Bộ Giáo Dục Và Ðào Tạo Trường Ðại Học Nông Nghiệp Hà Nội

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

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MAI TH TUN
NGHIN CU NH HNG CA LIU LNG PHN BN

TI SINH TRNG, PHT TRIN V NNG SUT CA
GING LA TH3-3 V GING P6 TI GIA LM-H NI
LUN VN THC S NNG NGHIP
Chuyn ngnh: TRNG TRT

M s: 60.62.01
Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS. PHM VN CNG
H NI - 2008
LI CAM OAN
- Ti xin cam oan rng, s liu v kt qu nghin cu trong lun vn

l trung thc v cha tng c ai cng b
- Ti xin cam oan rng, mi s gip cho vic thc hin lun vn
ny c cm n v cc thng tin trch dn trong lun vn ny c ch
r ngun gc
H Ni, ngy 16 thng 9 nm 2008
Tc gi lun vn
MAI TH TUN
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip i
LI CM N
Ti xin by t lng bit n su sc ti TS. Phm Vn Cng tn tnh

hng dn v to mi iu kin ti hon thnh cng trnh nghin cu ny.
Ti xin cm n Khoa Nng hc, Khoa Sau i hc, c bit l B
mn Cy lng thc - Trng HNN H Ni gip rt nhiu cho vic
hon thnh bo co ny.
Ti xin cm n Ban lnh o Trung tm Kho kim nghim ging, sn
phm cy trng v phn bn Quc gia, cc cn b phng Kho nghim v
kim nh ging cy trng v phn bn to iu kin cho ti hon thnh
lun vn.
Ti xin chn thnh cm n tt c nhng bn b ng nghip, ngi
thn v gia nh to iu kin thun li cho ti trong qu trnh hon thin
lun vn ny.
Lun vn ny kh trnh khi cn c nhng thiu st, ti rt mong nhn
c nhng kin ng gp ca ng nghip, bn c v xin trn trng cm n.
H Ni, ngy 16 thng 9 nm 2008

Tc gi lun vn
MAI TH TUN
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip ii
MC LC
Trang
Li cam oan
Li cm n
Mc lc
Danh mc cc ch vit tt
Danh mc cc bng
ii
iii-vi
vii
viii-ix
Danh mc th
PHN I: M U.........................................................................................1
1.1. t vn ...............................................................................................1
1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu ................................................................................2
1.3. C s khoa hc v thc tin ca ti .................................................2
1.3.1. C s khoa hc .....................................................................................2
1.3.2. C s thc tin......................................................................................2
PHN II: TNG QUAN TI LIU...............................................................3
2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut la trn th gii v Vit Nam...................................3
2.1.1 Tnh hnh sn xut la trn th gii .......................................................3
2.1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut la Vit Nam.........................................................3
2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut la lai trn th gii v Vit Nam..............................5
2.2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut la lai trn th gii ..................................................5
2.2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut la lai Vit Nam....................................................7
2.3 c im sinh l cc ging la thun v la lai ......................................10
2.3.1 c im sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la...................................10
2.3.2 c im h r ca cy la ............................................................................11
2.3.3 Yu cu dinh dng chnh ca cy la v la lai................................12
2.3.3.1 Yu cu dinh dng m ca cy la v la lai ................................12
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip iii
2.3.3.2 Yu cu dinh dng ln ca cy la v la lai ..................................14

2.3.3.3 Yu cu dinh dng kali ca cy la v la lai .................................15
2.4 Tnh hnh s dng phn bn cho sn xut la .........................................16
2.4.1 C s l lun ca vic bn phn cho cy la .......................................16
2.4.2 Tnh hnh s dng phn bn cho la trn th gii v Vit nam .........18
2.4.3 Phng php bn phn cho la ...........................................................19
2.4.3.1 Cc loi v dng phn bn s dng cho la ......................................19
2.4.3.2 Lng phn bn cho la cc vng trng la chnh.........................20
2.4.3.3 Phng php bn phn cho la .........................................................21
2.4.4 Vn bn phn cn i cho cy la ..................................................24
2.5 Nhng kt qu nghin cu phn bn i vi cy la ..........................25
2.5.1 Kt qu nghin cu v phn m i vi cy la.................................25
2.5.2 Kt qu nghin cu v phn ln i vi cy la...................................30
2.5.3 Kt qu nghin cu v phn kali i vi cy la..................................32
PHN III: VT LIU, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU.36
3.1. Vt liu nghin cu................................................................................36
3.1.1 Phn bn .............................................................................................36
3.1.2 Ging...................................................................................................36
3.2 Ni dung nghin cu .............................................................................36
3.3 Phng php nghin cu ........................................................................37
3.4 Cc ch tiu theo di v phng php theo di .......................................37
3.4.1. Thi k rung cy: ............................................................................37
3.4.2. Thi k chn: ......................................................................................38
3.5. Bin php k thut p dng ...................................................................40
3.6. Phng php phn tch s liu ...............................................................40
PHN IV: KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN ...........................41
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip iv
4.1 nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n mt s ch tiu nng ho trong

t ................................................................................................................41
4.2. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n thi gian sinh trng ca ging
la TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng ............................................42
4.3. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n chiu cao cy ca ging TH3-3
v P6 cc giai on sinh trng .................................................................43
4.4. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tng trng chiu cao cy
ca ging TH3-3 v P6.................................................................................46
4.5. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tng trng s nhnh ca ging
TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng ..................................................48
4.6. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tng trng s nhnh ca
ging TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng ............................................50
4.7. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s SPAD ca ging TH3-3
v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng .............................................................52
4.8. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s dy l (SLA) ca cc
ging la th nghim qua cc giai on sinh trng......................................53
4.9. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n hm lng m tng s ca cc
ging la th nghim.....................................................................................55
4.10. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s din tch l (LAI) ca
ging TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng ........................................56
4.11. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n khi lng cht kh tch lu
ca ging TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng..................................58
4.12. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tch lu cht kh (CGR)
ca ging TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng.................................60
4.13. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n hiu sut quang hp thun ca
cc ging la th nghim qua cc giai on sinh trng................................62
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip v
4.14. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n nng sut v cc yu t cu

thnh nng sut ca cc ging la th nghim ...............................................64
4.15. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n nng sut sinh vt hc v h s
kinh t ca cc ging la th nghim.............................................................67
4.16. Tng quan gia nng sut ht v mt s yu t lin quan cc giai
on sinh trng...........................................................................................69
4.16.1 Tng quan gia nng sut ht v hm lng Cholorophyll (SPAD) 69
4.16.2 Tng quan gia nng sut ht v ch s din tch l........................70
4.16.3 Tng quan gia nng sut ht v kh nng tch lu cht kh ..........70
4.16.4 Tng quan gia nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut .........73
PHN V: KT LUN V NGH ..........................................................75
5.1 Kt lun ..................................................................................................75
5.2 ngh...................................................................................................75
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip vi
DANH MC CC CH VIT TT
KTN: Kt thc nhnh
KTT: Kt thc tr
TGST: Thi gian sinh trng
TSC: Tun sau cy
NXB: Nh xut bn
Ha: Hec ta
HSKT: H s kinh t
NSSVH: Nng sut sinh vt hc
NSLT: Nng sut l thuyt
NSTT: Nng sut thc thu
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip vii
DANH MC CC BNG
Trang
Bng 2.1: Nhu cu v cn i phn bn Vit Nam n nm 2020 .............18
Bng 2.2: Lng phn bn cho la ...............................................................21
Bng 2.3: Chun on nhu cu dinh dng qua l ca cy la .....................23
Bng 4.1: Kt qu phn tch mt s ch tiu nng ho trong t cc th
nghim .........................................................................................................41
Bng 4.2: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n thi gian sinh trng ca ging
la TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng (ngy) .......................................42
Bng 4.3: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tng trng chiu cao cy
ca ging TH3-3 v P6................................................................................44
Bng 4.4: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tng trng chiu
cao cy ca ging TH3-3 v P6 (cm/tun) ...................................................47
Bng 4.5: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tng trng s nhnh ca
ging TH3-3 v P6 .......................................................................................49
Bng 4.6: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tng trng s
nhnh ca ging TH3-3 v P6 (nhnh/khm/tun)........................................51
Bng 4.7: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s SPAD ca ging
TH3-3 v P6 trong v Xun 2008.................................................................53
Bng 4.8: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s dy l (SLA) ca cc
ging la th nghim qua cc giai on sinh trng ..........................................54
Bng 4.9 : nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n hm lng m trong l
ca cc ging la th nghim trong v Ma ..................................................55
Bng 4.10: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s din tch l (LAI) ca
ging TH3-3 v P6 .........................................................................................57
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip viii
Bng 4.11: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n khi lng cht kh tch
lu ca ging TH3-3 v P6...........................................................................59
Bng 4.12: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tch lu cht kh (CGR)
ca cc ging la th nghim ...........................................................................61
Bng 4.13: nh hng ca cc liu lng phn bn n hiu sut quang hp
thun ca cc ging la th nghim qua cc giai on sinh trng...............62
Bng 4.14: nh hng ca cc liu lng phn bn n nng sut v cc yu
t cu thnh nng sut ca cc ging la th nghim.....................................64
Bng 4.15:. nh hng ca cc liu lng phn bn n nng sut sinh vt
hc v h s kinh t ca cc ging la th nghim ........................................68
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip ix
DANH MC CC TH
Trang
th 1: Tng quan gia nng sut thc thu (NSTT) vi Ch s SPAD ca
ging TH3-3 v ging P6 cc mc phn bn khc nhau ...........................69
th 2: Tng quan gia nng sut thc thu (NSTT) vi ch s din tch l
(LAI) ca ging TH3-3 v ging P6 cc mc phn bn ti cc giai on sinh
trng ...........................................................................................................71
th 3: Tng quan gia nng sut thc thu (NSTT) vi khi lng cht
kh tch lu (DM) ca ging TH3-3 v ging P6 cc mc phn bn khc
nhau..............................................................................................................72
th 4: Tng quan gia nng sut thc thu (NSTT) v cc yu t cu thnh
nng sut ca ging TH3-3 v ging P6 cc mc phn bn khc nhau trong
v Ma 2007 ................................................................................................74
v Xun 2008 ...............................................................................................74
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip x
PHN I
M U
1.1. t vn
Cy la (Oryza Sativa L) l mt trong nhng cy trng cung cp ngun
lng thc quan trng nht ca loi ngi, vi 40% dn s th gii s dng
la go lm thc n chnh v c nh hng n i sng ca t nht 65% dn s
th gii.
Vit Nam, vic p dng thnh tu v la lai c kt qu to ln. Nng
sut la lai so vi la thng tng t 20% tr ln v din tch la lai ngy
cng tng. Trc y 10 nm, Vit Nam xut khu c mt lng la go
ln ng th hai trn th gii (FAO, 2006). Sn xut la lai hin nay Vit
Nam c nhiu cng ngh v ging mi c to ra.
gp phn nng cao hn na hiu qu ca vic trng la nhm tng thu
nhp cho nhng nng dn trng la v bo v mi trng, tin ti xy dng
nn nng nghip bn vng. B NN v PTNT quyt nh thnh lp v xy
dng chng trnh ba gim ba tng p dng cho canh tc la.
Trong thi gian gn y cng vi s pht trin ca cc ngnh kinh t,
ngnh nng nghip nc ta tng nhanh v nng sut v sn lng la l
nh c s ng gp ca cng ngh u th lai v phn bn, trong mc phn
bn c vai tr quyt nh ln n nng sut v hiu qu kinh t ca rung la.
V vy vic xc nh nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s din tch
l v trng lng tch ly cht kh ca la lai v la thun tng giai on
sinh trng khc nhau v mi quan h ca chng i vi nng sut ht cc
ma v l vic lm ht sc cn thit nhm t nng sut v hiu qu kinh t
cao. Chnh v th chng ti tin hnh nghin cu ti: Nghin cu nh
hng ca liu lng phn bn ti sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut
ca ging la TH3-3 v ging P6 ti Gia Lm - H Ni.
Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni Lun vn thc s khoa hc Nng nghip 1
1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu

- nh gi nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n cc ch tiu sinh
trng t tm ra yu t no l quyt nh n nng sut ht ca ging
la TH3-3, P6.
- Xc nh nh hng ca liu lng phn bn khc nhau n cc yu
t cu thnh nng sut.
- Xc nh c liu lng phn bn thch hp vi ging TH3-3, P6
trn vng t ng bng sng Hng - Gia Lm - H Ni nhm t c nng
sut cao nht
1.3. C s khoa hc v thc tin ca ti
1.3.1. C s khoa hc
Mc d cc nghin cu cp n nhiu vn nh: Chn to
ging, tnh thch ng, su bnh, phn bn v nhiu nghin cu khc lin quan
n la. Nhiu ging la mi ca Vit Nam khng nh v tr ca mnh
trong sn xut v c ngi nng dn nh gi cao. Tuy nhin v nh hng
ca dinh dng cho la, cc nghin cu cha cp n nhiu v liu lng,
t l v k thut s dng phn bn a lng cho tng vng, tng cht t v
tng ging c th. Vic bn phn khng cn i, k thut bn cha hp l
hn ch nng sut, khng pht huy ht tim nng ca ging. Do vy ti ny
s ng gp thm vo kt qu nghin cu v vai tr ca cc nguyn t a lng
v bin php k thut s dng phn bn hp l cho la. m bo tnh bn vng
trong sn xut nng nghip vng ng bng sng Hng v cng l c s cho
a phng ch o v nh hng cho sn xut ca vng.
1.3.2. C s thc tin
Xc nh c liu lng, t l N, P, K hp l cho vic thm canh sn
xut la nhm: Tng nng sut cy trng, tng sn lng trn n v din tch
canh tc. Tng thu nhp v ng thi gp phn n nh ph nhiu ca t.
m bo cho vic sn xut c bn vng trn t trng la vng ng bng
sng Hng.
PHN II
TNG QUAN TI LIU
2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut la trn th gii v Vit Nam
2.1.1 Tnh hnh sn xut la trn th gii
Cy la c ngun gc nhit i, d trng, cho nng sut cao. Hin nay
trn th gii c khong trn 100 nc trng la. Vng trng la tng i
rng: c th trng cc vng c v cao nh Hc Long Giang (Trung Quc)
530B; Tip 490B, Nht, Italia, Nga (Krasnodar) 450B n nam bn cu, New
South Wales (c): 350N. Vng phn b ch yu chu t 300B n 100N.
Sn xut la go trong nhng thp k gn y c mc tng ng k,
nhng do dn s tng nhanh, nht l cc nc ang pht trin (Chu ,
Chu Phi, Chu M La Tinh) nn vn lng thc vn l yu cu cp bch
phi quan tm trong nhng nm trc mt v lu di.
Theo thng k ca Vin Nghin cu la quc t, cho n nay la vn l
cy lng thc c con ngi sn xut v tiu th nhiu nht. Chnh v vy,
tng sn lng la trong vng 30 nm qua tng ln gp hn 2 ln: t 257
triu tn nm 1965 ln ti 535 triu tn nm 1994. Cng vi n, din tch
trng la cng tng ln ng k, nm 1970 din tch trng la ton th gii l
134.390 triu ha, n nm 1994 con s ny ln ti 146.452 triu ha. Trong
, cc nc Chu vn gi vai tr ch o trong sn xut v tiu th la
go[58], [68].
2.1.2 Tnh hnh sn xut la Vit Nam
Vi iu kin kh hu nhit i, Vit Nam c th coi l ci ni hnh
thnh cy la nc. t lu, cy la tr thnh cy lng thc ch yu, c
ngha ng k trong nn kinh t v x hi nc ta. Vi a bn tri di trn
15 v Bc bn cu, t Bc vo Nam hnh thnh nhng ng bng chu
th trng la ph nhiu.
Vit Nam l mt nc nng nghip, c ti 75% dn s sn xut nng

nghip v t lu cy la n su vo tim thc ngi dn, n c vai tr rt
quan trng trong i sng con ngi. La go khng ch gi vai tr trong vic
cung cp lng thc nui sng mi ngi m cn l mt hng xut khu ng
gp khng nh vo nn kinh t quc dn. Mt khc, do c iu kin t nhin
thun li ph hp cho cy la pht trin nn la c trng khp mi min
ca t nc. Trong qu trnh sn xut la hnh thnh nn 2 vng sn xut
rng ln l vng ng bng chu th Sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu
Long [33], [44].
Trc nm 1945, din tch t trng la ca nc ta l 4,5 triu ha,
nng sut trung bnh t 1,3 tn/ha, sn lng 5,4 triu tn. Hin nay, vi
nhng tin b k thut vt bc trong nng nghip, ngi dn c tip
cn vi nhng phng thc sn xut tin tin nn h dm mnh dn p
dng khoa hc k thut vo sn xut, dng cc ging la mi, cc ging la
u th lai, cc ging la cao sn, cc ging la thch nghi vi iu kin c
bit ca tng vng, cc ging la cht lng t tiu chun xut khu, kt
hp u t thm canh cao, hp l. Nh vy, ngnh trng la nc ta c
bc nhy vt v nng sut, sn lng v gi tr kinh t. Nm 1996, nc ta
xut khu c 3,2 triu tn lng thc, nm 1999, nc ta vn ln ng
hng th 2 trn th gii v xut khu go. Nm 2002, tng sn lng lng
thc t 36,4 tru tn, trong la chim 70%. Tuy nhin, con s ny b
trng li vo nm 2003 gim xung cn 34,5 triu tn. iu ny ang t ra
nhng yu cu mi trong nng nghip. Trong iu kin hin nay, xu hng
th ho, cng nghip ho ang din ra mnh, dn s lin tc tng lm din
tch t nng nghip ni chung v din tch t trng la ni ring ngy cng
b thu hp. V vy, vn cp thit t ra y l cn phi nng cao hn na
nng sut v cht lng la, nhm p ng c nhu cu lng thc cho
ngi dn v cho xut khu [44] .
2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut la lai trn th gii v Vit Nam

2.2.1 Tnh hnh sn xut la lai trn th gii
Hin tng u th lai la c nghin cu t na u th k 19 do
Jones J.W (1926) l ngi u tin cng b v u th lai la trn cc tnh
trng nng sut v mt s tnh trng s lng. T n nay, c nhiu nh
khoa hc khc tp trung nghin cu c im ny la. Cc cng trnh
nghin cu tp trung vo cc vn nh: bn cht di truyn s biu hin u
th lai v cc phng php khai thc u th lai.
Cc nh khoa hc n , Nht Bn l nhng ngi u tin xut
m rng sn xut la lai thng phm. Ti Vin la quc t - IRRI, cc nh
khoa hc xy dng chng trnh nghin cu v la lai lm c s cho pht
trin sn xut la lai thng phm. Song tt c h u cha thnh cng v
cha tm ra phng php thch hp sn xut ht lai [1].
Nm 1964, cc nh khoa hc Trung Quc tm ra mt dng la di
bt dc, sau h thnh cng trong vic chuyn gen bt dc c t bo
cht vo la trng to ra cc dng la bt dc c (CMS) m ng cho cng
tc khai thc u th lai thng phm sau ny [7], [20], [74] .
Nm 1973, Trung Quc sn xut c ht lai F1 h 3 dng nh s
dng 3 loi dng b m l: dng bt dc t bo cht, dng duy tr bt dc v
dng phc hi hu dc. Nm 1974, Trung Quc gii thiu mt s t hp
lai thuc h 3 dng vi u th lai rt cao nh: Shan u 2, Shan u 6, Shan u
63.... Nm 1975, quy trnh k thut sn xut ht lai h 3 dng c hon thin
v a ra sn xut [20], [74].
Nm 1976, Trung Quc sn xut c ht lai F1 v gieo cy
140.000 ha la lai, t din tch la lai tng ln lin tc ko theo nng sut
la ca c nc tng vi tc cao. Vo nhng nm 1990, Trung Quc
trng c 15 triu ha la lai, chim 46% tng din tch la, nng sut vt
20% so vi ging la thun tt nht (Yuan L.P, 1993). Qui trnh k thut nhn
dng b m v sn xut ht lai ngy cng hon thin. Nng sut ht ging F1
tng ln tng i vng chc. Vi nhng thnh cng v la lai ca Trung
Quc m ra trin vng to ln trong pht trin la lai nhiu nc trn th gii.
Nm 1973, Shiming Song pht hin ra c dng bt dc mn cm nh
sng ngy ngn (PGMS) t ging Nongken 58 [20]. Nhiu kt qu nghin cu
khc v la lai hai dng cng c cng b. Nm 1991, cc nh khoa hc
Nht Bn p dng phng php gy t bin nhn to to ra dng bt
dc c mn cm vi nhit [14]. Chng trnh pht trin la lai gia cc
loi ph (indica/japonica) c bt u t nm 1987 nh s pht hin v s
dng gen tng hp rng, m ra tim nng v nng sut cao cho cc ging
la lai hai dng [14]. Nhng t hp gia cc loi ph nh: Chen 232/26
Zhazao; 3037/02428 v 6154S/vaylava a ra Trung Quc nhng khng
c s dng trong sn xut i tr, v cy F1 qu to, bng qu ln, s dnh
t, dng l qu rng. Bi th, Yang v cng s nm 1997 xut mt l
thuyt chn ging nng sut siu cao thng qua vic kt hp dng hnh l
tng v u th lai thch hp [59]. Nm 1992, din tch gieo trng la lai hai
dng Trung Quc l 15.000 ha vi nng sut 9-10 tn/ha, nng sut cao nht
t c l 17,0 tn/ha. Nm 1997, c 640.000 ha nng sut trung bnh cao
hn la lai ba dng 5-15%. n nm 2001, din tch la lai hai dng t 2,5
triu ha. Mt s t hp lai hai dng in hnh c nng sut t hn 10,5 tn/ha
im trnh din v nng sut trung bnh trn din rng l 9,1 tn/ha. c
nhng t hp la lai hai dng mi t 12 n 14 tn/ha trong th nghim.
Hu ht cc t hp lai hai dng u cho nng sut cao v phm cht tt hn
so vi cc t hp lai ba dng [20]. Gn y hng nghin cu pht trin la
lai mt dng l mc tiu cui cng rt quan trng ca cng tc chn ging la
lai Trung Quc. tng ca Yuan L. P l c nh u th lai v sn xut la
lai thun tr thnh nhng ti ln, quan trng trong cc chng trnh
quc gia v pht trin khoa hc v cng ngh cao.
Nh vy, xu th pht trin tt yu ca la lai, theo Yuan L.P khi
xng l pht trin t h thng ba dng n h thng hai dng v sau l
la lai h mt dng hay c nh u th lai F1 thnh la lai thun [20] .
S pht trin thnh cng ca cng ngh sn xut la lai Trung Quc
c ng dng rng ri nhiu nc trn th gii. Hin nay, c 17 nc
nghin cu v sn xut la lai a tng din tch la lai ca th gii ln
khong 10% tng din tch trng la v chim 20% tng sn lng la go
ton th gii, song pht trin mnh nht vn l Vit Nam v n . La lai
thc s m ra hng pht trin mi nng cao nng sut v sn lng la
cho x hi loi ngi [7] .
2.2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut la lai Vit Nam
Vit Nam bt u nghin cu la lai t nm 1985, nhng thc s c
xc tin mnh t nhng nm 1990. Mt s dng bt dc c t bo cht, dng
phc hi v t hp la lai ba dng c nhp ni t Trung Quc v IRRI
c nh gi. Nhng kt qu bc u xc nh c mt s dng b m
v ging la lai thch ng vi iu kin sinh thi v sn xut ca Vit Nam,
em li nng sut v hiu qu kinh t cao (Quch Ngc n, 2002).
Cng tc nghin cu v chn to cc ging la lai Vit Nam cng
c thc y mnh m, tp trung vo vic thu thp, nh gi cc dng bt
dc c nhp ni, s dng cc phng php chn ging truyn thng nh lai
hu tnh, t bin to cc dng b m mi. Cc kt qu nghin cu xc
nh c cc vt liu b m tt, thch ng vi iu kin sinh thi min Bc
v c kh nng cho u th lai cao nh cc dng m: BoA-B, IR58025A-B,
VN-01, 11S, TGMS7, TGMS11, TGMSVN1, T1S-96, 103S, TGMS6; cc
dng b: R3, R20, R24, RTQ5... Hong Tuyt Minh, 2002 [36], Nguyn Tr
Hon, Nguyn Th Gm, 2003 [28], Phm Ngc Lng, 2000 [34], H Vn
Nhn, 2002 [37], Nguyn Th Trm, 2005 [49].
T nm 1997 n nm 2005, c khong 68 ging la lai trong nc
c kho nghim, trong c 3 ging c cng nhn chnh thc: Vit Lai
20, HYT83, TH3-3, mt s ging c cng nhn tm thi HYT57, TM4,
HYT100, HYT92, TH3-4, HC1, TH5-1 v Vit Lai 24 v mt s ging trin
vng khc [9] .
Ngoi ra, chng ta cng tch cc nhp ni cc ging la lai nc ngoi,
chn lc cc t hp lai tt, thch ng vi iu kin Vit Nam phc v sn
xut. Cho n nay, Vit Nam c c mt c cu ging la lai kh a
dng, ngoi cc ging ang c s dng ph bin trong sn xut nh: Nh
u 838, Nh u 63, D.u 527, Bi tp sn thanh, Bc u 903, nhiu ging mi
c m rng trong sn xut c nng sut, cht lng kh nh: Khi phong 1,
Q.u s 1, CNR36, Nghi hng 2308, VQ14, Ph u s 1 v mt s ging la
lai ca Vit Nam nh HYT83, HYT100, TH3-3, Vit lai 20, TH3-4...Trn
Vn Khi, 2006 [30], Phm ng Qung, 2006 [39].
Quy trnh nhn dng b m v sn xut ht lai F1 ca mt s t hp
c hon thin v nng sut ht lai tng ln r rt (Nguyn Tr Hon,
2002). Nhiu t hp c sn xut ht lai F1 Vit Nam nh Bc u 903,
Bc u 64, Bc u 253, Nh u 838, Nh u 63, D u 527, VL20, TH3-3,
HYT83, HYT92, HYT100, HC1, nng sut trung bnh t 1,5-2,5 tn.
Ngoi ra, mt s nghin cu v sinh l ca cy la lai cho thy: u
th lai v nng sut ht ca mt s t hp lai c to bi u th lai v din
tch l giai on nhnh v tr, mt s khc do u th lai v cng
quang hp. Cc nghin cu v phn bn cho thy, khi tng lng phn bn
th ch s din tch l (LAI), khi lng cht kh trn ton cy (DM), tc
tch ly cht kh (CGR) ca la lai tng vt so vi la thun, c bit giai
on sau cy 4 tun; nng sut ca la lai tng nhiu hn nng sut la thun
v c tng quan thun mc c ngha vi LAI v CGR giai on u
ca qu trnh sinh trng [9], [10].
Cng tc nghin cu, chn to la lai hai dng cng c xc tin
mnh m Vit Nam. Cc nghin cu hin nay tp trung vo mt s lnh vc
nh chn to, nh gi cc c tnh nng sinh hc ca cc dng TGMS; tin
hnh lai th tm t hp lai cho u th lai cao; xy dng quy trnh nhn
dng bt dc v sn xut ht lai F1. Mt s tc gi c cc nghin cu ban
u v bn cht di truyn v kh nng phi hp ca mt s vt liu hin c.
c hn 20 dng TGMS mi c chn to ti Vit Nam [43], tuy
nhin ch mt s dng nh 103S, T1S-96 c s dng rng ri trong vic
chn to cc t hp la lai hai dng mi pht trin vo sn xut. Cc dng
ny cho con lai ngn ngy, cht lng go kh tt, c bit d sn xut ht lai
nn nng sut ht lai cao, gi thnh h (Phm ng Qung, 2005).
Cc nh chn ging la lai trong nc cng tin hnh chn to cc
dng PGMS mi, c tnh cm quang, ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam.
Phng php tin hnh l lai chuyn cc gen cm ng vi di ngy vi
ging la c ngun gc xut x xa vi vng pht sinh ca ging khi u
tm kiu phn ng vi pha sng ngn hn. C s ca phng php ny l tnh
cm ng vi quang chu k c th bin i khi tn ti cc mi trng khc
nhau, tc l khi chuyn gen pms t mt ging c mc cm ng nht nh sang
mt ging khc th gen pms c th biu hin phn ng khc. Trong mi
trng mi ny, di pha sng nh hng n chc nng hot ng ca gen
c th thay i theo. Thc t Vit Nam, cc nh chn ging la lai chn
lc thnh cng dng PGMS mi P5S bng phng php lai dng T1S-96 v
Peiai64S. Dng ny c phn hu dc khi di ngy ngn hn hoc bng
12h20', bt dc hon ton khi di ngy t 12gi30' tr ln. Thi k cm
ng vo bc 5 ca phn ha ng. Dng P5S c th s dng lm m sn

xut ht lai nu tr vo u n trung tun thng 5 min Bc. Nhn dng
trong v Xun, cho tr trc 12/4 (Nguyn Th Trm, Trn Vn Quang, 2003) [48].
Nh vy, s lng dng TGMS thc s c ng dng pht trin
cc t hp la lai hai dng phc v sn xut nc ta cn rt t, mt s dng
cn c hn ch v kh nng kt hp, kh nng cho con lai c u th lai cao v
nng sut, kh nng chng chu su bnh v iu kin ngoi cnh bt thun.
Ngoi ra, ngun vt liu dng phc hi phc v cho cng tc chn to
la lai hai dng cng cha thc s a dng, phong ph. Chng ta cng cha
c cc dng phc hi c kh nng kt hp cao, chng chu su bnh tt, c
th s dng chn to nhiu t hp lai c u th lai cao v nng sut.
cng tc chn to la lai hai dng Vit Nam t c hiu qu tt,
cn phi tp trung nghin cu chn to ngun vt liu b m mi c c tnh
nng sinh hc tt, thch ng rng, kh nng kt hp cao, n nh v d sn
xut ht lai. Trn c s chn to v a vo s dng cc t hp lai mi c
thng hiu ring, cho nng sut cao v n nh, cht lng go tt, thch ng
vi iu kin sinh thi nc ta (Nguyn Tr Hon, 2003).
2.3 c im sinh l cc ging la thun v la lai
2.3.1 c im sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la
Trong ton b i sng ca cy la c th chia ra hai thi k sinh
trng ch yu l sinh trng dinh dng v sinh trng sinh thc.
Thi k sinh trng dinh dng c tnh t lc gieo n lc lm
ng, l thi k cy la hnh thnh v pht trin l, r, nhnh. la cy thi
k ny c th chia ra cc giai on: m rung m v nhnh rung cy.
Trong giai on m ko di khong 20 ngy t khi gieo m n khi cy c
khong 4-5 l; giai on nhnh ko di khong 40 ngy t khi cy n khi
cy la bt u c ng; trong 10-13 ngy u l giai on bn r hi
xanh, giai on nhnh hu hiu ch khong 20 ngy tip theo. Thi k sinh
trng dinh dng c nh hng trc tip n vic hnh thnh s bng, l yu
t cu thnh nng sut c ngha quyt nh i vi cy la.
Thi k sinh trng sinh thc, bt u t lc lm ng cho n khi thu
hoch, bao gm cc qu trnh lm ng, tr bng v hnh thnh ht. Thi k
ny quyt nh cc yu t cu thnh nng sut: s ht trn bng, t l ht chc
v trng lng 1000 ht, l thi k c nh hng trc tip nht n nng sut
thu hoch.
Lin quan ti TGST ca cy la, cc ging la c chia ra: ging cc
ngn ngy, ging ngn ngy v ging di ngy. Trong bn phn cho la cn
ch : cc ging cc ngn ngy (chn sm) c giai on sinh trng dinh
dng ngn, v vy c th bt u phn ha ng trc giai on nhnh ti
a. Cc ging di ngy (chn mun) c giai on sinh trng dinh dng di
v t s dnh ti a trc khi bt u phn ha ng, thi k t nhnh ti
a n u phn ha ng c lc b ko di. Cc ging ngn ngy c di
ca giai on sinh trng dinh dng va phi, cy bt u phn ha ng
ngay sau giai on nhnh ti a.
2.3.2 c im h r ca cy la
La l cy trng c b r chm vi s lng c th t ti 500-800 ci,
tng chiu di r thi k tr bng c th t n 168 m. B r la tng dn
v s lng v chiu di qua cc thi k nhnh, lm ng v thng t ti
a vo thi k tr bng, sau li gim i. Thi k nhnh lm ng b r
pht trin c hnh bu dc nm ngang, cn thi k tr bng, b r la pht
trin xung su c hnh qu trng ngc.
B r la phn b lp t 0-20 cm, trong phn ln lp t mt 0-10
cm. La l cy trng c b r n nng v c thi gian t cui nhnh n u
lm ng r n ni trn mt t. i vi la gieo thng, b r thng pht trin
mnh lp t mt, phn nhnh nhiu. Cc bin php lm t, bn phn, ti

nc, lm c c nh hng n s pht trin ca b r.
La thp cy, c kh nng thm canh cao cn cy dy t c mt
ti thch. Khi cy dy, tng s r la tng nn m rng c din tch ht
cht dinh dng ca qun th rung la, nhng din tch dinh dng ca c
th cng b thu hp, trng lng trung bnh ca b r cy la gim. Mun cho
c th sinh trng v pht trin tt, cn tng lng phn bn tng ng vi
mc cy dy, nh vy mi c th pht huy hn na hiu qu ca vic cy
dy v lm tng nng sut. Mt cao, bn phn nhiu l hai bin php b
sung cho nhau lm cho qun th pht trin mnh.
Khc vi la thng, b r ca la lai pht trin rt mnh, nhanh. R n
su v to rng khong 22-23 cm, r ra t cc t v tr thp c xu th su,
hng t, cng trn cao cng pht trin ngang dn. Lp r gn mt t
nhiu, r to khong 2mm v c th ra 4-5 ln r nhnh, to ra mt lp r an
dy c lp st mt t, lng ht ca la lai nhiu v di (0,1-0,25mm) hn
la thung (0,01-0,013mm). R la lai c kh nng ht oxi trong khng kh.
2.3.3 Yu cu dinh dng chnh ca cy la v la lai
2.3.3.1 Yu cu dinh dng m ca cy la v la lai
m l mt yu t dinh dng quan trng, quyt nh s sinh trng
v pht trin ca cy trng. m l mt trong nhng nguyn t c bn ca
cy trng, l thnh phn c bn ca axit amin, axit nucleotit v dip lc.
Trong thnh phn cht kh ca cy c cha t 0,5 6% m tng s. Hm
lng m trong l lin quan cht ch vi cng quang hp v sn sinh
lng sinh khi. i vi cy la th m li cng quan trng hn, n c tc
dng trong vic hnh thnh b r; thc y nhanh qu trnh nhnh v s
pht trin thn l ca la dn n lm tng nng sut la. Do vy, m thc
y cy sinh trng nhanh (chiu cao, s dnh) v tng kch thc l, s ht,
t l ht chc, hm lng protein trong ht. m nh hng n tt c cc ch
tiu sinh trng, pht trin, cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut la.
m nh hng ln n vic hnh thnh ng v bng la sau ny, s
hnh thnh s ht trn bng, t l ht chc, trng lng nghn ht
La l cy trng rt mn cm vi vic bn m. Nu giai on
nhnh m thiu m s lm nng sut la gim do nhnh t, dn n s
bng t. Nu bn khng m s lm thp cy, nhnh km, phin l nh,
l c th bin thnh mu vng, bng ng nh, t lm cho nng sut gim.
Nhng nu bn tha m li lm cho cy la c l to, di, phin l mng, d
b su bnh, d lp ; ngoi ra chiu cao pht trin mnh, nhnh v hiu
nhiu, tr mun, nng sut gim. Khi cy la c bn m th nhu cu tt
c cc cht dinh dng khc nh ln v kali u tng [45], [46]. Theo Bi
Huy p [18], m l yu t ch yu nh hng n nng sut la, cy c
m th cc yu t khc mi pht huy ht c tc dng.
La lai c c tnh nhnh sm, nhiu v tp trung hn la
thun. Do yu cu dinh dng m ca la lai nhiu hn la thun. Kh
nng ht m ca la lai cc giai on khc nhau l khc nhau. Theo Phm
Vn Cng v cs, 2003, 2005 [10], [60], trong giai on t nhnh n
nhnh r, hm lng m trong thn l lun cao, sau gim dn. Nh vy,
cn bn tp chung m mnh vo giai on ny. Tuy nhin, thi k ht m
mnh nht ca la lai l t nhnh r n lm ng. Mi ngy la lai ht
3,52 kgN/ha chim 34,69% tng lng ht. Tip n l giai on t bt u
nhnh n nhnh r, mi ngy cy ht 2,74 kgN/ha chim 26,82% tng
lng ht. Do bn lt v tp chung l rt cn thit.
2.3.3.2 Yu cu dinh dng ln ca cy la v la lai

Sau m th ln l yu t dinh dng rt quan trng i vi sinh trng
v pht trin ca cy trng, v ln l thnh phn ch yu ca axit nucleic, l
thnh phn ch yu ca nhn t bo. Tc dng ch yu ca ln c th hin
trn mt s mt sau:
- Xc tin s pht trin ca b r la, c bit l r bn v lng ht.
- Lm tng s nhnh v tc nhnh la, sm t s nhnh cc i,
to thun li cho vic tng s nhnh hu hiu, dn n lm tng nng sut la.
- Thc y vic ra hoa, hnh thnh qu, tng nhanh qu trnh tr, chn
ca la v nh hng tch cc n cht lng ht.
- Tng kh nng chng chu vi cc iu kin bt thun v su bnh hi
- Thc y phn chia t bo, to thnh cc hp cht bo v protein.
- Ngoi ra, ln cn c mi quan h cht ch vi s hnh thnh dip lc,
protit v s vn chuyn tinh bt.
Khi thiu ln, l la c mu xanh m, bn l nh hp v mm yu,
mp l c mu vng ta, nhnh km, ko di thi k ch chn. Nu thiu
ln thi k lm ng s nh hng rt r n nng sut la, c th l lm
gim nng sut la.
Khi cy la c cung cp ln tho ng s to iu kin cho b r pht
trin tt, tng kh nng chng hn, to iu kin cho sinh trng, pht trin,
thc y s chn ca ht v cui cng l tng nng sut la [47].
o Th Tun, 1963 [50] cho bit: bn phn c nh hng n phm
cht ht ging r rt, lm tng trng lng nghn ht, tng t l ln trong ht,
tng s ht trn bng v cui cng l cho nng sut la cao hn.
Bi Huy p, 1980 [18] cho rng: ln c vai tr quan trng i vi qu
trnh tng hp ng, tinh bt trong cy la v c nh hng r rt n nng sut.
Theo V Hu Ym, 1995 [57], cy non rt mn cm vi vic thiu ln.

Thiu ln trong thi k cy non cho hiu qu rt xu, sau ny d c bn nhiu
ln th cy cng tr khng u hoc khng thot. Do vy, cn bn ln ngay
t giai on u v bn lt phn ln l rt c hiu qu.
Dinh dng ln c lin quan mt thit vi dinh dng m. Nu bn
ln s lm tng kh nng ht m v cc cht dinh dng khc. Cy c bn
cn i N, P s xanh tt, pht trin mnh, chn sm, cho nng sut cao v
phm cht tt.
Nh vy, mun cho cy la sinh trng, pht trin v cho nng sut cao
th khng nhng cn cung cp y m m cn cn cung cp y c ln
cho cy la [53], [56], [57].
Hu ht cc th nghim trong chu v ngoi ng u cho thy hiu
sut s dng ln la lai l 10-12 kg thc/kg P2O5, cao hn so vi la thun
ch t 6-8 kg thc/kg P2O5.
2.3.3.3 Yu cu dinh dng kali ca cy la v la lai
Kali c vai tr khng km phn quan trng i vi s sinh trng ca la
v kali c tc dng xc tin s di chuyn ca cc cht ng ho trong cy.
Ngoi ra kali cn lm cho s di ng st trong cy c tt do nh hng
gin tip n qu trnh h hp. Kali cng rt cn cho s tng hp protit, quan
h mt thit vi s phn chia t bo [3], [33], [44], [70].
Vai tr ca kali i vi sinh trng, cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v
nng sut la c nhiu tc gi trong v ngoi nc nghin cu. Ni
chung, khi thiu kali th dn n s quang hp ca cy b gim st r rt, ko
theo cng h hp tng ln, lm cho sn phm ca qu trnh quang hp
trong cy b gim, trng hp ny c th hin rt r trong iu kin thiu
nh sng. c bit, vai tr ca kali c th hin r nht trong thi k u
lm ng. Trong thi k ny, nu thiu kali s lm cho gi bng thoi ho
nhiu, s bng t, trng lng nghn ht gim, ht xanh, lp lng v bc bng

nhiu, phm cht go b gim st.
Kt qu nghin cu t nm 1994 n nm 1996 ca Nguyn Nh H
[22] cho thy, khng bn phn kali nh hng xu n cc yu t cu thnh
nng sut la (s bng c to thnh gim 6,5-10%, s ht to thnh thp
hn, ng thi lm tng t l ht lp lng), nng sut la gim r rt so vi
bn kali, Phm Vn Cng v cs, 2007 [11]
Khng bn kali lm gim tch lu kali v m trong sn phm thu
hoch, m tch lu nhiu trong rm r khng c vn chuyn v ht l
nguyn nhn lm gim nng sut v cht lng go [22], [53].
Thiu kali, l la b xm nu, cy pht trin chm v ci cc, thn yu
v d b , ht teo qut. Thiu kali lm cy la d b nm bnh, vi khun
Theo Nguyn Vi, vi cc ging la hin nay, t l ht chc tng t 30-57% do
bn kali v trng lng ht cng tng t 12-30% [56].
i vi la lai t giai on nhnh n tr, cng ht kali tng
t la thun. Tuy nhin, t sau khi la tr th la thun ht rt t kali, trong
khi la lai vn duy tr sc ht kali mnh, mi ngy ht 670g/ha, chim
8,7% tng lng ht. Nh vy trong sut qu trnh sinh trng, cng ht
kali ca la lai lun cao. y l c im dinh dng rt c trng v ht cc
cht dinh dng ca la lai. V vy c nng sut cao cn coi trng bn kali
cho la lai
2.4 Tnh hnh s dng phn bn cho sn xut la
2.4.1 C s l lun ca vic bn phn cho cy la
i vi sn xut nng nghip, phn bn ng mt vai tr quan trng
trong vic tng nng sut. T nhng nm 60 ca th k XX, Vit Nam s
dng phn bn v c trong nng nghip v ngy cng tin b. c bit trong
nhng nm gn y, c rt nhiu ging la lai c a vo s dng, c kh
nng chu phn rt tt, l tin cho vic thm canh cao, nhm khng ngng
tng nng sut la. i vi cy la, m l yu t dinh dng quan trng
nht, n gi vai tr quyt nh trong vic tng nng sut. Vi la lai, vai tr
ca phn bn kali cng c vai tr quan trng tng ng vi m.
Theo Nguyn Nh H, 2005 [23], nhu cu v m ca cy la c tnh
cht lin tc trong sut thi gian sinh trng ca cy. Theo V Hu Ym,
1995 [57], hm lng m trong cy v s tch lu m qua cc giai on
pht trin ca cy la cng tng r rt khi tng liu lng m bn. Nhng
nu qu lm dng m th cy trng pht trin mnh, l to, di, phin l
mng, tng s nhnh v hiu, tr mun, ng thi d b lp v nhim
su bnh, lm gim nng sut. Ngc li, thiu m cy la ci cc, nhnh
km, phin l nh, tr sm. Hiu lc ca m cn ph thuc vo cc yu t
dinh dng khc. Thng thng cc ging la c tim nng nng sut cao bao
gi cng cn lng m cao; dinh dng cng y th cng pht huy c
tim nng nng sut [57].
Theo De Datta S.K [64] cho rng, m l yu t hn ch nng sut la
c ti. Nh vy, tng nng sut la nc, cn to iu kin cho cy la
ht c nhiu m. S ht m ca cy la khng ph thuc vo nng
m xung quanh r m c quyt nh bi nhu cu m ca cy.
nng cao hiu qu bn m th phng php bn cng rt quan
trng. Theo nhiu nh nghin cu th khi bn m vi trn mt rung s gy
mt m ti 50% do nhiu con ng khc nhau nh ra tri, bay hi, ngm
su hay do phn m ho [21], [24], [45].
Theo Bi Huy p, 1980 [18], khi bn vi m trn mt rung la
t nh, sau 15 ngy lm mt 50% lng m; cn t tht sau 1 thng mt
40% lng m.
Theo o Th Tun, 1970 [51] li cho rng khi bn vi m trn mt

rung la c th gy mt ti 60 70% lng m bn. Chnh v vy, khi bn
m cn bn sm, bn tp trung v bn di su xung tng t ni c b r
la tp trung nhiu.
Theo Nguyn Nh H, 1999 [22], khi bn m ta nn bn sm, bn tp
trung ton b hoc 5/6 tng lng m cn bn, bn lt su va c tc dng
trnh mt m, li va tng tnh chng lp cho la do b r cy pht trin
mnh. Cng theo Nguyn Nh H, nn bn kt hp gia phn v c v phn
hu c m c th l phn chung [22], [23].
2.4.2 Tnh hnh s dng phn bn cho la trn th gii v Vit nam
Hin nay, Vit Nam l nc s dng phn bn tng i cao so vi
nhng nm trc y do ngi dn p dng c rt nhiu bin php k thut
trong thm canh. Theo V Hu Ym, 1995 [57], Vit Nam hin ang l mt
trong 20 quc gia s dng phn bn cao nht th gii.
Bng 2.1: Nhu cu v cn i phn bn Vit Nam n nm 2020
Cc loi phn bn
2005
2010
2015
2020
1.900
2.100
2.100
2.100
Sn xut trong nc
750
1.600
1.800
2.100
Nhp khu
1150
500
300
0.0
Tng s
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
500
Tng s
Ur
KCL
Nm
Sn xut trong nc
Nhp khu
Ngun: Phng QL t v phn bn, Cc Trng trt, B NN& PTNT, 5/2007

Theo Nguyn Vn B, 2003 [5], mi nm nc ta s dng 1.202.140
tn m, 456.000 tn ln v 402.000 tn kali, trong sn xut la chim
62%. Song do iu kin kh hu cn gp nhiu bt li cho nn k thut bn
phn mi ch pht huy c 30% hiu qu i vi m v 50% hiu qu i

vi ln v kali. Nhng hiu qu bn phn i vi cy trng li tng i cao,
do vy m ngi dn ngy cng mnh dn p dng khoa hc k thut vo sn
xut. Trong tng lai, vn ha hn s dng mt lng phn bn rt ln trong
sn xut nng nghip, mc d nc ta ch yu vn phi nhp khu phn bn [5].
2.4.3 Phng php bn phn cho la
2.4.3.1 Cc loi v dng phn bn s dng cho la
La l cy trng c phn ng tt vi phn ho hc nn bn phn ho
hc cho la c hiu qu cao. Trong thm canh la, bn phn hu c ch yu
nhm n nh hm lng mn cho t, to nn thm canh nn c th s dng
cc loi phn hu c khc nhau, k c rm r la sau khi thu hoch.
Cc loi phn m thch hp cho la l phn m amn, ur. Ur ang tr
thnh dng phn m ph bin i vi la nc v c t l m cao, li rt thch
hp bn trn cc loi t la thoi ho. Phn m nitrat c th dng bn
thc thi k ng, c bit hiu qu khi bn trn t chua mn.
t chua trng la, bn phn ln nung chy thng cho kt qu ngang
phn supe ln hay c th cao hn do trong iu kin ngp nc cng d cung
cp cho la m li t b ra tri v cn cung cp c Silic, l yu t dinh dng
c nhu cu cao cy la. Tuy nhin nu cn bn thc ln v trng la trn t
ngho lu hunh (t bc mu bn t phn hu c) th phi dng phn ln supe.
Loi phn kali thch hp bn cho la l kali clorua.
Ngoi ra, cn thng s dng cc loi phn NPK, c bit tt l cc
loi phn chuyn dng cho la, ph hp vi iu kin ca tng vng t trng
Kh nng chu chua ca cy la kh, nhng t qu chua, cy la
sinh trng km, c th do nhm ho tan gy ra v hin tng ng c nhm
t thy trn cc loi t c pH trn 5,5. Mt khc, sau khi a nc vo rung,
t c th b chua hn, nn bn vi l bin php quan trng t la nc
qu chua v vic bn vi phi c kt hp vi mt ch bn phn hp l

th mi thu c kt qu mong mun nht.
2.4.3.2 Lng phn bn cho la cc vng trng la chnh
Liu lng phn chung thng bn 7-10 tn/ha, v ma nn bn
nhiu hn. Liu lng phn khong bn cho la ph thuc vo nng sut k
hoch (c im ca ging, loi hnh cy), ph ca t, cc iu kin kh
hu (ma v) v kh nng cn i vi cc loi phn khc. Ging nng sut
cao cn bn nhiu hn so vi cc ging la thng, la a phng, la v
xun thng bn nhiu hn la v ma, trng la trn t c ph cao cn
gim lng phn bn.
Do h s s dng phn m ca cy la khng cao nn lng m cn
bn phi cao hn nhiu so vi nhu cu. Lng m bn dao ng t 60-160
kg/ha. Vi trnh thm canh hin ti, t nng sut 5 tn/ha thng bn
80-120 kg/ha. Tuy nhin, trn t c ph trung bnh, t nng sut 6 tn
thc/ha cn bn 160 kg N/ha. Trn t ph sa sng Hng, t nng sut
trn 7 tn/ha cn bn 180-200 kg N/ha. Cc nc c nng sut la bnh qun
cao trn th gii (5-7 tn thc/ha) thng bn 150-200 kg N/ha.
Lng phn ln bn cho la dao ng t 30-100 kg P2O5, thng bn
60 kg P2O5/ha. i vi t xm bc mu c th bn 80 - 90 kg P2O5/ha, t
phn c th bn 90 - 150 kg P2O5/ha.
Lng phn kali bn cho la ph thuc ch yu vo mc nng sut v
kh nng cung cp kali ca t. Cc mc bn trong thm canh la trung bnh
l 30-90 kg K2O/ha, v mc bn trong thm canh la cao l 100-150 kg
K2O/ha, trong kali ca phn chung v rm r c hiu sut khng km kali
trong phn ha hc. Trn t ph sa sng Hng khi bn 8-10 tn phn
chung/ha th ch nn bn 30-90 kg/ha phn kali khong, ngay c trong iu
kin thm canh la cao (Nguyn Nh H, 1999).
Bng 2.2: Lng phn bn cho la

Vng
Cc tnh
Pha Bc
Cc tnh
Min Trung
Cc tnh
Pha Nam
Lng bn (kg/ha)
K2 O
N
P2O5
Thun
90-120
60-80
40-60
ng xun
La lai
140-160 80-100 60-100
Thun
80-100
40-60
30-50
Ma
La lai
120-140
60-80
60-100
a phng
60-80
30-50
30-50
Thun
100-120
40-60
40-60
ng xun
La lai
140-160 80-100 80-100
Thun
80-100
50-70
40-60
H thu
La lai
120-140 80-100 80-100
ng xun
Thun
100-120
40-60
30-40
Xun h
Thun
100-120
50-70
30-40
H thu
Thun
90-110
60-80
30-40
Thun
80-100
40-60
30-50
Ma
a phng
60-80
40-60
30-40
Ngun: Nguyn Xun Trng, 2000
V
Ging
2.4.3.3 Phng php bn phn cho la

Thi k bn m nh hng ln n sinh trng v nng sut la. Thi
k bn m ph thuc vo c im ging la, ma v, thnh phn c gii
t v trnh thm canh. Khng th c mt hng dn chung v thi k bn
m cho tt c cc ging, ma v v t trng. Bn m sm to nhiu bng,
bn m mun tng ht l ch yu, bn m vo giai on ng lm tng t
l protein trong ht. Thi k bn phn m cho la thng gm: bn lt v
bn thc nhnh, thc ng, ngoi ra c th c bn nui ht.
* Bn phn lt cho la
Trong bn phn cho la thng bn lt ton b phn chung v phn
ln, mt phn phn m v kali. Thng bn lt phn chung trong qu trnh
lm t, phn ln, phn kali cng vi phn m bn trc khi cy ba ln cui.
Cy la ht kh nhiu ln trong cc giai on sinh trng u v giai
on cy con, la b khng hong ln, do vy phn ln cn c bn lt ton
b hoc bn lt v thc sm. Phn ln nn bn ri u trn mt rung trc

khi cy ba ln cui gieo cy.
Nn bn lt nhiu phn kali trong cc trng hp sau: trng ging
nhnh nhiu hay ngn ngy, la c hin tng b ng c st, t c kh nng
hp thu cao hay thiu kali, ma nhiu, ngp nc su, kh hu lnh. Trong
thc tin cn chia tng lng phn kali ra bn thc lm nhiu ln, do la l
cy c yu cu cung cp kali vo giai on r la n ni trn b mt t-cui
nhnh n u lm ng, kali cung cp t t v nc ti thng gim i
giai on nhnh ca cy la.
Thng dnh 1/3-2/3 tng lng N bn lt cho cy la, t l phn
dng bn lt tu thuc vo tnh cht t, su cy ba, iu kin kh hu,
thi gian sinh trng ca la. Cn bn lt nhiu m hn khi cy bng m
gi, cc ging la ngn ngy, la cht (la mc li t gc r).
* Phn bn thc nhnh
Bn thc nhnh cho la thng bn bng phn m hay phi hp
thm vi mt phn phn ln (nu cn cha bn lt ht). Thi gian bn thc
nhnh vo khong 18-20 ngy sau gieo hoc sau khi la bn r v hi xanh,
vo khong 10-20 ngy sau cy (tu thuc ma v) khi cy la bt u nhnh.
Trn t phn v t qu chua, kh nng c nh ln ca t rt mnh th
bn thc ln cho la l cn thit v va nhm h phn v c t trong t, va
cung cp dinh dng ln cho la. Vic kt hp bn lt v thc mt phn phn
ln ho tan trong nc cho la lm tng hiu qu s dng phn bn. Khi bn
thc nn dng cc dng ln ht trnh bm dnh gy chy l.
Thng dnh 1/2-2/3 lng N cn li bn thc nhnh nhm lm
cho la nhnh nhanh, tp trung v cng gim lng phn lt, trnh mt
m. Cn bn thc nhnh nhiu m cho la trong cc trng hp: cy
ging di ngy hay nhnh nhiu, mt gieo hoc cy cao, nhit khi
gieo cy cao.
i vi nhng ging la cc ngn, la ma cn phi bn thc nhnh

sm hn, cn i vi ging di ngy, la xun c th bn thc mun hn, do
thi k sinh trng u ca cy la b ko di.
Bn thc m cho la tt nht l bn sau khi rt nc rung do c th
lm tng gp i hiu lc ca phn bn so vi rung c nhiu nc. Khng
nn rt nc qu 1 ngy trc khi bn thc v vic rt nc trong mt thi
gian di thc y c di pht trin v lm mt m, ng thi rung sau khi
bn phn phi c a nc vo ngay sau mt ngy bn m. Dng my tr
c c trc quay trn ln phn m vo t cng tng c hiu lc ca
phn m, c bit l khi bn thc sm v cy su.
* Phn bn thc ng
Bn thc ng cho la thng s dng phi hp phn phn m v kali
cn li nhm tip tc cung cp m cho la to c bng la to, c
nhiu ht chc, nng cao h s kinh t cho cy la, t nng sut cao. Bn
ng tt nht l bn sau khi phn ho ng vo khong 40-45 ngy sau khi
gieo, cy.
Bng 2.3: Chun on nhu cu dinh dng qua l ca cy la
Loi
dinh
dng
N
B phn v
thi gian ly
mu phn tch
Cc l pha
<0,2
0,2-0,5
<0,2
0,2-0,5
trn, vo
<2,0
3,0-4,5
<2,0
3,0-4,5
Ca
thi k
<0,2
0,2-0,6
<0,15
0,20-0,60
Mg
trc tr
<0,2
0,2-0,4
<0,15
0,15-0,30
<0,15
0,2-0,25
<0,1
0,2
Hm lng dinh dng (% cht kh)

La lai
La a phng
Thiu
Thiu
<2,5
3,0-4,0
<2,5
3,0-4,0
Ngun: T.S.Dierolf, 2001
Khi bn t m, th bn thc ng l mt k thut quan trng nng

cao hiu sut phn m v l thi k bn m c hiu qu nht. Nhng
ging nhnh t, bng to, nng sut da vo s ht trn bng th cn phi
ch trng vo t bn n ng v nui ht to c bng to, nhiu ht
chc, t nng sut cao.
Bn lt cng nhiu, la sinh trng tt, th thi gian bn ng cng
mun v t. i vi cc ging la ma c thi gian sinh trng di (150 - 180
ngy), cn bn thc ng mun hn. Cn dng mt nh gi tnh hnh sinh
trng v mu l trong thi k r phn on nhu cu bn thc ng.
Khi bn lt c nhiu cng c th khng cn bn thc , m ch cn
bn thi k ng. Bn phn lt v thc nhnh c th khng bn phn
n ng. Hin nay trong chin lc ba gim ba tng ngi ta cn c vo
mu l la quyt nh vic bn thc phn m cho la. Ngoi ra cng c
th da vo vic chun on l xc nh nhu cu bn phn cho la.
Nn dng phn kali bn thc ng cho la trong cc trng hp: ging
nhnh t trung bnh n t hay ging di ngy, gieo cy tha; t c in th
oxy ho kh rt cao, thnh phn c gii rt nh, hay trn t phn (thiu ln v
ng c st), t kim (thiu km), ln b t c nh hay ma nhiu [72].
* Phn bn nui ht
Sau khi la tr hon ton c th bn nui ht bng cch phun phn bn l
1-2 ln nhm lm tng s ht chc, tng nng sut. y l thi k bn phn c
hiu qu r khi trng la trn t thnh phn c gii nh, c kh nng cung cp
dinh dng v gi phn km.
2.4.4 Vn bn phn cn i cho cy la
Bn phn cn i cho la l tu theo yu cu ca cy la v cc cht dinh
dng v kh nng p ng tng loi cht dinh dng cho cy la ca t trng
la c th m bn phn. Cn c nh lng phn bn cn i cho la:
V ma, h thu (ma ma) lng m cn bn t hn so vi v ng

xun. V h cc tnh pha Nam do nng nng, t chua nhiu, phn bc
mnh nn cn bn nhiu ln hn so vi v ng xun v v thu ng.
Khi hm lng kali trong nc ti cao (chng hn ph sa nhiu) th
bn kali vi lng thp v ngc li. t nh cn bn nhiu kali hn t
nng, t ph sa bn t kali hn t xm. t ct, t xm, t bc mu do
hm lng kali thp nn cn bn nhiu kali hn so vi cc loi t khc. Trn
t ny do hm lng hu c v st thp nn phi chia phn ra lm nhiu ln
bn hn gim tht thot phn bn.
t phn, t trng ngho ln li c nhiu st nhm di ng gy c,
do cn phi bn nhiu phn ln hn cc loi t khc, nhm gim c
ca st, nhm v cung cp ln cho cy la.
Trong rt nhiu trng hp, hin tng l mt nhn t khng cho
php c bn cho la n lng m ti a. Nu cy la trc khi tr,
nng sut c th gim 50-60%. Ging la mi thp cy c kh nng chng
tt, lng m bn ti thch cao hn nhiu.
Nu va thu hoch ht thc, va ly rm r khi ng rung th bn
phn nhiu hn, c bit l phn kali, do kh nhiu kali b ly i khi ng
rung theo rm r, nhng nu khng ly rm r khi ng rung th ch
khong 5% lng kali b ly i theo sn phm thu hoch qua ht. Khong
trong t, r v nc ti l ngun kali cung cp cho cy.
t nh nhiu ct cy cn kali hn, ng thi cc ging nng sut cao
cn nhiu kali hn.
2.5 Nhng kt qu nghin cu phn bn i vi cy la
2.5.1 Kt qu nghin cu v phn m i vi cy la
Nhu cu m ca cy la c nhiu nh khoa hc trn th gii i
su nghin cu v c nhn xt chung l: nhu cu m ca cy la c tnh cht
lin tc t u thi k sinh trng cho n lc thu hoch. Trong sut qu

trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca cy la, c hai thi k m nhu cu dinh
dng m cao nht l thi k nhnh r v thi k lm ng. thi k
nhnh r cy ht nhiu m nht [8], [31].
Theo Yoshida (1985), lng m cy ht thi k nhnh quyt nh
ti 74% nng sut. Bn nhiu m lm cy la nhnh kho v tp trung,
tng s bng /m2; s ht/ bng, nhng trng lng nghn ht (P1000) t thay i [71].
Theo cc tc gi inh Vn L (1978); Bi Huy p (1980); o Th
Tun (1980) v Nguyn Hu T (1997): thng thng cy la ht 70% tng
lng m l trong giai on nhnh, y l thi k ht m c nh hng
ln n nng sut, 10 15% l ht giai on lm ng, lng cn li l t
giai on sau lm ng n chn.
Qua nhiu nm nghin cu, o Th Tun i n nhn xt: cy la
c bn m tho ng vo thi k nhnh r thc y cy la nhnh
kho v hn ch s nhnh b li i. thi k nhnh ca cy la, m c
vai tr thc y tc ra l, tng t l m trong l, tng hm lng dip lc,
tch lu cht kh v cui cng l tng s nhnh [52].
Theo tc gi Bi nh Dinh [16], cy la cng cn nhiu m trong
thi k phn ho ng v pht trin ng thnh bng, to ra cc b phn sinh
sn. Thi k ny quyt nh c cu sn lng: s ht/bng, trng lng nghn
ht (P1000) [23].
Yoshida (1985) cho rng: cc nc nhit i lng cc cht dinh
dng (N, P, K) cn to ra mt tn thc trung bnh l: 20,5 kg N; 5,1 kg
P2O5 v 44 kg K2O. Trn nn phi hp 90 P2O5 60 K2O hiu sut phn m
v nng sut la tng nhanh cc mc bn t 40 120 kgN/ha.
Kt qu nghin cu ca inh Vn C, ti x Gia Xuyn T Lc Hi

Dng cho thy: lng m cn bn t 1 tn thc phi t 26 28 kg N. Kt
qu ny cao hn nhiu so vi d tnh ca o Th Tun nm 1969, mun t
c mt tn thc cn 22,3 kg N trong v chim v 22,6 kg N trong v ma [46].
Theo kt qu tng kt ca Mai Vn Quyn (2002), trn 60 th nghim
thc tin khc nhau 40 nc c kh hu khc nhau cho thy: nu t nng
sut la 3 tn thc/ha, th la ly i ht 50 kg N, 260 kg P2O5, 80 kg K2O, 10
kg Ca, 6 kg Mg, 5 kg S v nu rung la t nng sut n 6 tn/ha th lng
dinh dng cy la ly i l 100 kg N, 50 kg P2O5, 160 kg K2O, 19 kg Ca, 12
kg Mg, 10 kg S [22]. Nh vy, trung bnh c to 1 tn thc, cy la ly i ht
17 kg N, 8 kg P2O5, 27 kg K2O, 3 kg CaO, 2 kg Mg v 1,7 kg S.
Theo S. Yoshida (1985), m l nguyn t dinh dng quan trng nht
i vi cy la trong cc giai on sinh trng v pht trin.
Sau khi tng lng m th cng quang hp, cng h hp v
hm lng dip lc ca cy la tng ln, nhp quang hp, h hp khng
khc nhau nhiu nhng cng quang hp tng mnh hn cng h hp
gp 10 ln cho nn vai tr ca m lm tng tch lu cht kh (Nguyn Th
Lm, 1994).
Nu bn m vi liu lng cao th hiu sut cao nht l bn vo la
nhnh v sau gim dn. Vi liu lng bn m thp th bn vo lc la
v trc tr 10 ngy c hiu qu cao (Yoshida, 1985).
Nm 1973, Xiniura v Chiba c kt qu th nghim bn m theo 9
cch tng ng vi cc giai on sinh trng, pht trin. Mi ln bn vi 7
mc m khc nhau, 2 tc gi trn c nhng kt lun sau:
+ Hiu sut ca m (k c rm, r v thc) cao khi lng m bn
mc thp.
+ C 2 nh v hiu sut, nh u tin l xut hin thi k nhnh,
nh th 2 xut hin 19 n 9 ngy trc tr, nu lng m nhiu th

khng c nh th 2. Nu bn liu lng m thp th bn vo lc 20 ngy
trc tr, nu bn liu lng m cao th bn vo lc cy la nhnh [21], [32].
Vin Nng ho - Th nhng tin hnh nghin cu nh hng ca
t, ma v v liu lng phn m bn n t l m cy la ht. Khng
phi do bn nhiu m th t l m ca la s dng nhiu. mc phn m
80 kg N/ha, t l s dng m l 46,6%, so vi mc m ny c phi hp vi
phn chung t l m ht c l 47,4%. Nu tip tc tng liu lng m
n 160N v 240N c bn phn chung th t l m m cy la s dng
cng gim xung. Trn t bc mu so vi t ph sa sng Hng th hiu sut
s dng m ca cy la thp hn. Khi bn liu lng m t 40N- 120N th
hiu sut s dng phn gim xung, tuy lng m tuyt i do la s dng
c tng ln [32].
Kt qu nghin cu s dng phn bn m trn t ph sa sng Hng
ca Vin Khoa hc Nng Nghip Vit Nam tng kt cc th nghim 4 mc
m t nm 1992 n 1994, kt qu cho thy: phn ng ca phn m i vi
la ph thuc vo thi v, loi t v ging la [32].
Vin nghin cu la ng bng sng Cu Long c nhiu th nghim
v nh hng ca liu lng m khc nhau n nng sut la v ng xun
v H thu trn t ph sa ng bng sng Cu Long . Kt qu nghin cu
trung bnh nhiu nm, t nm 1985- 1994 ca Vin la ng bng sng Cu
Long, chng minh rng: trn t ph sa c bi hng nm c bn 60Kg
P2O5 v 30Kg K2O lm nn th khi c bn m lm tng nng sut la t
15- 48,5% trong v ng Xun v v H Thu tng t 8,5- 35,6%. Hng
chung ca 2 v u bn n mc 90Kg N c hiu qu cao hn c, bn trn
mc 90Kg N ny nng sut la tng khng khng ng k [32].
Theo Nguyn Th Lm (1994), khi nghin cu v bn phn m cho
la cn kt lun: liu lng m bn thch hp cho cc ging c ngun gc

a phng l 60Kg N/ha. i vi nhng ging thm canh cao nh CK136 th
lng m thch hp t 90Kg 120Kg N/ha.
Theo Nguyn Nh H [22], nh hng ca mt cy v nh hng
ca liu lng m ti sinh trng ca ging la ngn ngy thm canh cho
thy: tng liu lng m bn mt cy dy c tc dng tng t l nhnh
hu hiu.
Phn m i vi la lai l rt quan trng. La lai c b r kh pht
trin, kh nng huy ng t t rt ln nn ngay trng hp khng bn phn,
nng sut la lai vn cao hn la thun. Cc nh nghin cu Trung Quc
kt lun: cng mt mc nng sut, la lai hp thu lng m v ln thp hn
la thun, mc nng sut 75 t/ha, la lai hp thu m thp hn la thun
4,8%, hp thu P2O5 cao hn 18,2% nhng hp thu kali cao hn 30%. Vi
rung la cao sn th la lai hp thu m cao hn la thun 10%, hp thu K2O
cao hn 45% cn hp thu P2O5 th bng la thun [10].
Kt qu th nghim trong chu cho thy: trn t ph sa sng Hng,
bn m n c lm tng nng sut la lai 48,7%, trong khi nng sut
ging la CR203 ch tng 23,1%. Vi th nghim ng rung, bn m, ln
cho la lai c kt qu r rt. Nhiu th nghim trong phng cng nh ngoi
ng rung cho thy, 1 kgN bn cho la lai lm tng nng sut 9- 18 kg thc,
so vi la thun th tng 2- 13 kg thc. Nh vy, trn cc loi t c vn
nh t bc mu, t gley, khi cc yu t khc cha c khc phc v
chua, ln, kali, th vai tr ca phn m khng pht huy c, nn nng sut
la lai tng c 17,7% trn t bc mu v 11,5% trn t gley [10].
Vi t ph sa sng Hng, bn m vi mc 180 kgN/ha trong v Xun
v 150 kgN/ha trong v Ma cho la lai vn khng lm gim nng sut la.
Tuy nhin, mc bn 120 kgN/ha lm cho hiu qu cao hn cc mc khc [32].
Thi k bn m l thi k rt quan trng trong vic nng cao hiu lc

ca phn lm tng nng sut la. Vi phng php bn m (bn tp trung
vo giai on u v bn nh vo giai on cui) ca Vit Nam vn cho nng
sut la cao, nng sut la tng thm t 3,5 t/ha [8], [32], [33].
Liu lng bn cho 1 ha: 8 tn phn chung + 120 kgN + 90 Kg P2O5 +
60 kg K2O. Kt qu thi k bn cho thy rt r hiu qu ca phn m trn
t ph sa sng Hng t cao nht thi k bn lt t 50- 75% tng lng
m, lng m bn nui ng ch t 12,5- 25% [6].
2.5.2 Kt qu nghin cu v phn ln i vi cy la
Theo kt qu ca Nagai nm 1959, ln c ht trong 42 ngy u tin
sau cy th chuyn ln bng, c tc dng r rt n nng sut la, cn ln
c ht sau , phn ln c r v trong rm r [50].
Kt qu nghin cu hiu sut tng phn ca ln i vi vic to thnh
ht thc ca Kamurava v Ishizaka nm 1996 cho thy: thi k ln c hiu
sut cao nht l thi k u sau cy 10 20 ngy [67].
Tanaka c nhn xt: hiu qu ca bn phn ln cho la thp hn so vi
cy trng cn. Tuy nhin, bn ln xc tin qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trong
thi k u, c th rt ngn thi gian sinh trng, c bit l nhng vng lnh
th hiu qu cng r. Kt qu ca Buba nm 1960 cho bit, la nc l loi
cy trng cn t ln, do kh nng ht ln t t mnh hn cy trng cn [67].
Nghin cu ca Brady, Nylec nm 1985 cho thy, hu ht cc loi cy
trng ht khng qu 10 13% lng ln bn vo t trong nm, c bit l
cy la, ch cn gi cho ln c trong t khong 0,2 ppm hoc thp hn mt
cht l c th cho nng sut ti a. Tuy vy, cn bn ln kt hp vi cc loi
phn khc nh m, kali mi nng cao c hiu qu ca n [67].
mi thi k, la ht ln vi lng khc nhau, trong c hai thi k
ht mnh nht l thi k nhnh v thi k lm ng. Tuy nhin, xt v
mc th la ht ln mnh nht vo thi k nhnh [54], [73].
Trung bnh to ra mt tn thc, la ht khong 7,1kg P2O5. Ln

trong t l rt t, h s s dng ln ca la li thp, do phi bn ln vi
liu lng tng i kh.
n , bn phn ln vi mc 60kg P2O5/ha c th tng nng sut la
ln trung bnh 0,5-0,75 tn thc/ha. i Loan, theo Lian nm 1989, vi
mc khong 50-60kg P2O5/ha cho nng sut bi thu cao nht [65].
nng cao hiu qu ca vic bn ln cho cy la ngn ngy, trong
iu kin thm canh trung bnh (10 tn phn chung, 90-120N, 60 K2O/ha)
nn bn ln vi lng 80-90 P2O5/ha v tp trung bn lt [21].
Theo nhiu tc gi cho bit, lng phn bn cho la cn thay i theo
thi tit, ma v v tng loi t. Trn a s cc loi t, chn la cao sn
thng bn lng ln 60kg P2O5/ha, ring i vi t xm bc mu c th
bn 80-90kg P2O5/ha.
Theo Nguyn Vn B, Bi nh Dinh v cng s [4], nhu cu v ln
ca la lai khng c g khc bit so vi cc ging la thng c cng thi
gian sinh trng. La lai vi nng sut 7 tn/ha, cy la ht 60-70kg P2O5/ha.
Nm 1996, theo Mai Thnh Phng v mt s tc gi cho rng, trn t
phn nng, mun trng la c hiu qu cn phi lin tc ci to: s dng nc
ngt ti ra phn, bn phn ln liu lng cao trong nhng nm u
tch lu ln. Trn t ph sa sng Cu Long c bi hng nm, bn ln vn
c hiu qu rt r. V ng Xun 20 Kg P2O5/ha tng nng sut c 20%
so vi cng thc khng bn ln. Tuy nhin, bn thm vi liu lng cao hn,
nng sut la c tng nhng khng r cho nn rung thm canh thng c
bn phi hp t 20- 30 kg P2O5 l . Trong v H Thu, cy la c nhu cu
lng ln cao v hiu qu xut hin r hn v Xun, bn 20 kg P2O5 th
bi thu c 43,7%, tip tc bn tng lng ln, nng sut la c tng nhng
khng r [47].
Nm 1994, kt qu th nghim bn ln cho la ca trng i hc

Nng nghip II ti x Thu Dng- Huyn Hng Thu (Tha Thin- Hu)
cho thy: trong v Xun, bn ln cho la t 30- 120 kg P2O5/ha u lm tng
nng sut la t 10- 17%. Vi liu lng bn 90 kg P2O5 l t nng sut cao
nht v nu bn hn liu lng 90 kg P2O5/ha th nng sut c xu hng
gim. Trong v H Thu, vi ging la VM1, bn Supe ln hay ln nung chy
u lm tng nng sut rt r rt [54], [56].
Tt c cc th nghim trong chu v ngoi ng u cho thy, hiu sut
s dng ln la lai l 10- 12 kg thc/kg P2O5, so vi la thun l 6-8 kg
thc/ kg P2O5 [10].
2.5.3 Kt qu nghin cu v phn kali i vi cy la
c im dinh dng kali ca cy la c nhiu tc gi trong v
ngoi nc nghin cu.
S. Yoshida (1985) cho bit, ch khong 20% tng lng kali cy ht l
c vn chuyn vo ht, lng cn li c tch lu trong cc b phn khc
ca cy (trong rm r).
Theo Matsuto, gia vic ht m v kali c mt mi tng quan thun,
t l N/K thng l 1,26. Theo nhiu tc gi khc cho bit t l N/K rt quan
trng, nu cy la ht nhiu m th d thiu kali, do thng phi bn
nhiu kali nhng rung la bn nhiu m [53], [69].
Theo inh Dnh [17], cy la ht kali ti tn cui thi k sinh trng.
Nhu cu kali r nt nht hai thi k nhnh v lm ng. Thiu kali vo
thi k nhnh nh hng mnh n nng sut, la ht kali mnh nht vo
thi k lm ng.
Bi nh Dinh (1985) cho bit: t l kali cy la ht trong cc thi k
sinh trng tu thuc vo ging la, giai on t cy n nhnh l 20,021,9%; t phn ho ng n tr l 51,8-61,9%; t vo chc n chn l 16,9-27,7%.
Theo o Th Tun (1970), lng kali cy la ht v nng sut la c

mi quan h thun. Vo nhng thp k 60-70, hiu lc phn kali bn cho la
rt thp, hu ht cc loi t nghin cu: ng bng sng Hng, hiu
qu ch t 0,3-0,8kg thc/1kg kali. Hin nay, hiu lc ca phn kali bn cao
hn trc, vi la trn t bc mu, hiu qu cao nht t 8,1-21,0kg
thc/1kg kali. Trn t bc mu, tr lng kali trong t t, do vy cn phi
cung cp phn kali t phn bn th la mi c dinh dng kali, ng thi
cy la cng ht m c d dng hn. Hiu sut ca phn kali trn t ph
sa sng Hng ch t 1,0-2,5 kg thc/1kg phn kali (KCl), trong khi nu
trn t bc mu hay t ct ven bin c th t 5-7 kg thc/1kg KCl. V vy,
trn t ngho kali, bn cn i m-kali c ngha rt quan trng.
Theo V Hu Ym (1995), hiu sut phn kali cao nht trn t bc
mu vi mc bn 30kg K2O/ha. Bn n 120kg K2O/ha th hiu sut kali vn
cn cho 4-6 kg thc/1kg K2O.
Kt qu nghin cu ca Nguyn Nh H (1999) cho thy, trong iu
kin thm canh cao, la ngn ngy, lng kali cy ht t ti 28-31 kg
K2O/tn thc.
Cc nh khoa hc Trung Quc kt lun rng: cc ging la lai c nhu
cu cao v kali, thm ch cn cao hn m. Trung Quc, t nng sut
15 tn thc/ha/nm th tng lng kali cy la ht t 405-521 kg K2O/ha [58].
Kt qu nghin cu ca tri th nghim Cuban (Lin X c) cho bit,
thu c 4 tn thc/ha cn bn 35-50 kg K2O, trung bnh l 44 kg K2O/ha
[58], [70].
Vit Nam, kt qu nghin cu kali bc u cho thy c nhiu kin
khc nhau:
Theo Trn Thc Sn (1995), lng kali la ngn ngy ht to 1 tn

thc trn t ph sa sng Hng l 14,2-21,8 kg K2O/ha, cn theo Phm Tin
Hong (1995) l 28,4-32,7 kg K2O/ha.
Mc d c nhng kin khc nhau v lng ht kali ca la, nhng
trn thc t sn xut th tc hi ca vic bn tha kali vn cha thy m ch
thy tc hi ca vic thiu kali. Do vy, cn cung cp kali y cho la
lm ht thc my v sng hn, lm tng trng lng nghn ht, t tng
nng sut v cht lng la.
Theo Mai Vn Quyn (2002) cho bit: trn vng t xm c HoLong An, Vin Khoa hc Nng nghip min Nam (nm 1993) th nghim
vi 2 ging la KSB 218- 9- 3 v ging 2B cho thy, cc cng thc bn t
mc 30 n 120 kg K2O/ha u lm cho nng sut la cao hn i chng t
15,8- 32,4% vi ging KSB- 218 v t 6- 18,7% i vi ging 2B.
Dinh dng kali l mt trong 3 yu t dinh dng quan trng i vi
cy la, trc tin l cy la ht kali, sau ht m. thu c 1 tn thc,
cy la ly i 22- 26 kg K2O nguyn cht, tng ng vi 36,74- 43,4 kg
KCl (60% K), kali l nguyn t iu khin cht lng tham gia vo cc qu
trnh hnh thnh cc hp cht v vt cht cc hp cht , kali cn lm tc
dng cho t bo cy cung cp, tng t l ng, gip vn chuyn cht dinh
dng nhanh chng v hoa v to ht [8], [16], [42].
Theo kt qu th nghim ca IRRI tin hnh ti 3 im khc nhau trong
5 nm 1968- 1972 cho thy: kali c nh hng rt r ti nng sut la c 2 v
trong nm. Trong iu kin ma kh, vi mc 140kgN, 60kgP2O5 v bn 60kg
K2O/ha th nng sut la t 6,78 tn/ha, cho bi thu nng sut do bn kali l
12,8 kg thc/kg K2O. Trong ma ma, vi mc 70kgN, 60kgP2O5; bn 60 kg
K2O/ha th nng sut la t 4,96 tn/ha [65], [68].
Trn t ph sa sng Hng trong thm canh la ngn ngy, t c
nng sut la hn 5 tn/ ha v Ma v trn 6 tn/ha v Xun, nht thit
phi bn kali. t nng sut la Xun 7 tn/ha, cn bn 102- 135 kg
K2O/ha/v (vi mc 193 kg N/ha, 120 kg P2O5/ha) v nng sut la v ma

t 6 tn cn bn 88-107 kg K2O/ha/v (vi mc 160kg N/ha/v, 88kg
P2O5/ha/v). Hiu sut phn kali c th t 6,2- 7,2 kg thc/ kg K2O [22].
Vai tr cn i m v kali cng ln khi lng m s dng cng cao.
Nu khng bn kali th h s s dng m ch t 15- 30%, trong khi bn kali
th h s ny tng ln n 39- 49%. Nh vy, nng sut tng khng hn l do
kali (bi bn kali ring th khng tng nng sut) m l kali iu chnh dinh
dng m, lm cho cy s dng c nhiu m v cc dinh dng khc
nhiu hn.
Trong v Xun min Bc, nhit thp, thi tit m u nn hiu lc
s dng phn kali cao hn, cho nn cn bn kali nhiu v ny [16].
La lai s dng kali cao hn m, ht kali mnh vo giai on la lm
ng n giai on la tr hon ton. Thi gian la ht kali ko di hn la
ht m v ln, la ht kali n cui thi k sinh trng [31]. Nhu cu kali
ca cy la r nht 2 thi k: thi k nhnh v lm ng. Nu thi k
nhnh thiu kali th nh hng n nng sut la. Tuy nhin, la ht kali
nhiu nht thi k lm ng, t cui giai on nhnh n tr, la lai hp
thu kali nhiu hn la thun. Sau khi tr bng, la thun gim dn ht kali,
trong khi la lai vn hp thu kali mnh [8], [16].
Kali c s dng trong nguyn sinh cht t bo nh mt tc nhn kch
thch cc hot ng chuyn ho vt cht v c thnh hu c, ng thi thc
y qu trnh vn chuyn sn phm quang hp vn chuyn ln l, vo hoa v
ht. S c mt ca kali thi k sau tr ca la lai l mt u th thc y qu
trnh my ca ht, gip nng cao nng sut. La lai c kh nng ng ho
dinh dng cao nht l m vi kali. Lng m ht thng trn 20- 22 kg
N/tn thc v lng ht kali cng tng t. Trong v Xun, t nng sut
cao th cn phi bn sm. Bn kali l yu cu bt buc vi la lai ngay c trn
t giu kali [31].
PHN III
VT LIU, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
3.1. Vt liu nghin cu
3.1.1 Phn bn
Phn bn N:P:K vi t l 1: 0,75 : 0,75, liu lng tng ng vi mc
m l 0, 60, 90 v 120kgN/ha.
3.1.2 Ging
- TH3-3 l ging la lai 2 dng do vin Sinh hc Nng Nghip Trng i Hc Nng Nghip I to ra t t hp T1S-96/R3(H96). Cc dng
b m c chn to v sn xut ti Vit Nam. TH3-3 l ging la lai ngn
ngy, nng sut cao, cht lng tt, chng chu su bnh kh, chu hn kh,
c nhiu trin vng trong v xun mun, ma sm min Bc Vit Nam.
- P6 l ging la thun do Vin Cy lng thc v Cy thc phm chn
lc t IR2588/Xun s 2 theo phng php lai hu tnh. P6 l ging la thun
trung ngy, cht lng tt, chng chu su bnh kh, chu hn kh.
3.2 Ni dung nghin cu
- Th nghim gm 2 yu t:
+ Yu t chnh: Phn bn gm 4 mc (P)
P0: 0 kgN 0 kgP2O5 0 kgK2O
P2: 90 kgN 67,5 kgP2O5 67,5 kgK2O
+ Yu t ph: Ging gm 2 ging (G)
G1: TH3-3
G2: P6
- Th nghim gm 8 cng thc c b tr theo kiu Split - plot vi 3

ln nhc li. Tng s th nghim 24 , din tch mi th nghim l 20 m2
- S th nghim:
Di bo v
P0G2 P0G1
P2G2 P2G1
P1G2 P1G1
P3G2 P3G1
P1G2 P1G1
P0G2 P0G1
Di bo v
P2G2 P2G1
P0G2 P0G1
P2G2 P2G1
Rnh nc
P3G2 P3G1
P3G2 P3G1
Rnh nc
Di bo v
P1G2 P1G1
Di bo v
3.3 Phng php nghin cu
Th nghim ng rung c b tr theo khi ngu nhin hon chnh
3.4 Cc ch tiu theo di v phng php theo di
3.4.1. Thi k rung cy: Theo di 2 tun 1 ln, mi th nghim ly 5 khm
- Chiu cao cy: o t mt t n u mt l
- S nhnh trn khm: m tng s nhnh/khm
- Din tch l: LAI = m2 l/ m2 t
- Ch s dy l (SLA-Specific Leaf Area): Ly 2 l trn cng ca 2
nhnh m hon ton ri o din tch l, cn trng lng cht kh.
SLA = Din tch l (cm2)/trng lng l kh (gam)
- o ch s SPAD (mt ch tiu nh gi hm lng dip lc) bng
my SPAD- 502 (Nht Bn), mi l o 3 ln
- Trng lng cht kh trn ton cy (DM): Nhng cy o din tch l
sau em sy mu nhit 800C trong 48 h.
- Tc tch lu cht kh (CGR) (g/m2 t/ngy)
P2 P1
CGR =
x mt
t
Trong : - P2, P1 l trng lng cht kh ca khm ti thi im ly mu

- t l thi gian gia 2 ln ly mu
- Hiu sut quang hp thun(NAR) (g/m2 l/ngy)
P2 P1
NAR =
x ( L1 + L2) x t
Trong : - P2, P1 l trng lng kh ca cy hai thi im ly mu
- L1, L2 l din tch l hai thi im
- t l thi gian gia 2 ln ly mu
3.4.2. Thi k chn: Mi ly 10 khm
- o chiu cao cy: tnh t st mt t n u mt ca bng cao nht,
khng k ru (cm)
- S bng/khm:
- Tng s ht/bng
- S ht chc v t l ht chc/bng
- Khi lng 1000 ht: Cn 2 ln mi ln 500 ht, sai s gia hai ln
cn khng vt qu 2%.
- Chiu di bng: o t t c bng n u mt bng.
- Nng sut l thuyt (NSLT) = S bng/m2 x Tng s ht trn bng x
T l ht chc x Khi lng 1000 ht x10- 4.
- Nng sut thc thu: tnh m 13% theo quy nh ca IRRI
- Nng sut c th: khi lng ht thc trung bnh ca mt khm
m 13%.
- Nng sut sinh vt hc: bng phi kh rm r (khng k r) cn cng
vi khi lng ht kh ca 5 khm ly mu.
Nng sut c th
- H s kinh t =
Nng sut sinh vt hc
* Phn tch m tng s theo phng php Kendal.

- Tin hnh: Mu l sy cho n khi trng lng khng i th ly ra v
ct nh ri nghin thnh dng bt, bo qun trong ti nilon, em phn tch.
Cn 0,5g mu, cho vo bnh cng ph cng vi axit sunfuric 98%
lng 4ml, sau un 5 pht, cho 10 ml H2O2 t t vo. un tip 10 pht
n khi cng ph hon ton, biu hin ht mu en, sau ngui hn. Tip
b giy thm lc ri s dng nc ct n liu lng 100ml th dng.
- Chun b cc bnh phn tch: bng bnh Kendal
+ Bnh i chng l bnh Blank: ht 10ml H3BrO3 4%, cho 6-7 git hn
hp metylen (MRMBS), sau em chun bng bnh Kendal (10ml nc
ct + 10ml NaOH 40%) n khi bnh Blank t 60ml th dng.
+ Bnh mu: ht 10ml H3BrO3 4% cho 6-7 git hn hp metylen
(MRMBS), chun bng bnh Kendal (10ml nc ct + 10ml NaOH 40%)
n khi bnh mu t 60ml th dng.
+ Bnh iu khin (Control): 60ml nc ct + 6-7 git MRMBS
- Chun : s dng dung dch H2SO4 0,01mol/l.
+ Chun bnh Blank: sau khi mu xanh ca bnh Blank chuyn sang
mu ging bnh iu khin th dng, ghi li th tch H2SO4 0,01mol/l.
+ Chun bnh mu: sau khi mu xanh ca bnh mu chuyn sang
mu ging bnh iu khin th dng, ghi li th tch H2SO4 0,01mol/l.
- Tnh ton kt qu:
(V2-V1).N.0,028
%N =
x 100
C
Trong : V1: th tch dung dch H2SO4 0,01mol/l chun bnh mu (ml)
V2: th tch dung dch H2SO4 0,01mol/l chun bnh Blank (ml)
C: khi lng mu em phn tch (g)
N: nng ng lng dung dch chun axit (0,01mol/l)
3.5. Bin php k thut p dng

- Thi v:
Ngy gieo
Ngy cy
Ngy thu hoch
V Ma
TH3-3
16/06/2007
13/10/2007
13/07/2007
P6
17/06/2007
25/10/2007
V Xun
TH3-3
18/01/2008
7/6/2008
9/03/2008
P6
18/01/2008
22/6/2008
- Thi gian tin hnh: v Ma 2007 v v Xun 2008.
- a im tin hnh th nghim: Th nghim c tin hnh trn khu
th nghim B mn Cy lng thc - Khoa Nng Hc Trng i Hc Nng
Nghip H Ni.
- K thut bn phn:
Bn lt: 100% P2O5 + 30%N.
Bn thc hai ln:
- Ln 1 sau cy 1 tun bn: 50%N + 50%K2O.
- Ln 2 bn thc ng (trc tr) bn: 20%N+50%K2O.
- S dnh cy: 2 dnh/khm.
- Mt : 40 khm/m2.
- Chm sc v phng tr su bnh: Theo quy trnh k thut p dng cho
cc th nghim ca B mn Cy lng thc
3.6. Phng php phn tch s liu
Cc s liu thu c trong qu trnh th nghim c tng hp v x l
thng k theo phng php phn tch phng sai (ANOVA) bng chng
trnh IRRISTART 4.0 v EXCEL.
PHN IV
KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN
4.1 nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n mt s ch tiu nng ho
trong t
Kt qu phn tch mt s ch tiu nng ho trong t cc th
nghim c trnh by bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1: Kt qu phn tch mt s ch tiu nng ho trong t cc th nghim
Ging
Mc phn
pHH2O
OM
(%)
N tng
(%)
NO3
(ppm)
NH4
(ppm)
P0
6,37
2,90
0,17
15,75
4,11
P1
6,47
3,35
0,23
27,88
5,02
P2
6,26
3,56
0,23
15,59
3,53
P3
6,28
3,46
0,17
41,11
6,02
P0
6,56
3,52
0,17
12,38
5,75
P1
6,26
3,69
0,17
16,38
3,9
P2
6,21
3,52
0,17
21,89
3,44
P3
6,27
3,60
0,14
4,65
3,36
7,45
3,67
0,16
0,17
6,51
TH3-3
P6
Nn
Qua s liu bng 4.1 cho thy tr s pHH2O gia cc cng thc bn phn
chnh lch khng nhiu, dao ng t 6,26-6,56 v u mc chua nh
(FAO). T c th thy rng bn phn lm cho t chua. Hm lng
cht hu c ca t a s u thp hn so vi thi im trc th nghim, s
d nh vy l do s phn hu cht hu c trong t din ra rt chm v trong
qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin, cy trng ly i dinh dng t t.
m tng s trong t cc cng thc th nghim l khng sai khc nhau v
nh gi mc trung bnh. Nng NO-3 cc cng thc cao hn t 3-7 ln
NH+4, ch ring cng thc P3 vi ging P6 th chnh nhau khng nhiu. iu
ny cho thy s tch lu di dng NO-3 trong t l rt ln.
4.2. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n thi gian sinh trng ca

ging la TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng
Bng 4.2: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n thi gian sinh trng ca
ging la TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng (ngy)
Bt
KTT- Tng
u tr
Chn TGST
- KTT
8
31
117
V
Mc Gieo - Cy Ging
trng
phn cy
KTN
KTN
-Tr
P0
27
33
18
P1
27
34
18
32
120
P2
27
34
18
33
121
P3
27
35
19
33
123
Ma
P0
26
36
24
10
33
129
P1
26
36
24
10
34
130
P2
26
37
25
11
34
133
P3
26
38
25
11
34
134
P0
51
35
18
30
141
P1
51
35
19
30
143
P2
51
36
20
30
145
P3
51
37
21
31
148
Xun
P0
51
39
24
31
154
P1
51
41
25
32
158
P2
51
42
26
10
32
161
P3
51
42
27
10
32
162
TH3-3
P6
TH3-3
P6
Ghi ch: KTN: Kt thc nhnh; KTT: Kt thc tr; TGST: Thi gian sinh trng
Trong v ma, thi gian t cy n kt thc nhnh i vi ging

TH3-3 l 33-35 ngy, ging P6 l 36-38 ngy. Kt thc nhnh, cy la
bc vo thi k lm t, lm ng. i vi ging TH3-3, thi gian t kt
thc nhnh n tr dao ng t 18-19 ngy, ging P6 t 24-25 ngy. Nhn
chung, cc cng thc bn vi liu lng khc nhau khng nh hng nhiu
n thi gian lm ng ca c 2 ging.
Thi gian tr bng ca TH3-3 bin ng t 8-9 ngy, P6 bin ng t
10-11 ngy. Thi im la tr vo ngy 14-16/9, gp iu kin ngoi cnh
thun li nn la tr u v tp trung (bng s liu kh tng - phn ph lc).
Thi gian kt thc tr n chn ca TH3-3 bin ng t 31-33 ngy, P6
l 33-34 ngy.
Tng thi gian sinh trng ca TH3-3 trong v ma trn cc cng thc
bn vi cc liu lng khc nhau dao ng t 117 123 ngy, P6 dao ng t
129-134 ngy. Tuy bin ng v thi gian sinh trng khng ln, song cc
cng thc khng bn th tng thi gian sinh trng c xu hng rt ngn hn
so vi cc cng thc bn t v bn nhiu. iu ny c th do cc cng thc
bn phn la sm t s nhnh ti a, nhanh kn hng hn so vi cc cng
thc khng bn.
Trong v xun, thi gian sinh trng ca cc ging di hn so vi v
ma, do khi gieo m gp thi tit rt m rt hi ko di (30 ngy) nn giai
on m ko di ti 51 ngy.
Nh vy, khi tng liu lng phn bn th thi gian sinh trng ca 2
ging c s khc nhau nhng s chnh lch l khng ln.
4.3. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n chiu cao cy ca ging
TH3-3 v P6 cc giai on sinh trng
Chiu cao cy trn ng rung l mt ch tiu quan trng xc nh ton
b tnh hnh pht trin ca cy la cc mc phn bn khc nhau. Chiu cao
cy ca cy la chnh l kt qu ca s tng trng thn l t khi ny mm
n lc hnh thnh t, vn lng v tr bng hon ton.
Bng 4.3: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tng trng chiu cao
cy ca ging TH3-3 v P6
V Ging Mc Chiu cao cy ca cc ging cc tun sau cy (cm)
trng
phn 2 TSC 4 TSC 6 TSC 8 TSC 10 TSC 12 TSC
P0
54,8
72,2
90,3
104,5
110,6
111,8
P1
55,4
73,9
93,6
108,5
115,2
117,1
P2
57,5
76,2
96,2
111,2
118,0
120,2
P3
59,8
78,7
98,9
114,1
121,3
124,9
Trung bnh
56,9
75,3
94,8
109,6
116,3
118,5
P0
53,4
61,3
74,1
88,7
93,0
98,3
P1
57,6
66,3
80,2
94,2
98,9
104,5
P2
58,9
68,8
83,2
97,8
102,7
108,5
P3
60,1
70,4
86,3
100,9
106,1
111,3
Trung bnh
57,5
66,7
81,0
95,4
100,2
105,7
LSD 0,05
3,67
5,92
6,85
14,90
10,71
10,41
CV(%)
3,4
4,4
4,1
7,7
5,3
4,9
P0
43,2
61,4
84,2
93,9
100,3
105,3
P1
42
64
87,5
97,3
104,2
111,3
P2
45,6
69,3
93,1
103,7
110,8
118,6
P3
45,7
70,1
95,2
104,5
112,3
127,8
Trung bnh
44,1
66,2
90,0
99,9
106,9
115,8
P0
32,3
45,5
60,1
76,8
86,3
94,6
P1
34,5
48,1
64,3
82
91,9
100,5
P2
35,4
50,5
68,4
86,4
96,3
103,1
P3
38
53,7
71,8
91,1
100,5
106,8
Trung bnh
35,1
49,5
66,2
84,1
93,8
101,3
LSD 0,05
7,09
4,58
12,82
12,09
13,58
6,49
CV(%)
9,5
4,3
8,7
7,0
7,2
3,2
TH3-3
V
Ma
P6
TH3-3
V
Xun
P6
S tng trng chiu cao cy nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo nhiu yu

t nh: nhit , nh sng, mt cy, lng phn bn c bit l phn m
c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin ca cy la.
Kt qu theo di v ng thi tng trng chiu cao cy ca ging la
TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng c trnh by bng 4.3.
Trong v Ma do iu kin thi tit thch hp nn cy la tng trng
chiu cao nhanh. Giai on 2-4 TSC, gia cc cng thc t nh hng n
chiu cao cy, c s sai khc mc phn P3 (TH3-3), mc phn P2-P3 (P6)
Giai on t 6-10 TSC, khi tng liu lng phn bn lm tng chiu cao cy.
n tun th 12 sau cy, ging TH3-3 c chiu cao cy thp nht mc phn
P0 (111,8 cm) v t cao nht mc phn P3 (124,9 cm), cn ging P6 chiu
cao cy thp nht mc phn P0 (98,3 cm) v cao nht mc phn P3
(111,3cm).
Trong v Xun, giai on t cy n sau cy 2-4 tun do cy m va
bn r hi xanh nn chiu cao cy u tng rt chm, s khc nhau v chiu
cao cy gia cc liu lng phn bn l khng ln. T tun th 6-12 TSC
chiu cao cy tng mnh v y l giai on cy la vn lng, lm ng.
Chiu cao cy tng ln r rt khi liu lng phn bn khc nhau, khi tng liu
lng phn bn chiu cao cy tng dn c 2 ging. i vi ging TH3-3,
thi im 12 TSC, chiu cao cy thp nht mc mc phn P0 (105,3 cm)
v cao nht mc phn P3 (127,8 cm). i vi ging P6, chiu cao cy thp
nht mc phn P0 (94,6 cm) v cao nht mc phn P3 (106,8 cm).
Nh vy, qua kt qu theo di tng trng chiu cao cy ca 2 ging
cho thy khi tng liu lng phn bn, chiu cao cy ca ging TH3-3 tng
mnh hn ging P6, iu ny cho thy ging la lai mn cm m hn so vi
la thun. Kt qu ny hon ton ph hp vi cc cng trnh nghin cu ca
Phm Vn Cng v cs, 2005.
4.4. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tng trng chiu

cao cy ca ging TH3-3 v P6
Tc tng trng chiu cao cy nhanh hay chm ph thuc vo cc
yu t nh: thi v, c tnh nng sinh hc ca ging, nhit , nh sng,
phn bn, mt cy v k thut chm sc.
Kt qu theo di tc tng trng chiu cao cy ca ging TH3-3 v
P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng c trnh by bng 4.4.
Tc tng trng chiu cao cy ca c 2 ging tng dn qua cc giai
on sinh trng v t cao nht thi im sau cy 4-6 tun (TH3-3) v 6-8
tun (P6), sau tc tng trng chiu cao cy bt u gim dn.
Giai on 2-4 tun sau cy, tc tng trng chiu cao cy ca
TH3-3 t cao nht mc bn P3 (18,90 cm/tun) v thp nht mc bn P0
(17,4 cm/tun). i vi ging P6, tc ny t cao nht mc bn P3
(10,3 cm/tun) v thp nht mc bn P0 (7,9 cm/tun).
Trong v xun, tc tng trng chiu cao cy ca c 2 ging cao
nht mc P3 (TH3-3 l 24,4cm/tun, P6 l 15,7cm/tun) v thp nht mc
bn P0 (TH3-3 l 18,2 cm/tun, P6 l 13,2 cm/tun ).
Giai on 4-6 tun sau cy, c 2 v, tc tng trng chiu cao cy
ca ging TH3-3 t cao nht. Tc tng trng chiu cao cy ca c 2
ging cao nht mc P3 (TH3-3 l 20,2cm/tun, P6 l 15,9 cm/tun) v thp
nht mc bn P0 (TH3-3 l 18,1 cm/tun, P6 l 12,8 cm/tun).
Trong v ma, tc tng trng chiu cao cy ca c 2 ging cao
nht mc P3 (TH3-3 l 25,1cm/tun, P6 l 18,1cm/tun) v thp nht mc
bn P0 (TH3-3 l 22,8 cm/tun, P6 l 14,6 cm/tun).
Bng 4.4: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tng trng

chiu cao cy ca ging TH3-3 v P6 (cm/tun)
V
trng
Ging
phn 2-4 TSC 4-6 TSC 6-8 TSC 8-10 TSC 10-12 TSC
17,4
18,1
14,2
6,1
1,2
P1
18,5
19,7
14,9
6,7
1,9
P2
18,7
20,0
15
6,8
2,2
P3
18,9
20,2
15,2
7,2
3,6
Trung bnh
18,4
19,5
14,8
6,7
2,2
P0
7,9
12,8
14,6
4,3
5,3
P1
8,7
13,9
14
4,7
5,6
P2
9,9
14,4
14,6
4,9
5,8
P3
10,3
15,9
14,6
5,2
5,2
Trung bnh
9,2
14,3
14,5
4,8
5,5
P0
18,2
22,8
9,7
6,4
5,0
P1
22,0
23,5
9,8
6,9
7,1
P2
23,7
23,8
10,6
7,1
7,8
P3
24,4
25,1
9,3
7,8
15,5
Trung bnh
22,1
23,8
9,9
7,1
8,9
P0
13,2
14,6
16,7
9,5
8,3
P1
13,6
16,2
17,7
9,9
8,6
P2
15,1
17,9
18,0
9,9
6,8
P3
15,7
18,1
19,3
9,4
6,3
Trung bnh
14,4
16,7
17,9
9,7
7,5
Ma
P6
TH3-3
Giai on sinh trng
P0
TH3-3
Mc
Xun
P6
Giai on t 6-8 tun sau cy tr i, trong c 2 v, tc tng trng

chiu cao cy ca ging TH3-3 u gim, tc tng trng chiu cao ca
ging P6 t cao nht v gim dn sau cy 8-10 tun.
Trong giai on u, ging TH3-3 c tc tng trng chiu cao
cy cao hn so vi ging P6 l do la lai c kh nng hp thu m thp
hn la thun. giai on sau, tc tng trng chiu cao ca ging P6
cao hn ging TH3-3, do c tnh ca ging P6 l ging di ngy hn so
vi ging TH3-3.
4.5. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tng trng s nhnh ca
ging TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng
nhnh l mt c tnh sinh hc ca cy la, s nhnh lin quan
cht ch n qu trnh hnh thnh s bng hu hiu v nng sut sau ny.
Song kh nng nhnh ca cy la li ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh:
iu kin thi tit, ch dinh dng, mt , ngun nc cng nh iu
kin k thut canh tc. Kt qu theo di tng trng s nhnh ca 2 ging 4
liu lng phn bn khc nhau c trnh by trong bng 4.5.
Trong v Ma do iu kin thi tit thch hp nn cy la tng trng
v s nhnh rt nhanh. S nhnh t ti a sau 6 TSC (TH3-3) v 8 TSC (P6).
Sau s nhnh v hiu bt u li dn i v n nh vo giai on hnh
thnh bng hu hiu. Giai on 2-4 TSC l giai on cy la hi xanh, bt
u nhnh, s nhnh cc cng thc khng khc nhau mc ngha. Giai
on 6 TSC l giai on TH3-3 nhnh ti a nn tng trng s
nhnh/khm giai on ny l cao nht.
Khi tng liu lng phn bn c nh hng nhiu n tng trng s
nhnh ca c 2 ging. S nhnh ca c 2 ging t cao nht mc bn P2
(TH3-3 l 11,0 nhnh, P6 l 10,9 nhnh ) v thp nht l cng thc P0 (TH3-3
l 7,9 nhnh, P6 l 9,4 nhnh).
Bng 4.5: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tng trng s nhnh

ca ging TH3-3 v P6
V
trng
Ging
phn
2 TSC
4 TSC
6 TSC
8TSC
10 TSC
12TSC
P0
5,9
7,6
7,9
6,1
5,9
5,4
P1
6,4
8,3
9,5
6,3
6,0
6,0
P2
6,7
9,0
11,0
7,4
6,9
6,0
P3
6,3
9,2
10,6
6,9
6,7
6,4
Trung bnh
6,3
8,5
9,8
6,7
6,4
6,0
P0
5,8
7,2
8,4
9,4
6,7
6,6
P1
5,9
7,6
8,6
10,7
7,6
6,7
P2
6,0
7,9
8,8
10,9
8,7
8,4
P3
6,1
7,5
8,5
10,1
7,6
6,7
Trung bnh
LSD (0,05)
CV%
P0
6,0
0,68
6,2
2,9
7,6
1,05
7,3
7,5
8,6
1,39
8,5
7,9
10,3
1,59
10,5
7,2
7,7
1,24
10,0
6,7
7,1
1,61
13,8
5,5
P1
2,9
7,7
8,0
7,4
6,8
5,9
P2
3,5
7,8
8,8
8,2
7,7
6,7
P3
3,3
7,6
8,2
7,5
6,8
6,2
3,2
7,7
8,2
7,6
7,0
6,1
P0
2,5
8,8
9,9
10,0
7,3
6,2
P1
3,1
9,1
10,1
10,5
7,6
6,2
P2
3,0
9,9
13,4
14,1
8,7
7,7
P3
2,9
9,8
10,4
12,1
8,3
6,0
2,9
0,5
9,6
9,4
1,2
7,4
11,0
2,1
11,6
11,7
1,4
7,8
8,0
1,6
11,7
6,5
1,0
8,6
TH3-3
Mc S nhnh ca cc ging cc tun sau cy (nhnh/khm)
Ma
P6
TH3-3
Trung bnh
V
Xun
P6
Trung bnh
LSD (0,05)
CV%
giai on 8 TSC (TH3-3) v 10 TSC (P6) l giai on la gim dn

tng trng s nhnh v n nh hnh thnh bng hu hiu.
nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n s nhnh ca cc ging la
cng khc nhau gia 2 v. Trong v Xun, giai on t cy n 2 TSC do cy
m va bn r hi xanh nn s nhnh tng chm, s khc nhau v s nhnh
gia cc liu lng phn bn l khng r rt. T tun th 4 tr i, cy la
nhnh mnh v s nhnh t ti a 6 TSC (TH3-3) v 8 TSC (P6). S nhnh
tng dn khi tng liu lng phn bn v khc nhau c ngha t 6 TSC tr
i. i vi ging TH3-3, thi im 12 TSC s nhnh thp nht mc P0
(5,5 nhnh) v t cao nht mc P2 (6,7 nhnh). Ging P6 s nhnh thp
nht mc P3 (6,0 nhnh) v cao nht mc P2 (7,7 nhnh)
4.6. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tng trng s nhnh
ca ging TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng
Tc tng trng s nhnh l mt ch tiu quan trng c lin quan
n qu trnh hnh thnh nhnh hu hiu, s bng hu hiu v nng sut thu
hoch. Cy la nhnh sm, tp trung s to iu kin thun li cho qu
trnh tch lu v sau. Kt qu theo di tc tng trng s nhnh c trnh
by bng 4.6. Kt qu cho thy : liu lng bn khc nhau nh hng n
tc tng trng s nhnh/khm. Tc nhnh tng mnh nht giai
on 2-4 tun sau cy, sau giai on 6-8 tun sau cy, ging TH3-3 c s nhnh
gim do li i.
Giai on 2-4 tun sau cy, v ma khi tng liu lng phn bn th
tc tng trng t 1,7-2,9 nhnh/khm/tun i vi ging TH3-3 v 1,41,9 nhnh/khm/tun i vi ging P6. Trong v xun, khi tng liu lng
phn bn th ging TH3-3 tng t 4,3-4,8 nhnh/khm/tun, ging P6 tng t
6,0-6,9 nhnh/khm/tun.
Bng 4.6: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tng trng s

nhnh ca ging TH3-3 v P6 (nhnh/khm/tun)
V
trng
Ging
TH3-3
Mc
phn
2-4 TSC
4-6 TSC
6-8 TSC
P0
1,7
0,3
-1,8
P1
1,9
1,2
-3,2
P2
2,3
2,0
-3,6
P3
2,9
1,4
-3,7
2,2
1,2
-3,1
P0
1,4
1,2
1,0
P1
1,7
1,0
2,1
P2
1,9
0,9
2,1
P3
1,4
1,0
1,6
1,6
1,0
1,7
P0
4,7
0,4
-0,7
P1
4,8
0,3
-0,6
P2
4,3
1,0
-0,5
P3
4,4
0,6
-0,7
4,5
0,6
-0,6
P0
6,3
1,1
0,1
P1
6,0
1,0
0,4
P2
6,9
3,5
0,7
P3
6,9
0,6
1,7
6,5
1,5
0,7
Trung bnh
Ma
P6
Trung bnh
TH3-3
Trung bnh
Xun
P6
Giai on sinh trng
Trung bnh
Ghi ch : (-) biu th tc gim
Giai on 4-6 tun sau cy, khi tng liu lng phn bn th tc tng
trng s nhnh c xu hng gim dn.
4.7. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s SPAD ca ging
TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng
Ch s SPAD tng quan thun vi hm lng dip lc trong l, ng
vai tr quyt nh n s quang hp ca cy la trong cc thi k sinh trng,
pht trin. Hm lng Chlorophyll ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: ging la,
lng m bn, iu kin canh tc v thi tit. Hm lng Chlorophyll trong
l c biu th di dng ch s SPAD. Ch s SPAD c o vo cc giai
on sinh trng ca cy la. Kt qu c trnh by bng 4.7.
S liu qua bng cho thy: SPAD ca cc ging la cao nht ti giai
on nhnh, gim dn giai on tr v thp nht giai on chn sp.
Khi tng liu lng bn th ch s SPAD tng cc ging la trong
tng nhiu ging TH3-3 (43,2-46,0), iu ny xy ra do hiu sut s dng
m i vi hm lng Chlorophyll ca la lai cao hn la thun (Phm Vn
Cng v cs, 2003, 2005)
i vi ging TH3-3, khi tng liu lng bn th ch s SPAD dao
ng t 43,2-46,0 trong giai on nhnh hu hiu, t 39,4-42,0 trong giai
on tr v t 36,2-39,2 trong giai on chn sp. Ging P6, ch s SPAD
thay i khi tng liu lng phn bn. Trong giai don nhnh hu hiu ch
s SPAD tng t 43,6-44,0, giai on tr tng t 35,8-39,0 v giai on chn
sp tng t 32,5-37,4.
Nhn chung, khi tng liu lng phn bn th ch s SPAD tng nhng
s tng ny khng c ngha i vi c 2 ging.
Bng 4.7: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s SPAD ca

ging TH3-3 v P6 trong v Xun 2008
Ging
Mc
SPAD qua cc giai on sinh trng
phn
2 TSC
4 TSC
6 TSC
8 TSC
P0
35,9
40,5
43,2
39,4
36,2
20,3
P1
38,2
41,5
44,2
40,8
38,3
21,7
P2
38,3
41,8
45,2
41,7
38,6
24,7
P3
38,6
43,0
46,0
42,0
39,2
24,8
Trung bnh
37,8
41,7
44,6
41,0
38,1
22,9
P0
36,6
37,7
38,3
43,6
35,8
32,5
P1
38,8
38,2
39,8
43,8
35,8
33,5
P2
39,3
40,6
41,1
44,2
39,0
37,4
P3
39,0
40,8
40,8
44,0
37,4
35,7
Trung bnh
38,4
39,3
40,0
43,9
37,0
34,8
LSD 0,05
3,41
3,84
2,12
4,19
4,66
5,32
CV(%)
4,8
5,0
2,7
5,2
6,6
9,8
TH3-3
P6
10 TSC 12 TSC
4.8. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s dy l (SLA) ca

cc ging la th nghim qua cc giai on sinh trng
Ch s dy l (SLA) ca cc ging la giai on nhnh l cao
nht, ng ngha vi l la mng hn, sau gim dn cc giai on sau,
iu ny ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu truc y (Phm Vn Cng v cs,
2003). Ch s dy l tng khi tng liu lng bn, c bit cao nht
ging la lai, iu ny cho thy la lai rt mn cm khi tng liu lng bn.
Kt qu ny ph hp vi cng b ca Yang v cs, 1999.
Bng 4.8: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s dy l (SLA)

ca cc ging la th nghim qua cc giai on sinh trng
V
trng
Ging
Mc
phn 2 TSC 4 TSC 6 TSC 8 TSC 10TSC 12TSC

P0
122,8
192,4
226,1
206,3
198,5
190,9
P1
136,7
202,6
248,6
226,9
202,3
198,9
P2
206,9
211,8
258,0
242,7
216,8
211,4
P3
216,8
225,7
256,7
248,2
218,2
215,3
Trung bnh
170,8
208,1
247,4
231,0
209,0
204,1
P0
167,7
197,8
208,9
213,5
201,3
185,7
P1
170,2
208,2
216,5
230,8
220,7
203,8
P2
208,4
214,4
228,3
246,9
231,3
218,3
P3
224,5
224,8
236,3
265,7
241,3
233,8
Trung bnh
192,7
211,3
222,5
239,2
223,7
210,4
LSD (0,05)
17,33
12,55
13,94
13,00
7,70
8,92
CV%
5,1
3,2
3,2
2,9
1,9
2,3
P0
274,8
240,4
343,3
237,0
197,0
182,0
P1
279,5
327,5
429,2
238,7
219,7
190,5
P2
280,9
330,4
481,6
245,5
230,5
213,4
P3
313,2
369,5
543,3
272,3
238,5
220,4
Trung bnh
287,1
317,0
449,4
248,4
221,5
201,6
P0
242,8
266,7
277,0
366,0
235,7
198,0
P1
249,4
302,5
347,6
386,6
256,3
204,8
P2
279,6
320,3
375,5
391,7
257,0
235,7
P3
287,2
327,7
364,5
437,0
272,7
246,6
Trung bnh
264,8
304,3
341,2
395,3
255,4
221,3
LSD (0,05)
44,56
21,81
32,29
41,92
33,18
20,89
CV%
8,6
3,7
4,3
6,9
7,4
5,2
TH3-3
V
Ma
P6
TH3-3
V
Xun
SLA qua cc giai on sinh trng (cm2/gam)
P6
Trong v ma, khi tng liu lng phn bn t mc P2 n mc P3 th

c s sai khc nhau mc c ngha i vi c 2 ging tt c cc thi k.
i vi ging TH3-3, giai on nhnh hu hiu, ch s SLA t cao nht
226,1-258,0, giai on tr dao ng t 206,3-248,2, giai on chn sp dao
ng t 198,5-218,2. i vi ging P6, ch s SLA dao ng t 213,5-265,7
giai on nhnh hu hiu, t 201,3-241,3 trong giai on tr v t 185,7233,8 trong giai on chn sp.
V xun, ch s SLA cao hn trong v ma v ch s SLA tng khi
tng liu lng bn. Ch s SLA t cao nht giai on nhnh hu hiu,
ging TH3-3 dao ng t 343,3-543,3, ging P6 dao ng t 366,0-437,0.
4.9. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n hm lng m tng s ca
cc ging la th nghim
Bng 4.9 : nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n hm lng m
trong l ca cc ging la th nghim trong v Ma
Ging
TH3-3
nhnh
1,67
m tng s (%)
Tr
4,09
Chn sp
1,40
P1
2,74
4,23
1,49
P2
3,02
4,42
1,53
P3
3,16
4,60
2,02
2,65
4,34
1,61
P0
1,56
2,77
0,47
P1
2,14
2,98
0,47
P2
2,79
3,00
0,98
P3
2,86
4,05
2,09
2,34
3,20
1,00
Mc
phn
P0
Trung bnh
P6
Trung bnh
Qua kt qu bng 4.9 cho thy: khi tng liu lng phn bn th hm
lng m tng s trong l c xu hng tng v t cao nht giai on tr
v gim dn giai on chn sp.
Nh vy, khi tng liu lng phn bn th hm lng m trong l tng
tt c cc ging la, trong tng nhiu nht ging la TH3-3.
4.10. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s din tch l (LAI)
ca ging TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng
L la l b phn quang hp tng hp nn cc cht hu c gip cho
qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin thn ca cy la v to ra nng sut ht. Do
vic tng hay gim din tch l (LAI) tc ng trc tip n s tch lu
cht kh v nng sut thu hoch sau ny.
Ch s din tch l l mt ch tiu sinh l nh gi kh nng pht
trin b l trong qun th ca rung la v ch s din tch l thay i theo
tng ging, lng phn bn v mt cy. Do cn phi iu chnh cc yu
t cho hp l ch s din tch l sm t tr s ti u nht tt c cc
giai on sinh trng v pht trin ca cy la to iu kin thun li cho
qu trnh quang hp t ti a v to thnh cc cht hu c.
Kt qu theo di ch s din tch l ca TH3-3 v P6 c trnh by
bng 4.10. C 2 ging la u c LAI tng dn t khi bn r hi xanh n thi
k tr, LAI t gi tr ln nht thi k tr, sau gim dn.
Trong v Ma, i vi c 2 ging khi tng liu lng phn bn th LAI
tng. giai on 6-12 TSC, khi tng liu lng phn bn t mc P2 n mc
P3 th c s sai khc nhau mc c ngha i vi c 2 ging, iu ny c
th c gii thch l do khi liu lng phn bn lm duy tr b l lu
hn dn n quang hp s ko di nn tch lu sau tr thun li hn. Kt qu
ny ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca Yoshida, 1985; Nguyn Th Lm,
1994; Phm Vn Cng, 2003, 2004
Bng 4.10: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n ch s din tch l (LAI)

ca ging TH3-3 v P6
Mc
LAI (m2 l/m2 t)
phn 2 TSC 4TSC 6 TSC 8 TSC 10 TSC 12TSC
P0
0,3
3,7
3,9
4,7
3,1
2,3
P1
0,3
3,8
4,1
5,0
3,5
2,5
TH3-3
P2
0,3
3,9
5,0
5,5
4,0
3,0
P3
0,3
4,1
5,2
5,6
4,0
3,2
Trung bnh
0,3
3,9
4,6
5,2
3,7
2,7
V
P0
0,2
2,8
2,6
2,8
2,9
2,1
Ma
P1
0,3
2,9
3,0
3,9
4,1
2,1
P6
P2
0,3
3,0
3,5
4,1
4,5
2,8
P3
0,3
3,4
3,9
4,7
4,1
3,0
Trung bnh
0,3
3,0
3,3
3,9
3,9
2,5
LSD (005)
0,09
0,36
0,67
0,53
0,59
0,47
CV%
12,6
5,5
9,1
6,2
8,3
9,5
P0
0,3
2,0
4,0
4,9
4,7
4,0
P1
0,3
2,1
4,1
5,5
5,2
4,6
TH3-3
P2
0,3
2,2
4,6
5,6
5,6
4,9
P3
0,4
2,2
4,8
6,4
6,0
5,3
Trung bnh
0,3
2,1
4,4
5,6
5,4
4,7
V
P0
0,2
1,5
3,9
4,1
5,9
4,1
Xun
P1
0,2
1,6
4,1
4,7
6,7
5,0
P6
P2
0,3
1,7
4,1
5,5
6,9
5,2
P3
0,2
1,8
4,1
5,7
7,2
5,2
Trung bnh
0,2
1,7
4,1
5,0
6,7
4,9
LSD (0,05)
0,09
0,37
0,72
0,96
0,54
0,98
CV%
14,5
10,3
9,1
9,6
4,7
10,9
V
trng
Ging
Trong v Xun, tt c cc giai on sinh trng khi tng liu lng

phn bn th ch s din tch l tng. giai on 8-10 TSC khi tng liu
lng phn bn t mc P2 n mc P3 th ch s din tch l tng mc c
ngha. Ging TH3-3 thi k 8TSC, cng thc P3 t ch s din tch l cao
nht 6,4, giai on 10 TSC ch t 6,0. Ging P6 thi k 10TSC, cng
thc P3 ch s din tch l t cao nht 7,2, giai on 12 TSC ch t 5,2.
Kt qu ny cng khng khc vi cc nghin cu trc y cho rng trn
ng rung ch s din tch l (LAI) tng dn trong qu trnh sinh trng,
pht trin ca cy v t cao nht vo thi k trc tr, sau gim dn n
giai on chn (Phm Vn Cng, 2007, 2008)
Nh vy ch s din tch l 2 ging tng t l thun vi chiu tng
ca cc liu lng phn bn. Trong cng mt liu lng phn bn th nh
hng ti mi ging l khc nhau. mc bn P0 v P1 s nh hng ny
khng r rng, khi tng ln mc P2 v P3, LAI ca ging TH3-3 v P6 tng
vt tri.
4.11. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n khi lng cht kh tch
lu ca ging TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng
Cht kh l cht hu c to ra c t qu trnh ht dinh dng v
quang hp ca cy la. Kh nng tch lu cht kh ca cy la v s vn
chuyn cc cht hu c t c quan sinh trng v c quan sinh sn l c s
cho vic to ra nng sut ht. Chnh v vy m kh nng tch lu cht kh ca
cy la cng cao th tim nng cho nng sut cng ln. Kt qu nghin cu
c trnh by bng 4.11.
Trong v Ma, c 2 ging la khi liu lng phn bn tng lm
cht kh tch lu tng tt c cc giai on. Giai on 2-6 TSC l giai on
cy la c b l cha pht trin mnh nn lng tch lu cht kh cn thp.
Giai on 8 TSC tr i l giai on b l la bt u pht trin mnh nn
lng cht kh tch lu cc cng thc bt u tng, i vi mi ging th
DM tng c ngha mc t P2 n P3. Lng cht kh tch lu (DM) ca
c 2 ging t cao nht cng thc P3 (TH3-3 l 30,9 g/khm, P6 l 29,1
g/khm) v thp nht cng thc P0 (TH3-3 l 24,7 g/khm, P6 l 23,7 g/khm).
Bng 4.11: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n khi lng cht kh

tch lu ca ging TH3-3 v P6
V
Mc Khi lng cht kh cc giai on sinh trng (g/khm)
Ging
phn 2 TSC 4 TSC 6 TSC 8 TSC 10 TSC 12 TSC
trng
P0
1,1
3,2
9,0
17,4
22,0
24,7
P1
1,3
3,7
9,6
18,0
23,3
26,1
P2
1,6
4,5
11,9
20,9
26,5
29,5
P3
1,9
4,6
12,3
21,7
27,6
30,9
Trung bnh
1,5
4,0
10,7
19,5
24,9
27,8
P0
0,9
2,6
9,0
13,0
20,6
23,7
P1
1,0
2,9
9,3
13,5
22,0
25,5
P2
1,2
3,6
10,5
14,9
23,8
27,6
P3
1,4
3,7
11,1
16,0
24,9
29,1
Trung bnh
1,1
3,2
10,0
14,4
22,8
26,5
LSD (0,05)
0,22
0,66
0,78
1,96
2,60
5,08
CV%
9,0
9,8
4,0
6,2
5,8
9,9
P0
1,3
3,1
9,5
21,5
28,1
33,9
P1
1,5
3,5
10,0
22,5
29,5
35,6
P2
1,6
3,7
10,7
23,6
30,5
36,8
P3
2,0
5,3
12,3
26,3
33,6
39,5
Trung bnh
1,6
3,9
10,6
23,5
30,4
36,5
P0
1,0
3,3
7,5
14,2
24,1
27,5
P1
1,3
4,5
9,3
16,6
26,9
30,5
P2
1,3
4,7
10,6
18,4
29,3
32,8
P3
1,6
5,0
12,8
20,3
31,3
35,0
Trung bnh
1,3
4,4
10,1
17,4
27,9
31,5
LSD (0,05)
0,16
0,67
1,09
3,00
3,10
3,40
CV%
6,0
8,6
5,6
7,8
5,7
5,3
TH3-3
V
Ma
P6
TH3-3
V
Xun
P6
Ghi ch : TSC : Tun sau cy
Cng nh trong v Ma, v Xun c 2 ging khi tng liu lng

phn bn lm cht kh tch lu tng tt c cc giai on. i vi mi
ging th DM tng c ngha mc bn t P2 n P3. giai on 10 TSC
cht kh tch lu ca ging TH3-3 bin ng t 28,1-33,6 g/khm. Giai on
12 TSC lng cht kh bin ng t 33,9-39,5 g/khm.
i vi ging P6, DM giai on 2-6 TSC tng t l thun vi liu
lng phn bn v tng c ngha mc phn t P1 n P3. giai on 812 TSC, DM khc nhau c ngha mc phn t P2 n P3. DM t cao nht
cng thc P3 (35,0 g/khm) v thp nht cng thc P0 (27,5 g/khm)
Nhn chung, DM cc cng thc cho thy hiu qu ca cc liu lng
phn bn u th hin r, ging la lai cao hn la thun. Kt qu ny ph
hp vi nhng kt lun trc y (Senadhira; Vimani, 1987; Phm Vn
Cng, 2004, 2007).
4.12. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tch lu cht kh
(CGR) ca ging TH3-3 v P6 qua cc giai on sinh trng
Tc tch lu cht kh (CGR) th hin v kh nng sinh trng, pht
trin ca qun th rung la. Tuy nhin CGR ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh:
Mt , ch dinh dng.
Kt qu theo di qua cc giai on sinh trng c trnh by bng
4.12 cho thy: Trong c 2 v, i vi c 2 ging la nghin cu th CGR
giai on nhnh n tr cao hn t tr n chn sp.
Trong v Ma, giai on t nhnh- nhnh hu hiu, tc tch
lu cht kh ca c 2 ging u tng ln khi tng liu lng phn bn t P0
n P3. Trong , tc tch lu cht kh ca TH3-3 bin ng t 14,9-20,8
g/m2 t/ngy. Tc tch lu cht kh ca P6 cao nht l 13,1 g/m2 t/ngy
(mc phn P3), thp nht l 10,7 g/m2 t/ngy (mc phn P0). giai on
nhnh hu hiu n tr, tc tch lu cht kh ca c 2 ging u t cao

nht, mc phn P3 ca ging TH3-3 t cao nht l 24,8 g/m2 t/ngy, mc
phn P2, P3 ca ging P6 t cao nht l 23,7 g/m2 t/ngy.
Bng 4.12: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n tc tch lu cht kh
(CGR) ca cc ging la th nghim
V
trng
Ging Mc phn
N-NHH
NHH-Tr
Tr-Chn sp
P0
14,9
21,6
13,6
P1
15,7
22,4
14,1
P2
20,5
24,0
14,9
P3
20,8
24,8
15,7
Trung bnh
18,0
23,2
14,6
P0
10,7
20,3
8,3
P1
11,2
22,7
9,3
P2
11,7
23,7
10,1
P3
13,1
23,7
11,2
Trung bnh
11,7
22,6
9,7
P0
17,1
32,0
17,6
P1
17,3
33,3
18,7
P2
18,7
34,4
18,4
P3
18,7
37,3
19,5
Trung bnh
17,9
34,3
18,5
P0
17,9
26,4
6,4
P1
19,4
27,6
9,1
P2
20,9
29,0
9,3
P3
20,0
29,3
9,9
Trung bnh
19,5
28,1
8,7
TH3-3
V
Ma
P6
TH3-3
Tc tch lu cht kh (g/m2 t/ ngy)
Xun
P6
Tc tch lu cht kh ca c 2 ging u c xu hng gim t tr

n chn sp v tc gim ca ging P6 mnh hn ging TH3-3. C th
giai on tr n chn sp, mc phn P3 ca ging TH3-3 t cao nht l 15,7
g/m2 t/ngy, trong khi mc phn P3 ca ging P6 t cao nht l 11,2
g/m2 t/ngy.
Trong v Xun, tc tch lu cht kh ca c 2 ging u tng ln khi
tng liu lng phn bn. giai on nhnh n nhnh hu hiu, tc
tch lu cht kh ca ging TH3-3 bin ng t 17,1-18,7 g/m2 t/ngy,
ging P6 bin ng t 17,9-20,9 g/m2 t/ngy. Giai on t nhnh hu
hiu n tr, tc tch lu cht kh ca c 2 ging u t cao nht mc
phn P3 (TH3-3 l 37,3 g/m2 t/ngy, P6 l 29,3 g/m2 t/ngy ). Giai on
tr n chn sp, tc tch lu cht kh c xu hng gim, c 2 ging tc
tch lu cht kh mc phn P3 l cao nht (TH3-3 l 19,5 g/m2 t/ngy,
P6 l 9,9 g/m2 t/ngy).
4.13. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n hiu sut quang hp thun
ca cc ging la th nghim qua cc giai on sinh trng
Quang hp l mt hot ng sinh l quan trng i vi cy la, quang
hp to ra 90 - 95 % nng sut la. Trong mt qun th rung la nng sut l
100% trong sn phm do quang hp to ra l 95% cn li 5% l cy la
hp thu dinh dng t t (Yoshida, 1981). Do quang hp ng vai tr
quan trng trong vic to nng sut ht ca cy la. Hiu sut quang hp
thun (NAR) tng hay gim ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t nh: ging, phn
bn, mt , iu kin thi tit.
Kt qu theo di NAR qua tng giai on sinh trng, pht trin c
trnh by bng 4.13.
Bng 4.13: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n hiu sut quang hp thun
ca cc ging la th nghim
V
trng
Ging Mc phn
N-NHH
NHH-Tr
Tr-Chn sp
P0
4,1
5,2
3,2
P1
4,0
4,9
3,3
P2
4,4
4,6
3,1
P3
4,4
4,6
3,3
Trung bnh
4,2
4,8
3,2
P0
4,0
7,1
3,3
P1
3,2
5,7
3,0
P2
3,1
5,5
2,8
P3
3,0
5,4
3,1
Trung bnh
3,3
5,9
3,1
P0
5,7
7,1
3,6
P1
5,6
6,9
3,5
P2
5,5
6,8
3,3
P3
5,4
6,7
3,1
Trung bnh
5,5
6,9
3,4
P0
4,5
5,3
1,8
P1
4,4
4,8
1,6
P2
4,3
4,5
1,5
P3
4,1
4,7
1,4
Trung bnh
4,3
4,8
1,6
TH3-3
V
Ma
P6
TH3-3
Hiu sut quang hp thun (g/m2 l/ngy)
Xun
P6
Ghi ch: N: nhnh. NHH: nhnh hu hiu
Qua bng 4.13 cho thy: c v ma v v xun, tt c cc liu

lng phn bn th hiu sut quang hp thun ca ca cc ging la giai
on t nhnh hu hiu n tr u cao hn hiu sut quang hp thun

giai on t tr n chn sp. Trong cng mt giai on sinh trng, NAR ca
cc ging la c xu hng gim khi liu lng phn bn tng. iu ny c
th c gii thch l do khi liu lng phn bn tng th din tch l cng
tng ln, lm che khut nhau dn n hiu sut quang hp b gim.
Trong v ma, giai on t nhnh n nhnh hu hiu, ging
TH3-3 c NAR dao ng t 4,0-4,4 g/m2 l/ngy, ging P6 c NAR dao ng
t 3,0-4,0 g/m2 l/ngy. giai on nhnh hu hiu n tr, ging TH3-3
c NAR dao ng t 4,6-5,2 g/m2 l/ngy, ging P6 dao ng t 5,4-7,1 g/m2
l/ngy.
giai on t tr n chn sp, c 2 ging u c NAR gim. Trong v
xun, NAR ca cc ging cng mc phn bn v cng giai on sinh
trng u thp hn so vi v ma.
Trong v xun, giai on nhnh n nhnh hu hiu, TH3-3 c
NAR dao ng t 5,4-5,7 g/m2 l/ngy, P6 dao ng t 4,1-4,5 g/m2 l/ngy.
Giai on nhnh hu hiu n tr, c 2 ging c NAR u t cao nht,
ging TH3-3 dao ng t 6,7-7,1 g/m2 l/ngy, ging P6 t 4,5-5,3 g/m2
l/ngy. Giai on t tr n chn sp, c 2 ging TH3-3 v P6 u c NAR
thp nht.
4.14. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n nng sut v cc yu t cu
thnh nng sut ca cc ging la th nghim
Nng sut la l mt yu t phn nh kt qu sinh trng pht trin ca
cy la. Trong th nghim nng sut l ch tiu c dng nh gi s sai
khc gia cc cng thc th nghim. Nng sut la c to thnh bi cc yu
t: S bng trn mt n v din tch, s ht trn mt bng, t l ht chc v
khi lng 1000 ht. Khi cc yu t ny t ti u nng sut la s t cao nht.
Bng 4.14: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n nng sut v cc yu

t cu thnh nng sut ca cc ging la th nghim
V
trng
Ging
T l ht M 1000 NSLT
phn bng/khm ht/bng chc(%) ht (g)
NSTT
(t/ha) (t/ha)
5,1
181
77,7
24,9
75,0
60,3
P1
5,3
189
79,3
25,5
89,3
63,2
P2
5,7
190
82,8
26,2
107,1
76,5*
P3
5,5
191
83,0
25,3
97,0
68,3
Trung bnh
5,4
187,5
80,7
25,5
92,1
67,1
P0
5,2
132
80,1
23,9
53,2
47,4
P1
5,7
140
85,3
23,6
62,3
55,2
P2
6,3
142
87,4
24,4
71,4
63,1*
P3
5,9
146
88,1
23,9
66,6
57,2
Trung bnh
5,8
140,1
85,2
24,0
63,4
55,7
LSD0,05
0,90
15,27
8,80
1,82
15,20
5,97
CV%
9,1
5,0
5,6
3,9
10,4
5,2
P0
5,3
171
84,6
25,2
77,3
60,7
P1
5,4
188
85,6
25,4
88,3
68,6*
P2
6,0
193
86,0
25,5
101,6
77,1*
P3
5,7
206
82,4
25,5
98,7
72,6
5,6
190,0
84,7
25,4
91,5
69,8
P0
5,8
140
87,5
23,4
66,5
56,8
P1
6,4
148
90,5
23,7
81,3
59,3
P2
7,0
157
90,6
23,9
95,2
66,5*
P3
6,6
158
89,4
23,7
88,4
61,3
Trung bnh
6,5
151,0
89,5
23,7
82,9
61,0
LSD0,05
1,1
24,5
7,3
3,1
6,6
CV%
9,7
7,6
4,5
6,8
5,4
V
P6
TH3-3
Trung bnh
V
Xun
P0
TH3-3
Ma
Mc
P6
Ghi ch: (*) sai khc mc ngha 0.05 ca phn bn so vi i chng
Kt qu theo di cc yu t cu thnh nng sut v nng sut ca ging

TH3-3 v P6 trong v xun v v ma c th hin bng 4.14.
- S bng/ khm: Trong 4 yu t cu thnh nng sut la th s bng l
yu t c tnh cht quyt nh nht v sm nht. S bng c th ng gp
74% nng sut trong khi s ht v trng lng ht ng gp 20%. Kt qu
cho thy khi tng liu lng phn bn t P0 n P2 c 2 v th s bng/
khm ca c 2 ging la u tng ln.
Trong v Ma, s bng ca c 2 ging thp nht mc P0 (TH3-3 l
5,1 bng/ khm, P6 l 5,2 bng /khm) v t cao nht mc P2 (TH3-3 l
5,7 bng/ khm, P6 l 6,3 bng/khm).
v Xun, ging TH3-3 c s bng thp nht mc P0 t 5,3 bng
/khm v cao nht mc P2 (6,0 bng /khm). Ging P6 s bng khc c
ngha mc phn P2 (t 7,0 nhnh).
- S ht/bng: Nhn chung s ht /bng ca cc ging la liu lng
bn khc nhau l khng khc nhau mc ngha. Trong v Ma, ging
TH3-3 c s ht /bng dao ng t 181-191, ging P6 c s ht /bng dao ng
t 132-146. Trong v Xun, s ht /bng ca TH3-3 dao ng t 171-206 ht,
ca ging P6 dao ng t 140-158 ht.
- T l ht chc/bng: T l ht chc ca cc ging la tng ln khi
tng liu lng phn bn c 2 v. Trong v Ma, t l ht chc/bng ca
ging TH3-3 thp nht mc P0 (77,7%) v cao nht mc bn P3 (83,0%).
i vi ging P6 t l ht chc/bng dao ng t 80,1-88,1%. Trong v
Xun, ging TH3-3 t l ht chc/bng thp nht mc P3 (82,4%) v cao
nht mc P2 (86,0%). i vi ging P6 t l ht chc/bng dao ng t
87,5-90,6%.
- Khi lng 1000 ht: Khi lng 1000 ht ph thuc vo bn cht di
truyn ca mi ging, tuy nhin khi lng 1000 ht thay i khi iu kin
dinh dng v sinh thi thay i. Trong cng mt ging liu lng phn bn
khc nhau khng nh hng mc ngha n khi lng 1000 ht.
- Nng sut l thuyt: Kt qu cho thy, i vi c 2 ging th NSLT
tng khi tng liu lng phn bn t P0 n P2.
- Nng sut thc thu: Nng sut thc thu l mt yu t tng hp cc
yu t trong qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin c 2 thi k sinh trng sinh
dng v sinh trng sinh thc. Vi c 2 ging khi tng liu lng phn bn
th nng sut thc thu tng (tr mc bn P3 ging P6 trong v Xun). Nng
sut thc thu t cao nht mc bn P2 i vi c 2 ging. Trong v Ma,
nng sut ca c 2 ging thp nht mc bn P0 (TH3-3 l 60,3 t /ha, P6 l
47,4 t/ha) v t cao nht mc bn P2 (TH3-3 l 76,5 t/ha, P6 l 63,1
t/ha). Trong v Xun, ging TH3-3 nng sut dao ng t 60,7-77,1 t/ha.
Ging P6 nng sut thp nht mc bn P0 (56,8 t/ha) v cao nht mc
bn P2 (66,5 t/ha)
4.15. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n nng sut sinh vt hc v
h s kinh t ca cc ging la th nghim
Nng sut sinh vt hc l hm lng cht kh m cy tch lu c. N
ni ln tim nng nng sut, nng sut sinh vt hc cng cao th nng sut
thc thu s cng ln.
Qua bng 4.15 cho thy i vi c 2 ging, khi tng liu lng phn
bn th nng sut sinh vt hc tng. Trong v ma, mc phn P2, c 2
ging u cho nng sut sinh vt hc cao nht, ging TH3-3 t 143,20 t/ha,
ging P6 t 124,13 t/ha. Nng sut sinh vt hc v xun cao hn v ma,
mc phn P3 c 2 ging cho nng sut sinh vt hc cao nht (ging TH3-3
t 161,33 t/ha, ging P6 t 136,22 t/ha).
T nng sut thc thu v nng sut sinh vt hc, chng ti tnh c h
s kinh t nh gi kh nng tch lu cht kh v ht ca la. Khi h s
kinh t cng cao, chng t kh nng tch lu cht kh v ht cng ln. cc
cng thc khc nhau th HSKT cng khc nhau.
Bng 4.15: nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n nng sut sinh vt

hc v h s kinh t ca cc ging la th nghim
V trng
Ging
Mc phn
NSSVH (t/ha)
H s kinh t
TH3-3
P0
P1
P2
P3
116,27
128,27
143,20
127,33
0,52
0,49
0,53
0,54
Trung bnh
128,77
0,52
P0
P1
P2
P3
108,80
119,60
124,13
115,20
0,44
0,46
0,51
0,50
Trung bnh
116,93
0,48
P0
123,88
0,49
P1
P2
131,92
145,47
0,52
0,53
P3
161,33
0,45
Trung bnh
140,65
0,50
P0
P1
132,09
126,17
0,43
0,47
P2
P3
135,71
136,22
0,49
0,45
Trung bnh
132,55
0,46
V Ma
P6
TH3-3
V Xun
P6
Trong v Ma, i vi ging TH3-3, khi tng mc bn t P0 n P3 th

h s kinh t tng t 0,49 n 0,54.
Ging P6 khi tng mc bn t P0 n P2 th h s kinh t tng cn
mc P3 th gim. Trong v Xun, i vi c 2 ging th h s kinh t tng khi
tng mc phn bn t P0 n P2, mc P3 th gim.
Qua chng t ging TH3-3 l ging c kh nng vn chuyn vt cht
kh t trong thn l v ht tt hn so vi ging P6.
4.16. Tng quan gia nng sut ht v mt s yu t lin quan cc giai

on sinh trng
4.16.1 Tng quan gia nng sut ht v hm lng Cholorophyll (SPAD)
Qua th 1 kt qu cho thy: Mi quan h gia ch s SPAD v nng
sut l khc nhau qua cc giai on theo di v t s ny tng quan cht vi
nng sut 4 TSC, 6 TSC v 10 TSC vi h s tng quan ln lt l 0,83,
0,86 v 0,85. giai on nhnh hu hiu, ch s SPAD ca ging P6
tng quan cht vi nng sut hn ging TH3-3 (rP6=0,98; rTH3-3=0,85).
2 TS C
y = 2.2566x - 20.585
r = 0.38
80
70
60
50
T H3-3, r = 0.87
P 6, r = 0.79
NSTT (t/ha)
NSTT (t/ha)
80
80
37
39
60
50
T H3-3, r = 0.93
P 6, r = 0.98
38
41
4 TS C
y = 3.3111x - 68.78
r = 0.83
70
60
50
T H3-3, r = 0.72
P 6, r = 0.82
80
NSTT (t/ha)
35
NSTT (t/ha)
70
40
40
80
39
41
y = 2.2287x - 28.968
r = 0.86
50
T H3-3, r = 0.85
P 6, r = 0.88
40
36
41
C h s S PAD
60
46
T H3-3, r = 0.87
50
35
6 TS C
60
10 TS C
y = 4.2079x - 92.592
r = 0.85
70
43
70
46
P 6, r = 0.96
80
NSTT (t/ha)
37
42
40
40
NSTT (t/ha)
8 TS C
y = -1.1925x + 115.97
r = -0.29
37
39
41
12 TS C
y = -0.4439x + 78.157
r = -0.42
70
60
T H3-3, r = 0.93
50
P 6, r = 0.97
40
18
26
34
42
C h s S PAD
th 1: Tng quan gia nng sut thc thu (NSTT) vi Ch s SPAD ca

ging TH3-3 v ging P6 cc mc phn bn khc nhau
4.16.2 Tng quan gia nng sut ht v ch s din tch l

Qua th 2 cho thy: i vi cc ging TH3-3 v P6, vai tr ca LAI
i vi nng sut l khc nhau trong cng giai on sinh trng. c 2 ging
c mi tng quan cht gia LAI v nng sut ht 6-8 tun sau cy
( v ma: 6 TSC, r = 0,90; 8 TSC, r = 0,88. v xun: 6 TSC, r = 0,84;
8 TSC, r = 0,76).
Trong giai on t NHH-Tr, LAI ca ging TH3-3 c tng quan
cht vi nng sut hn so vi ging P6. v ma, h s tng quan ca
TH3-3 ln lt l r = 0,81; 0,83; 0,87, P6 ln lt l r = 0,77; 0,96; 0,71. v
xun, h s tng quan ca TH3-3 ln lt l r = 0,82; 0,68; 0,84, P6 ln lt
l r = 0,79; 0,67; 0,76.
Nh vy, vic tng liu lng phn bn vo thi k nhnh s lm
tng hiu qu s dng phn bn ca la lai hn la thun. iu ny c gii
thch l do la lai c u th lai v b l v c s cn i ngun v sc cha.
4.16.3 Tng quan gia nng sut ht v kh nng tch lu cht kh
Qua th 3 chng ti nhn thy: Khi lng cht kh tch lu cc
thi k c vai tr quan trng ti nng sut ht v sau. i vi c 2 ging,
cc thi v khc nhau th mi quan h ny cng khc nhau. Trong v xun,
khi lng cht kh quyt nh n nng sut thc thu cao hn v ma. La
lai c mi tng quan cht gia khi lng cht kh tch lu v nng sut ht
hn la thun, c bit l thi k tr (v ma r = 0,8; v xun r = 0,65).
Khi tng liu lng phn bn, s tng quan cht gia DM v nng
sut cht hn cc giai on l do c LAI, Chlorophyll ln, qu trnh quang
hp cc thi k tt hn quyt nh trc tip n lng hydratcacbon vn
chuyn v ht, t l ht chc tng to nng sut cao.
V MA 2007
80
6 TS C
y = 8.7571x + 27.247
r = 0.90
70
60
50
T H3-3, r = 0.81
P 6, r = 0.75
NSTT (t/ha)
NSTT (t/ha)
80
V XUN 2008
80
NSTT (t/ha)
60
50
T H3-3, r = 0.82
P 6, r = 0.68
8 TS C
y = 8.3132x + 23.679
r = 0.88
70
60
T H3-3, r = 0.83
P 6, r = 0.77
50
3.5
80
NSTT (t/ha)
40
80
3.5
4.5
5.5
70
60
50
T H3-3, r = 0.87
P 6, r = 0.96
50
T H3-3, r = 0.68
P 6, r = 0.79
4.5
70
60
T H3-3, r = 0.77
P 6, r = 0.71
50
40
2
2.5
3
LAI (m 2 l/m 2 t)
3.5
6.5
10 TS C
y = -1.6165x + 75.102
r = -0.2
60
50
T H3-3, r = 0.84
P 6, r = 0.67
4.5
12 TS C
y = 14.517x + 23.293
r = 0.72
5.5
70
4.5
80
NSTT (t/ha)
80
8 TS C
60
40
3.5
70
80
40
2.5
4.5
y = 7.5743x + 25.219
r = 0.76
3.5
10 TS C
y = 7.1663x + 34.347
r = 0.45
40
6.5
NSTT (t/ha)
2.5
NSTT (t/ha)
70
40
40
NSTT (t/ha)
6 TS C
y = 19.04x - 14.843
r = 0.84
5.5
6.5
7.5
12 TS C
y = 6.4214x + 34.62
r = 0.46
70
60
50
T H3-3, r = 0.84
P 6, r = 0.76
40
3.5
4.5
LAI (m 2 l/m 2 t)
5.5
th 2: Tng quan gia nng sut thc thu (NSTT) vi ch s din tch l (LAI)
ca ging TH3-3 v ging P6 cc mc phn bn ti cc giai on sinh tr ng
V MA 2007
80
70
60
50
T H3-3, r = 0.83
P 6, r = 0.73
NSTT (t/ha)
6 TS C
y = 4.9187x + 10.553
r = 0.74
80
NSTT (t/ha)
V XUN 2008
10
11
12
70
60
T H3-3, r = 0.80
P 6, r = 0.69
50
80
11
13
8 TS C
y = 1.4522x + 35.702
r = 0.8
70
60
T H3-3, r = 0.65
50
P 6, r = 0.66
40
14
16
18
20
70
60
T H3-3, r = 0.79
50
12
10 TS C
y = 2.9928x - 9.9415
r = 0.82
80
22
80
NSTT (t/ha)
12
P 6, r = 0.79
20
22
24
26
28
T H3-3, r = 0.77
P 6, r = 0.78
40
24
26
DM (g/k h m )
28
28
10 TS C
70
60
T H3-3, r = 0.65
50
80
30
NSTT (t/ha)
60
22
24
y = 1.7637x + 13.928
r = 0.72
22
70
50
20
40
12 TS C
y = 2.4994x - 6.4277
r = 0.73
80
16
P 6, r = 0.69
40
NSTT (t/ha)
T H3-3, r = 0.64
40
NSTT (t/ha)
50
13
8 TS C
y = 2.3727x + 21.243
r = 0.87
60
P 6, r = 0.57
NSTT (t/ha)
NSTT (t/ha)
80
70
40
40
8
6 TS C
y = 2.1014x + 43.639
r = 0.5
26
30
y = 1.5348x + 13.25
r = 0.81
34
12 TS C
70
60
T H3-3, r = 0.72
50
P 6, r = 0.67
40
26
31
36
DM (g/k h m )
41
th 3: Tng quan gia nng sut thc thu (NSTT) vi khi lng cht kh
tch lu (DM) ca ging TH3-3 v ging P6 cc mc phn bn khc nhau
4.16.4 Tng quan gia nng sut v cc yu t cu thnh nng sut

Qua th 4, 5 chng ti nhn thy s tng quan gia nng sut v
cc yu t cu thnh nng sut trong v Xun, v Ma cc mc m khc
nhau l khc nhau. Trong v Ma, nng sut c tng quan cht vi s
bng/khm, s ht/bng v khi lng 1000 ht. Vi h s tng quan ln
lt l r = 0,93, r = 0,78, r = 0,87. Trong v Xun, nng sut tng quan cht
ch vi s bng/m2, s ht/bng v khi lng 1000 ht vi h s tng quan
ln lt l r = 0,51, r = 0,87 v r = 0,76
Nh vy, trong v Ma c 2 ging la nng sut tng khi tng lng
phn bn l do tng c s bng/khm, s ht/bng v khi lng 1000 ht,
trong s bng/khm l yu t quan trng nht. v Xun, cng tng t
nh vy nhng s ht/bng l yu t quan trng nht
iu ny c lin quan n quang hp thi k sau tr. Bn m lm LAI
tng, hm lng Cholorophyll, hm lng m tng trong l tng ch yu l 3
l trn cng c vai tr quan trng lm tng cng quang hp thi k sau
tr v cht kh tch lu tng do thc y s vn chuyn cc hydratcacbon
c tch lu t thn v l thi k trc tr vo ht lc chn.
80
y = 19.331x - 49.751
r = 0.93
70
NSTT (t/ha)
NSTT (t/ha)
80
60
50
TH3-3, r = 0.95
P6, r = 0.87
40
70
60
50
TH3-3, r = 0.70
P6, r = 0.79
40
5
5.5
6
S bng/khm
6.5
120
y = 0.0848x + 54.368
r = 0.04
80
70
60
50
TH3-3, r = 0.87
P6, r = 0.89
40
150
S ht/bng
180
210
y = 8.3289x - 144.43
r = 0.87
80
NSTT (t/ha)
NSTT (t/ha)
y = 0.2654x + 17.926
r = 0.78
70
60
50
TH3-3, r = 0.90
P6, r = 0.60
40
75
80
85
90
23
T l ht chc(% )
24
25
26
27
Khi lng 1000 ht (gam)

v Ma 2007
80
y = 6.8507x + 26.399
r = 0.51
70
NSTT (t/ha)
NSTT (t/ha)
80
60
50
TH3-3, r = 0.94
P6, r = 0.95
50
TH3-3, r = 0.80
P6, r = 0.83
130
70
60
150
170
190
S ht/bng
70
60
50
TH3-3, r = 0.09
210
y = 5.7766x - 76.381
r = 0.76
80
y = -1.1388x + 164.52
r = -0.48
50
60
6.5
NSTT(t/ha)
NSTT (t/ha)
80
5.5
S bng/khm
70
40
40
4.5
y = 0.2621x + 20.77
r = 0.87
TH3-3, r = 0.96
P6, r = 0.72
P6, r = 0.93
40
40
80
82
84
86
88
T l ht chc(% )
90
92
23
24
25
26
P1000 ht(g)

v Xun 2008
PHN V
KT LUN V NGH
5.1 Kt lun
1. giai on 2-4 tun sau cy khi tng liu lng phn t khng bn
n bn 90 kg N-67,5 kg P2O5-67,5 kg K2O/ha th s tng trng v s nhnh
ca ging TH3-3 v P6 khc nhau khng c ngha, t 6 tun sau cy tr i,
s khc nhau ny c ngha c 2 v.
2. Khi tng liu lng phn t khng bn n bn 120 kg N-90 kg
P2O5-90 kg K2O/ha th LAI ca c 2 ging u tng. Ging TH3-3 c ch s
din tch l t cc i sm hn v gim chm, cn ging P6 th ngc li t
cc i mun hn v gim nhanh chng.
3. Khi tng liu lng bn t 90 kg N-67,5 kg P2O5-67,5 kg K2O/ha
n 120 kg N-90 kg P2O5-90 kg K2O/ha th cht kh tch lu tng tt c cc
giai on sinh trng v tng mc ngha trong c 2 v.
4. Khi tng liu lng phn bn th hm lng m trong l c xu
hng tng c 2 ging v tng nhiu ging TH3-3.
5. Khi tng lng bn t khng bn n bn 120 kg N-90 kg P2O5-90
kg K2O/ha th nng sut ht ca ging TH3-3 tng t 60,3-76,5 t/ha (v ma)
v 60,7-77,1 t/ha (v xun). Ging P6 tng t 47,4-63,1 t/ha (v ma),
56,8-66,5 t/ha (v xun).
6. Ging TH3-3 c mi tng quan cht gia khi lng cht kh tch
lu v nng sut ht hn la thun c bit l vo thi k tr (v ma, r =
0,80; v xun, r = 0,65).
7. c 2 ging trong 2 v, nng sut ht tng quan thun vi s
bng/khm, s ht/bng v khi lng 1000 ht vi h s tng quan ln lt
l (v ma, r = 0,93, 0,78, 0,87; v xun, r = 0,51, 0,87, 0,76).
5.2 ngh
Cn tip tc nghin cu trong cc nm tip theo c kt lun chnh xc
hn.
TI LIU THAM KHO

A. TING VIT
1. Quch Ngc n v L Hng Nhu (1995), Sn xut la lai v vn phn
bn cho la lai, Hi tho v dinh dng cho la lai, H Ni.
2. Quch Ngc n (2002), ng dng v pht trin la lai Vit Nam, Nh
xut bn Nng nghip.
3. Nguyn Vn B (1995), Vai tr ca kali trong cn i dinh dng vi cy
lng thc trn t c hm lng kali tng s khc nhau, Hi tho Hiu lc
phn kali trong mi quan h vi bn phn cn i nng cao nng sut v
cht lng nng sn Vit Nam, H Ni.
4. Nguyn Vn B, Bi nh Dinh v cng s (1995), Mt s kt qu nghin
cu v dinh dng cho la lai trn t bc mu. Kt qu nghin cu quyn 1,
Nh xut bn nng nghip.
5. Nguyn Vn B (2003), Bn phn cn i cho cy trng Vit Nam, NXB
Nng nghip.
6. B Nng Nghip v PTNT(1996), Bo co tng kt 5 nm pht trin la
lai (1992-1996) v phng hng pht trin la lai nm 1997-2000, H Ni.
7. Bi B Bng (2002), Pht trin la lai Vit Nam, Tp ch NN v PTNT
s 2/2002.
8. Cc khuyn nng v khuyn lm (1998), Bn phn cn i v hp l cho
cy trng, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
9. Phm Vn Cng (2005), "Mi lin h gia u th lai v kh nng quang
hp v nng sut ht ca la lai F1", Tp ch Khoa hc k thut nng nghip
III (4), Trng i hc Nng nghip I, H Ni.
10. Phm Vn Cng (2005), "nh hng ca liu lng m n nng sut
cht kh cc giai oan sinh trng v nng sut ht ca mt s ging la lai
v la thun", Tp ch Khoa hc k thut nng nghip, III (5), Trng i

hc Nng nghip I, H Ni.
11. Phm Vn Cng (2007) nh hng ca Kali n n hiu sut s dng
Nit i vi quang hp, sinh khi tch ly v nng sut ht ca la lai F1, .
Hi ngh khoa hc quc gia v nghin cu c bn. Trang 441- 445.
12. Phm Vn Cng (2007) nh hng ca phng php khng bn lt N
n cht kh tch lu v nng sut ht ca mt s ging la lai v la thun.
Tp ch khoa hc k thut nng nghip, trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni,
tp V s 2/2007, Tr 3-11.
13. Phm Vn Cng (2008) nh hng ca bin php khng bn lt N kt
hp cy tha n nng sut ht ca ging la lai Vit lai 24 trong iu kin
m thp v xun. Tp ch Nng Nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, s 6
14. Ng Th Dn (1994), D n PCT/VIE/125 h tr pht trin la lai,
Thng tin chuyn Nng Nghip v cng nghip thc phm, Trung tm
thng tin, B Nng Nghip v PTNT, H Ni.
15. Bi nh Dinh (1985), Xy dng c cu v bn phn khong, phn hu
c cho vng nhm nng cao hiu qu k thut s dng phn bn v tng nng
sut cy trng, Tng kt ti 02 11 04/1981 1985.
16. Bi nh Dinh (1993), "Vai tr phn bn trong sn xut cy trng v hiu
qu kinh t ca chng, Bi ging lp tp hun v s dng phn bn cn i
tng nng sut cy trng v ci thin mi trng, 26 29/4/1993.
17. inh Dnh (1970), Bn phn cho la, nghin cu v la nc ngoi
tp I. Bn phn cho la, NXB khoa hc 1970.
18. Bi Huy p (1980), Cy la Vit Nam, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
19. Bi Huy p (1985), Vn minh la nc v ngh trng la Vit Nam,
NXB Nng nghip.
20. Nguyn Th Gm (1996), Pht hin nh gi mt s dng bt dc c,

cm ng nhit phc v cho cng tc chn to ging la lai 2 dng Vit
Nam, Lun n thc s khoa hc nng nghip, Vin khoa hc k thut nng
nghip Vit Nam, H Ni.
21. Gros. A (1977), Hng dn thc hnh bn phn cho la, NXB Nng nghip.
22. Nguyn Nh H (1999), Phn bn cho la ngn ngy, thm canh trn t
ph sa sng Hng, Lun n tin s Nng nghip, Trng HNN I, H Ni.
23. Nguyn Nh H (2005), Bi ging cao hc, Chng 3 xc nh lng
phn bn cho cy trng v tnh ton kinh t trong s dng phn bn, NXB
Nng nghip, H Ni.
24. Nguyn Xun Hin, inh Vn L, Nguyn Vn Uyn, Nguyn Vn Ngt
(1970), (dch) Nghin cu tng hp v la, tp II, NXB khoa hc k thut.
25. Nguyn Vn Hoan (2003), "Kt qu chn to ging la lai cc ngn ngy
VL20, Bo co khoa hc ti hi ngh khoa hc Ban Trng trt v Bo v
thc vt, B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, H Ni.
26. Nguyn Tr Hon (2002), K thut sn xut ht la lai v nhn dng bt
dc c - trng La lai Vit Nam, Nh xut bn Nng nghip.
27. Nguyn Tr Hon (2003), "Kt qu so snh ging la lai quc gia, v xun
2002", Tp ch Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, (3).
28. Nguyn Tr Hon, Nguyn Th Gm (2003), "Nghin cu chn to la lai
dng TGMS7 v TGMS11", Tp ch Nng nghip & pht trin nng thn, (3).
29. Phm Tin Hong (1995), "Vai tr cht hu c trong vic iu ha dinh
dng, hn ch yu t gy c, to nn thm canh a nng sut la tip cn
vi nng sut la tim nng, Bo co ti KN 01 10, NXB Nng nghip.
30. Trn Vn Khi (2006), Sn xut la lai v ng xun 2005-2006 v k
hoch v Ma 2006 cc tnh min Bc, Bn tin trng trt Ging-cng ngh cao.
31. Nguyn Th Lang (1994), Nghin cu u th lai ca mt vi tnh trng

sinh l v nng sut cy la, Lun n PTS khoa hc nng nghip, Vin Khoa
hc k thut Nng nghip Vit Nam, H Ni.
32. Nguyn Th Lm (1994), Nghin cu nh hng ca m n sinh trng
pht trin v nng sut ca mt s ging la, Lun n thc s khoa hc nng
nghip, Vin KHKT nng nghip Vit Nam, H Ni.
33. Nguyn Vn Lut (2001), Cy la Vit Nam th k 20, NXB nng nghip
H Ni.
34. Phm Ngc Lng (2000), Nghin cu chn to mt s dng la bt dc
cm ng nhit phc v cng tc chn to ging la lai h hai dng min
Bc Vit Nam, Lun n Tin s Nng nghip, Vin Khoa hc k thut Nng
nghip Vit Nam, H Ni.
35. inh Vn L (1978), Gio trnh cy la, NXB Nng nghip.
36. Hong Tuyt Minh (2002), La lai hai dng, Nh xut bn Nng nghip.
37. H Vn Nhn (2002), Nghin cu cc c trng c bn ca mt s dng
la bt dc c cm ng vi nhit v ng dng trong chn ging la lai
hai dng, Lun n Tin s nng nghip, Vin Khoa hc k thut Nng nghip
Vit Nam, H Ni.
38. Phm ng Qung (2005), "Tnh hnh s dng ging la lai v kt qu
kho kim nghim ging la lai Vit Nam giai on 1997-2005, Bo co
ti hi ngh la lai ca B NN& PTNT, ngy 29/8/2005 ti H Ni.
39. Phm ng Qung (2006), "Cc ging la, ng, lc c cng nhn nm
2005", Kt qu Kho nghim v kim nghim ging cy trng nm 2005, Nh
xut bn Nng nghip.
40. Mai Vn Quyn (2002), 160 cu hi v p v cy la v k thut trng
la, NXB Nng nghip, TPHCM.
41. S. Yoshida (1985), Nhng kin thc c bn ca khoa hc trng la, NXB
Nng nghip, H Ni (Mai Vn Quyn dch).
42. Trn Thc Sn (1995), Vai tr ca phn kali trong vic nng cao nng
sut v phm cht cy u , Hi tho Hiu lc phn kali trong mi quan
h vi phn bn cn i nng cao nng sut v cht lng nng sn Vit Nam.
43. Nguyn Hu T v cs (1997), Gio trnh cy lng thc tp I v cy la,
NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
44. Nguyn Hu T (2004), Tp bi ging cho hc vin cao hc, Trng i
hc Nng nghip I, H Ni.
45. Th Th (2004), Nghin cu nh hng ca liu lng phn m v
s dnh cy n sinh trng pht trin v nng sut ging la VL20, Lun
vn thc s Nng nghip, i hc Nng nghip I, H Ni.
46. L Vn Tim (1986), S cn i ln m trong t la, Tp ch Khoa
hc k thut nng nghip, s 4/1986.
47. L Vn Tim (1996), Qu trnh ho tan ln v vn ln d tiu ca t
trng la, Tp san sinh vt hc, s 2/1996.
48. Nguyn Th Trm, Trn Vn Quang (2003), "Kt qu chn to dng bt
dc c di truyn nhn cm ng quang chu k ngn", Tp ch nng nghip &
Pht trin nng thn, (10).
49. Nguyn Th Trm (2005), "Kt qu chn to ging la lai hai dng mi",
Tp ch Khoa hc k thut nng nghip, III, (1).
50. o Th Tun (1963), "Hiu lc ca phn ln i vi la", Tp ch Khoa
hc k thut nng nghip, thng 5/1963.
51. o Th Tun (1970), Sinh l rung la nng sut cao, NXB Khoa hc
K thut.
52. o Th Tun (1980), Sinh l rung la c nng sut cao, NXB Nng
thn, H Ni.
53. H.L.S Tandon v I.J Kimo (1995), "S dng phn bn cn i", Hi tho
hiu lc phn kali trong mi quan h vi bn phn cn i nng cao nng
sut v cht lng nng sn.
54. Nguyn Vn Uyn (1994), "C s sinh l bn phn ln cho la, Tp ch
Khoa hc k thut nng nghip, thng 12/1994.
55. Nguyn Vi (1993), Kali vi phm cht nng sn, NXB Nng nghip, H Ni.
56. Nguyn Vi (1995), Hi tho phn bn, nm 1995.
57. V Hu Ym (1995), Gio trnh phn bn v cch bn phn, NXB Nng nghip.
B. TING ANH
58. Nguyen Van Bo, Ernst Muutert, Cong Doan Sat & CS, (2003), Banlance
Fertilization for Better Crops in Vietnam.
59. Borkakati R.P. et al (1997), Determination of critical stage of fertility
alterration in two thermo-sensitive genic male sterile mutants of rice.
Proceeding of international Symposium on two line System heterosis breeding
in crops, China national hybrid rice reseach center.
60. Cuong Van Pham, Murayama, S. and Kawamitsu, Y. (2003). Heterosis
for photosynthesis, dry matter production and grain yield in F1 hybrid rice
(Oryza sativa L.) from thermo-sensitive genic male sterile line cultivated at
different soil nitrogen levels. Journal of Environment Control in Biology. 41
(4) : 335-345.
61. Cuong Van Pham., Murayama, S., Ishimine, Y., Kawamitsu, Y.,
Motomura, K. and Tsuzuki, E. (2004). Sterility of TGMS line, heterosis for
grain yield and related characters in F1 hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal
of Plant Production Sciece 1 (4): 22-29.
62. Cuong Van Pham, Murayama, S; Kawamitsu, Y., Motomura, K, and
Miyagi, S. (2004), Heterosis for Photosynthetic and Morphological
characters in F1 hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a thermo-sensitive genic
male sterile line at different growth stages. Japanese Journal of Tropical

Agriculture 48 (3) : 137-148.
63. Cuong Van Pham, Nguyen The Hung, Tang Thi Hanh and, Takuya Araki.
(2005). Influence of Light Intensity and Diurnal change on Heterosis for
Photosynthetic Characters in F1 hybrid Rice
(Oryza sativa L.). Bulletin of
the Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Kyushu University, Japan (28).P25-34.

64. De Datta S. K, Morris R.A (1984), Systems approach for the management
of fertilizers in rice and rice based cropping sequences. Proceedings of the
seminar on system approach to fertilizer industry.
65. Hong D.L, Ma Y.H., Gai J.Y, Tang Y.Q (1990), "Inheritance of fertility
restoration ability of restorer line Ninghui 3-2 in Sinica rice", Abst. Agrono.
Sinica, 16 (1).
66. Hua zentian et al (1990), "Observation on fertility and utilization of some
photoperiod (temperature) sensitive genic male sterile lines in Shenyang (42
0
N)", In Chiness abstract in English, Current status of two line hybrid rice
research, Hunan hybrid rice reseach center.

67. Katyal J. C (1978), Management of phosphorus in lowland rice.
Phosphorus Agric.
68. Ma Guohui and Yuan Longping (2003), "Hybrid rice achievements and
development in China", Hybrid rice for food security, Poverty alleviation and
environmental protection, IRRI.
69. Pan Xigan et al (1990), "Relation between fertility alteration of
photoperiod (temperature) sensitive genic male sterile indica rice W6154S
and interaction of light-temperature factors", In Chines abstract in English,
Curent status of two line hybrid rice research.
70. S. Hargopal (1988), Economy of fertilizer thruoggreen - manuring in rice,
Indian Jounal of AgriCultural Sciences, Indian
71. S.Yosida (1976). Laboratory manual for physiological studies of rice, IRRI.
72. Thomas Dierolf, Thomas Fairhurst and Ernst Mutert (2001), Soil Fertility
Kit - ISBN 981 - 04 - 2745 X.
73. Trung H.M et al (1994), Relationship between rice intensification, plant
nutrition, and diseases in the Red River Delta, Proceedings of the IRRIVietnam Rice Research Conference.
74. Yuan L.P. (1993), Hybrid rice in China. International hybrid rice training course.
PH LC 1
MT S HNH NH MINH HO
nh 1: Thi k bn r hi xanh
nh 2: Thi k nhnh
nh 3, 4: Thi k tr
nh 5,6 : Cng thc P2G1 v P2G2 thi k trc thu hoch
nh 7: Thi k thu hoch
PH LC 2
S LIU KH TNG NM 2007-2008
Bng 1: Nhit trung bnh cc thng nm 2007. n v: oC
(Trm HAU-JICA)
Ngy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tng
TB
30,7
30,6
30,3
29,5
30,0
28,6
31,6
33,2
27,4
30,4
25,7
28,6
26,7
25,0
28,5
28,9
30,1
30,1
30,8
30,4
32,0
32,5
30,0
31,7
31,2
30,2
30,0
31,4
31,3
27,8
895,1
29,8
28,7
30,1
30,3
31
28,6
31,5
31,1
30,3
31,4
28,03
31,1
31,29
29,05
31,3
31,1
31,29
32,8
30,5
31,3
29,8
28,4
29,8
29,4
29,2
30,3
30,4
28,1
29,4
29,4
28,7
903,7
30,1
Cc thng theo di
8
9
29,1
28,6
30,2
29,4
29,7
29,8
28,8
29,9
29,2
28,7
28,7
30,7
27,7
28,7
29,8
28,7
29,2
27,8
30,0
31,4
30,0
27,4
27,4
28,4
28,7
28,4
27,0
27,8
27,1
28,4
29,6
896,4
28,9
29,5
28,4
25,1
27,4
24,8
27,5
27,8
29,4
28,1
27,0
26,2
28,0
26,4
28,0
28,1
28,9
27,7
27,8
27,0
26,2
26,0
26,6
26,7
25,1
24,4
25,1
24,7
25,0
24,6
24,9
802,4
26,7
10
11
28,0
26,4
25,8
26,8
25,8
28,6
29,5
29,3
28,0
26,2
26,3
22,4
24,5
25,0
23,7
25,0
23,2
23,6
21,5
25,5
24,5
24,4
24,5
24,8
25,3
25,8
25,8
23,8
25,3
25,0
20,3
784,5
25,3
19,2
19,3
18,0
19,1
17,8
23,2
23,2
20,6
21,5
22,2
22,2
23,1
23,0
23,3
22,8
22,5
22,8
22,9
21,2
21,0
20,5
20,4
20,9
20,4
20,2
20,3
16,7
20,2
22,7
18,3
629,5
21,0
Bng 2: Nhit trung bnh cc thng nm 2008. n v: oC

(Trm Lng H Ni)
Ngy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tng
TB
Cc thng theo di
1
15,5
14,1
14,5
15,9
16,5
18,2
18,9
19,8
21,5
21,7
23,5
23
22,7
14,6
11,4
13
14,5
15
14,5
16,5
14,6
11,3
12,5
12,8
11,3
12,6
11,6
9,7
10,8
10
8,9
471,4
15
7,4
9,5
11,8
12,4
12,8
13,1
12,8
13,1
13
12,1
11,3
12,3
12,2
12,2
13,7
14,4
11,7
12,2
12,5
14,3
16,6
18,1
20,4
19,5
18,9
17,3
15
14,9
15
400,5
13
16,6
17,9
19,8
20,1
19,3
19,7
20,1
20,9
20
19,9
21,5
20,9
20
20,6
21,3
22
23,1
23,3
22,6
23,4
24,7
22,6
22,2
22,1
22
22,2
20,5
22,1
25
25,2
22,4
664
21
19,8
18,5
18,5
20,7
23,1
25,5
26,3
27
27,6
26,1
26
26,3
24,9
25,8
25,3
25,9
26,2
26,6
27,6
27,7
28,3
26,5
22,1
21,4
22,9
23,3
23,9
24,5
25,6
26
739,9
24
26,6
27,8
28,2
28,8
23,5
24,8
28,1
29
27,4
24,2
24,6
26,3
27,3
27,6
26,9
27,7
27,7
27,7
22,8
25,4
26,9
27
28,4
29,2
29,1
30,4
31,8
32,1
32
28,8
26,4
854,5
28
27,5
27
27,7
27,8
27,6
27,3
28,5
28,9
29,3
27,6
28,9
29
28,7
27,9
29,2
28,1
28
26,5
26,4
28,3
29,6
31,4
32
29,4
31,1
32,3
27,4
25,7
28,7
30,4
858,2
28
Bng 3 : m khng kh trung bnh cc thng nm 2008. n v: %

(Trm Lng H Ni)
Ngy
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tng
TB
Cc thng theo di
1
46
47
59
67
80
79
84
86
79
85
84
82
82
74
88
71
57
73
93
94
98
91
82
73
95
88
80
96
87
93
87
2480
93,0
87
81
71
66
80
69
70
68
50
57
70
61
47
57
56
61
92
90
90
84
78
76
74
87
93
86
54
61
72
2088
67,4
69
66
64
60
73
84
83
81
82
86
82
85
94
95
89
94
90
92
89
87
88
94
66
67
70
73
86
88
85
88
94
2544
82,1
89
88
92
93
94
87
86
83
81
89
90
90
94
81
84
86
83
79
76
83
84
88
81
68
72
79
84
79
77
83
2523
81,4
88
85
83
83
94
86
82
83
86
76
68
68
68
64
71
73
75
85
92
79
78
84
82
82
82
79
72
63
71
78
76
2436
78,6
83
85
72
85
86
84
81
78
74
82
80
78
81
86
84
86
87
91
90
83
74
73
76
79
73
71
85
88
76
76
2427
78,3
KT QU X L S LIU
S LIU V MA 2007
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT PHANBON$*GIONG$
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
2 TSC
4 TSC
6 TSC
P1
G1
3
54.8000
72.2000
90.3000
P1
G2
3
53.4000
61.3000
74.1333
P2
G1
3
55.4000
73.9000
93.6000
P2
G2
3
57.5667
66.3000
80.2000
P3
G1
3
57.5000
76.2000
96.2000
P3
G2
3
58.9000
68.8000
83.2000
P4
G1
3
59.8000
78.7000
98.9000
P4
G2
3
60.1000
70.4000
86.3000
SE(N=
3)
1.12682
1.81418
2.10083
5%LSD
8DF
3.67444
5.91586
6.85060
PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
8 TSC
10 TSC
12 TSC
P1
G1
3
104.500
110.600
111.800
P1
G2
3
88.7000
93.0000
98.3000
P2
G1
3
108.500
115.200
117.100
P2
G2
3
94.2000
98.9000
104.500
P3
G1
3
111.200
118.000
120.200
P3
G2
3
97.8000
102.700
108.500
P4
G1
3
114.100
121.333
124.900
P4
G2
3
100.900
106.100
111.333
SE(N=
3)
4.56974
3.28572
3.19096
5%LSD
8DF
14.9015
10.7144
10.4054
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE CCC
24/ 3/ 8 10:45
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
8
THI NGHIEM THIET KE KIEU SPLIT-PLOT
F-PROBABLIITY VALUES FOR EACH EFFECT IN THE MODEL. SECTION - 1
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
DEVIATION C OF V |NL
|PHANBON$|ERROR(A)|GIONG$ |PHANBON$|
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|*GIONG$ |
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
2 TSC
24 57.183
3.5145
1.9517
3.4 0.0035
0.0210
0.3369
0.4662
0.4656
4 TSC
24 70.975
6.0708
3.1423
4.4 0.3908
0.0625
0.2616
0.0002
0.7618
6 TSC
24 87.854
9.6589
3.6387
4.1 0.2000
0.3173
0.0121
0.0000
0.8284
8 TSC
24 102.49
10.113
7.9150
7.7 0.9236
0.1006
0.7026
0.0024
0.9909
10 TSC
24 108.23
10.872
5.6910
5.3 0.4239
0.1558
0.1951
0.0002
0.9805
12 TSC
24 112.08
11.824
5.5269
4.9 0.5617
0.5377
0.0064
0.0005
0.9891
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT ERROR(A)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG$
PB$
NOS
2 TSC
4 TSC
6 TSC
TH3-3
P1
3
5.90000
7.60000
7.90000
TH3-3
P2
3
6.40000
8.30000
9.50000
TH3-3
P3
3
6.70000
9.00000
11.0000
TH3-3
P4
3
6.30000
9.20000
10.6000
P6
P1
3
5.80000
7.20000
8.40000
P6
P2
3
5.90000
7.60000
8.60000
P6
P3
3
6.00000
7.90000
8.80000
P6
P4
3
6.10000
7.50000
8.50000
SE(N=
3)
0.219532
0.339321
0.449691
5%LSD 12DF
0.676454
1.04556
1.38565
GIONG$
PB$
NOS
8 TSC
10 TSC
12 TSC
TH3-3
P1
3
6.10000
5.90000
5.40000
TH3-3
P2
3
6.30000
6.00000
6.00000
TH3-3
P3
3
7.40000
6.90000
6.00000
TH3-3
P4
3
6.90000
6.70000
6.40000
P6
P1
3
9.40000
6.70000
6.60000
P6
P2
3
10.7000
7.60000
6.70000
P6
P3
3
10.9000
8.70000
8.40000
P6
P4
3
10.1000
7.60000
6.70000
SE(N=
3)
0.514512
0.403457
0.521083
5%LSD 12DF
1.58539
1.24319
1.60563
GIONG$
PB$
NOS
NHH
TH3-3
P1
3
5.10000
TH3-3
P2
3
5.30000
TH3-3
P3
3
5.70000
TH3-3
P4
3
5.50000
P6
P1
3
5.20000
P6
P2
3
5.70000
P6
P3
3
6.30000
P6
P4
3
5.90000
SE(N=
3)
0.293210
5%LSD 12DF
0.903480
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE NHANH
9/ 4/ 8 10:52
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
9
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
|GIONG$
|NL*GIONG|PB$
|ERROR(A)|
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
2 TSC
24 6.1375
0.43119
0.38024
6.2 0.4734
0.0313
0.3503
0.2534
0.5264
4 TSC
24 8.0375
0.89044
0.58772
7.3 0.1974
0.0016
0.1409
0.2039
0.2986
6 TSC
24 9.1625
1.2927
0.77889
8.5 0.0825
0.0031
0.3103
0.3839
0.0358
8 TSC
24 8.4750
2.0939
0.89116
10.5 0.1281
0.0000
0.2543
0.1288
0.6503
10 TSC
24 7.0125
1.0477
0.69881
10.0 0.4355
0.0008
0.6265
0.0816
0.5375
12 TSC
24 6.5250
1.2851
0.90254
13.8 0.0368
0.0086
0.0890
0.4354
0.2573
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT PHANBON$*GIONG$

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
2 TSC
4 TSC
6 TSC
P1
G1
3
0.266667
3.66667
3.90000
P1
G2
3
0.233333
2.80000
2.60000
P2
G1
3
0.300000
3.83333
4.10000
P2
G2
3
0.300000
2.90000
3.00000
P3
G1
3
0.333333
3.90000
5.00000
P3
G2
3
0.266667
3.00000
3.53333
P4
G1
3
0.266667
4.10000
5.20000
P4
G2
3
0.300000
3.33333
3.90000
SE(N=
3)
0.288675E-01 0.109924
0.205481
5%LSD
8DF
0.941340E-01 0.358452
0.670053
PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
8 TSC
10 TSC
12 TSC
P1
G1
3
4.66667
3.10000
2.26667
P1
G2
3
2.80000
2.90000
2.10000
P2
G1
3
4.96667
3.50000
2.50000
P2
G2
3
3.90000
4.10000
2.10000
P3
G1
3
5.50000
4.00000
3.00000
P3
G2
3
4.10000
4.50000
2.76667
P4
G1
3
5.63333
4.00000
3.16667
P4
G2
3
4.70000
4.10000
3.03333
SE(N=
3)
0.162019
0.181429
0.142887
5%LSD
8DF
0.528326
0.591623
0.465940
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE LAI
13/ 8/ 8 13:10
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|*GIONG$ |
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
2 TSC
24 0.28333
0.48154E-010.50000E-01 12.6 0.3604
0.1414
0.7937
0.4424
0.4007
4 TSC
24 3.4417
0.51408
0.19039
5.5 0.1186
0.0480
0.3177
0.0000
0.8836
6 TSC
24 3.9042
0.89125
0.35590
9.1 0.2455
0.0001
0.9847
0.0000
0.8485
8 TSC
24 4.5333
0.91825
0.28062
6.2 0.8029
0.0032
0.2326
0.0000
0.0786
10 TSC
24 3.7750
0.58403
0.31425
8.3 0.2145
0.0005
0.8122
0.0849
0.1814
12 TSC
24 2.6167
0.46780
0.24749
9.5 0.0813
0.0004
0.8174
0.0483
0.7955
|
|
|
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT PHANBON$*GIONG$

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
2 TSC
4 TSC
6 TSC
P1
G1
3
1.10000
3.20000
9.00000
P1
G2
3
0.900000
2.60000
9.00000
P2
G1
3
1.30000
3.70000
9.60000
P2
G2
3
1.00000
2.90000
9.30000
P3
G1
3
1.60000
4.50000
11.9000
P3
G2
3
1.20000
3.60000
10.5000
P4
G1
3
1.90000
4.60000
12.3000
P4
G2
3
1.40000
3.70000
11.1000
SE(N=
3)
0.677005E-01 0.203101
0.240659
5%LSD
8DF
0.220764
0.662292
0.784765
PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
8 TSC
10 TSC
12 TSC
P1
G1
3
17.4000
22.0000
24.7000
P1
G2
3
13.0000
20.6000
23.7000
P2
G1
3
18.0000
23.3000
26.1000
P2
G2
3
13.5000
22.0000
25.5000
P3
G1
3
20.9000
26.5000
29.5000
P3
G2
3
14.9000
23.8000
27.6000
P4
G1
3
21.7000
27.6000
30.9000
P4
G2
3
16.0000
24.9000
29.1000
SE(N=
3)
0.602426
0.797914
1.55804
5%LSD
8DF
1.96445
2.60192
5.08062
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE DM
13/ 8/ 8 10:56
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
8
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|*GIONG$ |
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 TSC
24 1.3000
0.33751
0.11726
9.0 0.1176
0.0023
0.2062
0.0001
0.2215
4 TSC
24 3.6000
0.74367
0.35178
9.8 0.0735
0.0006
0.7834
0.0006
0.8648
6 TSC
24 10.338
1.4175
0.41683
4.0 0.1739
0.0170
0.0067
0.0029
0.0521
8 TSC
24 16.925
3.2046
1.0434
6.2 0.2498
0.0047
0.4054
0.0000
0.4740
10 TSC
24 23.838
2.7792
1.3820
5.8 0.0441
0.0196
0.1558
0.0071
0.7084
12 TSC
24 27.137
3.0768
2.6986
9.9 0.9156
0.0081
0.7877
0.2631
0.9675

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
2 TSC
4 TSC
6 TSC
P1
G1
3
122.800
192.400
226.100
P1
G2
3
167.700
197.800
208.900
P2
G1
3
136.700
202.600
248.600
P2
G2
3
170.200
208.200
216.500
P3
G1
3
206.900
211.800
258.000
P3
G2
3
208.400
214.400
228.300
P4
G1
3
216.800
225.700
256.700
P4
G2
3
224.500
224.800
236.300
SE(N=
3)
5.31557
3.84784
4.27381
5%LSD
8DF
17.3335
12.5474
13.9365
PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
8 TSC
10 TSC
12 TSC
P1
G1
3
206.300
198.500
190.900
P1
G2
3
213.500
201.300
185.700
P2
G1
3
226.900
202.300
198.900
P2
G2
3
230.800
220.700
203.800
P3
G1
3
242.700
216.800
211.400
P3
G2
3
246.900
231.300
218.300
P4
G1
3
248.200
218.200
215.300
P4
G2
3
265.700
241.300
233.800
SE(N=
3)
3.98811
2.36115
2.73558
5%LSD
8DF
13.0048
7.69946
8.92044
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SLA
29/ 3/** 16:53
---------------------------------------------------------------- PAGE
8
THI NGHIEM 2 NHAN TO SPLIT-PLOT
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|*GIONG$ |
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 TSC
24 181.75
37.166
9.2068
5.1 0.9735
0.0000
0.6242
0.0005
0.0105
4 TSC
24 209.71
12.940
6.6646
3.2 0.2174
0.0026
0.3953
0.2769
0.8172
6 TSC
24 234.92
19.138
7.4025
3.2 0.9288
0.0285
0.0789
0.0001
0.3097
8 TSC
24 235.12
19.581
6.9076
2.9 0.3058
0.0002
0.5634
0.0192
0.3463
10 TSC
24 216.30
14.954
4.0896
1.9 0.5692
0.0004
0.2759
0.0000
0.0143
12 TSC
24 207.26
15.675
4.7382
2.3 0.1114
0.0003
0.3593
0.0117
0.0171

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
HAT
CHAC
TL HAT
P1
G1
3
180.600
77.7000
24.8667
P1
G2
3
131.600
80.1000
23.9333
P2
G1
3
188.800
79.3000
25.4667
P2
G2
3
140.233
85.3000
23.6333
P3
G1
3
190.100
82.8000
26.2000
P3
G2
3
142.200
87.4000
24.4000
P4
G1
3
190.500
82.9667
25.2667
P4
G2
3
146.300
88.1000
23.9000
SE(N=
3)
4.68274
2.69786
0.557150
5%LSD
8DF
15.2699
8.79746
1.81681
PHANBON$
GIONG$
NOS
NSLT
NSTT
P1
G1
3
75.0333
60.3000
P1
G2
3
53.2000
47.4000
P2
G1
3
89.3000
63.2000
P2
G2
3
62.2667
55.2000
P3
G1
3
107.133
76.5000
P3
G2
3
71.4333
63.1000
P4
G1
3
96.9333
68.3000
P4
G2
3
66.6000
57.2000
SE(N=
3)
4.66173
1.83132
5%LSD
8DF
15.2014
5.97176
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE NANGSUAT
15/ 8/ 8 15:44
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
7
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|*GIONG$ |
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
HAT
24 163.79
25.607
8.1107
5.0 0.6250
0.4102
0.0000
0.9514
CHAC
24 82.958
5.5632
4.6728
5.6 0.0521
0.8990
0.0435
0.9186
TL HAT
24 24.708
1.1127
0.96501
3.9 0.9672
0.6446
0.0056
0.8329
NSLT
24 77.738
18.509
8.0743
10.4 0.9283
0.7663
0.0000
0.5399
NSTT
24 61.400
10.367
3.1719
5.2 0.0005
0.0239
0.0000
0.4887
|
0.1811
0.0187
0.3207
0.0023
0.0363
FILENAME : TUAN
TITLE
: NANG SUAT THUC THU MUA 07

A N A L Y S I S
O F
V A R I A N C E
SPLIT PLOT DESIGN
REPLICATION (R) = 3
MAINPLOT FACTOR : PHAN BON (P) =
P1 = P0
P2 = P1
P3 = P2
P4 = P3
SUBPLOT FACTOR : GIONG (G) = 2
G1 = TH3-3
G2 = P6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR NSTT (TA/HA)

===============================================================================
SV
DF
SS
MS
F
===============================================================================
NHAC LAI (R)
2
498.692500
249.346250
5.20 *
PHAN BON (P)
3
805.350000
268.450000
5.60 *
ERROR (a)
6
287.637500
47.939583
GIONG (G)
1
772.935000
772.935000
76.82 **
PxG
3
26.835000
8.945000
<1
ERROR (b)
8
80.490000
10.061250
------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL
23
2471.940000
===============================================================================
cv(a) = 11.3%; cv(b) =
5.2%
** = significant at 1% level; * = significant at 5% level
PxG TABLE OF MEANS FOR NSTT (TA/HA)
(AVE. OVER 3 REPS)
-------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG (G)
-------------------------PHAN BON (P)
TH3-3
P6
P-MEAN
DIFF
-------------------------------------------------------------------P0
60.300 b
47.400 b
53.850 b
12.900 **
P1
63.200 b
55.200 ab
59.200 b
8.000 *
P2
76.500 a
63.100 a
69.800 a
13.400 **
P3
68.300 ab
57.200 ab
62.750 ab
11.100 **
-------------------------------------------------------------------G-MEAN
67.075
55.725
61.400
11.350 **
-------------------------------------------------------------------** = significant at 1% level,
* = significant at 5% level
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly
different at the 5% level by DMRT.
Comparison
2-G means at each P
2-P means at each G
2-P means
2-G means
S.E.D.
2.590
4.397
3.997
1.295
LSD(5%)
5.972
10.652
9.781
2.986
LSD(1%)
8.688
16.031
14.819
4.344
*** END OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE RUN ***
S LIU V XUN 2008

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT PB$*G$
----------------------------------------------------------------------------PB$
G$
NOS
2TSC
4TSC
6TSC
P1
G1
3
43.2000
61.4000
84.2000
P1
G2
3
32.3000
45.5000
60.1000
P2
G1
3
42.0000
64.0000
87.5000
P2
G2
3
34.5000
48.1000
64.3000
P3
G1
3
45.6000
69.3000
93.1000
P3
G2
3
35.4000
50.5000
68.4000
P4
G1
3
45.7000
70.1000
95.2000
P4
G2
3
38.0000
53.7000
71.8000
SE(N=
3)
2.17390
1.43498
3.93144
5%LSD
8DF
7.08886
4.58933
12.8200
PB$
G$
NOS
8TSC
10TSC
12TSC
P1
G1
3
93.9000
100.300
105.300
P1
G2
3
76.8000
86.3000
94.6000
P2
G1
3
97.3000
104.200
111.300
P2
G2
3
82.0000
91.9000
100.500
P3
G1
3
103.700
110.800
118.600
P3
G2
3
86.4000
96.3000
103.100
P4
G1
3
104.500
112.300
127.800
P4
G2
3
91.1000
100.500
106.800
SE(N=
3)
3.70619
4.16348
1.99019
5%LSD
8DF
12.0855
13.5767
6.48980
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE CCC
10/ 7/ 8 11: 9
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
8
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
|PB$
|ERROR(A)|G$
|PB$*G$ |
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
|
2TSC
24 39.587
5.7128
3.7653
9.5 0.5147
0.1071
0.7962
0.0004
0.8147
4TSC
24 57.825
9.7573
2.4855
4.3 0.0154
0.0407
0.1024
0.0000
0.7156
6TSC
24 78.075
14.808
6.8095
8.7 0.0681
0.2067
0.2626
0.0000
0.9972
8TSC
24 91.963
12.103
6.4193
7.0 0.0108
0.0697
0.4290
0.0004
0.9446
10TSC
24 100.32
9.6828
7.2114
7.2 0.7456
0.0014
0.9775
0.0022
0.9842
12TSC
24 108.50
10.743
3.4471
3.2 0.0566
0.0030
0.2616
0.0000
0.0946
------------------------------------------------------------------------------MEANS FOR EFFECT PB$*G$

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PB$
G$
NOS
2TSC
4TSC
6TSC
P1
G1
3
2.86667
7.53333
7.90000
P1
G2
3
2.53333
8.80000
9.90000
P2
G1
3
2.93333
7.70000
8.00000
P2
G2
3
3.13333
9.13333
10.1000
P3
G1
3
3.53333
7.80000
8.80000
P3
G2
3
3.00000
9.93333
13.4333
P4
G1
3
3.26667
7.66667
8.20000
P4
G2
3
2.93333
9.83333
10.4000
SE(N=
3)
0.168325
0.363624
0.640096
5%LSD
8DF
0.548891
1.18574
2.08729
PB$
G$
NOS
8TSC
10TSC
12TSC
P1
G1
3
7.16667
6.66667
5.50000
P1
G2
3
10.0333
7.33333
6.20000
P2
G1
3
7.36667
6.83333
5.86667
P2
G2
3
10.4667
7.53333
6.23333
P3
G1
3
8.23333
7.66667
6.70000
P3
G2
3
14.1000
8.66667
7.70000
P4
G1
3
7.50000
6.76667
6.20000
P4
G2
3
12.1000
8.33333
6.00000
SE(N=
3)
0.434293
0.504838
0.314466
5%LSD
8DF
1.41619
1.64622
1.02544
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE NHANH
10/ 7/ 8 16:17
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
8
VARIATE
|ERROR(A)|G$
GRAND MEAN STANDARD

|PB$*G$ |
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
2TSC
24 3.0250
0.40993
0.29155
9.6 0.1751
0.1936
0.0670
0.2347
4TSC
24 8.5500
1.3504
0.62981
7.4 0.0570
0.0126
0.0002
0.5179
6TSC
24 9.5917
1.9197
1.1087
11.6 0.8525
0.8243
0.0004
0.1973
8TSC
24 9.6208
2.5512
0.75222
7.8 0.2516
0.0912
0.0000
0.0279
10TSC
24 7.4750
0.98874
0.87440
11.7 0.1889
0.8559
0.0242
0.7982
12TSC
24 6.3000
0.75065
0.54467
8.6 0.9007
0.6266
0.0671
0.3292
|PB$
|
|
0.2033
0.8546
0.0076
0.0452
0.0437
0.0103

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PB$
G$
NOS
2TSC
4TSC
6TSC
P1
G1
3
0.300000
2.03333
4.03333
P1
G2
3
0.200000
1.50000
3.90000
P2
G1
3
0.300000
2.10000
4.10000
P2
G2
3
0.233333
1.53333
4.03333
P3
G1
3
0.300000
2.16667
4.63333
P3
G2
3
0.233333
1.73333
4.10000
P4
G1
3
0.366667
2.16667
4.76667
P4
G2
3
0.233333
1.83333
4.10000
SE(N=
3)
0.288675E-01 0.112423
0.222049
5%LSD
8DF
0.941341E-01 0.366600
0.724078
PB$
G$
NOS
8TSC
10TSC
12TSC
P1
G1
3
4.93333
4.73333
4.03333
P1
G2
3
4.06667
5.90000
4.06667
P2
G1
3
5.53333
5.16667
4.60000
P2
G2
3
4.70000
6.73333
4.96667
P3
G1
3
5.56667
5.56667
4.90000
P3
G2
3
5.53333
6.93333
5.16667
P4
G1
3
6.43333
6.00000
5.26667
P4
G2
3
5.70000
7.20000
5.20000
SE(N=
3)
0.293210
0.164570
0.300925
5%LSD
8DF
0.956129
0.536647
0.981285
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE LAI
13/ 8/ 8 12:16
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
8
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
|PB$
|ERROR(A)|G$
|PB$*G$ |
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
|
2TSC
24 0.27083
0.62409E-010.50000E-01 14.5 0.8496
0.1375
0.8671
0.0021
0.6289
4TSC
24 1.8833
0.30881
0.19472
10.3 0.9574
0.3357
0.3284
0.0004
0.7331
6TSC
24 4.2083
0.50296
0.38460
9.1 0.1126
0.4300
0.1880
0.0547
0.4916
8TSC
24 5.3083
0.81556
0.50786
9.6 0.9754
0.0234
0.2934
0.0174
0.4847
10TSC
24 6.0292
0.93552
0.28504
4.7 0.3182
0.1003
0.0093
0.0000
0.6236
12TSC
24 4.7750
0.69360
0.52122
10.9 0.6222
0.1335
0.1579
0.5063
0.8780

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PB$
G$
NOS
2TSC
4TSC
6TSC
P1
G1
3
35.9000
40.5000
43.2333
P1
G2
3
36.5667
37.7000
38.3333
P2
G1
3
38.2333
41.5333
44.1667
P2
G2
3
38.8333
38.2333
39.8333
P3
G1
3
38.3000
41.8000
45.1667
P3
G2
3
39.2667
40.6333
41.1333
P4
G1
3
38.5667
42.9667
46.0000
P4
G2
3
38.9667
40.8000
40.8000
SE(N=
3)
1.04536
1.17645
0.648931
5%LSD
8DF
3.40881
3.83627
2.11610
PB$
G$
NOS
8TSC
10TSC
12TSC
P1
G1
3
39.4000
36.2000
20.3333
P1
G2
3
43.6000
35.8000
32.5000
P2
G1
3
40.8333
38.3333
21.7333
P2
G2
3
43.8000
35.7667
33.5000
P3
G1
3
41.6667
38.6333
24.7000
P3
G2
3
44.1667
39.0000
37.3667
P4
G1
3
42.0000
39.2333
24.7667
P4
G2
3
43.9667
37.4333
35.7000
SE(N=
3)
1.28528
1.42970
1.63189
5%LSD
8DF
4.19117
4.66209
5.32143
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SPAD
13/ 8/ 8 8:11
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
8
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
|PB$
|ERROR(A)|G$
|PB$*G$ |
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
|
2TSC
24 38.079
2.2294
1.8106
4.8 0.2625
0.3996
0.1244
0.4027
0.9941
4TSC
24 40.521
2.3973
2.0377
5.0 0.1583
0.0660
0.7566
0.0214
0.8218
6TSC
24 42.333
3.3488
1.1240
2.7 0.0033
0.5100
0.0056
0.0000
0.8035
8TSC
24 42.429
2.6526
2.2262
5.2 0.1774
0.7250
0.3707
0.0124
0.8427
10TSC
24 37.550
2.2595
2.4763
6.6 0.7165
0.1184
0.7708
0.3092
0.7388
12TSC
24 28.825
6.7353
2.8265
9.8 0.8589
0.0710
0.5452
0.0000
0.9566

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PB$
G$
NOS
2TSC
4TSC
6TSC
P1
G1
3
1.30000
3.10000
9.50000
P1
G2
3
1.00000
3.30000
7.50000
P2
G1
3
1.50000
3.50000
10.0000
P2
G2
3
1.30000
4.50000
9.30000
P3
G1
3
1.60000
3.70000
10.7000
P3
G2
3
1.30000
4.70000
10.6000
P4
G1
3
2.00000
5.30000
12.3000
P4
G2
3
1.60000
5.00000
12.8000
SE(N=
3)
0.500001E-01 0.206155
0.332917
5%LSD
8DF
0.163045
0.672252
1.08561
PB$
G$
NOS
8TSC
10TSC
12TSC
P1
G1
3
21.5000
28.1000
33.9000
P1
G2
3
14.2000
24.1333
27.5333
P2
G1
3
22.5000
29.5000
35.6000
P2
G2
3
16.6000
26.9000
30.5000
P3
G1
3
23.6333
30.5000
36.8000
P3
G2
3
18.4000
29.3000
32.8000
P4
G1
3
26.3000
33.6000
39.5000
P4
G2
3
20.3000
31.3000
35.0000
SE(N=
3)
0.920220
0.952045
1.04350
5%LSD
8DF
3.00074
3.10452
3.40274
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE DM
13/ 8/ 8 11:31
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
8
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
|PB$
|ERROR(A)|G$
|PB$*G$ |
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
|
2TSC
24 1.4500
0.30928
0.86603E-01 6.0 0.1762
0.0093
0.0161
0.0000
0.3303
4TSC
24 4.1375
0.87666
0.35707
8.6 0.4181
0.0047
0.1550
0.0114
0.0338
6TSC
24 10.338
1.7008
0.57663
5.6 0.4788
0.0006
0.2670
0.0392
0.0286
8TSC
24 20.429
3.9075
1.5939
7.8 0.6031
0.0004
0.9127
0.0000
0.7321
10TSC
24 29.167
3.1584
1.6490
5.7 0.8560
0.0185
0.1689
0.0058
0.5722
12TSC
24 33.954
3.9297
1.8074
5.3 0.7744
0.0187
0.2100
0.0002
0.7082

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PB$
G$
NOS
2TSC
4TSC
6TSC
P1
G1
3
274.767
240.400
343.300
P1
G2
3
242.833
266.700
277.000
P2
G1
3
279.533
327.533
429.167
P2
G2
3
249.400
302.467
347.633
P3
G1
3
280.900
330.400
481.633
P3
G2
3
279.633
320.267
375.500
P4
G1
3
313.200
369.467
543.333
P4
G2
3
287.233
327.700
364.533
SE(N=
3)
13.6663
6.68809
9.90083
5%LSD
8DF
44.5643
21.8092
32.2856
PB$
G$
NOS
8TSC
10TSC
12TSC
P1
G1
3
237.000
197.033
182.033
P1
G2
3
366.000
235.667
198.033
P2
G1
3
238.733
219.733
190.500
P2
G2
3
386.567
256.267
204.800
P3
G1
3
245.467
230.533
213.400
P3
G2
3
391.700
256.967
235.667
P4
G1
3
272.333
238.500
220.367
P4
G2
3
437.000
272.733
246.600
SE(N=
3)
12.8558
10.1751
6.40484
5%LSD
8DF
41.9215
33.1800
20.8855
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE SLA
13/ 8/ 8 8: 9
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
8
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
|PB$
|ERROR(A)|G$
|PB$*G$ |
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
|
2TSC
24 275.94
26.233
23.671
8.6 0.4665
0.0004
0.9952
0.0482
0.6679
4TSC
24 310.62
41.043
11.584
3.7 0.1079
0.0014
0.0697
0.0272
0.0057
6TSC
24 395.26
83.178
17.149
4.3 0.0397
0.0001
0.6036
0.0000
0.0024
8TSC
24 321.85
79.847
22.267
6.9 0.2937
0.0038
0.8494
0.0000
0.6111
10TSC
24 238.43
25.932
17.624
7.4 0.6108
0.0054
0.8631
0.0016
0.9344
12TSC
24 211.43
22.727
11.094
5.2 0.4575
0.0004
0.7836
0.0026
0.7758

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PB$
G$
NOS
B
H
CHAC
P1
G1
3
5.30000
171.000
84.6000
P1
G2
3
5.80000
140.333
87.5000
P2
G1
3
5.40000
188.000
85.6000
P2
G2
3
6.40000
148.000
90.5000
P3
G1
3
6.20000
197.000
86.3000
P3
G2
3
7.00000
157.000
90.6000
P4
G1
3
5.70000
206.667
82.4000
P4
G2
3
6.60000
158.333
89.4000
SE(N=
3)
0.337268
7.51296
2.24081
5%LSD
8DF
1.09980
24.4990
7.30707
PB$
G$
NOS
P
NSLT
P1
G1
3
25.2000
77.0333
P1
G2
3
23.4000
66.3333
P2
G1
3
25.4000
87.6000
P2
G2
3
23.7000
82.1333
P3
G1
3
25.7000
108.067
P3
G2
3
23.9000
95.2000
P4
G1
3
25.5000
98.7333
P4
G2
3
23.7000
88.9000
SE(N=
3)
0.957862
7.29201
5%LSD
8DF
3.12349
23.7785
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE NS
18/ 7/ 8 15:48
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
7
VARIATE
|ERROR(A)|G$
GRAND MEAN STANDARD

|PB$*G$ |
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
B
24 6.0500
0.77179
0.58417
9.7 0.5416
0.3075
0.0099
0.8900
H
24 170.79
24.905
13.013
7.6 0.4138
0.8721
0.0001
0.7191
CHAC
24 87.113
4.2650
3.8812
4.5 0.3690
0.5337
0.0164
0.8332
P
24 24.562
1.5348
1.6591
6.8 0.5971
0.7462
0.0298
0.9999
NSLT
24 88.000
16.265
12.630
14.4 0.5747
0.4473
0.0939
0.9623
|PB$
|
|
0.1685
0.0059
0.5534
0.9178
0.0343

------------------------------------------------------------------------------PB$
G$
NOS
NSTT
P1
G1
3
60.7000
P1
G2
3
56.8000
P2
G1
3
68.6000
P2
G2
3
59.3000
P3
G1
3
77.1000
P3
G2
3
66.5000
P4
G1
3
72.6000
P4
G2
3
61.3000
SE(N=
3)
2.03777
5%LSD
8DF
6.64496
------------------------------------------------------------------------------ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE SUMMARY TABLE FILE NS
26/ 7/ 8 10:53
------------------------------------------------------------------ :PAGE
3
VARIATE
GRAND MEAN STANDARD
|PB$
|ERROR(A)|G$
|PB$*G$ |
(N=
24)
-------------------- SD/MEAN |
|
|
|
|
|
NO.
BASED ON
BASED ON
%
|
|
|
|
|
|
OBS.
TOTAL SS
RESID SS
|
|
|
|
|
|
NSTT
24 65.362
7.2096
3.5295
5.4 0.5690
0.0006
0.8603
0.0004
0.3243
FILENAME : TUAN1
TITLE
: NANG SUAT THUC THU VU XUAN 2008
A N A L Y S I S
REPLICATION (R)
O F
V A R I A N C E
SPLIT PLOT DESIGN

= 3
MAINPLOT FACTOR : PHAN BON (P) = 4

P1 = P0
P2 = P1
P3 = P2
P4 = P3
SUBPLOT FACTOR : GIONG (G) = 2
G1 = TH3-3
G2 = P6
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR NSTT (TA/HA)
===============================================================================
SV
DF
SS
MS
F
===============================================================================
NHAC LAI (R)
2
15.277500
7.638750
1.53 ns
PHAN BON (P)
3
538.091250
179.363750
36.04 **
ERROR (a)
6
29.862500
4.977083
GIONG (G)
1
462.003750
462.003750
37.09 **
PxG
3
50.621250
16.873750
1.35 ns
ERROR (b)
8
99.660000
12.457500
------------------------------------------------------------------------------TOTAL
23
1195.516250
===============================================================================
cv(a) =
3.4%; cv(b) =
5.4%
** = significant at 1% level; ns = not significant
PxG TABLE OF MEANS FOR NSTT (TA/HA)
(AVE. OVER 3 REPS)
-------------------------------------------------------------------GIONG (G)
-------------------------PHAN BON (P)
TH3-3
P6
P-MEAN
DIFF
-------------------------------------------------------------------P0
60.700 c
56.800 b
58.750 c
3.900 ns
P1
68.600 b
59.300 b
63.950 b
9.300 *
P2
77.100 a
66.500 a
71.800 a
10.600 **
P3
72.600 ab
61.300 ab
66.950 b
11.300 **
-------------------------------------------------------------------G-MEAN
69.750
60.975
65.363
8.775 **
-------------------------------------------------------------------** = significant at 1% level,
* = significant at 5% level
ns = not significant
In a column, means followed by a common letter are not significantly
different at the 5% level by DMRT.
Comparison
2-G means at each P
2-P means at each G
2-P means
2-G means
S.E.D.
2.882
2.411
1.288
1.441
LSD(5%)
6.646
5.656
3.152
3.323
LSD(1%)
9.668
8.330
4.775
4.834
*** END OF ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE RUN ***


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NGHIN CU NH HNG CA LIU LNG PHN BN

LUN VN THC S NNG NGHIP

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Ngi hng dn khoa hc: TS. PHM VN CNG

- Ti xin cam oan rng, s liu v kt qu nghin cu trong lun vn

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Ti xin by t lng bit n su sc ti TS. Phm Vn Cng tn tnh

H Ni, ngy 16 thng 9 nm 2008

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2.3.3.2 Yu cu dinh dng ln ca cy la v la lai ..................................14

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4.1 nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n mt s ch tiu nng ho trong

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4.14. nh hng ca liu lng phn bn n nng sut v cc yu t cu

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1.2. Mc tiu nghin cu

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Vit Nam l mt nc nng nghip, c ti 75% dn s sn xut nng

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2.2 Tnh hnh sn xut la lai trn th gii v Vit Nam

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ng vo bc 5 ca phn ha ng. Dng P5S c th s dng lm m sn

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mnh lp t mt, phn nhnh nhiu. Cc bin php lm t, bn phn, ti

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2.3.3.2 Yu cu dinh dng ln ca cy la v la lai

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Theo V Hu Ym, 1995 [57], cy non rt mn cm vi vic thiu ln.

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nhiu, s bng t, trng lng nghn ht gim, ht xanh, lp lng v bc bng

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Theo o Th Tun, 1970 [51] li cho rng khi bn vi m trn mt

Ngun: Phng QL t v phn bn, Cc Trng trt, B NN& PTNT, 5/2007

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phn mi ch pht huy c 30% hiu qu i vi m v 50% hiu qu i

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qu chua v vic bn vi phi c kt hp vi mt ch bn phn hp l

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Bng 2.2: Lng phn bn cho la

2.4.3.3 Phng php bn phn cho la

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b hoc bn lt v thc sm. Phn ln nn bn ri u trn mt rung trc

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i vi nhng ging la cc ngn, la ma cn phi bn thc nhnh

Hm lng dinh dng (% cht kh)

Ngun: T.S.Dierolf, 2001

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