Advanced Engineering Mathematics a Computer Eng, B [T ~ 3rd Year lecturer + Dr. Eng. Riyadh Jabbar 4/ Baheactrl, Chapter qd) La place Trans formation Its amethed for solving differential e975 and Corresponding initial 5 boundary value preblems. De finitien Given a funetion in gime. domain ft) kefirect for all £3° and multiply by ert and integrate with vespect te t from o te 0 » Then, if the yesulting integral exists, its defined as FCS) L fametion in S- domain) . Fos) = [£Fte3 = F fee) oot Ets) is called Laplace transform CLT) of CE) and £C£) 15 inverse Laplace tranfore CILT) of Fos). a feer= LPF es} JenerallyfeG pyro] Pe complex value ex®@ Find Fos) if fce)=! for tefee) here is Known as unit step Panction Wye eax tay 70 Let) qe eee =I >t s -st Fes) = LLFc1 = ei e ot ie 6 jitte EEL b pene fEROA a Fes) pele -Beve fig. Fesje+ 5 note fer stabte system > poles must be focated wn the Left-sicle in the pole- Bere fig. ex @ _at Lind LT for FD = © ape 1) €% an} fet) Fes) = -£Lé ‘ “at oat o cS = Je eee : t cats) t [Eee et -Se dé =| Ztassy-J. Se hence fee att\ = ° or Fes) 5 Ss-a We En > t HW Find Fes) for Let) = ot 5 abe tz 7 —Linearity of LT TE Fesd= LrPced and Yosr-flyced and a,b ave constants, then Ll afer +b yes = afcfenrs+o fryer Sy Ete eiat \7(GS)) ex @ ee ae en £ te find f. ara vy, iat pet flt)= cos (at) = a = > + Fes)= pes cat yh -3pretts 1 fers Ss & Capt ca = Firat heu £ lL, oe Leo CH= see srl ex® a gE £tt)= £ ~-- apo, £70 Ll Sas eat bo solve this integral, let x= st then An= sd and t= */S ae Sere e* Ae = ol 3 given that SEA - eek = Peas * is 5 Comma fun, pence [free] = > note ote TTP ais integer, the [Cati) =a! ad Sle Ve-\ Fee) Fes) i + sye i — t sz” a Cat) s>e eae Fat { < sta cos(at) pasion so stat sin Cat) 4. sye styat Cosh Cat) S ae star Sinh Cat) aaa s>/al ex® fee) = ert = coswt+)y sn wt tres - se © 254) (54500 s Fe eeEonen =) meena eo tT) areeee 3 tpt StH! Ss — LT Leowt = =Rke[ [fers ca pero? a ace Tn ELE = Sty weof derivatives ——__< ; i 2, - LE fee) S fee ue fel a=e > dee apoE Ave fl) dt, ve fee) Judv= lev) Svolu hence Seo? lbs [foe Yo s Steere" dt = -ffo) + 3 Fes) . Lo fe] = SFes) ~ Fee ta the Saue wag L £ ft} s Cfchenl - feo s*Fes)~ s fey feoy Law] u 0 in general : : P net ne not LL Pe d=S8 Fo 5 fry -~F Peo -—— - Peep ex@ Using LT of 2nd derivative, Find LT for Lce-€% £6 feo} - = §° Fos) - sf - fee) £ce)= £0 feeyard > ftt)=2 oe gen <1 1 Lofcor-fley=efias% hence ae > S Fes) -—e-oai Mw Find LT fer Le) =sin wt , £66) cos'wt hint’. Sin 2H 29504 wt. cos wb Coste = (1+ cos 2wtd/2 Special theories in LT TD) LT off integrmtion LL Steoaey -F2 Z) First shifting theeven LOE fee] = FCs-2) EB] secon shifting theoven LO Ult-a). £c¢-a)} = oes) © Lffeol = FCL) ’ 6 A Lit ten = en" ace) Aa rere where Fes) = LE [9 Convolution thesrem if Fes)=Z£OREIS and esr f£acér} LDS feu 3.ct-wrele] = Fs). ts) [BE] LT of periodic functions iP fice) tr a perictce Pan. with pertel T “ tf rfey= ae) 5 eo fee dt Hew prove theories t,2,4 , Fzex® Sia i Sing LT of integration, fined CILT) ft) Lor sin wt - . 1 Losmue3~ et, + {lege -SS also we have tr Nee) ded = Fe » thea LL S sin ut eV cae aa Sor Li peat oar Spe tae ren Ut focos wt AE Lie teal Gs iti=tel ah (t- smut) . Poe) ex® Find fr eae +t) ea ee LE e foers = Fes-a) LL singe} = sty 1 the age ne aee Memes + — GS-O4e ~ Siespas given thet £ [SBE Y= €05' CL) Fiat $A we have ff Peetyy =k FCS) Sin at Zz age 4 a a ~ Ce) or cae tinat | = tan CH) Sta coalaaa Gee ices elie os” ex we hove LEEPER eae 125th sha? fst) = Pretsinctd = ex ex® the following Perivele Pune tion Dad ZT fer sint e———_-- -- Uct-2) = , fe < spd - -st fCucary= Sn hae = > a2 ast as | fpuct-ay] = Sr eae =e a fa) +t> (é-a). fee) = } ne ee _as f [uct-a) feen| = €° Fes) ex@ os 3 2e ff g-2ult-20) = SS Fractiens by parts Tes useful bo use fractions by parts be Pind ILT, Pees) let Fesd= PCs) We can Convert Fes) to. partial fractions using Residue theovem PCS) = CS— 4) CS-a1) ~~ CS~ am) es Be A Am c > at ~---- Fos) Sao asaa + San in geneval fet the form of par teal fraction is1o\ A . Gay dwhere am it th wth pole +f orcter we Find Am as oe a [ _ Len a [o- Spoil 5> aq! a Oo} ds nm tH exh : Find f [Al a a) B Cs42\CStr) Sea. Sl a Le, [6 ee ]-Z., lee | = oS =3 2. S-! Sat B= fom [esen 5] - Fiow i | - 2 =-2 ' hence Fes) = =! = 3 + —-2 ae S42 Stl f [Fes - Leta - tie| fey = 382 & Divect ieee of Resictae theorem te Find [LT PTFE tea hr Fes é*ds efii = besidues = DBo\ where Ain = ff. a ee 7 a Py Jon Nat si [\s- a) Fes2eé ] ex@d sing direct vesicle, theorem bo Lind L751 Listes ~w? De Tia O Rarucs Gao 416. Js IES Sz +» Lesa: Eowtte saz) —h.., [G+ o———— y S-3-! Cacia ~2yt a Le Sf fod fj de ZI) $32 C+D 5-2 Sot oH 5-1)? aap | -le ve 4 Eee rcs = me me ft S32 CS+1)? Q 2 - , rae L lees nea pe c Gaye cae ~~ (HD a) pe Llaomt SI = Cs4jC5- 3) Fos) = (s4j9* > f [Fes] = D, resiclue at £8>-5 8257a & [6033 a sé, ot Z es -jJ? ¢ f~gse SZ [os al {2-2 tere Pa So ok Sremiy |= eto at. = 1 xf hewe £1 lazy] --4 tte PO - L508 OD =-ptcst+L sng 14 sint- tcos€) Low “1 . -! Find OL Pa \ Of lamas | ef laa) Dl) check ans. @ cose) DL Csmt cost 2%) ; © Het O© bsmed+L€coseO USing ZT 0 Solve differential eguabion s Consider the DE of firsé orele, OYct + Byct) = KE) O5B ave constants, X%C4) Is known fun. , the Preble js to fined Yt) for some given initial conclitrns. lel XC4) = constant ec Por all > , Ylejzo zt [A9ce+ Byte] =f[oxe@) A¢lsen+efryco) = LLe3 AL S¥es)~4000\+ 6 Yes) = we have Ylo) =o thitial ConclitionASYCs) + BY) = = i ee i Yes) 3CAStB) ~ 3CS4ER) Using vesidue eon te find IL T -f¢ _ c- yee fife ae 2 Hw Selve the DE D @ le + ees + 3yCE) =O Fotere yeor= 5, e=| check ans. yCt)> 9° 2e°* ’ © Get) + ye) =! b ycoel » ylor=e Check ans. yctjal , _¢ © Yce)-39C#) 42 ylt)= 2°; were® » Geode -¢ Check ans yltj> bE Gt Ze" HW son Lind It) if Too)s0o je Solve the DE 2 AIM. jot) = at Check ans. [Ct)-4Cl-e 5) x V4) = R. Tct) a” Be V poe" Tce) 3 Ban Gov -h4 + j deen at 4+V Ce) vce) N(4) = Vos) 1 + do owce c qe Ct) c(h) = Tes) = $¢ VEs) — 00) - a ett OU GC aa 7 ) vets = S4 ey —~L «te ice) = Le Svce dere Tes)2 ves) 4 £2 sz te) > t NGe) 1 1S Tee) t VCO y c (esChap ter C2) 3) Vectors Analysis Tatrocuction Physical quantities like mass length, density ave determined by their magnitude and called scalars. Other quantities like force , velocity are olefermined by both magni tucle and Aree tion. these ove called Vectors, Vectors are represen ted by their components parallel fe the axes of the Copdinate system. Vector from (0,0) €e Cl,e) i5 denoted by © vector From Coo) $e Cort) is deneted 9 3 Then any vector in X-Y plane can be Lefined in terms of TC and 5. 4 9 ae I { eee [ 2 T > x L x = K : ro" - 2b 7 2) Given €wo points ACK 9) > BCK2,42) they Vector from A->6 dencted by AB ts AB = Cxe—MI) E+ C Ya 95 BA == AB = Cxy-%1 24 C4 -y2y5 4 _B- B Oe, ») 4 Oy) PKee) Vector opera tion x fet W2ac+ar3 Nb @ Vaz bor bey Vit Ve = Cath) i Cartbay5 vi V3 Wi- V2 = Ca-bi)é +Car- b2) > - 6 he U-Va = Ut l-) length of a Vector let V2 cr Ge) then its length is /V/ = art at unit Vector We Vree +2.) »thenthe unit vector laa V_clivection is Ty Vv _ Ait ary u= Eas lvl aoa: he the ant Vector has magnitude off anity [ul =! CHW. prove? ) fact € and } are unit vectors in X49 cirections In Vectors in Space e > ~ = = * RIB) Ve abt ay tak Pale Ivaed FiPo = CXe-X1) CAC yay) J 4Ce-WE | kg [Fel = (Oem oyveaakDot proclact 17 The scalar product of twe vectors Agog ao sealer ancl defined bg! B= Jal) |B/ cos @ lees angle belweer A and B ex@® = Jt) Coso al cose aoe s unknow for other vectors, geo we for dot preouct . 8 i eo | pray, B = /Al ,[16| cos 64 = length of A» Component of B © Peep ——— rain Se Tl = 6+ ar j+azk Tn general @ i use another formula DI in A direction A- Bz ab + abe + orbs fe A= Teas-2b and Be 60435 42k » Pinel @ AB Bangle between ASE © PrejpB @ A R=C)6+C034¢02 =--¢ ® ol =I tr2=3 ole e = 2 cos @= GE. at st + 6-005 /- + ° WI 21 = Cos (~--) = /o/ © Prey B = —s 2[f) Noval Vector iL Ve act 23 0» then the normal Vector 7s N 2 ae N Are- HD a ex® a ee —C re at the point PC2,q) and pointing froma toward the concave inside sf the Curve. To Find N we mut Birst Final WD (tangent tothe curve a€ f) , Ww needs Potat and the slope at Pp Ce j=2% C slope) ma=(Glope at X=2) = 4 To forur W, We peed another point P,. eq. of fine is vA yam K+e Where co ts constant Ya4v+c sapply PC24) bo Piro 4a 8+e —> Cz-F hence eg sf tangent is Y= ey—q apply W=o to Lod pp > x= hence Pic lye) WEP P = (2-18 +e} = 4G) Ay ine 2 Ms alel [w/2 Jeg = iF 4o-J oo a ae =-4c+) +1F 2Or theg onal Vectors Le Two vectors ave said te be orthogonal if their aot product is tere, ne Cross Proce ct The cross procluct of twe acne is given by AXB = nH /A/ (Bl sine = - BXA Ae [AXE [ = area of parallelegren, B A / [Ax6/= /Al Ié/ sine Note x Camera ®) a) 8 Cc J Ek ; A= A ltarjeas AxXBRa | & ee a3 ae Be biC4bisebs ie by bi bg ex@ Find a vector whieh is Perpendicular to both, A= cejyae Po AXB ts he Vector 1 to beth ADE sayz. [7 DEL - AXB= Jy if )e205 | ioe— Hw let Az sch ~ et 4 SemS4E B= ey5_ aces which pairs of vectors ave Sey si-sK. 5-3 @ paraffe| @® D perpendiculer? Lines and planes in space suppye Chat L tsa ne ina space that Passes through Pi CK, 9,21) and is parallel ~o the Vector Vz Act B5+Ck sthen se AP is parallel to V. then the eg, of line is Sa and the parametric eq?s for the line ave K=Xi+tA > ye yttB , 22244C where € fs a scalar, ex@) Find the parametric eq’s of th line joining the povats ACI2,-1) and B El, 6.41) AB = 22 23 42E 2 Maps Es ae ee X= -2tt! 2 yr-eter 2 @e2et-s Te obtain au eq for the plane, assume a port PoC Ki 4,8) on a plane and the normal to thay p lane ist N=AC+B5+ Ce the pomt £0X922) Jies ih the ie BP he vector he NAP = BP pis teow ,FP CXR HCY) 4 C82) and henee the e. xMote : if we Wave eg: of line or plane then the normal veetor is ex® Eind a plane that passes €hroagh Fi Cls~1 32 and (5 parallel te the plane 3x+tytE=F7. cof Plane is aXx+hy += Ne ae +b5 “ck To Find oq. of plane swe need a point on it and avetir povmal bo its Aict-b3) > N=2Fitgtk B0K-1) +I Cyt) + 12-3) =e Digg OP ite eer ex® Fjnd the clistance between the pomt PC2s-5,¢) and the p lane X+29422=/3 7 N wort +2k the line 4 > 2 = SP =k ts atte pasieg through je avel frrallel to N ts a line X2tt2 » y= 2t-3 5 2r2ttd we can Pin the ikrsectivn point @ as Fillows C42) + 202-3) eacrtee) =13 > €=1 hence K=14223 5 y s-l,¢@a6 > GCE-LED H.w ® Find eq. of the plane through the pomts AC IL-1) ,BC%0,2), CO %~251) Check ans. eeecS @D Find the angle between tee planes 3X-6y-22=27 anet 2X+y-22=5 Check ans, G=39° ¥(Q Find the eq. of plane through fo C8, -1) ang perperdicular te the Mine of Intersection of the planes 2xty~B=3 and X+ry 42 flee Triple Scalar product The product (AXB)-€ is cated triple Sealey A freduct . Note that y (AXB).E = CBX) A = ce xay.F OO} vepieton te the Volume ofthe In Pact (AxB).S bex determined by 5, e id How is. Show that aA a, a3 a. ca)= | ae “| Ci Ce C3 Triple Vector procuct (AXBYXE er (AXEIXB are called €riple vector product . These ave mot egual ard can be found by simple Pornulass one can prove thats (AXBIXE = CA-C)IB~ CBTIA CBxe) x# =CBADE~ CaaDEHw @ prove that (AXBXE =CA-CIB- BEA if © ns 2 Be tery tk 2» Or eeejip B) Given Bz 46-83 pr ri +; fs ¢ oe a c Akaa B=rcpj-2ee © = 3e-4 jy 4/2k tn ie Pellowing : Volume of the box, Ace. zz, ard CAXBIKE ex@® show thet @ ACCXB) =-A.CE XE, DO A CaKB) =e © CAD CBxE) = AC FxED 4 B-CBxED A(ExB) = |Z 9798 ares interc hang ja. @ 4.ExB) “/3 ef-s a « infers haveg a by be bol Crcz eg eee . =~4A.CBXED © O8CAXB) = [A 22 a2 |g since Law jeentren| yews a araz by be bs by ba bs cr Ce Cy Al ar ay ad di as ocat alalimem cma cemetery e eee tbs [2 ACkKE)+D.(Rxe) Ci C2 ec; © G45 )-C8 xz)= [re artole al Gredient, Divergence and curl Jet the oprater J detine as Pollows T3247 4+ES V=6S% ti ag tK Ye WE POS 9,2) and AC%, 9,2) pave partial derivative, thea the gradient Cgrad) rf the tun p ts Grad pb = Tice Seed Nal a¢ iz sy Y LS kK2G! iP POG yprAIEC is an eg of surdace, TP gives the normal at that sarvdace, is The divergence of Vector A e then div = VA = (iets rhha) AAs Ase) _ vA , Bar, BAs = ax ty te o The curl of vectr A ts a carl A= VXA = Agee ioDenee ee oe DK 25 Bz A, 02 As ye Oso) oa 4 . 2 A (2 DE Wie ARS ao) Vi proper ties Let As B ave Vector! » (LV are scalars v Cu+v) = VurvVv 9 XWXB) je 2. V+CA+B) = vVA+V-B 3. VX(4+B) = VXA+VXB 4 V-CUA) = CVU A+ UCWAD ce VXCUB) = (VWXA+UCYKAD 6. 7 +(AXB) = B-CVKA)-A: CVXB) 4. VXCAXB) = CB VA - BIW 8)-CB-WB+AC BD g. VChB) =(BV4+(A:VIB + BX CVXA)TA pW ee Ee where W 22 +i toe gKiVu=o a] Ve CVXA) =? VX CVX4) = VCV:A)-V'A ~~ vpex) ip pax ye , faxee-Jj+2xyk » tind yb > VA > VKA 2» VCPAD Vx cba = axyec edhe yt K = B04 35 Oo + Ba cexy) = @-*9 x “Jada, “for Roy i 2 [2 o- Ber] in] se ¢ cH -B cole =2xrt + CK-4%4) 3 (ph) = Ve (hy Hew it SEHD = Boa +35 C92) +B a F2?) Sabet eae Sea bx ty2e vxc¢a) ~~ CHW) How @ prove thet V% CGA)= CVO)-A+PCV-A)D @ Find the uscd normal Vector te the Surface 2x4 by2—-S2=-lo at the pomt pPC3,-L2) 23)Line in tegyal sappose the curve C is defined by parametric e9’s! x= fee) y= 9ft) z= hct> where Fa.h ave continuous Pun?s . The line integral Swels ts ofePued bs, Gwods = Lim D/ woes 91522) DS; c =f here W= POGY4.2) BSe is the clement of length along O and correspindts to bt, tg Swels = Sw Theo, 9Cb), heey) levee ott tot, = AK 2 fb where lx = Ge vdeo Se, doz 2 Th 2D geometry; Suds can be wwitler as ¢ Swels = Sw Jin ke é wheve we Foxy) > and yis fan sf X describes the path ¢ ex@ ik we xty?, c is the line Segment between Aloe) and BCID. Evaluate wds .the eq. BP path is yay. ' [27 the line Segment C can ve BHD ayame tri as Pavametr iZeol ae x=t€, y=t 4 aval, Ags Coy65 x 1 Swes = Setet*) ur dé = 3 é another solution using Sw laa Ax yen —» 421 Suds = Sevrs) IinF dx 5 bet g=x ade Ser bdy = sie ex® “evalate Che Cine integral for Wex'ty alens the path Reéy= ti +c oe 5 os tS. we have Kat) yol-t ,22t then Pca ee ere) ae at 7 a 2 Sua : SOEs) = Scho JF alt ww [do+% cole e a evaluate Lhe [ine integral fer We XtVg-2 along path Cr) KR, = to +€%) and pith Cz i fazer jetk , where es Fel path Cy from Cores) 0 Chl, 0) sand path C2 from Cio) €6 CLI. é check ans, eno See JF S+8 =e ebb) C2 >y co Chie)“=e! PMysical meaning ter the line i begra Suds may be interpreted as’ é @ Th w Vepresents the sine charge clis6ri bak joy, in flelm , then S weds will represent the bo€a/ Charge . @ipw vepresents the force ,then Pools is 44 é he Werk, Suppose that the acting Loree F is P= MitNjys PK jwhere MMP ave Puls to eye This Lovee moves the par ticle along cuvve © fryns Polat ACas,a2,a;) te pet BCbib2,b3). The work W is 7 W = a AR 5 Ahetdrejdly spade | w =S mel + Ney + Pee e ex@ the force F= Ox y)e+CS-2)) 46K moves 2 par tical from Co,0,0) te Chit) along $he CAO ene ee herea ee Cuvve ! the work Hone. W Sexe yy ox + CGB) oly + Geers e AX = dts by> ct bt 5 le-3tUeW= Seet Dole 2 tM a 5 18 4) Cale -S act g? 1 €4 3040 4) ] kf = -2 ‘ Hw Por ex@ Pind the work dene by F in mov (a9 the particle one cycle arounol the circle ee rr——C— Checkans. Wert Theevem Let F be a vector freld with components M,N>P that ave continuous in Che region O, then the e,Mece SSary and sufficent condi tien that SF AR be be indepenclent of the path Jeining A and B in the region Dis that there exist a differentiable functiog f such €hat Fe VF = ideas ty +kte ex Find a function f such that Fe ZX e+ 2y)+2 - vf then evaluate SFiAR ren CZCS) err? c P2 C=!o~-l,2) along. @ the striaght line Ff Pa © alors the carve 2=2¢ ,y=€*2 axe t- eee cedco Me an guess that iP fo layte 2. che, F2Vf22K6+ ey; 422k, S Pee ire independent of Lhe path C G@ along PP, then eg. of the Line Pee X-2 ye ~ 224 2 2 eres = So XY , zu 2x48 3 ox=hy , Ae =2 ox = ~ 2 SFdk = J 2x bx 42x +2[%*2 JZ oly = /8 © alone xXsy= €12 5 olxe2tdbady, e@=2t > d@s2dt SPAR = S74 (£42) 2¢48t |¢t =/8 é 1 Conservative Fyelds F is conservative iff F= vf ste if Wate» N=fy > Pao] then E.dR =Molx+Nodg+Pde (ss exact differential Theorem TPR M,N and P ave three con€inwous Purts of Ky,e Chen the expression Mex +Noly + Pda "San exact differential (£P the followin€9°5 ave all satis Lief B RM LPN 2M Pon xe | ox = i) 22 ex RFS or YXFzo ex (4) . VXFRzo Show that Sedx +24ely +2x2de is independent A of the path between 456. * > thea » N=2y , p2 exe DN M=2 eels alg | ea De” a) hence Moy +Nely +Pola is an exact Afferentral , and there exist £ Sach that Vf = F=Pi vey) + exer ex® = sy) x : x, suppose =e Ce cosy eyadty(x2a-€ sity 4kCXY +2) Is F conservative 7 if So, fincd f such thal FoVf x M= e'cosy+y2 , Ne X2- Esty >» p= xyte DM _yarP > Dw_ eP am x, aw Da “Ise? oe Sg 7 Bi gO sing +2 oe hence Mely+ Nely + Poly is an exact olifferential , we can fird P by (ntegratia, system sf e's; DP A = ex ia = € cosyty ph on = xe- & siny fe) 2F = p = XY+%] Defosye) = : pa Ax = § (cosy +yejax =€ Kcosytyex +g0y2) the prevlen eve is to Pind 96992) x Be Ca ie 28 = Ke-€ 5g -s 220 > 9042) = hee) foxy 5 = eXcosy xy? thea) ¢ rosy = xy t+ h (2) = Xy+2 Doe . 2 z Z ee 2 so POX #) = Kcosy + xyarZi+e H.W [ies Une Ge cl onceg aconcagua whose vector eg, ret) = C& cost) i t+ Cee smt 5 Find { xdcoats C4 5 alone e Byrom Che) “Go Cé,0) 27 check ans. (/- @ DGreen’s Theovem + E —__. TH Ris a closed region of the el) c Xy~ plane bounded by a simple { closed curve C and jf M and WV [Ss Are continuous Pudis of x and y a having continuous derivative in R then ee Let C be the circle x-acos6 2yY=a Sihe ond Fe 464+) > Verify Greens theorem. M=-y , N=Xx 4 ec S mMdveWey S-9 ele exdy x c X=zaces6 3» dx= -asinaede Y= A2SMo—> dy= a cos 6ole en en 2 > z hence g = S az Csin 6+ 00s dle 2n>epze Chote? aveas = + Sf ) @ Evalute he line integral “Sa3eleeaeds ae ape! CG pp lying Greens formula , = Cis the bounclay of o O R2KE49) , they § Fak = SXF). Ad where AA is a vector normal bo the vegion ©, pote: if R in vy-plave,then dA=bedyk «® Tec. C is the circle x +yea and Ri iwside C, verify Green's theorem if @ M=axsN2y ( MzN= e? © Ms XY) > N=xy Solution t Xs acost—> dx 2 a st off yrasnd 4 dyzacost off @ § Mdx+ Ney ~§ xd yg= = SI Bint costed sint cot de =° BB) while 2& 2M ae XK a were Sle = Bet ably = ® § eax + Ely on alicoste 5106S eafces br 50F = 5-4 sint e€ acest & ot Useoste sin fe . Laos g-asin€ 1 oft a 20 areosttsint T a =e -e-e =° a while / x eN - e ae ym _ xto x = eee e€ oD 2Y = Vier BA dxdy =e © Gade axy dy on = (at [eet sin t zoos t sit 7 ot o aa = aat eee eco) ccd f 4 ro - 2a fz adsmet-Zere sin2t an aby sin 4 1Chapter C3) F Special Fanctiens ie Gamma Function [en Gamma fan. Ten) is oetined by the integral where Pen=t » [ed d= Preef [cat Pens $x" ete « fede «fm "Man - PEO Not M> 2 o Ms x we have treo Jinele SAPO SISS sions Br gamma fun pee Peney=nler) -~ n> ol rd ee ex@ . re? (ea) 6 ft Fird 37%)? Feb * SPD Poo _ 9! SG. 3.2 —;=. * eats ste 21s) 2-2! 2.2 me) £f 24%) _ 3 Ph) ch pet OE) AE BO = gy Hw ind yt Jars? oly alin. fet Jax) check ans, af 32,Bessel Functions — Besse! Punctious js generated as Solebion, fy, the differential equation 24 ¢ 2 4 XY eX Y+CK-NIYF0 —~nzo which is called Besse/ equation and €he gitety alutioss Poy this egta tibw ts Y= e In(K)I +0. Yeny Tnx) fs called Bessel function sf Lire End of order Wy while Ynexy ts called Besses fan. af Secord kind of ordern, _ Oo r nyeer In (X) = ——————_ A 7 ger rt Penersy bro whe, n=e a xt é * x De aoe re * When n Is no€ integer CM#O,\,0~) the genea/ Solution will be Y= AITn(X) +B Ip (®)in thes case Jy aro Toy are linearly inclepenctent . ewhen nts an integey Cn=1,2,---) Jon ts bivcarls cependent on Jy anol olefined as Fen 4) = C1" Tn Cy | > BE ia tegen The Second Solution ©f Besses &q, fe all values given by tf nN C real and integer) i's Yn (x) = Jesuit dat | Sinn ex@® es Se YD, V4) o Tr CK) - ns tee so [tmajy =m! aa Jo Cx) 257 oon x yee 2 irl a ¢ é ea) 22 i ae ey ie we? OD Hea” 2 s1y* 2r+i Jitx) le Y20 rh} (rey! eee J 2 Qui2i” ais) ~ Gshay *- OG) —— a7 9)a Hw prove that Jicx) fs sin ¥ Lao Z cos % Im portant idlen tities for Bessel funetron s are Teco|= x Ta Tai) rat ban te 2v+2n “ Cc! x: %) = al Tn) = ygrn rl [ovtren 2r+2n—( ue Cartan) % 7 4 fx Jn Go| J Ws) Pewavn) 20 a6 BRE oa cog <0 = BYP N nl cng | 4 Tenery ox Ty a | o =--%. Cx) da [Xe Proof oo 2r x OnF LOB [over +) vee 2 a b 2 7) (v.2r- x A a a ae [x Tn | ot gery) PCnerst) let vektl 3 pre b2,-~ 00 Kk = O7hn2, -~ 00= e+) 2CkH)—1 L435) C-) . 2ck+iI) % 2CkH)+N Ca) 2Ck+i) OX kro 2 . CktII. Pentere 2 —n kK 2ktn+) (-) tke+) x 2k++t Be cei 1 Peart #2) -" = - eG b+ oo Jn ty = LG. as Sei (x9 | Proof From jolentity t and 2: L a J, [x2 ducasd , L279 01 Sin C4) ~ Ong, 8) = ae aaa noe ps eral =F In +5 Ttv0 +5 Syn TelXI xn 7 — 2 ye. [AL [510 + Snr 09 = 22 Jn | Prof From identity land 2) ae Jar 43 ne 670 = eT cay 42% Tew - x” x" x 5" = 22 T(x) el / Tn 079 + On (x)(a) ex) express 04 in terms oF Jo Cx) and TiCK)7 n = ve have Opsi = Sn - dre Tv, =& 33-02 —-- n=3 ~-. Y=z2 03 = +I. - 3 ~-- N= Jor SU -% hence Jy = 4 [ZT-T- 5 x (8-0 - Se 2 Se =£ [C205 -FEI- eI 2) So yx) = 4 - S) Tix) 4 C1- St) HKD ex® Evalue J S50 Ax o 5 we have po" Jn \=7-% n+l 47 oon eC ov (8 Tra AF = % n _ Lt Te 5K (¥- I Ae Tutegra tion by part let U=*% 1» lus rkay a . eee ve § KT dks -% Sa So T= (-%% Jp) +S 2% (X32) dx#) ~T2 +2) %:32 ox since (0 Jz olx=— % Si Ts-32- 28°04 c -Je- Qa +e hence Vim x= -Te@- e+e Lew Find the value of 5-3 622) giver tbat and J) (2-27) =o" 5560 of ToBTIN Jo (2-7) = OF 1104 LZ hinds expres! Pirst T-3 in forms ex® yectuce the Seollowiag DE on Be x Sry a kK )y=e ssel eq. Using go aon, GearX Faz voly dy dt _ ay, f2 # ne? 9° ax “de de de , ys [exZ2y toa dy Ay on ox, 378 2 + OR Fn? wet? “G ) J*9 sat 2 +4 (2-K Dyce Ae % C2L EY =e ome 19 this ts Besse] eq: which has Selatra yee =A Te (2048 Ye e@) or 96x7 =A Text) 8 CKDLegendre Eunctious Legendve dunetions is generated as Polatton Por the DE: 2, 7 c Ccl-*% IY -2KYyrncntiy =o whieh &s called Legendre egaatisa ane the Solution for this equation is is YOO=C fh 00 + Cr Ga) Rt) is called Legendre polynomials and Ginx) 1s called aa Pfunctisa of Second kind + n-2r (I can- aryl. X = one prekgnane 2 : . =o My! Cn-r)! (n- poe where a ihn even “det ifn ts ede vs Row) = 1 aaa eaies Po (K) =z ae Py (mF OK -3%) Note Aco=! Pa -D= cy”Su Some Properties of Legendre Pune tier ae Lt Rodrigue s Formula . : an ce-9"] [2] Generating Fune tron NE Aw) J 1-2X¢442 = =Bixr+t Aix) +é Bw+---- F3} Orthegenality Stem Pr (AK = 0 m#n 2 5 piimax= 2nti 4 Recurrence For mula ex® Biven that foCx)= 1 and PM=X, Find acne and P; CX) Using Vecurrenee Lormula , 2nt/ on * en M+ H+y/[a fel nol > BOE EXAO~ ERO Bnet A \ eZ%-2t-464-1) let nse > Boe Sahin ~ FA Bx (BEL) % = Lisx 3x) Hw Find Pate, Pstxd 5 Sey Bc) AK, and SIrewl axChapter C4) [#7] Complex Variables Complex vayiable Z= K+jy ole fines apot in the complex 2-plane 9%, 2axty fo Z-plane Function of complex variable [I] Polynomial Function n W = ae4 % 2+ --- + &y,% = PC2) where esa, —any ave complex constants » and n is positive integer (olegree of P(2))- Special case PC2) = aeraz is called Jinear transformation [Z] Rational Function 2) es Gz) SPecial case we 2oe8 is callect bilinear trausfrmation where ad# be - 3) Power Series n QlA)= Pp an ze where Ge ,a,,--- ave Compky, Series converges If Elen |- 4Ez A Exponea tial Sunes -bion Ss ae ae fee_ Ae cosy nd 5099 also 2 wee =ieta ttm 7A nm! 2 ” <7 2" [EF] Trigenometric 3 Hyper etic Panctions hn ane . we iM co é urd ek ero eee “ie Gren! wz D2 ea ze” cos 2 - EHS 2 SS ea y gnel sinh 2 = 2 (anti 2 an Z cosh 2 = =F =); 2 nze 2")! note sinh (32) =) SZ Sie) fee cosh C2) = cos 2 cos ()2) = cosh 2 2 Logarithmic function E=K+yy Crect.) =rle ( polar) = COM expmential) 5 K20b te ~— Ctr ig cnometric ) =VCos6+jypsne pcerkend » ik Wwe=lh(2) =hir inh +) Co+ken) Whre oc@ = € D. ¢ kK eal 2207 e 4 yore eet peta ee! Cor ke~I) note ee eee eee eee Hw Lind the values of Zt= | FA Inverse Trig. 3 Hyper: fane bons if sinwae > wesin 2 ln 632 FJ 1-2") 2- z =~ cael) cos & dan'2 =a lm (ae ) ex® prove that 5m (j2@eNI-2* ) Sinw22(3 ye se jw C~€ ~2)2 =e (xe ) 20 € ~e (ze) -1 =0 je or (8°- 258 2” -!l =e a8 aye p4etae ae e€=—— = yg FV 1-4? as w= tn (527 Je We siv'2 = bn C32 = Ji-# ) Note Ax*+8xX+C=0 —B 5 JE 4 Ac 2A WwhiteforHy pers while Por inverse Hyper functivas : x= ~t sinh 2= ln Ce+J241) cosh 2 = ln C2 +f? ) eee lee 142 tanh 2 =+- C= Derivative of function of complex variable TH feo) Ve single valued In some regisn R of 2-plane , the Aerivative of £02) is Afincd as fea) eons) Soe Sca+n2)- Fe) da A200 Ae TP the limct exists fer 222, then Lee) is called differentiable at Zo+Tf the limit exists Por all 2 such that /2-2/<5 $02) is called analytic at Bo. Poy some B>e -then IE the Jimit existe fir all @ region R then Lar in eee js called analytic Cauch y Riemann Equation 5 TT let f(a) = Kim 9)t VHD) the necessary cond/ tion that we PC2) be analytic js that Wand vy Se thy in vegion R ~pU Du _ >eY - ae DOU” UY ex® f they are analytic check the following Panctivns i @ fcz= x-39 »®@ frar=xtey “=X 9 VE-Y9 \@ £a22" @ Play=e xo > DY DV Beal Bo 2-1 + farses not analy Lic ® feare xy > u=x4y 5 V=° Bu. ras BU atx > Bos 20 Dv yy Dy ° 2? ex =? £(2) Is only analytic at xKey=0 Geis: CNPAl note 2" is analytic everywhere except ob pty Fle) Cos 2 nak Sintra +coswol—> coher IH sito =I-% Brincostc ny) aeael hw operas hence an Pe 2) = Sy Lc - \ vey, = CSin J) = as reguiv ov Fe eS 7 DO we have anh 2 -tm(- it@ ) at lnc +2) -t+ in ci-2) a La a tonk] = we 2 7 1 3t[23) Comp lex Integration The integration of fle) in the complex aplane alone, the path C S fearda = J Cary rd (rey) c ce = S(ude- vay) + 5 SCvdx + uel) Some Properties of compler integra tian fy S Efcer +9ce de = Sfeerde Cacerde iz Sa tee ole = AS fade . Gg Shode 77 Stee de a Sferde - > Sree Sree 42 A /Sfardef me where Ms €be max. value of /fc2>] M) and Lis the length of Cie Heels at (es - ex®© Evaluate Seidé along the path C where C fs e defined by the path From Coro) te Cl,0) then fe C1 Gj2)BC$I2) Cx 459)” = KL ye 2KY fares u+)jv us Koy ave2xy oa + Stee Yrax ~exygdy te) Ses adn +erry ely ACL) Ser Syodlx -2Ky9dy J fee dee grey) a Sy +e Se N2ydy +) Scr gvAlg = - 4-9) = -] C42) pote (RM poe Oto A ey tcrec ge oy x pel all Prom point A te B ! Kel dx=0, gio 7? ex © Lined “Evalnate § ede where C is he contour de by civewle [2/=a+ To draw the $9.1 (lea , feiglaa » ee se (2#/za fs a civele with radius a 9 (elza me, 5@ =ve aoe se SO xan 2 >. ge d2= (a oa (ae as) } on = Set Pied dle =\4 yen de 2a SO sé = ja [- | =H griyze osHw & @ Evatucte S2'de where cis defied by yox Brom pane O€0,0) €0 pomt A C1432) ® Evaluate § 2%ole whe C ps the chrele /2-2/=3 ba . @© express the following Fez» be the form U+jV ! 2, =e é* , ine 7-2 @ prove that Sin 2 = Sind. Coshy +) cosx-sunhy cos 2 = cos. coshy-) SIA Ks sinh 4 Simply and Multiply Connected regions @ region R is callecl simply connected jf ang simple closed curve whieh lies in R Can be shpank fo a Pernt without leaving Ry be ee multiply connectet. 5 simplo connected >. x 4 9 Y x Cael ltiply connec torlCouelry integral theorers TP RK is @ vegion » simply or multip!9 connected, sectronelly smoth , and cf 7 Whose boundary © #S tn the Lez) is analytic and fe) is continsas with boundavy C then: § fea) ole =0 Csee ex @ ) c § fear de -§ Cur) (dxrj49) = fade -vely +) §vdx rudy per 2)! By Greens Lhecrm ¢ See cha de-vely = (SC Be - BH § udx-vdy Sc oe — Be) dxdy dy +ady oS C24 BY 5. vdy +ady §CSn ayy dxdy Since £2) is analgtre DK _ BY and 2-3 9 Dx ~ BY then integral s above equal to evo, then; §4c2) de =0 5Theorem J & a Sa iF independent of pth trom fe prof . A Pe By Cauchy's €heorem ftaydt=0 ApPBF, A ( fearde + [Searle =o A CAP AEP { fearde = -S fea de = S fearde re nbh Abr: GH ow Evaluate § 2%le along: 143 @ the curve Keb, yst? where ist sz © the line from (tj) be C2434) © the lines From City) > C245) > C2445) Wwe have SSd2e =f CxHj9) Cd e449) 2S Ext ye 2) tty) Cl eejely) = GOSH - 249 9 + Sexy lx 40K -Y¥9 ly 2 a gad @ Scere hat- 2€¢ 2tolt or! i 2 “et 45S atedes ot £' )atelt Zeb h© cig) 25) =~ 48 -\¢[&) @) the equation of he Ine from CLI) to (234) Yr! gel Sa ys ne a Ot “ dyz3AtKk § [xt oxo ax ~2KC3 #-13AK Xe 2 2 E in axcsxrddae LR CI- V3 x =-£-56 Kor © from Chi) €e C2,1) 1 ysl ads 2% 2 G cxtindnsjSrkolx = $453 = J met ver Grom (221) £0 C24) 6 X22» Ak Z0 w + J -4y oy +59 G- dg = -30-59 9rI Jel ; : a6 C4453) 0-30-59) 2-7 nF Se Sgcay da is independent on the path, ¢ Theorem [2] Tp Lea) is analytic within and en the beurdarg of a yegion bounded by bwo closed Curves C; and Co then § fear de =§ feayae a Ce proof eee Construct a cut AB» So by Cauchy's therem S$ § Stadz =° AGPABRKS TBAS 4S af 4S a5 & AorA AB CBRSTB ogy AB BA hence iS 2- S — J fearde=S frarole AGPA RTSRB 2 q Sut ex) @ Prove that . Pie ory ee § (2-a)" “Looe eee aceten Gees where C is a simple closed curve bounding a regions R and pomt tea js insrde R. © what ts the value of this integra tron fer n=0,-b-2~ Solution lel CG be a circle sf radius € [Tle < Cenfeved at 32a. oY Since £02) a is analytic 7 Uy within and on boundary gf the region bounced by Cand C, 4 then Leen Theorem-2 ? de | 2 4 C@-ay" lo, C@-a)” je » [t-al>E€ -y @-azee 30 4 Se ge Fide = jan for nzo,-I, a the iategral is 1 Cé~a)s (Z-a)*, --- whieh js analytic everywhere inside Cs including Zea. Hence by Caachy theorem! y a =o fe nz0,~l-2,-- ex @ Evaluate fe where © is @ circle [2-1 , © circle /anjle4 @ 223 a cutsde the circle (2/21, So 3 @) 223 js inside She civele Jerjl=¢ § fe 2m) [see ex@® when not \ 2 2-3 note ree [ztjloq is acivele with padius= & and centre at (%-)) Hw f Cis acivele of padius F evaluate § nt! it @- 5 (in te ere an ” gen iP nee check ans. a) 7 if n#eTheovem [} [8 TE F(z) is analytic in the region bounded by a Yon over lapping simple closed Curve Cy Cz --- Cn, the § fearcle e § feed boat § fee) ole é ee = 21 EG beeree ret tp This is a genera ligation of theorem—2 Cauchy Tn fegre! Fermala TF fear is analytic inside and on the boundary C of a Simply connected Vegion R and ifa ss ang peint inside KR, then Jd e $eay2 1 GF@ ote if) any J ee) r Pree f a a. fica) ;, analytic inside and on C d-a A excep at Zsa , the § 42 de> § 4@ ae . Z-a L, e-a civcle gf vadius @ ard centre at =a, Cc. is a ther equation of Cy is [e-a/se sor je € 5e Za EO”, 2eare’” ad de-je2 de 2n sé , > 6 § S@ a, -f fered) eee Gq t-a 5 € @?[4 en ny S feaved® ) ele ‘ cw ,e Se § Fe dz =5 5 feared dhe -a taking the limit as E-po § 2 — dz = > , Love feared °y de eo E70 aD) S Pee fe = \ Fla) Sao = jfty-2n hence fey =a fen VE anj J. @-a note iM ~ be proved by mathenatical incluc Gion that A $a) exists and is given by ‘ i fea dz e.g. fea) 2 inj & (@-w? dz if C ts @ circle ofanct radius 3 ee e Find " eas , with conte af @%-) -B ed @® 2ze= Cer) (2-0) 2 Zz € e . alt faye ash co C4) A-j) t+j fe2y is analytic everywhere excepé at J, So Prem Cauchy integral formula swe have(8) z \ mat fe anj fei) (2459) (2-57 . =e = ri (cos H+) 51% 1) 2 . @® similarly » fe2z-— 3 4-9 e-) Jesh es) = ony £63) = i aicosnl ay Sint) - ony =-ne = ex) a cos & e€ é wa — Lb Evaluate @ § en oe OF 2CEH) de pe et /2-/23 jy ‘ Cc @ since ger sies within C faye cos 2, atl Lea) = fern) = cos 1 --i § erect = arty fa) én 7 = -2ny (©) since @20 7 Gant beth We within © Zz z § <2 - §2c4- Lele - 2C!eH) ra - ~-6 Sdi- € F = § ode § Ze fe = 2m) Fla) ~2rtj F Car) eanj Peey 205 F- 1) 7 =anje’-2nj e! = emj Che )66) ex® Ks Evaluate § S2-8242 Jo, where © is ony singh ¢ (2-1)? enclosing the closed curve poist Gale By Cauchy os intr! formula Bean ole Bite) = ea aa IP nae Haye setae ge : a o Feereia = fone S222 42 yf At (atten 4, a fle) = fo2-3 Se (2-93 58 =32p2 : cee raha = fot a (2-13 de J / Aw > C is a civele of unit @ Eveluate § vadius with center af M2@=!5@ #2) Check ans. © 2) , @ Bere how at: @ show th : P x oof _ ~ 2ry § gre de nl heve C ang simple Curve encircline the pent Sze © Evaluate Sin 12 4 Cos TE me 2 f= Ol) eee Ceé-1) CX -2) @ whee ¢ is the circle /2/ so check ans. © 47) @ 87) ee anaesCalculation of Residues [é4 ee ON Th Fea) js analytic inside and on closeef carve C except at @2a, then the resrlue of Lez) at Zea whieh ts a pole of erder n 1 ; ( ot ” a, = fon Ch! Sp [cee fee) | and § Fea de =27).4, note Jf nal Csimple pole) we have a, = fim [ ca-ay Fees | 25a ex (3) s 2 C@-1) CR? Lind the pescdues of FC2)= we have 2 poles! 2=1, pole of orcler | vancf BZo-1, pole of order 2 Reside of C22) = Lin [2-2 |= 251 202+))* vel aeay- Lh, + & [eenf—z Saal aso |! oe CeCe «® Me Lind the vesidac of fz) = [te wt Bro [Cos & The order of the pele is unknown, veplace Cos z by its Maclauvin Serres:Bl Ite feos Hee sen /- (1-22, 2 7; as ima) 21-4.) So the Pactor 2° in the denmmater identifies the pole (220) as of order 2 Che n=2) vesidue = @_ 1. 4 do [een Cae) (240 1 . 2 i Be 20-2 4- fy, [ede] =2 Hw Find the vesictues of @ fay-— C2-20(2@4D @ far= ‘ SCatey3 faye 2 Ce-3)? Residue Theerem IP Lee) is analytic insiofe and on 2 simple Closed curve except at a finite number of Singular pomts inside C (a,b &--) «ft which the residues ave 1 > by 7 Cu 97> yespectively » then § Seayde = 20a, +h,+C,+r--- é = 4) Dybresidues atall singulanites en Closed by c)ex) z using residue theorem , evalua te T=§ 4-22 _gy, int the circl = nece=niee around the circle [B/=— heve we have 3 simple poles af 220,152. only 226 and 221 ave inside C. ho zo is fon [2 — 32) -): «& aso L &C8-I@-2) 7 Rese af Bal is? ye (2-1) (4-32) Qai Lb 2Ce-1002-72) 7 : . hence T= § fearde = 2r) 7, residues =2mM)(2-1)=2nj ex@) Evaluate Je a 7 TI- where C is the circle /2-1/=] « fe Te Sind the poles, pet @Lizo 3 sna ztise Re z=e 3 N=0,F1 j22 jen =! 2e° res . oF se So aly C#-1) C@-e Jeg-e 9) = C@-1) (27% 247) = 62-1)*C#% 24/92 only pole Zoi ts inside Col @-)- 1 Res. at 20> Luo Sree | , vee (@-1) (24erty? fon [ee 2022+) | 72029 2 Zo Carats 7e 9 So Js an). Residue = 20) (-Z)= -j on ex ® ea ee de Find the value of ) Sizsin6 lel Go ea > dense cle =j2de »de- @ -§ 2de © 2 324 10 je-7 Sin@= 20 fé 2 s+ ashe where Cots the ctrele Je/=! 55 the poles «f C82 %r0j2-3) a2 ¢ =3) and bj br (Se 2-1) op x erly 22-b5 8 Insrde C residue at (2--45) aie feed) aes aot) ek aat = m [ee lab aod l 6241) 49 att hence 3 de § ade SoG 4-24 SH 3SINE 6 240; 2 -3 oe Cos 36 - 7 Prove that Oe, es de = esChapter G) [#} Numer ica! Aralysis ee a wWret \ Ch, a 7 [selation of the reets tales Wolo Ro OSes en a Cele.s 4 om isa aadmaaes function, any number r fer hich fcryco is called + voot of Lhe equation fcejzo: The interval of the root [a,b \ ts peel, when he sigh of Plx) changes. Note that the smallest possible interval £Fat,b3 contains one and only one reek: ex® Tsolate the rerts of the equa tron Sens KER 42 =0 has three Veet’, either the three This equation is real and the Ewe foots ave equal, er one yook others ave complex conjugate x 5 -3 -2 -l e@ 1! 2 3 Sign of - - 4+ + te 77 Fx) t l 4 hence | Sst poet focated of interval £4) -25 sand ret located at jxterval E05! 3 " areol root located at interval €2,3 3 Hw Teolate the veots of firma xt xl =0[#2) Accuracy of the app vox imate root fet Xp the exact yoot of fcxj=0 Xp apprekimated poot ard poth Kr Xp are located in interval TubY, then €he absolute error for this approximation s: f(%) [r-xp] 3 f C%P) The approximated root Xp of the epeatoon xt seo in the interval £1,723 is Pound fo be 1.22. Find the accuracy of this approximation, Lema ae %-! 7 £OX) =4xi-1 fC xp)eFChee) = — 2004 bF LC%? accuracy = [Xr-Xpl 0 3% 9F9CaI x i t 1 1 ; t | rk Xe Fok, Xp cenvergence : Con Vevgence oS SCmI< | “A <9ltr I gar) < I « pote when g(x) =l , the seguence {Xn} converges whenever Xo > Kp sand 1€ cliverges if Xo <%w ex® Find the ree Se ee a in the jnterval 3 tof fem K4e%- 007° eo a port met hed « wet X= [0007 so 9CX) = loco *F ; fev Xref 03 — [9tH/> 1 s 2 PD) glx) =-3% a o let _ tecoe _ ha tercoesn ¢ WED t ‘ neeoe » ate) = Sb 7 90 = Gr te for X, E67, 05 @ (9x) | il [ove { hence X= -~ nee x,* xn divergesoe let xe jooo ~ XK x Fain). 4 = s(/ Sa x x) = ————_— (Jove 3 2 90 = Tam for Kr Elr, 03 — [gcar/ 9CKI= x /£/ ooex® | By using Bisection method, find the reot of Len = x84 AKI KHL in the interval £013 (a,b3 2 £ 13 ) ae Sh 2 os Seay = Ffere-! £cb) 2 fare ! < fed) = RC0-8) = He e— since Pld) and feb) have opposite Sign then €he Be ee eee as Fests auth! 2 oF st! new interval (ai Oey ae Fe-Fo13 5 be Say = feos) =-lF £ bi) -fon = ql - oS? $d) =FleF5) = the nev iatenval [Lo-Psr13 —dz= Ce ee oe OESt) . engzs the new inferval [orFS , 0. 875323 = 0-8/25 Btdz) =F C08) 25) = ~ 01 3089 the new interval £08125, 0.3753 > ely = 08437 Ledge) = fl0-8437) = =~ 01135 Lhe new interval £05632, 0.89539 ols = 0185 75 hlds) =f (0.8573 Jz ~ 01048 the new taterval fo-8 93,0875) de = OBS OFF 2 Dr BbF AK 2 $ de) = 000146 [-2 2F accuracy Cerrer bound ) 1& [<(3) pw LE] use bisectron method fe Pleo! the root of fen= for the jaterval @OBPIS OLLEB we LD suppese that the bisectior methedl is uted te Fin the root 28 FCK) in the interval £2,73. Hoe must this Jaterval be bisected fo gquarmutee aro has an accuracy of that the approximation an 5x16 [3] Fake Position Method This methoel was déveloped because the bisectieu methed converges at a slow seed’ B better appre Kime tion Is obtained tf we Rind the poiat Cas 09 where the secant line L jorn'rg the points C% Fear) and Cb, feb) Evesses the K- aris ~ Do ye ten) 7 + e fhe ~ XY $we versrous To Lind the value «f A> we have of the sle@mpe(m) of the line L _ Fu) -Fe fer pouts a,b a o -Ffcb) for porsts d,b ma “d—bequating Ewe slopes fA Fowy—fear _ o- Fcbd =e feb) — £ca) a) If Fea) and Pld) have opposite signs, then xy Mer in Lad @) Te Fed) and fb) have opposite signto thes % Mes in £Sdr>b3 o) If Fid)zo then erat Hw use false Position methed £0 Solve the equation in exG) [4] New ton- Raph son method The equation of the tangent line af XKe=b 's % y- feo $eve) = 2 %- Ke “ ~f0%) at the peiwt (X10) > FOI = oe, Ke poem eat eee fCKe) where Xe=b i Fever» $0%e) Fe i, or Ax) > fC%I £e0)=-ve 4 fer) =+ve So Xe=z-ro is not sactable choice thus Xora a ll —> FCW =4ve, fe-n) = 4ve £ %) fl%n) Kor-it , £0%01= 3453 > fl x7 = -5183 ye = ~10-3838£0 %) = 308.086 FCM) =~ 4277 f O%27 2 95'S y LO%3) = 41848 x = Kn- vt Mp 2-10 2bl8 LOX) = 32934 ~4 Ky a 1026) LO%,) = 389K -It Kage lol Flxq)= ROFKC Hw Solve using Newton metho of @ Lenetany-Xs0 in £1, 32% @ Lew = K-%+2 stat with Xo=-bF © fen = (%- 9 ” start with Kos 2-1 aNewton Iteration for finoling S. reling Square Roots E Assume that Aro is a real num an initial value fo YA » then piace we want t Pind Ke JA she x°=A so finjext Ano , fx)=2Xx ber and lel koro be Qexjsx- FM 2 x4 a . fox) 2a ov _ + CA/*) 3 CAD= [ronan ex ® Use Mewton’s methed to find JS + Xo=z 2 Xa 225 2 2.25 2 Me 2 BASH S2* - og. oseitit 2 Xz = 2.236067 %Xq a 2.236067 Hw Find @ Je 1 %=3 Q Joi» Ke=/loConsider Zi [teil Rev eon otk ex) Consider the Systen, of eguations » GK -Y+*2 = F 4AR-~84+E = ~71 -2%X 4+ Hy +5%= 15 Livst check Por convergence eq. 1 [41 > /-the fil eq.2 ye eg.3 ee Ee next construct the eguations tor iteration proces Xe = tee +(4) re) = Ett 3 ae 18 + 2 Ker) ~ DEH s Fetus start with (%o29xBe=C l2 2) So fee + y, = Beeches te = 3-75 22 15 ¢2C1FSD~ BPS = 2.95 S Moe 1 9F 9 Yoo 3.96 9 B22 2-78 Ks eee 2 Ygz 3-97 » 2727 2-77 hote! (The correct values Y22 5424s &* 3) Hw jf We reavrarge the equations i ex@ a Lollows Hae +yrse=ls 4% ~8y tes?! G% -y tt =7 ee does the Hevation procesCurve Fitting —___ Least- Squaves Method Suppose that we have a table of k data (Xe, de), the polynomial te fit this olata és Ys ae ba hea 4 --- tan Ke" special case when nel phe Vo aera, xX called straight line fitting. Our problem now, is te Bind the coefficient Ae,a,, --, Ay, 50 that the errr € betveey the faneties Y and the data (Xe, Ye) 1s minimaor, Yo ao +a, xX t (Xe, 949 The mean Square evror Is kK es 5! ‘Qe . 2 ry 2 K and L 44K, Keg - +QyXie - yo] Sov minimum E€ —> 2& =o ‘A dé aay “ Coase 2 Lae rar xe +n ~ 46] <0 c 7 2 ae K+ a Dv +4.) 6 + tay a ‘(4) DEL 2d Dy 2 [ee +a bi pee anh ~ 96 Ve =2 é ae) xi ra Im + a 2 or % a) é i ‘ tL K k » a é 242) gaat aera a J nite’ x: ie + anne 2 OM IC or iv the metrin form ! k Ime OK --- Sn | | aM Su J Le St] te errr Beane Sat" anf? [Boho 1 ' ’ Sn Diet OR Sri" fan] [2x9 ; ex Lind the sériaght lve that Sit the wil ol 23 4 F & yilo 9 FS 4 BO HT » th a Sin Polloweny cata hee we hove K=8, N=! 7 Yo a+auX een on Fixed \Lad” Deve[eo yclls [left nV [2 oe hence Vs 86-16% i 9 Tine frbbiag Yo3. 6-1 6%Fa Note feove Root mean-square evrer a Ef) [+2 [fewer 32!" | cot be best Fit if if Ma ect) i dedind as 1/2 ee minimum ECF) - ex © Find the errr Ve ftxps BEER kee ECR) in ex@ we have He BE Bene) = B b= Fb [Pc xio-9i/ -1 Jo /o.2 oe ° 9 3.6 olé I z Fe 0.00 2 a, Olé 3 4 3.8 om 4 3 2-2 0: be ae oe ose 6 -! —he 9.00 8 /2 ECF) Jz os [few -¥e/” | Vv = [Foe] “a 04183Hone [es @ Eind the power fits Year? and Year” for the Followmy data MeL Qe 243 26 2-9 Be yet Sl FS 106 (4G 1900 evaluate ECL) Ge determine which carve Fits best, ) repeat @ fer P= A(X and Y= afK* fer 08 Ll 18 Go KL as 9 O9 yer Fl 4 B2 Dats Linearization for Curve Fitting The original points (%2,9¢) are transformed inte the posts Cus, Ve). This method is USsect dor other Pune tions and generate a new Panetion ! Va ae +a,U Kies *| av | Sa; ya on Dd Hive | ~BXx Ee 4 Ie _BXx _6% yr Aer > inlg) = & Che Gea Cee: Cea) (neg) = fnca) + 6-6) % Lraustorm $0 Vz aera U velny 7 Uz% Gez mA 7 4=-B >ee ex) Ft the Sollowiny data by exponential Porm yahe™ Xit oo 2 4 yes 2 Oe 010365 transform y=Aher™ inte Voac+a, U CX ME) CUE, VE) oy ee xc Ves lh YE Ue ! ° 2 Vi: 01693 —/h309 ~5.3) She =b Soares Sve =-3926 » Stevi = 15-858 30g ac ~ 3926 ac a: 693 oS . =f = ho 6 2 a 15858 | ‘ ae: nA > A=2 a@:-B — B=! ~%x hee Y= 2€ Hw — x fit the Pollowing cate by y=A é oe ae t 2 3 + QELS BS BS se RS (check ans.) ye psz9 677'* Othe Bitting Panetrsns ft by [y= A+6% Ve ae +a, Ux") - Si€ by gr Ax+B Veae +a U Bene ot ve% > U=%" aos A ,aeB a. Bye Sha 4 + 4 x Vet >» Uae ak > a = x® : B fit by Wea >» €2,8), C4 4)5 C62) V2do +a %VA9 Usd, 7 Gerona =8 Ud. os ozs oles Ve?! 8 4 2 5 Suir ) [ee] fe ale “| be 5 | IE cal ~ Is hh. Ce ae @ Find the least. squares parabola (2nd degree polynomial) Y= ae tay X 440 x Fer the Followiay olata C-3,15)2 (alee er Cyn eee s) (BD) Find Velo AB far the Lallowity functions ys axe jwhere Lis constantGy} Interpolation ——————_—_ The process €0 Lind the intermectiate values. Linear inter polation Kei i = foxey+ aa a7 [ Pex Lem r| ex (13) Ein sin C65) inthe interval £6,723 gina that Sin € = 0+ 10453 5 Sin Za 1/2187 « we have Ke Sy R26 9» Kea F% , few=smx pcesds fee + ES=£ £ Fea - fear g-6 = o-sl32ze Polynomial rnterp olatioy Z POR) = An On Le aK eae wher ns ne of pomts — 1 Find the polynomial 4 F£i4 the follows points Sinoze , Si 205 0-S,5 Sih 6020-866, Sin 0 = /10 a : PC ®) 24 Kita +a X +40 f2 lod = a0 +a ora O+4% =e Pa Cie) = F428 rarge tay. setae = OF P3 (ho) = aw Get Bs. bo 4A COF As = 21866 Py (20) = Ag. 90° +42 904A FEHR E fr O Solving these penton Br ac jeu arses ~4 ué Ag=o, A ro [pe xie 2 Ar> ~0: 199 X10) Az>~0% OSKLO ~¢ 2 - - POX) = ~ 0605x785 KR. os xint pH o/POXTO %