Truyn d liu

L Thanh Ngc

Tnh log23, th s bm nh sau (log 3)/(log 2) hoc (ln 3)/(ln2)

suy gim tnh hiu:

Attenuation = 10.log10 (

(dB)

- Psignal l cng sut tn hiu nhn - cng sut u vo (input signal power) (W)
- Pnoise cng sut ca tn hiu ng truyn - mc nhiu ti u ra (output noise level) (W)
Bng thng Nyquist: nu bng thng l B th tc tn hiu cao nht l 2B
C = 2.B.log2M
vi
- C kh nng truyn dn ti a khi knh truyn khng nhiu (bps)
- B bng thng cu knh truyn (Hz)
- M mc thay i tn hiu trn ng truyn.
Signal to Noise ratio:
SNRdB = 10.log10(SNR) = 10.log10( ) (dB)
Nng sut Shannon:
C = B.log2(1+SNR) = B.log2(1+ ) (bps)
vi

Cu 1. Cho mt knh truyn c bng thng (bandwidth) l 2.2MHz, kh nng truyn dn

(capacity) ti a l 15.3Mbps, hy tnh SNRdB ca knh
Theo cng thc tnh nng sut Shannon ta c:
C = B x log2(1 + SNR)
=>
log2(1 + SNR) =
vi
C = 15,3 Mbps = 15,3 . 106 bps.
B = 2,2 MHz = 2,2. 106 Hz.
=>
log2(1 + SNR) =
7
7
=>
1 + SNR = 2 = 128
=>
SNR = 128 - 1= 127
Signal to Noise ratio ca knh truyn:
SNRdB = 10 x log10(SNR) = 10 x log10(156,6) 21 dB.
1. Cho knh truyn c bng thng (bandwidth) l 2,9 MHz, SNRdB ca knh truyn l 2,5 dB,
hy tnh kh nng truyn dn (capasity) ti a ca knh truyn.
Ta c Signal to Noise ratio ca knh truyn:
SNRdB = 10 x log10(SNR) = 2,5 dB
=>
log10(SNR) = = 0,25
=>
SNR = 100,25 = 1,78
Theo cng thc tnh nng sut Shannon:
C = B x log2(1 + SNR)
vi
B = 2,9 MHz = 2,9. 106 Hz.
6
6
=>
C = 2,9.10 x log2(1 + 1,78) = 2,9.10 x 1,47 4,3.106 bps = 4,3Mbps.
2. Cho mt knh truyn c suy hao ng truyn l 26 dB, bit cng sut u vo (input signal
power) l 0,5 W, mc nhiu ti u ra(output noise level) l 6 W, hy tnh SNR ti u ra (output
SNR) bng dB.
Signal to Noise ratio ca knh truyn:
SNRdB = 10 x log10 (

) vi

Psignal = 0,5 W = 0,5. 106 W

Pnoise = 6 W

=>
SNRdB = 10 x log10 (
) = 10 x log10 (0,08.106) 10 x 5 = 50 dB
Sau khi b qua suy hao ng truyn th SNR ti u ra l:
output SNRdB = 50 26 = 24 dB.

1/7

Truyn d liu

L Thanh Ngc

Cu 2. truyn sng viba mt t, ngi ta t 2 ct anten vi chiu cao ct th nht l

82.3m v chiu cao ca ct th hai l 72.7m. Bit bn knh tri t l 6.378 km, hy tnh khong cch
xa nht m hai anten trn nh hai ct c th truyn sng thng cho nhau (Line-of-sight propagation).
h1 = 82,3 m = 0,0823 km; h2 = 72,7 m = 0,0727 km;
R = 6.378 km;
Gi D l khong cch xa nht gia 2 ct aten tip tuyn vi mt t
truyn sng . Ta c:
D = D1 + D2
M :
D1 =
32,401 km

R h1 2 (R) 2

= (

D2 = R h2 2 (R) 2 =(
D = 32,401 + 30,452 = 62,853 km

= 30,452

km

CC PHNG THC M HA
Nonreturn to zero (NRZ-L)
+ bit 0 khng thay i in p
+ bit 1 c thay i in p
Nonreturn to zero Inverted(NRZI)
+ bit 0 khng thay i in p u thi khong bit
+ bit 1 c thay i in p u thi khong bit
Biolar- AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
+ bit 0 khng c tn hiu
+ bit 1 xung m, dng xen k.
Pseudoternary
+ bit 0 xung m, dng xen k.
+ bit 1 khng c tn hiu
Manchester
+ bit 0 L H gia thi khong bit (thp cao)
+ bit 1 H L gia thi khong bit (cao thp)
Differential Manchester (Manchester vi sai)
+ bit 0 thay i u thi khong bit
+ bit 1 khng c thay i u thi khong bit
B8ZS
+ C 8 bit 0 lin tip v in p cui cng trc l +, m thnh 000 + - 0 - +
+ C 8 bit 0 lin tip v in p cui cng trc l -, m thnh 000 - + 0 + HDB3
Chui 4 s 0 lin tip c thay th

2/7

Truyn d liu

L Thanh Ngc

Cu 3. Cho chui 01000100001000001010000101. Hy v tn hiu s ca chui trn bng m HDB3

Cu 3. v tnh hiu chui 01001000010000001000000111 bng m HDB3.

3/7

Truyn d liu

L Thanh Ngc

Cu 4. Cho chui 11000000010111100000000011 v chui bng m B8ZS

4. Hy v tn hiu s ca chui 10000000001110000000000111 bng m B8ZS.

CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) - Kim tra d vng

+ Vi k bit pht, my ta ra chui n bit kim tra FCS (Frame Check Sequence)
+ Gi k + n bit chia ht cho s kim tra P (n+1) bit xc nh trc
+ My thu chia (modulo 2) frame nhn c cho cng s kim tra P nu khng c phn d th c
kh nng khng c li
Cch xc nh FCS bng chia a thc
M = 111101 =>
M(x) = X5 + X4 + X3 + X2 + 1
P = 1101
=>
P = X3 + X2 + 1
=> FCS c 3 bits (n = 3)
D liu dch tri n bits: 2nM(x) = X8 + X7 + X6 + X5 + X3

4/7

Truyn d liu

L Thanh Ngc

5. Cho chui 100101011010100001000010111

hy tnh m CRC vi a thc sinh X5 + X3 + X + 1
Ta c:
M = 12602502412302212102011911801711601511401301201101019080706051403121110
hay
M(x) = x26 + x23 + x21+ x19 + x18 + x16 + x14 + x9 + x4 + x2 + x + 1
P(x) = x5 + x3 + x + 1
hay
P = 150413021110 = 101011
=>
FCS c 5 bits (n = 5)
Do d liu thm n bits, khi :
M(x) = x5 (x26 + x23 + x21+ x19 + x18 + x16 + x14 + x9 + x4 + x2 + x + 1)
M(x) = x31 + x28 + x26+ x24 + x23 + x21 + x19 + x14 + x9 + x7 + x6 + x5
hay MFSC = 13103002912802712602512412302212102011901801701601511401301201101019081716150403020100
101011

100101011010100001000010111
10010101101010000100001011100000
101011
111001101010000100001011100000
101011
10010101010000100001011100000
101011
111001010000100001011100000
101011
10010010000100001011100000
101011
111110000100001011100000
101011
10101000100001011100000
101011
100100001011100000
101011
1111001011100000
101011
101111011100000
101011
100011100000
101011
1000100000
101011
10010000
101011
111100
101011
10111

Vy m CRC vi a thc sinh X5 + X3 + X + 1 l

10010101101010000100001011110111

5/7

Truyn d liu

L Thanh Ngc

hay chia a thc

x +x +x+1
x31+
x28+
x26+
x24+x23+
x21+
x19+
x14+x9+x7+x6+x5
x26
x31+ x29
+x27+x26
29
28
x +x +x27
+ x24+x23+
x21+
x19+
x14+x9+x7+x6+x5
x24
x29
+x27
+x25+x24
28
x
+x25
+x23+
x21+
x19+
x14+x9+x7+x6+x5
x23
x28+
x26 +
x24+x23
26
25
x +x +x24 +
x21+
x19+
x14+x9+x7+x6+x5
x21
x26+
x24+
x22+x21
25
x +
x22+
x19+
x14+x9+x7+x6+x5
20
25
23
21
20
x
x + x +
x +x
x23+ x22+x21+x20+ x19+
x14+x9+x7+x6+x5
18
23
21
19
18
x
x +
x +
x +x
x22+
x20+
x18+ x14+x9+x7+x6+x5
17
22
20
x
x +
x +
x18+x17
x17+ x14+x9+x7+x6+x5
5

x5 + x3 + x + 1
x12
x10
x9
x6
x4
x2
1

x17+
x14+
x9+x7+x6+x5
17
15
13
12
x +x +
x +x
15
14
x +x + x13+x12+
x9+x7+x6+x5
15
13
11
10
x +
x +
x + x
14
12
x +
x + x11+ x10+ x9+x7+x6+x5
x14+
x12+
x10+ x9
11
x +
x7+x6+x5
x11+
x9+x7+x6
x9+
x5
x9+ x7+ x5+x4
x7+
x4
x7+ x5+
x3+x2
5
4
x + x +x3+x2
x5+
x3+ x+1
x4+
x2+x+1

FSC(x) l x4+ x2+x+1

=>
FSC = 10111
5
Vy m CRC vi a thc sinh X + X3 + X + 1 l
x31 + x28 + x26+ x24 + x23 + x21 + x19 + x14 + x9 + x7 + x6 + x5+ x4+ x2+x+1
hay 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

6/7

Truyn d liu

L Thanh Ngc

7. Cho mt knh truyn c kh nng truyn dn (cappacity) l 1,43 Mbps v thi gian tr knh
ng truyn l 200ms. D liu c truyn bng giao thc ca s trt vi kch thc ca s l 7,
bit kch thc gi tin l 1080 bits hy tnh s lng bits ti a c th truyn c qua knh truyn
trong thi gian 25 pht (b qua kch thc gi tin ACK).
Cho bit
C = 1,43 Mbps = 1,43.106 bps
= 200 ms = 0,2 s
T = 25 pht = 25.60 = 1500 s
S bits d liu trn mi ca s l:
F = 7 x 1080 = 7650 b
Trong 1s knh truyn c th truyn c
1,43.106 bps.
?s ca s truyn c
7650 b.
Thi gian truyn ca mt ca s trn knh truyn (b qua thi gian tr ca knh truyn) l
tw =
= 0.005 s
Sau khi truyn c mt ca s th thi gian tr ca knh truyn l 200 ms. Thi gian truyn
mt ca s l:
t = tw + = 0,05+ 0,2 = 0.205 s
S lng ca s ti a c th truyn c qua knh truyn trong thi gian 25 pht l:
n= =
= 7317
S lng bits ti a c th truyn c qua knh truyn trong thi gian 25 pht l:
W = n.F = 7317.7650 = 55.975.050 b.
Dng li v i (StopandWait)
+ My gi gi mt gi tin n my nhn
+ My gi i tr li
=> Nu gi tin b hng th s gi li
My gi c nh thi gian
Khng nhn c tr li qu thi gian My gi gi li
Nu gi tin nhn c, nhng ACK b mt/h?
My gi gi li
My nhn s nhn c 2 gi tin ging nhau
S dng nh s 0 v 1
GobackN
Frame iu khin RR - receive ready = ACK acknowledge EJ - reply with rejection = NAK negative acknowledge
Da trn c ch sliding window
My gi truyn lin tc cc Frame n my nhn (trong khi c ch iu khin dng cn cho php)
My nhn ch nhn Frame theo ng ch s tun t (hoc ) v gi RR vi s hiu ca Frame ang
ch nhn. Khi c li,
My nhn s yu cu gi li v loi b cc frame tip theo n khi nhn c sa i
My gi truyn li tt c cc Frame sai k t Frame sai u tin tr i, bt k cc Frame sau l
ng hay sai
Selective Reject T chi chn lc Tng t nh Go-Back-N,
Ch truyn li cc Frame b hng hoc time-out
My nhn c th nhn Frame khng theo ng tun t v my nhn phi c buffer lu li
ccFrame n khng theo ng ch s tun t
Gim s lng cn truyn li
Buffer cn phi ln
Phc tp hn
7/7