A Brief History of Time

Stephen Hawking

A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME

Stephen Hawking

10

13

26

49

67

77

95

114

130

156

166

181

186

188

190

192

) (A BRIEF HISTORY OF TIME ) BEST

(SELLER

) (EDDINGTON

) (CARL SAGAN

) (SPACE )

(DIMENSIONS

) (MASS

) (MACROCOSM ) (MICROCOSM

.

5

RELITIVITY

' '

'
' ''

' '

DIMENSIONS

MASS

' '

' '
.

6

) (PAUL DAVIES

1- Stephen hawking black holes and universe and other essays

bantam press U.K. 1994.

2- Stephen hawking (edited by) a readers companion bantam press

U.K. 1992.

3- john boslough Stephen hawking universe avon book new york

1989.

4- kitty ferguson Stephen hawking quest for atheoryof every things

bantam books new york 1992.

5- michael white john gribbin dteven hawking aliff in science

penguin books new delhi 1992.

) (Gravity

) (Atoms

) (

) (Cosmos

) (Cause ) (Effect

) (Black Hole
) (Chaos

) (Extraterrestrial Life

) (Isaac Newton

) ( Lucasian
) (Dirac

) ( Specialist

) ( Cosmology
.

...

) ( Space

)(CARL SAGAN

9

1982

) (LOEB

)STEVEN

(WEINBERG ) ( THE FIRST THREE MINUTES

) (COSMOLOGY ) (QUANTUM THEORY

) ( ORIGIN

) (EQUATION

) (E = mc

) (ALS )MOTOR NEUTRON

(DISEASE

10

) ( THEORETICAL PHYSICS

)ROGER
(PENROSE ) (ROBERT GEROCH ) (BRANDON CARTER

) (GEORGE ELLIS.

)THE LARGE SCALE
(STRUCTURE OF SPACETIME 1973

.
) (QUANTAM 1974 )GARY
(GIBBONS ) (DON PAGE ) (JIM HARTLE

) (BRIAN WHITT

) (LIVING CENTRE

)WALT WOLTOSZ
(OF WORDS INC SUNNYVALE CALIFORNIA
11

)
(SPEECH SYTHESIZER

) (SPEECH PLUS

) (DAVID MASON

) (BANTAM BOOKS

) (PETER GUZZARDI

) (COLIN WILLIAMS ) (DAVID THOMAS

)(DAVID LAFLAMME )(JUDY FELLA )ANN

(RALPH ) (CHERYL BILLINGTON ) (SUE MASEY

) GONVILLE AND

( CIUS COLLEGE ) ( LEVERHULME )

(MCARTHUR ) (NUFFIELD ) (RALPH SMITH

20 1987

12

) ( GALAXY

) ( .
)(ARISTOTLE )ON THE

(HEAVENS

13

(STADIA

(PTOLEMY )
(COSMOLOGICAL MODEL

)(MARCURY )(VENUS )
(MARS ) (JUPITER ) (SATURN) (1.1

14

FIGURE 1.1

.
) ( NICHOLAS COPERNICUS
15

)
(

)JOHANNES

(KEPLER ) ( GALILEO GALILEI

) ( ORBITS

) (SATELLITES

) (ELLIPSES )
(
.

1687

MATHEMATICA

PRINCEPIA

NATURALIS

PHILOSOPHIE

16

)UNIVERSAL
( GRAVITATION

1691 )RICHARD

( BENTLEY

) ( SPACE


.

) ( INFINITY

) (FINITE
17

) (REGEION

)(ETERNAL TRUTH

)(REPULSE

.
)
18

(HEINRICH OLBER

) (ABSORPTION

) (FIRST CAUSE )

( )ST.

(AUGUSTINE ) (THE CITY OF GOD

) (CIVILIZATION

) ( BOOK OF GENESIS
)

(.

19

) (TIME ) (SPACE

) (IMMANAUEL KANT
) ( ) ( CRITIQUE PURE REASON

) (ANTINOMIES

) ( ABSURD

) (PROPERTY

)(METAPHYSICS )

( THEOLOGY

20

)EDWIN
(HUBBLE

) (DENSITY

.
) (BIG BANG

21

) ( PROPORTIONAL ) ( MASS

) (INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

) (KARL POPPER

22

) (GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY

23

) ( QUANTUM MECHANICS

) (

) (UNIFIED

24

.
)PRINCIPLE OF NATURAL
(SELECTION

)(NUCLEAR )MICRO
(ELECTRONICS (

25

) ( GALILEO

) ( PISA

.

26

) (

) (STRAIGHT LINE

) (PRICIPIA MATHEMATICA

) ( )

( ACCELERATION ) (

) (

.

27

) ( SPIRAL

.
) (ABSOLUTE STANDARD

) ( ABSOLUTE REST
) (ABSOLUTE POSITION
28

.
)

(ABSOLUTE GOD

) (BISHOP BERKELY

) (ILLUSION
' ' .

) (TIME ) (SPACE

.
) ( CHRISTENSEN ROEMER

29

) ( JAMES CLERK MXWELL

(EQUATION ) COMBINED
FIELD

(ELECTROMAGNETIC )WAVELIKE

( DISTURBANCES

) ( WAVE LENGTH

)(MICRO WAVE )
) (INFRARED (

) (ULTRA VIOLET ) (X-RAYS

) (GAMMA RAYS .

) (RADIO OR LIGHT WAVES

)ABSOLUTE

(REST

) ( ETHER

)(EMPTY SPACE )

(SOUND WAVES ) ( LIGHT WAVES

30

( ) (RIGHT ANGLE )
( )) (ALBERT MICHELSON

( ) (EDWARD MORLEY
)CASE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCES IN
(CLEVELAND

)HENDRIK
( LORENTZ )(SWISS PATENT OFFICE
) (ALBERT EINSTIEN

) (ABSOLUTE TIME

)HENRI

(POINCARE

31

) E = mc E m c (

(EQUIVALENCE

ABSOLUTE(

) (

)
32

) (PULSE

) ( ECHO

( 2.1 ) SPACE

(TIME DIAGRAM :

FIGURE 2.1
33

.
) (CESIUM CLOCK )

(
)(LIGHT SECOND

) .
(

) (SPACE TIME .

)
( COORDINATES

) (LOGITUDE ) (LATITUDE

) (VALIDITY
34

) (ALPHA CENTAURI

) (PATCHES

) ( SET

)(

)
(SPATIAL COORDINATES

) ( SET

) (

) ( .

) (FOUR DIMENSIONAL

) ( THREE DIMENSIONAL
) (DIAGRAMS

) (LATITUDE
)(LOGITUDE
35

) ( DIMENSION
) (PERSPECTIVE
) ( SPACE TIME DIAGRAM
2.1 2.2

FIGURE 2.2

36

) (DIAGONAL LINE
.

) (SIZE
) (ONE MILLIONTH

) ( MODEL

) (CONE ) (TIP

) :(2.3

FIGURE 2.3
37

) (LIGHT CONE
) (SET

) :(2.4

FIGURE 2.4

38

' 'P
) :(2.5

FIGURE 2.5
' 'P
' ' P ' P'
' 'P ) (SIGNAL

' ' P ' ' P

' 'P
' 'P ' 'P

' 'P
39

' ' P
' 'P

) :(2.6

FIGURE 2.6

.
40

)
(POINCARE

) (

) (GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY .

) (WARPED

) ( GEODESIC

) (
) :(2.8
41

FIGURE 2.7

42

FIGURE 2.8

) (AIRLINE NAVIGATOR

(.

43

) (MERCURY
)

(ELONGATED

) (RADAR
.

)(GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS

) (CONE LIGHT

) :(.

44

FIGURE 2.9

45

)) (FREQUENCY

(
) (EARTH GRAVITATIONAL FIELD

) (CREST WAVE

46

) (TWINS PARADOX

.
)

(DYNAMIC QUANTITIES

) ( CURVATURE

.

47

(ROGERPEN ROSE
.

48

) ( PROXIMA CENTAURI
) (

) ( MILLION MILLIOM MILES 23

)(MILKY WAY

! ) ( SPIRAL
) ( SIR WILLIAM HERSCHEL

.
) EDWIN
49

(HUBBLE
) (EMPTY SPACE

(RADIATES )(LUMINOSITY

. ) ( SPIRAL

50

FIGURE 3.1

) ( PRISM
) (SPECTRUM

51

) (OPAQUE

) (THERMAL SPECTRUM

) ( DOPPLER EFFECT

) (ELECTRO MAGNATIC

) ( FLUCTUATION )

( ) HUNDRED MILLION

( MILLION

) (

) ( CREST

.

52

) (RED SHIFTED
) (BLUE SHIFTED
) (DOPPLER EFFECT

53

)(COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT

) (ANTI GRAVITY

) ALEXANDER
(FRIEDMANN .

) (BAND ) (MILKY WAY
54

.
) (ARNO PENZIAS )

(ROBERT WILSON )BELL TELEPHONE

(LABORATORIES )MICRO WAVE

(DETECTOR

) (RADIATION

55

.
) (BOB DICK ) (JIM PEEBLES
) (PRINCETON UNIVERSITY

)) (GEORGE GAMOW (

) (GLOW

) (MICRO WAVE RADIATION

) (.

56

) (RED SHIFT
) (MODEL

) (HOWARD ROBERTSON
) (ARTHUR WALKER

) (

3.2

FIGURE 3.2

57

3.3

FIGURE 3.3

3.4

58

FIGURE 3.4

) (QUANTUM MICHANICS )

(UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE
.
) (FICTION

.
59

)
(.

) (DENSITY

) (CRITICAL VALUE

) (THOUSAND MILLION YEARS

) (DARK MATTAR

60

.
)
(

) (BIG BANG

) (SINGULARITY

)
61

(
)STATE

(STEADY THEORY

) (HERMANN BONDI ) (THOMAS GOLD

) (FRED HOYLE

) (

) (OUTERSPACE
)MARTIN

(RYLE

) (RADIO SOURCES

) (COMMON SOURCES
) (PER UNIT VOLUME OF SPACE

62

) (EVGENI LISHITZ )ISAAS

(KHALATNIKOV

) (VELOCITIES

(COLLAPSE

) (SINGULARITY

.

63

)ROGER

(PENROSE )LIGHT
(CONES

) (BLACK HOLE .

) (A. L. S

) (LOUGEHRIG DISEASE
) (MOTOR NEURON DISEASE

) (JANE WILDE

)
(GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE
64

)TIME REVERSED
(ARGUMENT

)
(.

) (THEOREMS

)
(DETERMINISM SCIENTIFIC

65

)(SINGULARITY THEOREM

66

)(THE UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE

) (MARQUIS de LAPLACE
) (DETERMINISTIC )

(SET

) (DETERMINISM

) (LORD RALEIGH ) (SIR JAMES JEANS

(ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

) (

67

) (MAX PLANK

) (QUANTA
) (QUANTUM

) (QUANTUM HYPOTHESIS
) (DETERMINISM

)
(WERNER HEISENBERG )

PRINCIPLE OF

(UNCERTAINTY ) (PARTICLE

)CRESTS OF

(LIGHT WAVE

) (SHORT WAVE LENGTH

) (PLANK

68

) (PLANK'S CONSTANT

(ECONOMY ) OCCAM

(SRAZER

) (HEISENBERG ) (IRWIN SCHRODINGER

) (PAUL DIRAC
) (QUANTUM MECHANICS

)(COMBINATION
.
69

'' ''

) (CHANCE

' : ) (DICE '

) (TRANSISTOR ) (INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

) (COMPUTER

) (WAVES
)

(PACKET

) (DUALITY
70

) (SETS

) (TROUGH

:4.1

FIGURE 4.1

) (TWO SPLIT EXPERIMENT ) :(4.2
71

FIGURE 4.2
) (PARTITION

) (

72

) (PHASE

) (PATTERN.

) (ELECTRONS
) (FRINGES )

) (CORRESPONDING (

) (PHENOMENON

) (
) (POSITIVE ) (CHARGE

) (MECHANICS ) (ELECTRICITY
73

) (NIELS BOHR

.
)

(NUCLEUS

) (SETS

)WHOLE
) (NUMBER (FRACTIONAL NUMBER
) (WAVE CREST

) (TROUGH .
) (DUALITY

) (RICHARD FEYNMAN ) SUM

(OVER HISTORIES

74

) (SIZE ) (CYCLE
) (

) (PHASE )

(ASSOCIATED
) (PHASE

)(MOLECULES
)

(
) (REACTIONS

(.

)LARGE SCALE
(STRUCTURE OF UNIVERSE

)(GRAVITATIONAL FIELDS

)SINGULARITY

(THEOREMS ) BLACK

(HOLE ) (BIG BANG

)
75

76

)(ELEMENTRY PARTICLES AND FORCES OF NATURE

) (GRAVITY

) (LEVITY
.

) (DEMOCRITUS

)
ATOM (

)JOHN
(DALTON

) (MOLECULES )

(ATOMISTS

) (SPECIAL RELATIVITY

) BROWNIAN
(MOTION

.
77

) (TRINITY COLLEGE CAMBRIGE ) (FELLOW ) J. J.

(THOMSON

)
(T. V. PICTURE TUBE ) (SET UP

) (FILAMENT ) NEGATIVE

(ELECTRIC CHARGE ) (SCREEN

) (ELECTRIC FIELD

)ERNEST
(RUTHERFORD

) (POSITIVE CHARGE ) (NUCLEUS

) (ALPHA PARTICLES

) (RADIO ACTIVE ATOMS

) (PROTON

) (JAMES CHADWICK

) (NUETRON

) (GONVILLE AND CAIUS COLLEGE ) (

78

) (SIR NEVILL MOTT
.

) (CALTECH ) (MURRAY GELLMANN

) (QUARK

) (JAMES JOYCE " THREE QUARKS FOR MASTER

MARK ) (QUART " T "K

) (LARK .
) (QUARK )

(FLAVOUR ) (UP ) (DOWN ) (STRANGE )

(CHARMED ) (BOTTOM ) (TOP

) ) (LABEL

) (WAVE LENGTH

) (PHENOMENON

) (DOWN

(
.

79

)(UNITS
) (ELECTRON VOLTS )

) (ELECTRO MAGNETIC

) (WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY

) (SPIN

80

) (I.5.1.i 1
) (I.5.1.ii

2 ) I.

(5.1.iii
) (HIGHER SPIN PARTICLE

FIGURE 5.1

81

(PAULIS EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE

) (WOLFGANG PAULI

1 0 2

)
(SOUP .

) ( SPIN
) (PAUL DIRAC
) (LUCACIAN PROFESSORSHIP

) (ANTI ELECTRON )

(POSITRON

82

) (ANTI WORLDS ) (ANTI PEOPLE

.
) (INTEGER

) (RECOIL

) (FORCE CARRYING PARTICLES

) (RANGE

) (VIRTUAL PARTICLES )

(REAL ) (PARTICLES DETECTOR

)PARTICLES OF 0, 1,

(2

) (CLASSICAL
83

) (WAVES
)VIRTUAL FORCE CARRYING
(PARTICLES

) (PHOTONS

.

) (REACT ) (CATEGORIES

(UNIFICATION ) (GRAVITY .
) (UNIVERSAL

)
84

(PARTICLES OF SPIN 2 ) (GRAVITON

) (MASS ) (LONG RANGE

) (VIRTUAL

.
) (ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCE

) (ELECTRICALLY CHARGED
) (UNCHARGED

) ( )
(ELECTRIC CHARGE ) (POSITIVE ) (NEGATIVE

)(

) (VIRTUAL MASSLESS PARTICLES OF SPIN 1

85

.
) (WEAK NUCLEAR FORCE )

(RADIATION

)
(STEVEN WEINBERG

) (MAXWELL

) (MASSIVE VECTOR BOSON

) w+ ( ) w- ( ) Z0

(ZNAUGHT ) (GEV GEV)

GIGA ELECTRON VOLT (

(SPONTANEOUS SYMMETRY BREAKING

(ROULETTE WHEEL ) (ROULETTE BALL

) (

) (

.
86

W -W+ Z0

) (RANGE

) (ACCELERATOR

W -W+ Z0

) (SHELDON GLASHOW

) (CERN

) (EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH

)
(CARLORUBBIA

) (SIMON Vander MEER )

(ANTI MATTER )
(.

) (STRONG NUCLEAR FORCE

1 )(GLOUN

) (CONFINEMENT
) (COMBINATIONS

)
87

(
) (STRING )++=( ) (TRIPLET

)ANTI

(QUARK + ) (ANTI RED + ) (ANTI GREEN +

) = (ANTI BLUE ) (MESONS

) (UNSTABLE

) (GLUE BALL .

) (META PHYSICAL

)FREEDOM
(ASYMPTOTIC

5.2

) (JETS :

88

FIGURE 5.2
) (UNIFICATION
)GRAND UNIFIED

(THEORY ) GUT (

)
(PARAMETER

) (GUT

89

) (DECAY

) (

) (

90

)
)(GUT

(.

) (OHIO
) ) (COSMIC RAYS

) (PROTON DECAY (

) (

) (SPONTANEOUS DECAY
) (REVERSE PROCESS

) (QUARKS

) (ACCELERATORS

) (PAIRS

91

.


) (MIXTURE )

(INNIHILATION

) (GUT

) (SYMMETRIES
P, C T ) (c

) (P

)
92

( ) (SYMMETRY T

) (TSUNG DOULEE )CHEN

(NING YANG P

) (CHIEN SHIUNG WU

) (NUCLEI


) (C

) (CT

) (J. W. CRONIN ) (VAL FITCH K

) (K. MESON CP
)

(.

) (MATHEMATICAL THEOREM
CPT

93

T .
T
T

) (QUALITATIVE

(.

)
(BLACK HOLE

94

)(BLACK HOLE
) ( )
(JOHN WHEELER

/ ) (

) (ROEMER

) (DON JOHN MICHEL

) (PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTION

) (BLACK VOID
95

) (MARQUIS de LAPALACE
)THE
(SYSTEM OF THE WORLD

)

(.

) (PHOTON
(

)
(HYDROGEN ) (COLLAPSE

) (COALESCE ) (HELIUM

96

) (PARADOXICALLY

) (
) (


.

)SUBRAHMANYAN
(CHANDRASEKHER )

(ASTRONOMER ) (SIR ARTHUR EDDINGTON

)

' : '(

) (PAULI

) (RADIUS
.

) (REPULSION
97

)
(DENSE

) (

)(LEV DAVIDOVICH LANDAU

.

) (WHITE EDWARF
) (DENSITY ) (

) (SIRIUS .

) (NEUTRON STARS

98

) (CLUSTER

) (ROBERT OPPENHIEMER

)
(GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE

)
(COSMOLOGY
.

99

) (CRITICAL
) (LIGHT CONES

) :(6.1

FIGURE 6.1

100

) (EVENT HORIZEN

) (ABSOLUTE TIME

) (ASTRONAUT

) (SIGNAL

:: :: ::

:: ::

.
101

) (SCENARIO

) (SPAGHETTI

) (HORIZON EVENT

) (ROGER PENROSE
)

(SINGULARITY ) (CURVATURE

) (COSMIC CENSORSHIP HYPOTHESIS

' : ' )GOD ABHORS A NAKED
(SINGULARITY

102

.
) (EQUATIONS

) (WORM HOLE

( ) (

) (FICTION

.

) (MEMBRANE

(
) (DANTE

' : '

103

) (RIPPLES

) ) (CORK

PSR1913 16 PSR ) (PULSAR

) (WERNER ISRAEL )
104

(

) (SPHERICAL

1917 )CARL

(SCHWARZ CHILD

)
(JOHN WHEELER

1963 )(ROY KERR

) (EQUATOR )
(

105

.
1970 ) BRANDON
(CARTER

) (STATIONARY ROTATING BLACK HOLE )

(AXIS OF SYMMETERY

1971

1973 )DAVID
(ROBBINSON

) ( KERR SOLUTION

) ( PULSATION

1963
106

)(PALOMER OBSERVATORY
) ( MAARTEN SCHMIDT C273
) (RED SHIFT )
CATALOGUE (

) (MECHANISM

) (QUASI STELLER OBJECTS ) (QUASARS

) (JOCYLEN BELL

) (ANTONY HEWISH

) (SOURCES

LGM1-4 ) (LITTLE GREEN MAN

) (PULSAR

107

) ( JOHN MICHELL

) SYGNUS-X-1 :(6.2

108

FIGURE 6.2

) (

) :(6.3

109

FIGURE 6.3

) (CYGNUS X-1

X-1

) (KIP THORNE
110

X-1

) ( PRIVATE EYE )

( PENT HOUSE

) ( MAGELLANIC CLOUDS
x-1

) .
) (X-1
.

) ( SYGNUS X-1

) ( INFRARED RAYS
.
111

)(JETS

) (JETS )(QUASARS

'' )(PRIMORDIAL

112

) (

) (PARADOXICALLY
.

113

)(BLACK HOLE AINT SO BLACK

) (BIG BANG SINGULARITY

) (LUCY

)EVENT
(HORIZON

114

FIGURE 7.1

)
(

115

) (.

) :(7.3

FIGURE 7.2 AND 7.3

116

.
)
(ENTROPY

( )

(
.

) ( THERMODYNAMICS

)(MOLECULES

117

) (OXYGEN
) (NITROGEN

) (THERMODYNAMICS

) JACOB BEKEN
(STIEN

118

)
(BRANDON CARTER ) (JIM BARDEEN

)(YAKOV ZELDOVICH
) ( ALEXANDER STAROBINSKY

119

) (SPECTRUM

) ( )( ) (FIELD
) (QUANTUM FLUCTUATION

)(VIRTUAL

)
120

(.
) (NOTHING

) :(7.4

121

FIGURE 7.4


.

) E = mc E

m c (
122

)
(ENTROPY
.

.
)ABSOLUTE
( ZERO ) ( ONE TEN MELLIONTH

)
.(

) (
) (

) (IRREGULARITIES COLLAPSEOF

)
123

( GAMMA RAYS
) (WAVE LENGTH

) (MEGA WATT .

7.5 )(FREQUENCIES
) ( :

124

FIGURE 7.5

125

) ( PRIMORDIAL

300

(PLUTO

) (QUANTA

) ( PLANK

) (QUANTUM PRINCIPLE

) (DETECTORS

(QUANTA

126

) (

)
( POSITRONS

)

( ELECTRON SHOWER

) ( CERENKOV RADIATION

) (DUBLIN

) ( NEIL PORTER ) ( TREVOR WEEKES

) (ARIZONA

)RUTHERFORD -

(APPLETON LABORATORY
127

)
(JOHN G - TAYLOR

)(RECYCLED )

(IMMORTALITY

) ( SINGULARITIES
1974

1975
)(RICHARD FEY MAN )SUM OVER
128

(HISTORIES

) ( UNPREDICTABILITY
-

129

)(THE ORIGIN AND FAT OF UNIVERSE
- )SPACE -
(TIME ) (SINGULARITY
) ( CRUNCH ) (

) (

) ( BIG CRUNCH

1970 1981
) ( VATICAN ) ( JESUITS ) ( COSMOLOGY
)(

) ( GALILEO

130

) HOT BIG
(BANG MODEL

) (FRIEDMAN

) (

131

)
(

) (PHOTONS

) (NEUTRINOS
)

(INTERACTION

1981

) ( DEGREES

( DEUTERIUM ) ( NUCLEI

) (HELIUM

) ( LITHIUM ) ( BERYLLIUM

132

) ( GEORGE GAMOW

) (RALPH ALPHER 1948

) (HANS BETHE
)

(ALPHER, BETHE , GAMOW )

(ALPHA, BETA, GAMA

)(-273C )

(PENZIAS ) (WILLSON 1965

133

) ( SKATERS

)(DISK

) (ELLIPTICAL

( NUCLEAR FUSION REACTION

) (SUPER NOVA

134

)) ( HYDROGEN SULPHIDE

(
) LARGE

(COMBINATIONS )(MACRO MOLECULES

)SELF

(REPRODUCING ) (ORGANISM

) ( REPTILE / ) ( MAMMALS

135

:
(

(
) (MICRO WAVE

( ) ( EXPANSION

)HUNDRED

(THOUSAND MILLION MILLION

( )(HOMOGENEOUS

)
136

(ORIGIN

) (BOUNDRY CONDITION

) (OMNIPOTENT

)(CHAOTIC BOUNDRY CONDITION
137

) (CONFIGURATION

)
( CONFIGURATION

) ( SHAKESPEARE ) (SONNET

) ( SELF - REPLICATING ) ( ORGANISM
)

( ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE

) (VERSIONS
138

) (

) (ORGANISMS

)
(CONFIGURATION

139

) ( SCIENCE FICTION

) (GEOCENTRIC )(COSMOLOGY
140

) ( HILIOCENTRIC

) (

) (MICRO WAVE BACKGROUND

.

141

)
(MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY )
(ALAN GUTH

) (INFLATIONARY

) (

) ( PHASE TRANSITION

) (ICE CRYSTALS

) (SYMMETRY

) (SUPER COOL
) (C

) (ANTI GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS

)(COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT

142

) REPULSIVE
( EFFECT

) 80(

) ( ZERO

143

)
(SYMMETRY STATE

) ( PHASE TRANSITION

) (CRYSTAL

) (PHASE ) (BUBBLES
144

1981 ) (QUANTUM GRAVITY

) (STERN BERG

(LEBEDEV INSTITUTE ) (ANDREI LINDE

(GRAND UNIFICATION THEORY

)(IAN MOSS

145

) ( JUDY FELLA

(CONCORDE

)(DREXEL UNIVERSITY )INFLATIONARY

(UNIVERSE

) (PAUL STIENHARDT
) ( ANDREAS ALBRECHT

146

) ( CHAOTIC
1983

) (SPIN - 0 - FIELD
) ( LARGE VALUES

) (THEOREM

147

-
!

) ( FEYN MAN
) (SUMOVER HISTORIES

) (NUMBER )

(CYCLE

148

) (PRESCRIPTION

) (IMAGINERY

) (

) (x - 2 2 - )

( ) i
-1 2i -4

(
-

) (EUCLIDEAN

) (TWO DIMENSIONAL
-

-
) ( TIME COORDINATE

) (DEVICE )(TRICK

- -

-
149

-
-

) (.

150

-

-

) (

) (NO BOUNDRY

)SANTA

( BARBARA )(JIM HARTLE

-

(JULIAN LUTTREL )(JONATHAN HALLIWEIL

)(AESTHETICS )(METAPHYSICAL

!
151

)(FORM



-

) (NORTH POLE

) :(8.1

152

FIGURE 8.1
) (EQUATOR

)
(

) (LINDE )CHAOTIC

(INFLATIONARY MODEL )
(

153

) (THEOREMS

) ( NO BOUNDRY PROPOSAL

) (VALUE

154

(INTENSITY

) ( RED SHIFT

) ( QUANTUM MECHANICS

155

)(THE ARROW OF TIME

) ( UNIFY )
(IMAGINARY TIME

)COMBINATION OF OPERATION

( SMMETRIES ) (C ) (P ) ( T ) C
156

P
T

( C P

)
(ANTI MATTAR

C P C P T

) (THERMODYNAMICS

) CLOSED SYSTEM
( DISORDER ) ( ENTROPY
) (MURPHY'S LAW

) (ENTROPY )
157

(ARROW OF TIME
) THERMODYNAMIC

(ARROW OF TIME ) (ENTROPY

) (PSYCHOLOGICAL ARROW OF TIME

) (COSMOLOGICAL ARROW OF TIME

) (JIGSAW PUZZLE

158

) (TO-MORROW

159

) (ARACUS )
(

) (

) (

) (

) ( SUBJECTIVE SENCE

160

161

) (SCIENCE FICTION

)
) (SPAGETTI

) (PHASE

162

) DON
(PAGE ) (NO BOUNDRY CONDITION

) (EXPANDING PHASE
) (RAMOND LAFLAMME

) ( EDDINGTON

163

) ( THERMODYNAMIC
164

) (CALORIES

) (CONVECTION

165

)(THE UNIFICATION OF PHYSICS

) (UNIFICATION OF PHYSICS

) ( PROPERTIES OF CONTINOUS MATTER )

(HEAT CONDUCTION
166

1928
)(MAX BORN )(GOTTINGEN UNIVERSITY

) ( DIRAC

) ( GRAND UNIFIED THEORIES GUTS

) (GRAVITATION

) (VIRTUAL

E = mc

167

) (INFINITIES

) (RENORMALIZATION

) ( COSMOLOGICAL CONSTANT

1972 )

(SUPER GRAVITY (SPIN2) 2 -

) (GRAVITION 3/2 1 0

)SUPER
(PARTICLE 2/3

2 , 1 ,0 3/2

1 ,2 0

168

1984
) (STRING THEORIES

) ( DIMENSION ) ( STRING

) ( ENDS ) ( ) ( LOOP
) 10.1 :10.2

FIGURE 10.1 AND 10.2

169

-
) (THE WORLD - LINE
-

) (WORLD SHEET

) ( 10.1 ) ( CYLINDER )(TUBE

) ( 10.2 ) ( SLICE


) :(10.3

FIGURE 10.3

170

FIGURE 10.4
) (10.4

) :(10.5

171

FIGURE 10.5 AND 10.6

H ) ( 10.6

) ) (PLUMBING H

) ( HORIZONTAL CROSSBAR

1960

1974 ) ( JOEL SCHERK
172

) (JOHN SCHWARZ

) 39(

)
(

) ( QUARKS ) (GLOUNS

) (DIABETES

1984

) ( JOHN SCHWARZ
) (MIKE GREEN

) (LEFT HANDEDNESS

) (HETROTIC STRING


) ( VERSION ) (

173

(DIMENSION

)
(TORUS ) :(10.7

FIGURE 10.7

) (ANCHOR

174

!
-

) (ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE

) ( 10.8

175

FIGURE 10.8

) 1/4
1/8 1/6 (

) (

176

) (

177

) ST

(AUGUSTINE

) (RANDOM

100

) (ELECTRO WEAK UNIFICTION ENERGY

)GRAND UNIFICTION
(ENERGY

178

) (

) (ACCELERATOR

179

) ( EQUATION

180

)(CONCLUSION

) (NATURE

) (TORTOISES

) (SUPER STRING

)
(BERMUDA TRIANGLE

) (SPIRITS

181

) (JOSHUA

) (LAPLACE

) ( SCIENTIFIC DETERMINISM

182

(BIG CRUNCH

183

) (HOMOGENEITY

) ( HETEROTIC STRING THEORY ) ( SELF CONSISTENT

184

) WITTGEN STEIN

185

) (FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT

) ( ZIONISM
) (BIBLICAL

186

1933

) (NAZI MILITIA

1952

)
(EQUATION

187

)(GALILEO GALILEI

) (COPERNICUS )
(

) (COPERNICAISM

)
(COMMON SENSE

)(PROTESTANTISM

1616

1623 1616
188

1632

1616

1643

) (TWO NEW SCIENCES

)
(GENESIS

189

)(ISAAC NEWTON

) PRICIPIA
(MATHEMATICA

) (JOHN FLAMSTEED

(ADMOND HALLEY

) ( GOTTFRIED LIEBNIZ
)(CALCULUS

190

)
( ROYAL MINT

191

Absolute zero:
substances

: Acceleration
Anthropic principle :

: Antiparticle

Atom :

: Big bang )(singularity

: Big crunch

: Black hole -

: Chandrasekhar limit
MASS

: Conservation of energy )
(

: Coordinates -
: Cosmological constant -

: Cosmology
192

ELECTRIC CHARGE :
) (

ELECTRO MAGNETIC FORCE :

: ELECTRON

Electroweak unification energy: ) 100

(GeV

: Elementary particle
: Event -
: Event horizon

Exclusion principle : )
(

: Field

: Frequency cycles
Gamma rays:

: Geodesic ) (

Grand unification energy:

Grand unified theory GUT :

: Imaginary time
Light cone : -

Light-second light-year : )
193

(
: Magnetic field

: Mass inertia

: Microwave background radiation

red-shifted
) (

: Naked singularity -

: Neutrino ) (

: Neutron

: Neutron star

: No boundary condition )
(

: Nuclear fusion

: Nucleus

: Particle accelerator

: Phase

: Photon quantum
194

Plancks quantum principle: )

( quanta

Frequency

: Positron

: Primordial black hole

: Proportional X Y Y
X X inversely Y Y

Proton:

: Quantum
Quantum mechanics :

: Quark ) (

: Radar pulsed

: Radioactivity

: Red shift Doppler effect

: Singularity -

: Singularity theorem

- : Space-time events

Spatial dimension : -

: Special relativity
195

: Spectrum

: Spin

: Stationary state

: Strong force

Uncertainty principle :

Virtual particle :

: Wavelength

: Wave/particle duality

: Weak force

: Weight

: White dwarf

196

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) (

.

2 2008

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