.

(multicasting)




/.
(latency) - (transfer rate).

.

/ ( bps).
(bandwidth)
(baseband)

Msg Transmission Time = latency + MsgLength/data transfer rate

latency
latency

5

hosts

(scalability)


(
).
6



,
, .
,

.

,

buffer,
.




firewall ( ,

).
firewall gateway


.

firewall

.
8


:
/
(..
HTTP
web server).
:

.

IP TCP , (.. spam email)
.
:
,

.
9

 (VPNs)
VPNs
firewall

IP .



Internet.

10





.



.

11


-.
, ,
,


,
.
,
,
.
,

.
12

IP Multicast
To IP multicast
IP
IP (multicast
group).
class
D IP ( 1110 bits
IPv4 ).
H /
. /

sockets
( sockets
).
13

Java API multicast datagrams

MulticastSocket :
MulticastSocket()
multicast socket
.
MulticastSocket(int port)
multicast socket .
MulticastSocket :
void joinGroup(InetAddress mcastaddr)
.
void leaveGroup(InetAddress mcastaddr)
.
void setTimeToLive(int ttl)
time-to-live (TTL)
MulticastSocket
( multicast routers).
1 .
14

15


(Local Area Networks, LANs)
(Personal Area Networks, PANs)
(Metropolitan Area
Networks, MANs)
(Wide Area Networks, WANs)
(Wireless Local Area
Networks, WLANs)
(Wireless
Metropolitan Area Networks, WMANs)
(Wireless Wide Area
Networks, WWANs)
(internetworks)
16


Baseband



bandwidth

Broadband


( )


LANs
/ .
LANs
(segments) (switches)
hubs.
LANs,
,
.
LAN
1970 (Ethernet, ,
), Ethernet de-facto
LANs.

18

 LAN

Adapter
expansion slot (PCI, PC Card, USB)
main board

adapters
Network Interface Cards (NICs) adapters
Network Interface Component

Bus Network

Tree Network

Star Network

Ring Network

Mesh (=) Network

 LAN: Ethernet
IEEE 802.3 standard
: 100 Mbps - 1 Gbps

Ethernet: 10 Mbps
Fast Ethernet: 100 Mbps
Gigabit Ethernet: 1 Gbps
10 Gbps, 100 Gbps

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)



,


.
,
Bluetooth,

, PDAs, ,
, ,
.
26





video,
50 km.

(digital subscriber line, DSL)
modems MANs.

27


WANs



.


(routers),

.
28



LANs



/ Internet.

IEEE 802.11 (WiFi).

29

 Ethernet
( )

802.11 (1-2 Mbps)

802.11b (11 Mbps - 4-5 Mbps )
802.11a (54 Mbps - 22-28 Mbps )
802.11g (54 Mbps - 32 Mbps )
802.11n (108 Mbps - 30-47 Mbps )

ethernet

Access Point


To IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX)
,
.

31




GSM.


.
3 (3G)

GSM (2G) .
32

33

 ;
/
LANs

LAN Internet
LAN (segments)



WLAN LAN
34

 internetwork


Hub
LAN

Switch
.

.
LANs, Ethernet.

Concentrator repeater

Bridge
LANs
data link layer ( 2)

Router


LAN WAN network layer
( 3)

Hub ()
hub /
LAN


/

hub, hub

37

Switch ()
switch
/,


,
switch





(bridges)

38

Ethernet Hubs vs. Ethernet Switches

Ethernet switch:

(buffering)
(collisions)


(collision domain)

Ethernet Hub buffering:

Hub

Switch
CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD

HighSpeed
Backplane

CSMA/CD

CSMA/CD
CSMA/CD

Input
Buffers

Output
Buffers

39

39

Router ()
routers (Layer 3)
IP
IP

40

41


(circuit switching)

---
bandwidth
[] latency

(packet switching)

bandwidth
latency
-- (store-and-forward)


(Broadcast)


LAN Ethernet

(Frame relay)


.
(frames)
bits .

bits.
.

43

44

Parlez-vous franais?

,

:

;
bits ;
checksum; ; ;
format ;
byte ordering;



:

(layers)



Ethernet

Ethernet


TCP/IP Ethernet

OSI
(Open Systems Interconnection)
ISO (International
Organization for Interconnection)
7

 OSI : 1


.

.
, ,

Physical
: RS-232,
10BaseT, 802.11, Bluetooth

 OSI : 2
.


.
( )
acknowledgements
.

Data Link

Physical
: Ethernet MAC,
PPP, SLIP

 OSI : 3


.


(
).
3

Network

Data Link

Physical
: IP (IPv4, IPv6),
X.25

 OSI : 4

end-to-end (-) .
.

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

mailbox.

: TCP, UDP

 OSI : 5


.
5

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

.

.

:
.
: HTTP 1.1, SSL,
NetBIOS

 OSI : 6

6

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

data
bits

: XDR, ASN.1,
MIME, MIDI

 OSI : 7
7

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

:
email (SMTP, POP, IMAP)
file transfer (FTP)
directory services (LDAP)

Application layer (Clients Servers)

client

server
.

, server

.

 (Transport Layer)



(= ).
:
connection-oriented
connectionless

Connection-oriented
1.
2.
3.
4.

[]

Connection-oriented

1.
2.
3.
4.

[]

[ ]

virtual circuit

circuit-switched

Connectionless
-
- /
( )
-

Connectionless


- /
( )
-

.
( )

datagram
client


client server

virtual circuit

 (Network Layer)

65

Ethernet
1 & 2 OSI
Physical (1)
: 10Base-T, 100Base-T, 1000Base-T, .

Data Link (2)

Ethernet
Data frame
Data frame

, connectionless

Ethernet
48-bit ethernet address
-
1518-byte MTU
18-byte header, 1500 bytes data

Gigabit ethernet
9000-byte MTU
dest addr
6 bytes

src addr
6 bytes

frame
length

data (payload)

46-1500 bytes

18 bytes + data

CRC
4

 (ROUTING)

68

 (Router)
Router

(..
Ethernet )

(OSI 3)
/

 ()
1.

2. ,


TTL

4.

Forwarding Process
3.

(Forwarding Table)

 WAN

 Routing

:
Hop count (# routers )

 routing




(
,
, ).

.
74

 /
;

+
+

(..
static routes)
-
-

+

+
-
- CPU, ,
-

: .

 Routing
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
routing tables routers
route

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

.
.

BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

TCP
distance vector

keep-alive

 :
(shortest paths)
B

(source)

50
100

20
100

20
80

Source

30
80
20

10

20

10
10

10

10

20

30
10

IP

 Distance Vector vs. Link State

=


,
,

Dijkstra
Bellman-Ford

;

(Distance Vector)

(Link State)

:
RIP, EIGRP,
BGP

:
OSPF, IS-IS,
IDPR

RIP routing algorithm

if (Rr.link n )

RIP routing algorithm

, routing table , router,
.
, RIP
(link) .
router RIP ,
(router),
( ) ,
.
n

n, .
RIP router o

.

RIP routing algorithm

Tr
router l .
t router
, ,
,
RIP .
t 30 seconds.
router
. n,

Send.
routers
Receive ( +1=)

, ,
.

INTERNET PROTOCOLS

82

IP Internet Protocol
1969 4
(ARPA)

:


.

Internet Protocol
Connectionless


internet
IP
.

IP
IP
32 bit
network layer interface:
IP (.. Ethernet
address)

IP

IP
32-bit > 4 . !
routers




:
(.. )

IP : &
icsd.aegean.gr
195.251.4.2
C3 FB 04 02
network #

math.aegean.gr
195.251.13.3
C3 FB 0D 03

host #

16 bits .

routers

195.251.*.* .

IP : &
IP
network #:

host #: ()

network #

host #

IP
:

(classes)
bits IP
class

leading bits

bits for net #

bits for host #

7 (128)

24 (16M)

10

14 (16K)

16 (64K)

110

21 (2M)

8 (256)

:
high bits
host number
subnet

IP
IBM: 9.0.0.0 9.255.255.255
00001001

xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxxx

network #

host #

8 bits

24 bits

Subnet within IBM (internal routers only)

00001001

10101010 11

network #

subnet #

8 bits

10 bits

xxxxxx xxxxxxxxx
host #

14 bits

IP
All bits 0

All host# bits 1

Broadcast

All bits 1

Broadcast

Leading bits 1110

Class D network (multicast group)

127.0.0.0:
127.0.0.1 loopback (localhost)

Domain Name Server (DNS)

IP
, .. hra.icsd.aegean.gr
IP
.


Domain Name Server DNS

(IP address)

Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)

class A, B, C :
# of bits
network number
8 (A), 16 (B), 24 (C)
bits

1000 :
22-bit network number (1024 hosts)
class B address (64K hosts)

Classless Inter-Domain Routing

router # bits network?
CIDR address :
32-bit-address/bits-for-network-prefix

128.6.13.3/16
/27 : [1/8 ] of a class C (32 hosts)
/24 : class C
/16 : class B

CIDR addresses & prefixes

!


To network #
host # CIDR 192.168.5.130/24.

2 bits host number subnet mask

subnet 64 hosts.

96

IPv6 vs. IPv4

IPv4
4 byte (32 bit) addresses

IPv6:
16-byte (128 bit) addresses
3.6 x 1038 possible addresses
7 x 1023 IP / m2 !
8 x 1028 IPv4
8-bit hop limit (Time To Live)
Flow label (20-bits)

Network Address Translation (NAT)

External IP address
24.225.217.243

Internal
IP address
192.168.1.x

External address

Virtual
port

Internal
address

Int
port

24.225.217.243

17

192.168.1.1

3455

24.225.217.243

192.168.1.2

11231

24.225.217.243

24

192.168.1.1

12489

24.225.217.243

20

192.168.1.3

21908

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

Network Address Translation (NAT)

UDP/TCP , router
, source IP address port number
.
router source IP address IP
source port number virtual port number

.
IP port number router
.
virtual port number IP address port
number .
router UDP/TCP
destination port number
. port number

.

Transport-layer protocols IP
IP

Transport layer port

number
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

Virtual circuit service
(connection-oriented)
acknowledgement

Checksum

UDP User Datagram Protocol

Datagram service (connectionless)



checksum ,

- (bad
packets)

IP header
device
header

IP header

TCP/UDP
header

IP data

payload
hlen

svc type (TOS)

fragment identification
TTL

protocol

total length
flags

fragment offset
header checksum

source IP address
destination IP address
options and pad

20 bytes

vers

Headers: TCP & UDP

device
header

IP header

TCP/UDP
header

IP data

payload
UDP header

TCP header

src port

dest port

ack number
hdr
len

- flags

checksum

window
urgent ptr

options and pad

20 bytes

seq number

src port

dest port

seg length

checksum

8 bytes

Device header (Ethernet)

device
header

IP header

TCP/UDP
header

IP data

payload

dest addr
6 bytes

src addr
6 bytes

frame
type

data

46-1500 bytes

18 bytes + data

CRC
4


IP

IP: IP driver
send data

receive data

IP driver
receive packet

send packet

network driver
from wire

to wire

IP driver
device
driver
Maximum packet size (MTU)
HW headers
HW header

Send operations

device driver
bad/expired data

Device driver
network interface card
network
interface

IP driver

IP driver
hardware

Network device
Network card

destination address

(enveloped)
device
header

IP header

IP data

payload

Device addressing
IP address ethernet address
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
1. ARP cache
2. broadcast
ethernet address
IP address
3. ( timeout)