137
137
Khng
Khng
T ng
7,0
11,2
15,0
20,0
19,8
Chuyn in p 110 V/ 220 V

Cng dng u ra (ampe)
+5V
79
-5V
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
0,3
+ 12 V
2,0
4,4
4,2
4,2
7,3
- 12 V
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,25
0,3
Cng sut u ra thc t
63,5
113,3
129,9
154,9
191,7
Cng sut u ra l thuyt
63,5
114,0
130,0
157,0
192,0
Bng 3.7. Cng sut ra ca cc b ngun trong h thng IBM

Bng 3.7 l cc mc u ra ca b ngun tun theo cc chun cng nghip. Hu ht
cc nh sn xut u c cc b ngun c cng sut t 100 W ti 450 W hay hn. Bng
3.8 l u ra ca cc b ngun cc mc in p khc nhau.
Cng sut ra l 100W
thuyt
150W
200W
250W
300W
75W
450W
Dng ra
+5V
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
32.0
35.0
45.0
-5V
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
1.0
0.5
0.5
+12v
3.5
5.5
8.0
10.0
10.0
13.0
15.0
-12v
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.5
1.0
0.5
1.0
146.1
201.1
253.5
297.0
339.5
419.5
Cng sut ra thc t 97.1
Bng 3.8. Cng sut ra ca mt s b ngun tng thch ph bin

Vic thm in p + 3.3 V vo b ngun s lm cc tnh ton thay i ng k. Bng
3.9 cha d liu ca cc b ngun ATX c in p + 3.3 V
Cng sut ra l thuyt
235W
275W
300W
400W
+ 3.3 V
14.0
14.0
14.0
28.0
+5V
22.0
30.0
30.0
30.0
Max + 3.3 V/ + 5 V
125
150
150
215
-5V
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.0
+ 12 V
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
- 12 V
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Dng ra
Bng 3.9. Cng sut ra ca b ngun ATX

Nu tnh cng sut ra theo cng thc c trn th cc PSU ny dng nh cung cp
u ra ln hn cng sut ca h. V d nh b ngun 300 W c tng cng sut tnh
ton 1 354.7 W. Tuy nhin ch rng b ngun c u ra kt hp ti a ca cc in
p + 3.3 V v + 5 V l 150 W. Nh vy tng u ra ch 1 308.5 W.
80
Hu ht cc b ngun my tnh u c cng sut t 150 W n 300 W. Cc b ngun

c cng sut 300 W hay ln hn thng h tr tt hn i vi cc h thng bn hay
dng thp c kh nng ty chn. Cc b ngun ny c th cp ngun cho mi bng
mch chnh v card m rng cng nh s a ln v cc thit b ngoi vi khc.
3.1.4. Cc chi tit k thut ca b ngun
Bn cnh cng sut ra, nhiu chi tit k thut cng nh c im khc ca b ngun
lm nn mt b ngun cht lng cao. B ngun cht lng cao s bo v h thng tt
hn v s khng b nh hng khi mt trong nhng tnh trng sau xy ra:
- Ngng chy 100 % bt c khong thi gian lm vic no.
- Ngun yu bt c thnh phn no.
- C mt xung in ti 2.500 V t trc tip vo u vo xoay chiu (v d nh b st
nh)
Cc b ngun tt c mt c mt dng r ni t nh hn 500 micro ampe. Tnh nng
an ton ny rt quan trng khi cm khng c ng ni t. Bn cnh nhng tiu
chun trn cn c nhng tiu chun khc nh gi mt PSU. nh gi c mt
PSU cn phi bit c cc thng s k thut v b ngun v ngha ca n nh di
y:
-
Thi gian gia cc ln hng v thi gian trc khi hng: y l khong thi
gian (c tnh ton) trung bnh, tnh bng gi, m b ngun c th hot ng
tt trc khi hng. Cc b ngun thng c khong thi gian gia cc ln hng
hc khong 100.000 gi hay ln hn tnh theo l thuyt. Tuy nhin trn thc t
s c nhng thay i rt khc.
Di in p u vo (hay di hot ng): L di in th m b ngun c th

chp nhn c t ngun in li xoay chiu. i vi dng xoay chiu 110V,
di u vo t 90 V n 135 V l ph bin. i vi dng 220 V, di u vo
thng l t 180 V n 270 V.
Dng khi ng: L dng in tiu th ln nht ca b ngun ngay sau khi bt
ngun. Thng s ny c biu din bng ampe ti mt in p nht nh.
Thi gian duy tr: L thi gian (tnh theo mi li giy) m u ra ca b ngun
cn duy tr khi u vo b ngt. Thi gian ny cc b ngun hin nay thng
c gi tr khong t 15 ms n 25 ms.
Thi gian p ng nhanh: L lng thi gian (tnh theo micro giy) m b
ngun iu chnh in p u ra ti in p quy nh khi c mt bin i in
p nhanh. Ni cch khc, l thi gian b ngun cn n nh in p ra sau
khi mt thit b trong h thng bt u hay kt thc qu trnh tiu th in nng.
81
B ngun ly mu dng ang c s dng bi my tnh ti cc khong thi

gian c nh. Khi mt thit b dng tiu th in trong mt khong thi gian (v
d nh a mm ngng quay), b ngun s cung cp mt in p cao
khong thi gian . Lng in p vt qu ny c gi l qu p, v thi
gian p ng nhanh l thi gian cn thit b ngun iu chnh in p xung
mc bnh thng. Thi gian p ng nhanh thng c biu din bng cc
khong thi gian hoc theo thay i ca u ra nh "cc mc u ra vn gi n
nh trong khi u ra thay i ti 20 %".
-
Bo v khi qu p: L im ngt i vi mi u ra m b ngun s ngt

khi in p u ra ln hn mc cho php. Cc gi tr ny c biu din di
dng phn trm (v d nh 120 % i vi in p + 3.3 V v + 5 V) hay gi tr
in p (v d nh in p + 4.6 V i vi mc + 3.3 V v + 7.0 V i vi mc
+ 5 V).
Dng ti cc i: L dng cc i (tnh bng ampe) c th phn phi mt cch

an ton qua mt u ra c th. Gi tr ny c th biu din bng ampe cho mi
in p ra. Vi cc gi tr ny, c th tnh ton tng in nng m b ngun c
th cung cp v c s thit b s dng cc in p khc nhau m b ngun c
th h tr.
Dng ti cc tiu: L dng cc tiu (tnh bng ampe) b tiu th bi mt u ra

c th. Nu dng tiu th ca mt u ra nh hn mc cc tiu ny, b ngun
c th h hng hay c th t ng ng mch.
iu chnh ti: Khi dng tiu th bi mt u ra no tng hay gim th in

p cng thay i theo. iu chnh ti l lng thay i in p cho mt u ra
c th mt khi n bin i t ti cc tiu ti ti cc i (v ngc li). Cc gi
tr ny c biu din bng +/- phn trm v thng nm trong khong +/- 1%
n +/- 5 % cho cc u ra + 3.3V, + 5 V v +12 V.
iu chnh dng: L thay i in p ra khi u vo xoay chiu bin i t gi

tr thp nht ti gi tr cao nht. B ngun c kh nng chp nhn ngun vo
xoay chiu bin i trong di u vo v u ra ch bin i trong khong 1 %.
Hiu sut: L t l cng sut u vo trn u ra ca b ngun tnh theo phn

trm. Gi tr ca thng s ny t 60 % n 85 % l ph bin trong cc b ngun
hin nay. T 15 % n 35 % cn li b chuyn thnh nhit trong qu trnh bin
i in p xoay chiu thnh in p mt chiu. Mc d hiu sut cao c ngha
l to nhit t hn v tn t in hn nhng bn cnh b ngun cn phi tho
mn cc thng s nh iu chnh ti v cc thng s khc.
82
gn xoay chiu: L trung bnh in p ca tt c cc nh hng ca cc

thnh phn xoay chiu ln u ra ca b ngun v thng c tnh bng mi li
vn. Cc nh hng ny l do cc thit b in mc trn ngun in li xoay
chiu gy ra.
3.1.5. Cc yu cu cn thit khi tin hnh sa cha ngun my tnh
3.1.5.1. Yu cu v an ton
Phn s cp ca ngun c th gy nguy him, v u vo ca ngun c kt ni trc
tip vi dng in xoay chiu v t in lc ngun c in p ln ti 320 V khi ngun
lm vic, v sau khi tt ngun nu khng x t lc ngun (v mt l do no
ngun khng lm vic ng nhng cu ch khng hng dn n c in p tch trn t
lc ngun) khi s tay vo s gy git. V vy cn phi tun th theo nhng nguyn tc
di y trnh khi nhng ri ro trn:
-
Khi lm vic cn phi i giy, dp, hoc ng trn cc vt cch in v d nh

thm cch in.
Cn phi ht sc cn thn, khng c ng trm tay vo nhng vng c in

p cao ca b ngun.
Khng c eo trang sc hoc nhng vt dn in khc, v khi sa cha

cc vt ny c th chm vo mch in v gy ra nguy him.
Tip t cc thit b in s dng kim tra v sa cha ngun.
Cn phi c s hiu bit v cc thit b in t, cn phi bit r v tr no l in

p li xoay chiu, hoc mt chiu c in p cao. S dng ng h vn nng
o kim tra cc gi tr in p trn u vo v nm c cc im kim tra c
in p cao.
Nu cn phi tho bng mch ra khi v, hy t n ln vt c th cch in v

khng c bng mch chm vo bt k vt g c th gy ra ngn mch.
Thng thng ta c th t bng mch ln tm nha hoc cc vt bng g.
Ch c hn, hoc chm tay vo ngun khi tt ngun, cn phi x t in

lc ngun bng mt in tr ln hn 2W (V d: i vi t c in p chu ng
khong 200 V s dng mt in tr t 1 K n 10 K). Dng ng h vn
nng ph hp kim tra chc chn rng khng cn in p d trn t.
Nu cn phi kim tra khi ngun ang c in, cn phi t thang o ca ng

h vn nng v thang o c gi tr ln hn vi ngun cn o, trnh hin tng
ngun b sc c th gy ra hng ng h vn nng.
83
3.1.5.2. Dng c kim tra

Cn phi c cc dng c cn thit trong qu trnh sa cha b ngun ca my tnh.
Phn di y ch ra cc dng c cn thit dng kim tra b ngun ca my tnh:
-
ng h vn nng ch th s hoc kim.
My hin sng
3.1.5.3. Dng c tho lp

Dng c dng tho lp c th s dng mt cch d dng v thun tin, cc dng c
dng tho lp c m t di y:
-
Ht thic dng tho g cc t in v in tr v cc linh kin khc gn

trong bng mch ca b ngun.
T vt cc c c cn nha dng tho lp cc c, vt bt trn bng mch.
84
CHNG 4: SA CHA NGUN MY TNH KIU AT

4.1. S KHI KIU NGUN AT
in p
vo
xoay
chiu
Mch
lc
u
vo
Khi
chnh
lu v
lc DC
Mch
to
xung
ngt
m
Bin
p
ngt
m
Mch
dao
ng
B
chnh
lu
th
cp
Mch
so
snh
v hi
tip
Mch
lc th
cp
in
p ra
mt
chiu
Chiu in
p
4.1.1. Gii thch cc thnh phn mch in trn s khi b ngun kiu AT
- Mch lc u vo: Mch lc u vo dng lc bt cc xung nhn do in p li
hoc cc thnh phn khc gy ra.
- Khi chnh lu v lc mt chiu: B chnh lu c nhim v bin i in p xoay
chiu thnh mt chiu kt hp vi t lc ngun to ra in p mt chiu bng phng
cp cho cc thnh phn bn trong ca b ngun.
- Mch to xung ngt m: Mch to xung ngt m c nhim v gy ra s thay i v
dng in trong cun s cp bin p ngt m to ra in p cm ng cp cho ti.
Trong b ngun my tnh mch to xung ngt m khng c thit k cch ly mt s
cp vi mt th cp. Nn nu s tay vo v my thng gy ra git. V vy i vi
ngun my tnh cn phi ni mt cho v my chng git.
- Bin p ngt m: Kt hp vi kho ngt m to s thay i v dng bn trong
cun s cp a ra cc mc in p thch hp phn th cp. Bin p ngt m ca
ngun mt tnh kiu AT c thit k a ra cc mc in p 5 V v 12 V mt
85
chiu. i vi mt s ngun my tnh in p m 5 V mt chiu c to ra bi IC

7905.
- B chnh lu th cp: B chnh lu th cp kt hp vi t lc ngun to ra cc
in p mt chiu u ra ca bin p ngt m.
- Mch lc th cp: Mch lc th cp dng to ra in p bng phng u ra ca
ca ngun.
- Mch so snh v hi tip: Mch ny c nhim v so snh v n nh in p u ra
ca ngun.
- Mch dao ng: To ra xung iu rng (Pulse Width Modulation) li kho ngt
m. Mch ny thng s dng IC TL494.
86
4.1.2. S nguyn l ngun AT
Hnh 4.1. S nguyn l ngun AT 200 W
87
Sa cha ngun my tnh kiu ATX
4.1.2.1. Phn tch s nguyn l mch ngun AT 200 W

Mch ny l ngun kiu xung ngt m (Switching Power Supply), mch ngun ny
s dng IC TL 494. Tng t nh mch c s dng trong hu ht ngun c cng
sut t 180 W n 250 W. in p 220 V xoay chiu qua cu ch 5A qua mch lc
ng dy (Line Fillter), qua cc t lc nhiu u vo C1, C4 (100 nF/ 250 V) ti cu
i t BD1, nn mt chiu 220 V ti t lc C5, C6 (330 F/ 220 V ) mc ni tip. in
tr R1, R2 dng san bng in p trn hai t C5, C6 (khi t chuyn mch v ch
220 V). ch 110 V t C5, C6 chuyn thnh mch nhn i in p. in p
ny dng cp ngun nui cho tng cng sut ca mch dao ng phn s cp. Khi
chuyn sang in p 110 V s c dng in i qua t C9 (1F/ 250 V) qua cun 1 bin
p Tr3, cun 1 bin p Tr2, cun 3, 2a bin p Tr1 cp cho mch dao ng dng
Transistor T1, T2 (2SC4242), lc ny do qu trnh phng np trn hai t C5, C6 to
xung in ban u kch cho tng dao ng T1, T2 lm vic. Khi hai Transistor T1, T2
lm vic s to ra xung in trn cun th cp bin p Tr2, khi trn cun 3a, 3b
bin p Tr2 s c in p cm ng v c nn qua i t BD3a, BD3b, v trn u ra
ca bin p Tr4 s c cc in p nhng cha n nh. in p + 12 V qua i t D14,
t lc C16 (47 F) cp ngun vo chn 12 IC 101 (TL 494). Khi IC 101 bt u
lm vic, ng thi in p +12 V qua in tr R23 (1.5 K) qua i t D5 qua cun s
cp 1a, 1b ca bin p Tr1 cp cho Colector Transistor T3, T4. Chn 8 v chn 11 IC
101 cp dng iu khin Transistor T3, T4 lm vic, v n nh in p u ra ca
ngun. Lc ny trn cc u ra ca bin p Tr4 s c cc in p mt chiu + 5 V v +
12V, m 5 V v m - 12V. Cc cun lc t L1 n L4 (30 H ), t lc t C24 n
C27 (470 F) dng lc v san bng in p u ra. n nh in p u ra ca
ngun, mch ny s dng ngun m 12 V qua in tr R30 (1.2 K) mc ni tip
vi mch phn p in tr R29 (1 K), R28 (270 ) cp cho Emiter Transisor T6 (nu
trong qu trnh ngun lm vic, in p m 12 V b thay i do mt nguyn nhn no
, th Transistor T6 s lm cho in p dng Transistor T5 thay i qua i t D10
vo chn 4 IC 101 iu khin rng xung ca dao ng. in p + 5 V qua phn
p R34 (10 K), R18 (4.7 K) cp vo chn 15 IC 101 v phn p R17, R16 cp vo
chn 1 IC 101 so snh bo v ngun. Nu c s c u ra + 5 V th mch bo v
s lm vic v ct ngun. Trong ngun ny mch so snh v hi tip s dng IC
LM339 lm nhim v bo v khi c s c chp ti hoc ngun b qu p. in p +
12 V qua i t D15, t lc C18 (100 nF) in tr R35 (24 K) a ti u vo IO 2a
v to ra trn u ra IO2a c mt in p ra 5V chun dng so snh. Khi c s c
qu p hoc qu ti th lc in p ti chn 13 IC 101 TL 409 s b thay i dn n
mch iu khin ti chn 8 v chn 11 ca IC 101 TL 494 ct, mch ngun mt dao
ng.
88
Mch lt trng thi IO2b to ra trn u ra IO2b tn hiu Power Good. Khi n nt
(Reset) trn mt trc ca my tnh, s lm cho ngun khi ng li.
4.2. TH T TM PAN TRN MCH NGUN AT

4.2.1 Kim tra mch nn v chnh lu s cp
Ngun in p cp cho mch ngun ngt m bt u t gic cm ngun in li
xoay chiu a n u vo ca mch nn v chnh lu s cp nh hnh 4.2. Cp
ngun in xoay chiu vo b ngun.
Hnh 4.2. Ngun in li a n mch nn v chnh lu s cp

Trc cu i t BD1 s dng ng h vn nng o in p xoay chiu ti hai u
t C2, C3 xem c khng. Nu khng c, rt cp ngun ra. S dng ng h vn nng
t v thang o in tr, kim tra cu ch 5A xem c hng khng. Nu cu ch hng,
s dng ng h kim tra cu i t BD1 xem c hng khng. Nu c phi thay th cu
i t BD1 ri mi lp cu ch mi vo. Bi v, nu mt trong bn i t ca cu i t
BD1 b chp, hng hoc b nh thng th khi thay cu ch mi vo s c hin tng
bt in n cu ch. Trng hp khc nu cu ch 5A v cu i t khng hng cn phi
kim tra tip t lc ngun C5, C6 v in tr R1, R2 xem c hng khng, pht hin
hng thay th bng linh kin khc. Nguyn nhn hai t lc ngun C5, C6 hng l do
mt trong hai in tr R1 hoc R2 b t, in p phn p trn hai t s khng cn
bng do mt trong hai t s phi chu ng in p ln hn t kia dn n t b
nh thng, gy ra n cu ch. Ngoi ra nu Transistor ngt m T1 hoc T2 b chp CE
gy ra hin tung ngn mch trn ngun, cng dn n hin tng khi thay cu ch
mi bt in n cu ch.
4.2.2. Kim tra ti
i vi mch ngun dng ngun xung ngt m, khi mt trong cc ti u ra b
chp s dn n trng hp mch bo v b tc ng dn n ngt dao ng, ngt
ngun u ra. Do khi xc nh cc h hng ca mch ngun cn phi ch n
vic kim tra phn th cp ca ngun xem c lm vic ng khng, ti cc u ra
89
ca ngun c b chp khng. Cch thc kim tra ti ca mch ngun AT tin hnh nh
sau:
Cp ngun cho b ngun, t thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang o mt
chiu kim tra cc in p ti u ra ca ngun xem c khng. Nu khng c cn
phi kim tra cc i t nn in trn cc u ra, trong mch ngun dng ngun xung
ngt m i t nn in thng l i t xung. trong trng hp ny hy kim tra cc
i t BD3a, BD3b, BD2a, BD2b. V tr ca cc i t nn in p u ra nh hnh 4.3.
Hnh 4.3. V tr ca cc i t nn in ti u ra ca ngun

4.2.3. Kim tra khi dao ng
y chnh l thnh phn mch in kh kim tra nht trong mch ngun my tnh,
bi v mch ngun ny c thit k rt phc tp. i vi mch ngun dng xung ngt
m kiu AT thng s dng IC dao ng loi TL 494. Ngay sau khi cp ngun cho IC
hot ng, tn hiu dao ng s xut hin ngay ti u ra ca IC. Trong b dao ng
ngt m. Mt linh kin hng s lm t lit hot ng ca mch dao ng. tin hnh
kim tra b dao ng c thun tin, cn phi ch cc iu kin sau:
-
Xem k phn nguyn l lm vic ca ngun AT, y l iu kin cn thit

trnh c hin tng pht hin sai h hng, dn n mt thi gian v i khi
lm hng thm mch in.
90
Phi bit cch kim tra, o c linh kin mt cch chnh xc. y l mt vic
lm rt quan trng. Nu trong qu trnh kim tra pht hin h hng, m b qua
mt linh kin no , th c th dn n cng vic sa cha b b tc.
Phi khonh c vng hng hc, bit kim tra linh kin no d b hng, linh
kin no t hng.
Thng thng, cc linh kin d b hng trn mch ngun kiu xung ngt m dng AT
c thng k theo th t di y:
-
Transistor ngt m, cc i t Zener, cc i t nn in, cc i t xung, in tr

cu ch, in tr bo v, cu i t, IC to dao ng
Thnh phn t h hng nht trong mch ngun l bin p xung, v cc in tr

than.
Lu di y ch ra cch thc tin hnh kim tra mch dao ng ca b ngun my

tnh kiu AT.
91
Bt u
Kim tra
Transistor
ngt m
Thay
Transistor
ngt m
Hng
Tt
Kim tra in p
cp cho cc C
Tranzitor ngt
m
Mt
D phn ngun
t b chnh lu
tr v trc
Kim tra
dao ng
Mt
Kim tra cc
linh kin lin
quan n mch
dao ng
Kim tra
cc ng
hi tip
Kt thc
92
4.2.4. Kim tra mch bo v

Trong mch ngun ny mch bo v c nhim v bo v khi qu ti hoc c s c
trn ti lc n s ct ngun. Mch ny s dng IC LM 339 lm nhim v so
snh v bo v. Khi mch bo v c s c, s dn n mt ngun ti u ra. kim
tra mch bo v, hy cp ngun in cung cp cho b ngun. S dng ng h vn
nng kim tra in p + 12 V ti in tr R35 (24 K) xem c khng. Nu c, tip tc
kim tra in in p + 5 V ti im (a) u ra ca IO2a (1/2 ca IC LM339) xem c
khng. Nu khng c, c kh nng IC LM339 hng. Tt ngun, t thang o ca ng
h vn nng v thang o in tr, kim tra cc linh kin mc xung quanh mch bo v
xem c hng khng, pht hin linh kin hng thay th. Nu cc linh kin mc xung
quanh mch bo v khng hng, thay th IC LM339.
4.3. CC H HNG THNG GP TRN KHI NGUN AT

4.3.1. Bt in n cu ch
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Nguyn nhn ch yu sy ra hin tng ny l do chm chp
cc i t ca cu nn u vo ca mch ngun. Cc t lc ngun xoay chiu ca
mch lc nhiu ng dy b thng, hoc cc t lc ngun mt chiu sau cu i t b
chp, thng, hay cc in tr phn p ca t lc ngun b t, hng. Mach dao ng
ngt m phn s cp b chp gy nn.
- Phng php tin hnh sa cha: i vi mch ngun dng xung ngt m kiu AT,
c th l mch ngun ny ta thy khi c hin tng bt in n cu ch, cn phi tin
hnh kim tra t lc trn mch lc nhiu ng dy u vo ca ngun, dng ng
h vn nng t thang R x 1 o kim tra hai t C1, C4 nu pht hin hng thay th
bng linh kin c cng tr s, v nu t lc ngun mc trn u vo b thng dn n
ngn mch u vo, cu ch s b n. Nu khng hng kim tra cu i t BD1, dng
ng h vn nng thang R x 1 kim tra cc i t trn cu i t, nu pht hin i t
thng, hng cn phi thay th ngay, i vi trng hp cu i t c tch hp chung
trong mt v, o kim tra pht hin hng thay th. Bi v nu cu i t b hng, ngha
l mt trong 4 i t mc trn mch cu b thng, dn n hin tng ngn mch. Do
khi cp in li xoay chiu cho ngun, cu ch bo v s n. i khi cu ch b chp
n cng c th do nguyn nhn ngun in li c s c v b dng ln qu cao, dn
ti cu ch bo v n hin tng ny t khi sy ra. Nu kim tra cu i t m khng
thy hng ta tip tc kim tra t lc ngun mc ngay sau cu i t. Khi t chuyn
mch v mc in p 220 V xoay chiu, trong mch ny c thit k s dng 2 t lc
ngun C5, C6 loi (330 F/ 220 V), c mc ni tip vi nhau v mc vi hai in
tr phn p R1, R2 loa 3 M. Nhim v ca hai in tr ny dng chia u in p
trn hai t. Gi thit t ra, khi c in p li cp cho ngun, v mt nguyn nhn no
93
m in tr R1 hoc R2 b t (c th do ngun hot ng qu lu, cc in tr

nng dn ln, tng tr s gy ra t, hng in tr, hoc do ti u ra qu ln dn n
ngun hot ng b qu ti cc in tr cng c th b t...). Khi in p phn p
trn hai u t b lch nhau qu ln lm hng t lc ngun C5 hoc C6, khi t lc
ngun b hng dn n mch ngun b chp, n cu ch. pht hin t hng t
thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang R x 10 o kim tra t nu hng cn phi thay
th ngay, khi t hng ta cn phi tip tc kim tra hai in tr R1 v R2, loi tr
ht cc nguyn nhn gy ra hng t. Nu khi pht hin thy t hng m khng kim tra
hai in tr R1, R2 m thay ngay t mi vo, do mt trong hai in tr R1, R2 hng
s tip tc lm hng t v t cu ch. V vy cn phi kim tra tht k tt c cc
nguyn nhn gy ra hng cu ch trc khi cm in thng ngun. y cng chnh l
mt nguyn tc bt buc trong qu trnh sa cha. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy
nn hin tng bt in n cu ch l do hng mt trong hai Transistor T1, T2. Trong
mch ny Transistor T1, T2 c s dng l loi (2SC 4242). Khi mt trong hai
Transistor ny hng, thng l chp C - E, s gy nn ngn mch u ra ca ngun,
chp ngun, cu ch n. kim tra Transistor ny dng ng h vn nng t thang
o R x10 o kim tra Transistor T1, T2 nu hng thay th bng mt linh kin mi.
V tr Transistor T1, T2 c b tr nh hnh 4.4.
Hnh 4.4. V tr Transistor T1, T2

4.3.2. Mt dao ng khng c in p ra
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Mt dao ng c nhiu nguyn nhn, c th do chp ti u ra
dn n mch bo v lm vic v ct dao ng, cng c th do IC dao ng b hng,
cc linh kin lin quan trong mch dao ng bi hng, Transistor iu khin ngt m bi
chp C-E hoc dn bo ho...
- Phng php tin hnh sa cha:
+ Kim tra ti: u tin chc chn ngun in li tt, o ti xem c b chm chp
hay khng, thng thng ta tin hnh kim tra i t nn u ra, y l cc i t xung.
Trong mch ny cc i t nn u ra l cc i t D19, D18 cp ngun ra m 12 V,
94
cc i t BD3a, BD3b cp ngun ra + 12 V, v cc i t BD2a, BD2b cp ngun ra + 5

V, i t D16, D17 cp ngun ra m 5 V. t thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang
R x 1 kim tra cc i t trn pht hin hng thay th. V khi mt trong cc i t trn b
chp, thng th lc ny gi tr in p u ra ca ngun b thay i dn n mch bo
v lm vic v ct dao ng, ngun khng lm vic. Th d xt i vi in p + 5 V
u ra. in p + 5 V u ra c nn bi hai i t BD2a, BD2b y l cc i t
xung c nhim v nn ngun sau bin p ngt m ly ra in p + 5 V. in p ny
c a qua mch lc L - C l cun cm L3 (30 H) v t lc C26 (470 F) ti cc
u ra ca u ni ngun AT. Mt phn in p + 5 V c a v mch bo v qua
phn p R34 (10 K), R18 (4.7 K) cp vo chn 15 IC 101 v qua in tr phn p
R17, R16 cp vo chn 1 IC 101 (TL 494) so snh bo v ngun. Nu c s c
u ra + 5 V th mch bo v s lm vic, mt dao ng v ct ngun. V tr v im
kim tra cc i t nh hnh 4.5.
im kim
tra
Hnh 4.5. V tr v im kim tra cc i t
+ Kim tra tng dao ng s cp: Trong mch ny tng dao ng s cp s dng cp
Transistor T1, T2 c mc theo kiu mch y ko. Tng ny dng to ra dng
in khi ng lc ban u kch cho mch dao ng chnh ca ngun lm vic. thi
im ban u khi c in p li xoay chiu cp cho mch ngun, in p xoay chiu
95
qua mch lc ng dy ti cu i t BD1, nn mt chiu, qua t lc ngun cp in

p mt chiu cho cc thnh phn trong mch ngun. Khi t chuyn mch ch
220 V xoay chiu, in p mt chiu u ra ca cu i t BD1 c mc vi mch
lc ngun mt chiu bi hai t C5, C6 (330 F/ 220 V) mc ni tip vi nhau qua in
tr phn p R1, R2 cp cho Transistor T1, T2 (2SC4242) . Ti thi im ban u khi t
C5, C6 c np, do qu trnh phng np ca t xut hin xung in, thng qua cun
s cp 2a, 2b ca bin p Tr1 kch m cho n T1, T2, khi n T1, T2 lm vic s c
in p cm ng ti cun 1 bin p Tr2, cm ng sang cun 3a, 3b bin p Tr2 v ti
thi im ny xut hin in p ti cc u ra ca bin p Tr2, in p lc ny cha n
nh. Cp i t nn BD3a, BD3b to ra in p + 12 V qua i t D14, cp vo chn 12
ca IC dao ng I01 (TL494), lc ny ti u ra ca IC I01, chn 8 v chn 11 s c
in p iu khin cho Transistor T3, T4 lm vic, y chnh l kho ngt m ca
mch dao ng. Mt phn in p + 12 V ca u ra bin p Tr2 a qua in tr R23
(1.5 K), qua i t D5 ti im gia ca cun 1a, 1b bin p Tr1 cp in p cho
Colector ca hai Transistor T3, T4. Khi IC dao ng IO1 (TL 494) lm vic iu khin
Transistor ngt m lm vic n nh cho cc in p trn cc u ra ca bin p Tr2.
Xt trng hp tng dao ng s cp khng lm vic. Khi tng dao ng s cp hng
v mt nguyn nhn no th s khng c in p trn u ra ca bin p Tr2 v do
s khng c ngun cp cho IC dao ng I01 lm vic, ngun khng hot ng,
kim tra, xc nh xem c chc l tng dao ng s cp hng hay khng ta tin hnh
nh sau:
Dng mt ngun + 12 V mt chiu bn ngoi cp cho mch dao ng lm
vic, thng thng ta c th s dng mt ngun AT cn tt, ly in p + 12V u ra
ca ngun ny th v mc vo mch nh hnh 4.6 di y.
Khi nu ta dng ng h vn nng kim tra in p ti cc u ra ca bin p
Tr2. Nu cc in p ny khng c, th c th kt lun tng dao ng s cp b
hng. Tng dao ng s cp hng thng c nhiu nguyn nhn, nhng ch yu l
hng cp Transistor T1, T2, trong mch ny Transistor T1, T2 c s dng l hai
Transistor phn cc nguc, nu mt trong hai Transistor ny b chp C - E dn n
mch dao ng b chp, ngun khng lm vic. Dng ng h vn nng t thang R
x10, nhc chn B, C ca Transistor T1, T2 ln o kim tra nu thy hng cn phi thay
th bng linh kin ng chng loi hoc tng ng. Nu khng hng tip tc kim
tra hai i t D1, D2, hai i t ny dng cp in p cho Colector ca Transistor T1,
T2, nu mt trong hai i t ny hng, suy ra mt trong hai Transistor khng lm vic,
ngun cng khng hot ng. pht hin hng thay th. Trng hp ngc li khi dng
ng h vn nng kim tra m thy i t D1, D2 khng hng ta phi kim tra tip cc
linh kin lin quan trong mch. Kim tra i t D3, in tr R4 (10 ) v in tr phn
96
p R5, R6 ni vo cc Baz ca Transistor T1 v i t D4, in tr R8 (10 ) in tr

phn p R9, R10 ni vo cc Baz ca Transistor T2 pht hin hng thay th. Sau khi
hon thnh vic sa cha lp rp mch li hon chnh, hn cht cc linh kin, bt
ngun kim tra chc chn ngun hot ng tt. Hnh 4.6. m t v tr im mc
in p + 12 V
Hnh 4.6. M t v tr im mc in p + 12 V
im mc in p + 12V
+ Kim tra IC dao ng: Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra mt dao ng l do IC

dao ng IO1 b hng, kim tra IC IO1 ta phi bit r v cu trc ca IC c
phng thc kim tra cho chnh xc, trnh nhm ln gy ra lng ph khng cn thit,
mt thi gian. Cu trc ca IC IO1 c m t nh hnh 4.7.
97
Hnh 4.7. S khi IC IO1 (TL 494)

Chn (1): + In1 (Input Inverting); chn (2): - In1: Cc u vo khng o v o ca
mch khuch i d sai th nht (ERROR AMP1).
Chn (3): u vo mch so snh PWM.
Chn (4): Dead Time Control (kim sot thi gian trng) ni vi in tr R24 (47K)
vi t lc C14 (1F) ni vo cc chn 15, 14, 13 dng n nh in p ra v c
chc nng bo v. Kt hp vi mch so snh s dng IC LM 1339.
Chn (5): CT; Chn (6): RT ni vi R, C nh tn s dao ng
Chn (7): GND (ni mass)
Chn (8): iu khin Transistor T4
Chn (11): iu khin Transistor T3
Chn (12): VCC ngun 12 VDC cp cho IC
Chn (13): OUT CONTROL iu khin u ra
Chn (14): VREF in p chun + 5 V c to ra t bn trong IC cung cp cho cc
mch Oscillator, Error Amp...
Chn (15): Inverting Input; Chn (16): Noninverting Input: Cc u vo o v khng
o ca mch khuch i d sai th hai (ERROR AMP2). Trong mch ny chn 16
c ni vi mass.
98
Trn c s cu trc ca IC I01 (TL 494), dng ng h vn nng kim tra in p

ngun + 12 V cp cho IC I01, o ti u ra ca IC chn 8, 11 c xung iu khin cho
Transistor ngt m khng, nu cc chn ny khng xut hin in p mt chiu thay
i 3V, kim tra in p chun + 5 V ti chn 13 ca IC, nu khng c chc chn IC
ny hng cn phi thay th mt IC mi. V tr kim tra nh hnh 4.8.
in p
chun + 5 V
u ra ln
hn hoc
bng + 3 V
Hnh 4.8. V tr kim tra in p ca IC IO1

+ Kim tra tng dao ng ngt m: Nu khi kim tra IC I01 m khng pht hin hng,
tng dao ng s cp khng hng cn phi tin hnh kim tra tng dao ng ngt m.
Tng dao ng ngt m s dng hai Transistor T3, T4, c iu khin bi IC dao
ng TL 494. hai Transistor T3, T4 ny dng kch m cho ngun lm vic n nh
in p u ra. Gi thit t ra mt trong hai Transistor T3, T4 b nh thng hoc c
hai b hng do mt nguyn nhn no . Dng ng h vn nng kim tra hai
Transistor T3, T4 nu hng cn phi thay th bng linh kin ng tr s hoc tng
ng, ng thi cn phi tin hnh kim tra nguyn nhn gy ra hng mt trong hai
Transistor ny, cn phi kim tra i t D6, D7 v nu cc i t ny b nh thng dn
n C - E ca hai Transistor T3, T4 b chp suy ra hng Transistor. Ngoi ra nu i t
D5 ni vi ngun + 12 V cp vo im gia cun 1a, 1b bin p Tr1 cp cho Colector
Transistor T3, T4 b t hoc in tr R23 mc ni tip vi i t ny t dn n mt
ngun + 12 V cp cho tng dao ng v mch ngun khng lm vic.
+ Kim tra mch so snh v hi tip: Mch so snh v hi tip dng so snh in p
u ra vi ngun + 5 V chun ca IC dao ng n nh in p v bo v ngun khi
c s c qu ti. Mch ny s dng IC LM339 thuc h IC tuyn tnh c s dng
rt ph bin trong cc mch ngun dng ngun xung ngt m cu trc ca IC LM339
c m t nh hnh 4.9.
99
IN A - IN A V +
OUT A OUT B
+ IN B - IN B
7
6
4
3
2
1
-
2
+
+
3
+
4
+
- IN C
9
10
11
12
13
14
OUT D OUT C
+ IN C - IN D + IN D GND
Hnh 4.9. S khi IC LM 339

Trong mch ny s dng 1/2 IC LM 339, in p + 12 V qua i t D15, qua phn
p R35 (24 K), R36 (4.7 K) a vo u vo khng o (+ IN) IO2 (LM 339) qua
u ra ti im (a) quay v IC IO1 so snh vi in p + 5 V mu m IC IO1 to ra.
Gi thit t ra c s c chp ti u ra ca ngun dn n in p + 12 V cp vo IO2
thay i, lc ny in p qua i t D15 thp xung khong + 2.8 V dn n mc l gic
u ra ca IO2 b thay i lm cho IC IO1 thay i theo v kho mch dao ng,
ngun ra b ct. Vi trng hp ngun mt dao ng, khi kim tra cc linh kin mc
trn mch hi tip m khng c linh kin hng, cn phi kim tra mch so snh v hi
tip. S dng ng h vn nng kim tra cc linh kin mc xung quanh IC LM339
xem c hng khng, pht hin linh kin hng thay th bng linh kin khc c cng tr
s. Nu khng pht hin linh kin hng, cp ngun cho b ngun, s dng ng h
vn nng kim tra in p + 12 V cp vo u vo khng o (+IN) ca IC LM339
xem c khng. Nu c tip tc kim tra xem in p + 5 V chun ti im (a) xem c
khng. Nu khng c IC LM339 hng thay th bng IC khc.
100
4.3.3. Ngun ra thp hn bnh thng

- Nguyn nhn h hng: Nguyn nhn ny thng do i t nn ti u ra th cp ca
bin p xung Tr2 b chp, dn n in p nn ti u ra ca bin p gim i mt na.
- Phng php tin hnh sa cha: Khi dng ng h vn nng o gi tr in p ti
u ra, thy thp hn bnh thng, cn phi kim tra cc i t nn cp in p ra cho
ngun. u ra ca mch ngun AT cp cc gi tr in p sau: 12 V, 5 V, tng
ng vi cc in p ny l cc cp i t nn, BD3a, BD3b nn cp ngun + 12 V; D18,
D19 nn cp ngun m - 12 V; i t Bd2a, Bd2b nn cp ngun + 5 V; D16, D17 nn
cp ngun m 5 V, t thang o ca ng h vn nng v tr R x 1 o phn cc ca
cc i t tng ng vi ngun b thp pht hin i t hng thay th. Lu i t s
dng nn u ra ca ngun l i t xung. khi b hng khng th thay bng cc i t
thng c. Nu thay bng i t thng, i t s b nng v chp. V tr ca cc i t
nn c miu t nh hnh 4.10.
Hnh 4.10. V tr ca cc i t nn
4.3.4. Ngun ra cao hn bnh thng.
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Mch dao ng cp cho phn t ngt m mt tn hiu c tn
s ng m tng, rng xung tng, do mch so snh v hi tip lm vic sai, cc
in tr mc ngoi mch dao ng sai tr s.
- Phng php tin hnh sa cha: Dng ng h vn nng tin hnh kim tra cc
in tr v t in mc quanh IC dao ng IO1 (TL 494) xem c b tng tr s, hoc b
hng hay khng, v khi cc linh kin ny sai tr s dn n mch dao ng hot ng
sai , tn s ng m tng, rng xung tng dn n ngun lm vic mch ln v cc
in p u ra ca ngun tng theo. Pht hin linh kin hng, thay th. Nu khi kim
tra m khng pht hin thy linh kin no mc xung quanh IC dao ng sai tr s, tin
hnh kim tra IC so snh v hi tip IC IO2 (LM 339). Khi IC ny lm vic sai cng
101
dn n vic IC dao ng lm vic sai, in p ra ca ngun khng ng gi tr, tin

hnh kim tra IC IO2 (1/2 IC LM339) nu hng thay th. Ngoi ra nu IC so snh v
hi tip khng hng cn tin hnh kim tra cc linh kin lin quan mc xung quanh IC
ny y cng c th chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra IC IO2 lm vic khng ng. Xem s
nguyn l ngun AT 200 W hnh 4.1 tin hnh kim tra.
4.3.5. C ngun khi mi cp, sau mt ngun
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Hin tng c ngun khi mi cp in sau t ng mt
ngun tuy t gp nhng vn sy ra i vi mt vi trng hp. Khi cp in cho ngun
lm vic, thy qut ngun quay sau tt, ngun mt dao ng khng lm vic. Tin
hnh kim tra thy mch ngun vn hot ng, o kim tra khi dao ng ngt m tt.
Trng hp ny l do c vn tr ngi trn ng khng ch bo v, ngun ra bt
n, do mch bo v lm vic v ngt dao ng
- Phng php tin hnh sa cha: Trong mch ngun ny s dng ng in p m
12 V qua in tr R30 (1.2 K), ni vi in tr phn p R29 (1 K) v R28 (270
) cp cho Emiter Transistor T6, cp cho Colector n T5 qua in tr R24 (47 K)
vi t lc C14 (1 F ) ni vo chn (4) IC dao ng IO1 (TL 494), y l mch Dead
Time Control (kim sot thi gian trng) ni vo cc chn 15, 14, 13 dng n nh
in p ra v c chc nng bo v. Khi mi cp in cho ngun, do i t nn ti u ra
m 12 V ca mch ngun b chp, dn n in p m 12 V b thay i, Transistor
T6 dn mnh ko theo Transistor T5 cng dn mnh ln lm cho mch kim sot thi
gian trng trong IC IO1 thay i kho dao ng, mt ngun. kim tra, s dng
ng h vn nng t thang R x 1 o i t nn D18, D19 ti u ra m 12V nu
chp hng, thay th bng mt linh kin mi.
102
CHNG 5: SA CHA NGUN MY TNH KIU ATX

5.1. S KHI KIU NGUN ATX
220 V
Mch lc
u vo
Mch bo
v qu p
Khi chnh
lu v lc
mt chiu
s cp
Khi iu
khin
Mch to tn
hiu Power
Good
Mch to
xung ngt
m
Bin p
ngt m
Khi
chnh
lu v
lc mt
chiu
th cp
in p
ra mt
chiu
Mch hi
tip
Tn
hiu
PG
5.1.1. Gii thch cc thnh phn mch in trn s khi b ngun kiu ATX
- Mch lc u vo: Mch lc u vo dng lc bt cc xung nhn do in p li
hoc cc thnh phn khc gy ra.
- Khi chnh lu v lc mt chiu s cp: Khi chnh lu v lc mt chiu s cp c
nhim v bin i in p xoay chiu thnh mt chiu kt hp vi t lc ngun to
ra in p mt chiu bng phng cp cho cc thnh phn bn trong ca b ngun.
- Mch to xung ngt m: Mch to xung ngt m c nhim v gy ra s thay i v
dng in trong cun s cp bin p ngt m to ra in p cm ng cp cho ti.
Trong b ngun my tnh mch to xung ngt m khng c thit k cch ly mt s
cp vi mt th cp. Nn nu s tay vo v my thng gy ra git. i vi ngun
my tnh cn phi ni mt cho v my chng git.
103
- Bin p ngt m: Kt hp vi kho ngt m to s thay i v dng in bn cun

s cp. Bin p ngt m a ra cc mc in p thch hp phn th cp. Ngun my
tnh kiu ATX c thit k a ra cc mc in p: 5 V, 12 V, + 3.3 V, 5 VSB
mt chiu v cc tn hiu PS - ON, POWER GOOD c m t nh bng 5.1 di
y:
Bng 5.1. M t in p v cc tn hiu u ra ngun ATX

- Khi chnh lu v lc mt chiu th cp: Khi chnh lu th cp kt hp vi t lc
ngun to ra cc in p mt chiu u ra ca bin p ngt m.
- Mch hi tip: Mch ny c nhim v so snh v n nh in p u ra ca ngun
- Khi iu khin: To ra xung iu rng (Pulse Width Modulation) li kho ngt
m. Mch ny trong cc ngun my tnh kiu ATX cng thng s dng IC TL494.
- Mch bo v qu p: Mch ny c nhim v bo v ngun khi c s c u ra ca
ngun, mch s lm vic ct dao ng, ngun khng lm vic cho n khi in li
c ct ra khi ngun
- Mch to tn hiu Power Good: Khi ngun ch hot ng, tt c cc in p ra
c th tn hiu Power Good c mc logic 1 c gi ti bo mch ch. Nu tn
hiu ny khng sn sng, lin tc, my tnh s khng hot ng.
104
5.1.2. S nguyn l kiu ngun ATX
Hnh 5.1. S nguyn l kiu ngun AT

105
5.1.2.1. Phn tch s nguyn l kiu ngun ATX

B ngun ATX l mt dng ngun n p ngt m di rng, s dng phng php
iu khin rng xung. Phn t iu khin c s dng l vi mch TL 494, n l
loi vi mch c s dng trong hu ht cc loi ngun di rng c cng sut khong
t 200 n 300 W. Kt hp vi vic s dng cp Transistor ngt m to ra cc in
p th cp u ra ca bin p xung, cc in p ny c nn lc v a ti u ra
ca b ngun. in p li u vo c lc b cc thnh phn hi bc cao nh
mch lc u vo : C1, R1, T1, C4, T5. Sau in p ny c a ti hai u vo
xoay chiu ca cu i t ( D21- D24 ). Khi chuyn mch in p (230 V 115 V) v
tr 115 V th ch lm vic ca cu i t nh mt b nn hai na chu k. Varistor Z1
v Z2 c s dng bo v s c qu p ngun in li. Thermistor NTCR1
dng gii hn dng np ban u ca hai t C5 v C6. in tr R2 v R3 dng
x in p d trn hai t C5 v C6 khi tt ngun. Khi ngun c ni vo in li th
in p np ban u trn hai t C5, C6 t gi tr khong 300 V. Sau khi cp in
cho ngun th vic iu khin ngun chy hay khng c quyt nh bi Transistor
Q12 (C3457) v cc in p th cp m n to ra. Mt ng in p c a ti
ngun nui IC1 ( TL494 ) v ng in p th hai c a ti IC3 n p + 5 V
( 7805 ). in p n p + 5 V t IC3 qua R23 to thnh mc logic 1 ti u PS ON
ca b ngun, vi mc logic 1 ny th b ngun trng thi tt ( khng c in p ra,
qut khng quay ). Vic kch hot b ngun lm vic c thc hin t bng mch
chnh ca khi h thng my tnh, c th t cng tc ngun trn mt v my tnh. Khi
cng tc c nhn vo th s lm cho mc logic 1 ti u PS - ON ( Power Stanby On) chuyn trng thi sang mc logic 0 v b ngun c chuyn sang trng thi chy
( C cc in p ra, qut quay). Nh vy khi ta cha cm u gic ca b ngun vo
bng mch chinh ca khi h thng my tnh, th nu ta cp in p li vo u vo
ca b ngun th b ngun vn cha hot ng m n ch trng thi ch ( stanby).
- Ch ch: Trong ch ch, mch ngun chnh b kho bi in p c tch trn
chn PS - ON thng qua in tr R23 (4.7 K) t ngun s cp. ( khng c in p
ra ) v ti u PS ON ca b ngun lun c mc logic 1, lm cho Transistor Q10 m,
dn n Transistor Q1 m theo, in p mu + 5 V t chn 14 IC1 thng qua
Transistor Q1 c a n chn 4 IC1, khi c in p + 5 V chn 4 IC1 th n s
ct xung a ra chn 8 v chn 11 ca n, dn n hai Transistor Q3, Q4 b kho,
khng c xung a sang hai Transistor cng sut Q1, Q2 v cc in p ra ca b
ngun b mt. Nh vy, khi thay i in p chn 4 IC1 c th thay i in p ra
ca b ngun. Nu in p ny bng 0 V th xung u ra ca IC1 l ln nht, nu
in p ny bng + 5 V th s khng c xung ra.
106
- Ch hot ng: Khi nhn phm ngun trn v my, bng mch chnh s t mc
logic 0 ti u PS ON ca b ngun. Transistor Q10 b kho, dn n Transistor Q1
b kho theo, t C15 bt u c np in thng qua in tr R15, in p trn chn 4
IC1 ang mc cao b gim dn v mc 0 do in tr R17 ni t chn 4 IC1 v mass.
Cc u ra 8 v 11 ca IC1 t gi tr cc i, rng xung ln nht, khi b ngun
c kch hot chuyn sang ch chy.
- Ch n p: Khi b ngun chy th ch n p ca b ngun ph thuc vo
gi tr in p trn hai chn so snh ca IC1 (Chn 1 v chn 2). Chn 2 c cp in
p ly mu khong + 2.5 V t chn ngun chun (Chn 14 = + 5 V) ca IC1, thng
qua hai in tr R24 v R19. Chn 1 c cp in p chia p t ngun + 5 V v + 12
V ca b ngun, thng qua cc in tr R25, R26 v R20, R21. Khi ch bnh
thng th cc u ra ca b ngun c gi tr ng bng gi tr in p danh nh c
ghi trn v ca n. Khi in p gia chn 1 v chn 2 ca IC1 c gi tr bng nhau
v bng khong + 2.5 V. Khi va mi bt ngun hoc in p li tng hoc ngun
chy ch khng ti th cng lm cho b ngun hot ng mnh hn. Khi cc
in p u ra ca b ngun cng tng theo, in p hi tip qua cc in tr R25,
R26 v R20, R21 v chn 1 ca IC1 cng tng, dn n s chnh lch in p gia
chn 1 v chn 2 ca IC1. in p sai lch ny tc ng vo mch iu bin rng
xung trong IC1, lm cho rng xung ra ti chn 8 v chn 11 ca IC1 hp hn so vi
trc, kt qa l gi tr trung bnh ca in p ra b gim i so vi trc y. in p
ra s gim cho n khi in p gia chn 1 v chn 2 ca IC1 bng nhau. Nh vy c
ngha l in p ra c gi n nh khi in p li tng hoc ti ca b ngun gim.
Qu trnh bin i xung trn s din bin ngc li nu nh in p li gim hoc ti
ca b ngun tng.
- Tn hiu bo ngun hot ng tt (Power Good): Khi b ngun c kch hot
ch chy, tt c cc in p ra c th tn hiu Power Good c mc logic 1
c gi ti bo mch ch. Nu tn hiu ny khng sn sng, lin tc, my tnh s
khng hot ng. Do , khi in th xoay chiu i chiu v b ngun qu ng sut
hay qu nng, tn hiu Power Good chuyn sang mc logic 0 v buc h thng khi
ng li hay tt my, trong khi cng tc ngun vn bt, qut v a cng vn chy
nhng h thng th b t lit. pht ra tn hiu ny ngi ta s dng IC2 (LM393),
thit k ch so snh in p gia hai im PS ON v im chia p chun ca
ngun chun c a ra t IC1. Tm li tn hiu Power Good c a sang bng
mch chnh xc lp trng thi ca b ngun v s dng n lm tn hiu khi ng
li ( RESET ) phn cng. Nt (RESET ) c b tr trn mt ca khi h thng.
Ngun n p + 3.3 V: in p n p + 3.3 V cp cho bng mch chnh, dng cho
cc b nh RAM DIMM, c ly t ngun th cp + 5 V, qua nn lc v mt tng n
p s dng vi mch TL431 v Transistor Q13, nhm nng cao n nh ca in p +
107
3.3 V v gim bt tn hao do b pht nhit nu nh dng theo mch n p nh bnh

thng.
- Mch bo v qu dng, qu p: Tn hiu bo v xut hin khi cc in p ra 5 V,
m - 12 V, + 3.3 V b qu ti hoc ln qu. Tn hiu ny s i qua i t D9 hoc D27
kch m Transistor Q6 v do lm cho Transistor Q5 cng m theo, v th m
in p chun + 5 V t chn 14 ca IC1 thng qua Transistor Q5, i t D11 c a
n chn 4 ca IC1. Nh ni phn trn, khi chn 4 ca IC1 c mc in p + 5 V
th n s ct xung iu khin hai u ra ca n, do b ngun ngng hot ng.
Ch kho ny s mt khi in p li c ngt ra khi ngun.
5.1.2.2. Th t tm h hng trn mch ngun ATX
- Kim tra ngun in p vo: Ngun in p li u vo c lc b bi cc thnh
phn hi bc cao bi cc t lc ngun, v in tr a ti cu i t nn mt chiu
thng qua cc t lc v cp cho cc thnh phn bn trong ca ngun. Mch ngun loi
ATX c thit k mc cc Varistor u vo bo v ngun khi c s c trn in
p li. gii hn dng np ban u cho t lc ngun mt chiu, mch c thit k
mc thm mt Themistor. Mch u vo ngun ATX c m t nh hnh 5.2.
Hnh 5.2. Mch u vo ngun ATX

kim tra in p vo, trc ht, cp ngun cho b ngun, s dng ng h vn
nng o in p 220V xoay chiu trn u vo xoay chiu ca cu i t xem c in p
220 V xoay chiu khng. Nu khng c, tt ngun, s dng ng h vn nng t
thang o in tr kim tra xem cu ch F1 c b t, hng khng. Nu c hy kim tra
cu i t xem c i t no b chp, thng hay khng, khi cu i t b chp thng s gy
ra hin tng bt in n cu ch. Nu cu i t khng hng hy kim tra t lc ngun
mt chiu v cc in tr mc sau cu i t xem c hng khng, pht hin linh kin
108
hng thay th. Nu cc linh kin trn khng hng hy kim tra mch dao ng ngt
m, kim tra xem c Transistor no trong mch dao ng ngt m b chp, hng
khng. Khi Transistor dao ng ngt m b chp C- E s gy ra hin tng bt in n
cu ch. V tr ca mch dao ng c m t trong hnh 5.3.
Hnh 5.3. V tr ca mch dao ng

- Kim tra ti: Khi ti u ra ca ngun b chp, mch bo v s lm vic v ct dao
ng, tt ngun
- Cch thc kim tra ti ca mch ngun ATX: Kim tra ti mch ngun ATX v c
bn cng ging nh mch ngun AT. u tin cng cn phi tin hnh o kim tra cc
i t nn ti u ra ca bin p ngt m. V tr kim tra nh hnh 5.4.
109
im
kim
tra
Hnh 5.4. V tr kim tra ti ca ngun ATX

Dng ng h vn nng o kim tra cc i t nn tng ng vi cc gi tr in p u
ra, pht hin hng v thay th.
- Kim tra khi dao ng: Cng ging nh mch ngun kiu AT, mch ngun kiu
ATX ny cng s dng IC dao ng loi TL 494, s dng phng php iu khin
110
rng xung. Nhng c mt im khc l vic thc hin kch hot b ngun c thc
hin thng qua bng mch chnh ca my tnh, khi nhn cng tc ngun trn mt trc
ca my tnh, cng tc (POWER). Khi cng tc ny c nhn vo th s lm cho mc
logic 1 ti u PS - ON ( Power Stanby - On) chuyn trng thi sang mc logic 0 v b
ngun c chuyn sang trng thi chy ( c cc in p ra, qut quay). Nh vy khi
ta cha cm u gic ca b ngun vo bng mch chnh ca my tnh, th nu ta cp
in p li vo u vo ca b ngun th b ngun vn cha hot ng m n ch
trng thi ch ( Stanby). kim tra khi dao ng ca ngun ATX tin hnh nh sau:
Mc mt dy kim loi ni tt gia chn 14 v 15 ca khi ngun ATX, c ngha l
ni chn PS - ON xung t, sau dng ng h vn nng o ti chn 12 ca IC dao
ng TL 494 xem c ngun + 12 V cp cho IC ny khng, sau dng my hin sng
kim tra xem c tn hiu dao ng ti chn 8 v chn 11 IC dao ng TL 494 hay
khng. Dng ng h vn nng o kim tra cc linh kin xung quanh mch dao ng,
cc i t xung nn u ra ca mch ngun, o kim tra cp Transistor ngt m xem
c hng khng, khi cc linh kin lin quan trong mch dao ng t, hng mch dao
ng s khng lm vic. Mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n hng mch dao ng
l do mch bo v b hng. Khi mach bo v hng dn n IC dao ng khng lm
vic mt dao ng, ngun tt.
- Kim tra mch bo v: Mch bo v c thit k nhm mc ch bo v qu dng
qu p hoc qu ti cho ngun. Mch bo v trong ngun ATX c thit k phc tp
hn mch bo v ca ngun AT. Khi c hin tng chp ti trn u ra ca ngun ATX
th lc ny s xut hin tn hiu a v thng qua cc i t v Transistor iu khin
a v chn 14 ca IC dao ng. Chn 14 IC dao ng to ra mt in p chun + 5 V
a v chn 4 IC dao ng iu khin ct xung iu khin ti chn 8 v chn 11 IC
dao ng, ct dao ng, mch ngun khng lm vic. kim tra mch bo v ta tin
hnh o cc i t n p v cc Transistor mc trn mch bo v. Dng ng h vn
nng kim tra, thng thng cc i t n p mc trong mch bo v hay b hng
- Kim tra mch to tn hiu Power Good: Mch to tn hiu Power Good dng bo
cho bit ngun hot ng tt. Khi mch ngun ny hng thng gy ra hin tng
chp trn trn ngun, ngun lin tc khi ng li. Mch ngun ny c thit k s
dng IC loi LM 393. S khi v s nguyn l IC LM393 c m t nh hnh
5.5a, 5.5b di y.
111
Hnh 5.5a. S khi IC LM393
Hnh 5.5b. S nguyn l ca IC LM 393

kim tra mch ngun ny c tt hay khng, ta tin hnh o ti chn 8 ca IC
LM393 xem c in p cp cho IC cha, s dng my hin sng kim tra chn 1 u
ra ca IC xem c tn hiu Power Good khng. Kim tra cc linh kin mc xung quanh
IC xem c tt hay khng, nu cc linh kin ny hng IC s khng lm vic.
- Kim tra ngun n p + 3.3 V: Ngun ny c nhim v cp in p + 3.3 V cho cc
b nh RAM DIMM, v cc khe cm PCI trn bng mch chnh ca my tnh, ng
thi a ti mch n p trn bng mch chnh to ra cc ngun in p cp cho b
x l trung tm (CPU). Ngun ny c n p bi IC TL 431 kt hp vi Transistor
nng cao n nh ca in p u ra + 3.3 V . kim tra ngun ny dng ng
h vn nng o kim tra in p + 5 V t u ra ca bin p ngt m cp vo hai i t
nn to ra ngun + 3.3 V, tip tc kim tra cc t lc v in tr mc u ra ca
ngun xem c b chp, t hng khng. Tin hnh kim tra mch n p ca ngun +
3.3 V o kim tra IC TL 431 v cc linh kin mc xung quanh. Khi IC TL 431 hng th
112
in p + 3.3 V khng c n p dn n in p + 3.3 V cp cho bng mch chnh

ca my tnh thay i, bng mch chnh lm vic khng n nh. Cu trc ca IC Tl
431 c m t nh hnh 5.6.
Hnh 5.6. Cu trc ca IC TL 431
5.2. CC H HNG THNG GP TRN KHI NGUN ATX

5.2.1. Bt in n cu ch
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng bt in n cu ch trn mch
ngun ATX l do phn s cp ca mch ngun gy nn, cc t lc, in tr mc trn
mch lc u vo b chm chp, cc Varistor bo v qu dng qu p b chp, cu i t
t hng. Ngoi ra hin tng bt in n cu chi cn do t lc mc sau cu i t chp
hng gy nn cc Transistor ngt m chm chp cng gy ra nguyn nhn ny.
- Phng php tin hnh sa cha: Khi c hin tng bt in n cu ch, cn phi
tin hnh kim tra tht k lng phn s cp ca mch ngun ATX pht hin linh kin
hng ri mi tin hnh thay th cu ch mi. xc nh c nguyn nhn gy ra
hin tng bt in n cu ch, da vo mch nguyn l ca ngun ATX phn tch hin
tng v tin hnh o kim tra pht hin cc linh kin hng. Trc ht cn phi tin
hnh o kim tra cc t lc v in tr mc trn mch lc u vo ca ngun, trong
mch ngun ny t lc u vo l cc t C1, C4 (220 nF/ 275 V), kt hp vi in tr
R1 (560 K), qua Varistor Z1 (bo v qu dng, qu p u vo khi s dng ngun
in li 220 V xoay chiu, cn khi s dng in li 110 V th Varistor bo v qu
dng, qu p l V2) qua cun lc nhiu ng dy T1, T5, qua t lc C2, C3 (4.7 nF)
a ti u vo xoay chiu ca cu i t (D21 D24) s dng i t loi 1N5406, nn
mt chiu qua t lc C5, C6 (470 F/ 220 V) to in p mt chiu bng phng cp
cho cc thnh phn trong mch ngun. Khi mt trong cc linh kin ny b chm, chp
s gy ra hin tng ngn mch trn u vo ca ngun v gy ra n cu ch. Dng
ng h vn nng t thang R x 1 tin hnh o kim tra cc linh kin pht hin hng
v thay th. V tr b tr cc linh kin ca mch lc u vo c m t nh hnh 5.7.
113
Hnh 5.7. V tr b tr cc linh kin ca mch lc u vo

Nu khi o m khng pht hin thy c linh kin no ca mch lc u vo b
hng, tip tc tin hnh kim tra cc linh kin mc sau cu i t, Dng ng h vn
nng o kim tra hai t lc C5, C6 (470 F/ 220 V) xem c b chp thng hay khng,
nu hai t ny khng chp, thng, kim tra hai in tr phn p mc ngay sau hai t
C5, C6. Hai in tr R2, R3 (220 K) ny c nhim v chia u in p trn hai u
ca t, nu mt trong hai in tr ny t dn n in p trn hai u t C5, C6 s b
lch, khi mt trong hai t C5 hoc C6 s chu in p ln hn dn n t b nh
thng v gy ra ngn mch, n cu ch. Kinh nghim cho thy khi kim tra pht hin t
lc ngun DC C5, C6 b chp, thng th thng mt trong hai in tr mc sau t lc
b hng. Ch : Khi ngun c hin tng bt in n cu ch, nu pht hin thy t lc
ngun hng trc khi thay th t cn phi kim tra k hai in tr phn p mc sau
t. Nu khng khi thay th t mi v in tr phn p mc sau t hng s dn n
hng t mi thay ng thi dn n hng cu ch.
Sau khi tin hnh o mch lc u vo, cc t lc mt chiu v in tr m vn
khng pht hin thy c linh kin no hng, cn phi tin hnh o cp Transistor ngt
m, khi hai Transistor ngt m ny chp hng cng dn n nguyn nhn bt in n
cu ch. t thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang R x 10 o kim tra Transistor
ngt m Q1, Q2 (2SC4242) xem c chp C - E khng, pht hin Transistor hng thay
th bng linh kin mi. Kim tra hai i t D1, D2 (FR155) xem c b nh thng
khng, khi hai i t ny thng dn n mch ngun b ngn mch gy ra n cu ch. V
tr ca Transistor Q1, Q2 v i t D1, D2 c m t nh hnh 5.8.
114
Hnh 5.8. V tr ca Transistor Q1, Q2 v i t D1, D2

5.2.2. Mt dao ng khng c in p ra
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Mch dao ng ca ngun ATX c thit k rt phc tp,
y chnh l mt trong nhng thnh phn kh sa cha nht ca mch ngun do
yu cu cn phi nm vng nguyn l lm vic ca ngun ATX mi c th sa cha
c. Cng ging nh ngun AT nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng mt dao ng ca
ngun ATX cng c nhiu. C th lit k ra y mt s nguyn nhn ch yu dn n
hin tng mt dao ng:
- Chp ti ti u ra ca ngun ATX.
- Mch dao ng ngt m ti tng s cp ca ngun b hng.
- IC dao ng hng.
- Cc linh kin mc xung quanh IC dao ng hng.
- Phng php tin hnh sa cha:
+ Kim tra ti: Khi c s c trn u ra ca ngun ATX, mch bo v s lm vic v
ct dao ng, ngun khng lm vic. u ra ca bin p ngt m cung cp cc in p
5 V v 12 V ng thi cp mt ng in p + 5 V a ti i t D29 nn mt
chiu to ra in p + 3.3 V v c n p bi mch n p + 3.3 V s dng IC TL 431
C to ra in p n p + 3.3 V trn u ra ca ngun. kim tra cc i t nn
dng ng h vn nng t thang o R x 1 kim tra cc i t D18, SBD1, cc i t
nn trn cc u ra m 12 V v m - 5 V, i t nn D29 ti u ra + 3.3 Vxem c
hng khng, kim tra cc cun dy t L1 n L4, t lc C27, C30, C35, in tr R50,
R52, R5 nu pht hin mt trong cc linh kin ny hng, thay th. Sau khi thay linh
115
kin hng xong, dng mt dy kim loi ni hai chn 14 v 15 trn u ra ca ngun li
vi nhau, cm in ngun, nu thy qut quay v o in p ti cc u ra chng t
ngun hot ng tt. Nu khi o kim tra m khng pht hin thy c linh kin no
hng cn phi tin hnh kim tra IC n p + 3. 3 V l IC TL 431C. Pht hin hng,
thay th, nu IC khng hng o kim tra cc linh kin mc xung quanh IC pht hin
hng, thay th. Sau khi thay linh kin hng cng tin hnh th ngun nh nu
trn. Hnh 5.9 m t v tr kim tra cc linh kin trn u ra ca ngun ATX.
im kim
tra
Hnh 5.9. M t v tr kim tra cc linh kin trn u ra ca ngun ATX
116
+ Kim tra mch dao ng ngt m ti tng s cp ca ngun: Khi bt ngun, in p

220 V xoay chiu qua cc mch lc u vo a ti cu i t gm cc i t (t D21
n D24) nn mt chiu qua cc t lc C5, C6 (470 F/ 220 V), in tr R2, R3 (220
K) to ra in p mt chiu bng phng. Mt phn in p qua in tr R55 (220
K/1W), v in tr R56 (150 ) c a ti Baz Transistor Q12 (C3457).
Transistor Q12 c nhim v iu khin ngun hot ng. Khi Transistor ny hot ng
s c mt dng in cm ng trn bin p T6, in p trn u ra ca bin p T6 c
nn bi i t D28 v D30, in p sau khi c nn bi i t D28 cp cho IC3, l
IC n p 7805 to ra in p + 5 VSB, in p n p + 5 V t IC3 qua in tr R23
(4.7 K) to thnh mc lo gic 1 ti u PS - ON ca b ngun, khi ngun trng
thi tt. in p c nn bi i t D30 a ti chn 12 ca IC1 (TL 494) cp ngun
nui cho IC ny. Khi nhn cng tc ngun trn mt trc ca CPU my tnh, c ngha
l ni tt chn PS - ON vi t s to ra mc lo gic 0, tn hiu iu khin qua in tr
R31 (10 K) a ti Baz ca Transistor Q10 (C945) lm cho Transistor ny kho, v
dn n kho Transistor Q1 ( A733) a vo chn 13, 14, 15 ca IC1, mt phn tn
hiu qua in tr R24 (3.1 K) a vo chn 2 ca mch khuch i d sai th nht
trong IC1, ng thi qua in tr R18 (27 K), qua t C1 (10 nF) a ti chn 3 IC1,
u vo mch so snh PWM, iu khin IC1 hot ng. Lc ny ti u ra ca IC1
chn 8, 11 s c tn hiu iu khin a ti hai Transistor Q3, Q4 (l hai Transistor to
dao ng). Ti phn th cp ca bin p T2 s c in p cm ng t phn s cp ca
bin p a sang v cp cho Colector hai Transistor ngt m Q1, Q2 (2SC4242). Khi
hai Transistor ngt m Q1, Q2 lm vic to in p cm ng trn cun th cp bin p
T3 v n nh in p u ra ca ngun, trn u ra ca ngun s c cc in p ra.
tin hnh kim tra mch dao ng ngt m ti tng s cp ca ngun trc ht ta tin
hnh kim tra hai Transistor ngt m Q1, Q2 xem c tt hay khng, v y l hai thnh
phn ch yu hay hng nht trn mch ngun. t thang o ca ng h vn nng v
thang R x 10 o kim tra nu pht hin linh kin hng, thay th. Nu hai Transistor
Q1, Q2 khng hng kim tra cc in tr phn p R6 (2.2 ), R8 (2.7 K), R10(2.2
), R12 (2.7 K) xem c hng khng. y l cc in tr phn p cp vo Baz ca
Transistor Q1, Q2. Nu khng hng o kim tra hai i t D1, D2 (FR155) xem c
chp, hng hay khng. Thay th bng i t mi. Trng hp ngc li dng ng h
vn nng t thang R x 1 o kim tra cc linh kin mc xung quanh tng dao ng
ngt m pht hin linh kin hng v thay th. Hnh 5.10 m t v tr kim tra cc linh
kin mc trong mch dao ng ngt m.
117
Hnh 5.10. M t v tr kim tra cc linh kin mc trong mch dao ng ngt m.
Sau khi hon thnh vic sa cha, lp rp li mch hon chnh, hn cht cc linh
kin , bt ngun kim tra li, chc chn rng ngun hot ng tt. Nu khi tin
hnh kim tra m vn khng pht hin c linh kin hng trong mch dao ng ngt
m, tin hnh kim tra IC dao ng.
+ Kim tra IC dao ng: Khi IC dao ng hng, mt dao ng, ngun s khng lm
vic. Trong mch ngun ATX ny IC dao ng cng s dng loi IC kiu TL 494. Khi
IC dao ng IC1 hng trn u ra ca IC1 chn 8 v chn 11 khng c tn hiu iu
khin lm cho hai Transistor Q3, Q4 khng hot ng, khi hai Transistor ny ngng
hot ng ko theo cp Transistor ngt m khng lm vic mt in p ti u ra,
ngun tt. kim tra IC dao ng c tt khng, dng mt ngun + 12 V cp vo
chn 12 ca IC dao ng dng my hin sng kim tra ti chn 8, v 11 ca IC dao
ng xem c tn hiu khng, nu khng c chc chn IC dao ng hng cn phi
thay th bng mt IC khc. Nu IC dao ng khng hng dng ng h vn nng t
thang o v thang R x 1 o kim tra i t mc t u ra + 12 V ca ngun a v chn
12 ca IC1 xem c tt khng, nu i t ny hng mt ngun cp cho IC dao ng, thay
th bng mt i t khc. Hnh 5.11 m t v tr cp ngun + 12 V cho IC dao ng.
118
Hnh 5.11. M t v tr cp ngun + 12 V cho IC dao ng

+ Kim tra cc linh kin mc xung quanh IC dao ng: Khi cc linh kin mc xung
quanh IC dao ng b hng, dn n mch dao ng lm vic sai IC dao ng ngng
lm vic mch ngun tt. Dng ng h vn nng t thang R x 1 o cc in tr
R18 (27 K), R16 (12 K), cc t C1 (10 nF), C11 (1.5 nF) xem c hng khng,
kim tra hai Transistor Q3, Q4 (C945) xem c hng khng v cc i t mc trong
mch iu khin. Nu pht hin hng thay th bng mt linh kin mi. Hnh 5.12 m
t v tr linh kin mc trong mch dao ng.
119
Hnh 5.12. M t v tr linh kin mc trong mch dao ng

5.2.3. Ngun ra thp hn bnh thng
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Nguyn nhn ny gy ra do cc i t nn ti u ra ca bin
p T3 b chm chp, cc t lc, v in tr mc sau i t nn chm chp gy nn. Khi
cc i t nn b chm chp in p trn u ra b chm chp s gim i mt na.
kim tra cc linh kin ny t thang o ca ng h vn nng v thang R x 1 o cc i
t nn, t lc, in tr ti cc u ra ca bin p T3. Pht hin linh kin hng v thay
th. Ngoi ra nguyn nhn ngun ra thp hn bnh thng cng c th do cc in tr
mc trn mch hi tip b hng, khi cc in tr ny hng, v mt l do no m in
p li a vo ngun gim, hoc ti tng, khin cho u ra ca ngun b gim theo.
Nu mch hi tip tt th khi in p li gim, hoc ti tng. in p hi tip c
a qua cc in tr R25 (27 K), R26 (5.6 K), R20 (3.9 K), R21 (150 K) a
ti chn 1 ca IC1 (TL494), y l u vo ca mch khuch i d sai th nht, lm
cho chn 1 gim in p, dn n s chnh p gia chn 1 v chn 2 ca IC1, in p
ny tc ng vo mch iu bin rng xung mc trong IC1, lm cho rng xung
ti chn 8, v 11 rng hn so vi trc, kt qu l in p c nng ln, cho n khi
chn 1 v chn 2 ca IC1 bng nhau. Gi n nh in p ra. Nh vy khi cc in tr
R25, R26 b hng dn n mch hi tip khng lm vic, in p u ra b thay i.
- Phng php sa cha:
120
Dng ng h vn nng o kim tra cc in tr R25, R26 c t khng, nu hng

thay bng in tr khc c cng tr s. Nu khng tip tc kim tra tip hai in tr
R20, R21 pht hin hng v thay th. Hn cht cc linh kin, bt in kim tra chc
chn mch ngun lm vic tt. Hnh 5.13 m t v tr ca cc in tr mc trong
mch hi tip.
Hnh 5.13. v tr ca in tr mc trong mch hi tip

5.2.4. Ngun ra cao hn bnh thng
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Do IC dao ng IC1 lm vic sai, hoc mch hi tip hng,
cc in tr mc trn mch hi tip sai tr s. Xt trng hp nguyn nhn gy ra do
mch hi tip, khi mch hi tip hot ng ng, thi im ban u khi c ngun
in li cp cho mch ngun, mch ngun hot ng v c cc in p cp ra trn
u ra ca ngun. in p hi tip a qua in tr R25, R26, R20, R21 ti chn 1 ca
IC1. thng qua mch iu bin rng xung mc trong IC1 iu khin rng xung
ti chn 8, v chn 11 ca IC1 n nh in p ti u ra, v mt nguyn nhn no
m mch hi tip hng, khi c s thay i in p trn li in do mch hi tip hng
dn n mch iu bin rng xung ca IC 1 khng lm vic v khng n nh c
121
in p ra. Trng hp do mch hi tip sai tr s lm thay i in p a vo chn 1

IC1 v lm cho rng xung tng, cp cho phn t ngt m mt tn hiu c tn s
tng lm cho ngun hot ng mnh ln v in p ti cc u ra ca bin p s tng
theo.
- Phng php sa cha:
Dng ng h vn nng t thang R x 1 kim tra cc linh kin mc xung quanh
IC dao ng xem c hng khng, nu khng hng kim tra mch hi tip, kim tra cc
in tr R25, R26, R20, R21 xem c hng khng. Nu pht hin linh kin hng, thay
th bng mt linh kin mi. Xem s nguyn l kim tra cc linh kin mc xung
quanh IC dao ng IC1 (TL494).
5.2.5. C ngun khi mi cp, sau mt ngun
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Trng hp ny cng ging nh i vi ngun AT, khi bt
ngun, qut quay sau t ng mt ngun, nguyn nhn sy ra do mch bo v qu
dng, qu p lm vic khng ng, hoc c s c ti u ra ca ngun, ngun ra
khng n nh do mch bo v lm vic v ct dao ng.
- Phong php tin hnh sa cha:
Dng ng h vn nng t thang R x 1 kim tra cc i t nn mc trn u ra ca
bin p T3 xem c chp hng hay khng, nu c thay th bng mt linh kin mi, nu
khng tin hnh kim tra cc linh kin mc trn u vo ca mch bo v, o cc i t
D9, D10, cc i t n p ZD1, ZD3 cc in tr R27, R29 xem c hng khng, nu
hng thay th bng linh kin c cng tr s, nu khng kim tra cc Transistor Q5
(A733), Q6, Q7 (C945) xem c chp thng hay khng, pht hin hng thay th. Sau
khi sa xong cm ngun kim tra chc chn ngun hot ng tt.
5.2.6. Ngun chp chn, lin tc khi ng li
- Nguyn nhn h hng: Khi s dng my tnh, my tnh lin tc khi ng li, thay
th bng mt ngun khc th thy lm vic tt. Chc chn rng ngun b chp chn.
Nguyn nhn sy ra l do mch to tn hiu Power Good hot ng khng tt. Khi bt
cng tc ngun ca my tnh, tt c cc in p ra trn u ra ca bin p ngt m
c , th tn hiu Power Good c gi ti bng mch chnh, nu tn hiu ny khng
c, hoc khng lin tc my tnh s khng hot ng, hoc lin tc khi ng li.
Trong mch ny mch to tn hiu Power Good s dng IC LM393.
- Phng php tin hnh sa cha: Dng ng h vn nng o ti chn 8 IC2
(LM393) xem c in p cung cp ngun cho IC hay khng, dng my hin sng kim
tra xem co tn hiu Power Good ti chn 1 ca IC2 hay khng, nu khng c m ngun
nui c chng t IC2 hng cn phi thay th bng mt IC khc. Nu khng tin
hnh kim tra cc linh kin mc xung quanh IC, chuyn thang o ca ng h vn
122
nng v thang R x 1 o kim tra cc linh kin pht hin hng v thay th. Sau khi sa
cha xong, lp rp cn thn li ngun, bt in kim tra. Ch : i vi hin tng
ngun b chp trn sau khi sa cha xong cn phi kim tra tht k chc chn rng
ngun tt.
123
5.1. S NGUYN L NGUN MY TNH KIU AT V ATX
124
125
126
S
dng
dung
dch
127

Quy Trinh Bao Duong May Tinh MZFXP 20131216030921 5165

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Quy Trinh Bao Duong May Tinh MZFXP 20131216030921 5165

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Gio trnh

CHNG 1. QUY TRNH BO DNG MY TNH.......................5

CHNG 2. PHT HIN, THAY TH CC B PHN H HNG

CHNG 3: KHI NGUN MY TNH.........................................57

CHNG 4: SA CHA NGUN MY TNH KIU AT.................85

CHNG 5: SA CHA NGUN MY TNH KIU ATX............103

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

CHNG 1. QUY TRNH BO DNG MY TNH

- Vi bng mm khng c si vi hoc ming xp mm.

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

Tin hnh bo dng

V sinh V sinh V sinh

Lp rp, kim tra ton my

1.2. TIP NHN NH GI TNH TRNG

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

1.3. MT VI IU CN LU KHI TIN HNH THO LP

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

1.4. TIN HNH BO DNG

H tr Win9x/ NT, sao lu d liu (th mc, a) vo

Sao chp a cng

Chng trnh dn a cho Windows NT/ 2000

- C th to bn sao ca ton b a cng hay tng

- To bn sao ging ht ca bt k cng no, chng ging

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

To file nh cho a (Disk -> To Image)

To file nh cho Partition (Partition -> To Image)

To bn sao ging ht cho a (Disk -> To Disk)

To bn sao ging ht Partition (Partition -> To Partition)

Gii nn file nh ca mt a (Disk -> From Image)

Gii nn file nh ca Partition (Partition -> From Image)

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

Mn hnh khi ng ca Ghost, click OK

Chn Local \ Partition \ To Image

Chn a vt l cn Ghost, nhn OK

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

Chn Partition m mun ghost, nhn OK

Chn ni lu file nh (image)

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

Ch n khi chng trnh chy xong cng l lc ta hon thnh

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

Cch phc hi partition t file nh

Chn Local \ Partition \ From Image

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

Chn file nh un-ghost

Chn partition mun un-ghost, click OK

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

Chn Yes khi gp thng bo "Proceed with partition image restore?"

v ch n khi chng trnh chy xong cng l lc ta hon thnh.

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

Bkav: Chng trnh dit virus ca Bkav

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng my tnh

Quy trnh bo dng, sa cha my tnh